To Care (part 2) Govan Bath House

AB419 Design Studies 4B To Care (Part 2) - Bath House River Row Baths Author: Christine Turnbull April 2016

AB419 Design Studies 4B To Care (Part 2) - Bath House River Row Baths

University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture BSc (Hons) Architectural Studies with International Study Author: Christine Turnbull Reg. No: 201143452

Studies Supervisor: Mark Bell April 2016

[To Care (2): Contents]

[To Care (2): Contents]

2.0.0 Site Context 2.1.0 Site Location 2.2.0 Site Description 2.3.0 Historic Context 2.3.1 Urban Development 2.3.2 Clyde Development 2.3.3 Shipbuilding 2.3.4 Social 2.4.0 Current Context 2.4.1 Land Use 2.4.2 Topography 2.4.3 Designations 2.4.4 Transport Links 2.4.5 Population 2.4.6 Scale and Grain 2.4.7 Material, Pattern, and Texture

5.0.0 Technical Strategy-Energy and Environment 5.1.0 Renewable Systems/Fixtures and Fittings 5.1.1 CHP: Combined Heat and Power 5.1.2 Access to Services 5.1.3 Duct Diagram 5.1.4 Pool Water Temperature 5.1.5 Environmental Diagram: Air quality, air temperature, and lighting

1.0.0 Introduction 1.1.0 Brief and Background 1.2.0 Baths History: Europe and Beyond 1.2.1 Victorian and Edwardian Baths 1.2.2 Glasgow Bath House Timeline 1.2.3 Existing Bath Houses: Glasgow 1.3.0 Outline Requirements 1.4.0 Manifesto 1.5.0 Architectural Ambition

3.0.0 Strategic Design Development 3.1.0 Site Options: Appraisal 3.1.1 Site Analysis 3.1.2 Site Options: Building Position on Site 3.2.0 Bath House Typology Study 3.3.0 Typology Study: Building Form 3.4.0 Schedule of Accommodation 3.5.0 Technical Guidance 3.6.0 Mapping Adjacencies 3.7.0 User Requirements 3.8.0 Utilising the Diagram: Development of Design Principles 3.8.1 Building Organisation: Typical Elements of Roman Baths 3.8.2 Building Organisation

4.0.0 Technical Strategy-Structures and Construction 4.1.0 Construction: Compliance to Building Regulations/Key Functional Areas 4.2.0 Detailed Section 1:50 @A1 4.2.1 Technical Detail: Window head/parapet @1:5 4.2.2 Technical Detail: Window sill @1:5 4.2.3 Technical Detail: Window head at brickwork @1:5 4.2.4 Technical Detail: Roof light @1:5 4.2.5 Pool Edge @1:10 4.2.6 Pool and Balance Tank Design/Construction

6.0.0 Detailed Building Design 6.1.0 Location Plan 6.2.0 Site Plan 6.3.0 Curtilage Plan 6.4.0 Ground Floor Plan 6.5.0 Lower Level Floor Plan 6.6.0 Building Section 6.7.0 Elevations 6.8.0 Model Images

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Healing Waters Artist: Judy Perry

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[Brief & Background]

Public Baths originated from a communal need for cleanliness, becoming incorporated into the social system as meeting places. Bathing is the washing or cleansing of the body, with its principle purpose for personal hygiene, however it is also a preventative measure to reduce the incidence and spread of disease.

From the 1840s, hydrotherapy (hydropathics) was established across Britain, with Scotland particularly well represented. Hydrotherapy involves the use of water for pain-relief and treating illness, having been recorded historically in ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman civilizations. Other cultures noted for a long history of hydrotherapy include China and Japan (Onsen) which predate the Romans (Thermae). In addition Balneotherapy (Latin: balneum, “bath”) is the treatment of disease by bathing, considered distinct from hydrotherapy, albeit with similar practices and underlying principles.

The design should take cognisance of these responsibilities in addition to the buildings inherent programme. Some of the earliest descriptions of western bathing practices originate in Greece, who began bathing techniques that formed the foundation for modern spa procedures.

Similarly, the Roman bath became a focal centre for social and recreational activity and in many ways; baths were the ancient Roman equivalent of modern community centres. The Romans emulated many of the Greek bathing practices, surpassing the Greeks in the size and complexity of their baths. They elevated bathing to a fine art and their Bath Houses manifest

[Brief & Background]

these advancements. They were called Thermae, with a Public Bath composed of three principal rooms: the caldarium (hot bath), the tepidarium (warm bath) and the frigidarium (cold bath) all accessed from the Atrium, which served as a promenade for visitors to the baths. The various components of the bathing ritual, (undressing, bathing, sweating, massage, and resting), required separated rooms which the Romans constructed to accommodate those functions and their designs are discussed by Vitruvius in De Architectura. The Thermae had many attributes in addition to the baths: libraries, spaces for poetry recitals, and restaurants, such as at Caracalla, Diocletian & the Baths of Trajan.

The elaborate rituals, and the resultant architecture, served as precedents for later European and American Baths facilities, with their modern equivalent becoming a synthesis of library, art gallery, mall, restaurant, gym, and spa. Having demonstrated a more humane approach to public buildings from your previous design, you should consider how to modify and manipulate the brief you have been set, to establish an exemplar centre for bathing within the formal park structure of your site. Culturally, famous baths are as diverse as the famous Gymnasium in Ancient Greece to the Esalen Institute at Big Sur, California, USA. . Roman style public baths were reintroduced to Britain, by returning Crusaders in the medieval period, with bathing taking place in public Bath Houses. In Western Europe, the Turkish bath (Hammam) as a method of cleansing and relaxation became pop

[Brief & Background]

ular during the Victorian era, with formal garden spaces and opulent architectural arrangement equal to those of the Romans reappearing by the end of the eighteenth century. Variations such as the Turkish Hammam (In particular the Çemberlitas Hamamı by Sinan) are distinguished by a focus on water, as distinct from ambient steam, for example. In Eastern culture, Onsen & Sento are a type of Japa-nese communal bath house, quite utilitarian with one large room whilst the Jjimjilbang comprises a large, gender-segregated public bathhouse, in Korea. Other exemplars, though not exhaustive, include Bathhouse Row, which are a collection of Bath Houses in Arkansas, USA, the Russian Banya, the Sweat Lodge ceremonial sauna (Native American) and the Saunas of Finland.

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01. Indus Valley Civilization + The “Great Bath” of Mohenjo Daro

The earliest public baths are found in the ruins in of the Indus Valley Civilization, Pakistan. The bath is housed inside a larger, more elaborate, building and was used for public bathing.

02. Ancient Greece + “Ancient Ruins Used as Public Baths” by Hubert Robert

In The Book of the Bath, Françoise de Bonneville wrote, “The history of public baths begins in Greece in the sixth century B.C.”

03. Roman Empire + “Landscape with Herdsmen and Animals in front of the Baths of Diocletian”, by Pieter van Bloemen, c. 1700 The first public therme of 19 BC had a rotunda 25 meters across, circled by small rooms.

04. Ottoman Empire + Király Bath, Ottoman Budapest

During the Ottoman Empire public baths were widely used. They had a religious origin deriving from the Qur’an and the use of steam rooms. The Turkish Baths were known as the Hammam.

07. Modern Public Bathing + Interior of Liverpool wash house, the first public wash house in England

05. Japan + Sentō 1901

The origin of Japanese bathing is “Misogi”, ritual purification with water.

After Japan imported Buddhist culture, many temples had saunas, which were available for anyone to use for free.

Roman style public baths were introduced on a by returning crusaders in the 11th and 12th centuries, who had enjoyed warm baths in the Middle east.

06. Indonesia + Tirta Empul, Bali

Traditionally in Indonesia, bathing is almost always “public”. A notable public bathing pool is Tirta Empul, which was linked to Balinese Hinduism cleansing ritual than recreation of sanitation.

08. Finland + Kotiharjun Sauna 1928

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It was during the Reformation in Scandinavia that the popularity of saunas expanded to other countries because the European bath houses were being destroyed.

A notable exception to this trend was in Finland and Scandinavia.

However, rapidly degenerated into brothels or at least the reputation as such and were closed down at various times.

For instance, in England during the reign of Henry II, bath houses, called “bagnios” from the Italian word for bath, were set up in Southwark on the river Thames.

They were all officially closed down by Henry VIII in 1546 due to their negative reputation.

Large public baths such as those found in the ancient world and the Ottoman Empire were revived during the 19th century. The first modern public baths were opened in Liverpool in 1829. The first known warm fresh-water public wash house was opened in May 1842.

10. Russia + Sandunovskaya Banya, Moscow

Russia being a spacious country with farming population dominating until World War II. Farmers did not have inside their log cabins running water supply and hot bathtubs for washing

09. Hot Public Baths + “Baigneuses” by Jean-Léon Gérôme

Traditional Turkish baths were introduced to Britain by David Urquhart, who wished to popularise the culture. Discussing his travels through Spain and Morocco, he described the hot-air baths.

their bodies, so they either used for their washing heat and space inside their Russian ovens or built from logs, like the cottage itself, a one-family “banya” (Sauna) bath outhouse behind their dwelling on the family’s land plot.

With the growth of Russian major cities since the 18th century, public baths were opened in them and then back in villages.

While the richer urban circles could afford having an individual bathroom with a bathtub in their apartments (since the late 19th century with running water), the lower classes necessarily used public steam baths - special big buildings which were equipped with developed side catering services enjoyed by the merchants with farming background.

[Baths History Europe & Beyond]

For thousands of years communal bathing was seen as a way to build community and create human connections. Many cultures throughout history saw bathing as a ritual which was often associated with power, spirituality and beauty. The Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro in Sindh, Pakistan is cited by archaeologists as being one of the earliest public baths in history. The Indus Valley Civilisation, which are one of the oldest three known civilisations, are thought to have built the baths. Scholars believe that the baths where used for special religious purposes where the bather’s well being would be purified and renewed (J. Keay, 2001: p13-14).

In ancient Egyptian society it was believed that the cleaner and more oiled a person was the closer they were to the Gods, due to this a high importance was placed upon the rituals of bathing. Many Egyptians washed their hands, feet and faces in water basins with pastes made from ash and clay several times a day.

The richer members of society would ‘shower’ in private rooms where servants would poor cold water from jugs over them.

The role of the bathhouse in ancient Greece was central to Greek society and provided the space for social and recreational activities. Initially Greek bathing practices consisted of a cold water plunge pull. The writings of the Greeks reveal the variety of baths which ranged from hot water pools to hot air baths. It is believed that the hot air baths where heated by coal burning fires or hot rock method.

Similar to the Greek baths Roman bathhouses where in many ways the heart of an ancient Roman city, exercise, socialis-

[Baths History Europe & Beyond]

ing and relaxation would all revolve around the public baths. Often they would be the first building to be opened in a new city, the Roman bath house was made up of a complex series of rooms with varying temperatures ranging from hot to cold. Areas for eating and drinking where provides alongside rooms for changing, massage and exercise. Private bathhouses where rare in Roman culture most of the populous would bathe and socialize together. They even provided medical treatment and haircuts as Roman barbers could also do minor surgeries as well as hair cutting.

The public baths that where common in ancient Greece was limited to a series of hip-baths, the Romans elaborated on the baths to incorporate a wide array of facilities. In the large Roman cities the baths took on monumental proportions with vast colonnades, arches and domes and marble covered walls and decorative statues lined the interior of the building.

The baths brought the development of many Roman architectural achievements such as the dome, the earliest surviving dome in Roman architecture is the Frigidarium of the Stabian Baths at Pompeii. An example of the extravagant architecture is in the Roman baths of Bath, UK is one of the few Roman Baths still in use today. Bath was founded on hot springs, lying in the heart of the city baths where constructed in 70AD as a grand bathing and socialising complex. 1,170,000 litres of water is heated to temperatures of 46 degrees every day. The baths are an example of the extravagant architecture that the Romans and Greeks used to show the importance of the bathhouse in their

[Baths History Europe & Beyond]

[Baths History Europe & Beyond]

societies. After the decline of the Roman Empire across Europe many of the bathhouses fell into disrepair, however despite popular belief bathhouses in the Western world still existed and where widely used. Despite some harsh disapproval from the Catholic Church they continued to be centres of relaxation and socialization. It was not uncommon for dinner parties to be held in the baths with planks of wood over the bath serving as a table. Bathhouses gain a similar reputation to brothels during this time. When the Bubonic Plague hit Europe in the middle ages however due to a lack of medical understanding many people believed that open pores would allow the germs in and that a layer of dirt would protect them from contacting the disease. Simultaneously the Catholic Church began to paint the idea that bathhouses where dens of sin where men and women with loose morals would gather nude. Both of these factors contributed to the decline of communal bathing in the west. However the wealthy continued to bathe King Edward the 3rd installed hot and cold taps for his personal bathtub in 1351.

The concept that hygiene lead to better health did not become widely believed until the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 1700’s the idea that water could be used for medicinal purposes was popularised though several books written on the cold water cure. Spurred on by this new found appreciation of water the first modern public baths where opened in Liverpool in 1829. A increasing interest in Roman and Turkish baths created a revival of the public baths within the UK. Along with the enlightenment which encouraged the

idea.

During the Victorian period public bath houses and wash houses became a focus of social reform, due to the drastic rise in population within cities because of the industrial revolution health conditions deteriorated within these slums. Before 1842 the working class did not have access to bath houses many bathed in seas or rivers. However in the latter half of the 19th century public bath houses and wash houses where set up to provide the working class access to clean facilities.

The access to bath and wash houses is credited to the decrease in the spread of infectious disease within the slums along with other sanitary reforms which were promoted at the time. Most bathhouses provided several facilities; a steam room (or steamie as it was known in Glasgow) for washing clothes, slipper baths which where individual baths which could be hired and often a swimming pool. During this period bathhouses became hubs within communities providing a place for people to wash, clean their clothes, exercise and chat.

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[Victorian and Edwardian Baths]

In the 19th century private baths were established as places to relax for Glasgow’s middle-class gentlemen. In contrast, the living conditions of the city’s expanding working-class population were poor. The Tenements they lived in were cramped and lacked baths or indoor toilets. The Baths and Wash Houses Act was passed in 1875, to solve these issues. Public baths were more practical than their private counterparts, combining a wash-house or “steamie” with bathing and swimming facilities. Swimming Baths and Wash-houses are considered wonderful part of Glasgow’s sporting and social history. Women went to the steamie with the week’s dirty laundry wrapped in a sheet and carried in a basket, a tin bath or an old pram. The washing was done by hand, but many women enjoyed the occasion as it gave them a chance to see catch up with the local gossip. The popularity of steamies declined as more people acquired washing machines in their homes and as launderettes opened across the city. Launderettes provided more efficient electric washing machines and driers that took much of the drudgery out of the weekly wash (Glasgow Museums, Washing Pens).

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[Map Key]

01. Osbourne Street Steamie 1800’s 02. The Arlington Baths Club 1870 03. The Western Baths Club 1876 04. Greenhill Public Baths 1778 05. North Woodside Baths 1880-1882 06. Cranstonhill Baths 1883 07. Dennistoun Baths 1884 08. Springburn Public Baths 1898 09. Maryhill Baths & Wash House 1898 10. Kennedy Street Wash House 1899 11. Kinning Park Public Baths 1902 12. Partick Steamie 1914 13. Govanhill Baths1814 14. Govan Public Baths 1917 15. Pollokshaws Baths 1920’s 16. Whiteinch Baths & Wash House 1920

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The Antonine Wall: Bearsden Fort and Bathhouse (1800’s) 01. 14-20 Osbourne Street Steamie

(1854-55) 04. Mitchell Library PO Directory

(1859) 06. Water Supply Glasgow

Left: Loch Katrine Above: Glenfinnan Viaduct

(1876) 08. The Western Bath Club

(1880-1882) 10. North Woodside Baths

(1851-52) 03. Mitchell Library PO Directory

(1854-55) 05. Mitchell Library PO Directory

(1870) 07. The Arlington Baths Club

(1878) 09. Greenhead Public Baths

(1883) 11. Cranstonhill Baths

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(1884) 12. Dennistoun Baths

(1898) 14. Maryhill Baths and Wash-house

(1902) 16. Kinning Park Public Baths

(1914-17) 18. Govanhill Baths

(1920’s) 20. Pollokshaws Baths

(1898) 13. Springburn Public Baths

(1899) 15. Kennedy Street Wash-house

(1914) 17. Partick “Steamie”

(1917) 19. Govan Public Baths, Calder Street

(1920’s) 21. Whiteinch Baths and Wash-house

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(1925) 23. Govan Public Baths, Harhill Street

[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

01. 14-20 Osbourne Street Steamie

One of Glasgow’s oldest surviving bath houses was transformed into a £1.2million gallery and art school by John Mullen. The facade of the building, which was built in the 1800s, was retained but part of the interior was demolished and rebuilt. It was once used by the women of Glasgow Cross to do their laundry and have a bath.

As it is not a listed building, its history is sketchy, though it’s thought it was still operating until the 1980s.

Eight bath cubicles, complete with the remains of tin baths, still stand and, on the ground floor, there are giant industrial washing machines.

An old-fashioned till system is housed in the cash room, which is complete with a safe, while a clock stopped at 10.15am marks the passing of time and a decaying piano lies abandoned in the hall which is finished with Victorian glass tiles (Clyde Waterfront).

02. Mitchell Library PO Directory

At a time when Glasgow’s water supply was taken mostly from public wells and from the increasingly polluted River Clyde, private bath houses were popular with many health-conscious individuals (all or mostly men) who could afford the services on offer. The Carro Chemical Co provided all manner of supplies that would be required to clean a house and maintain a “respectable” household in the city or suburbs (Mitchell Library, DIR 1837-38).

[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

03. Mitchell Library PO Directory

The baths employed female attendants to wait upon women customers. Medical galvanism is electrotherapy, and practitioners used electrical batteries to stimulate the systems of patients to treat or to provide relief from painful medical conditions. It was one of many health “fads” that excited the curiosity of the well-todo in Britain in the mid-19th century (Mitchell Library, DIR 1851-52).

[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

and lumbago.

The cheapest option for visitors to the Argyle Baths was a cold shower bath (in the second class section) for just 2d (less than 1p). A visit to the Turkish bath cost 2 shillings and sixpence - 12.5p (Mitchell Library, DIR 1854-55).

06. Water Supply Glasgow

Advertisements from the “Post Office Glasgow directory” of 1854-1855 for the City Road Bleaching Company, the Holmhead Street Baths in what became Cunningham Street (with its hairdressing and chiropody services), and the fresh fish and pickled oysters available from Henry S Anderson’s Pandora Oyster Establishment at Charing Cross (Mitchell Library, DIR 1854-55).

Provost Robert Stewart of Murdostoun who was instrumental in the delivery of Glasgow’s water supply system from Loch Katrine. This breath taking feat of Victorian engineering provided fresh drinking water for the residents of the City and eradicated the twin threat of cholera and typhus. At that time clean and fresh drinking water was a priority for public health in Glasgow. Robert Stewart had been Lord Provost when the scheme was first proposed in 1854 and had fought strongly against powerful commercial interests to bring the scheme into being (Glasgow City Council, 2009: p01).

Bath houses were very popular in mid19th century Glasgow, before the opening of the Loch Katrine Water Works scheme in 1859 brought unlimited supplies of fresh water to the homes of those connected to the municipal network of mains pipes. The bath houses offered their clients hygienic washing facilities but also a number of therapeutic treatments aimed at alleviating painful skin conditions and the effects of illnesses such as colds, flu, rheumatism

Till the mid-19th century Glasgow’s water supply came from the rivers and public or private wells. Severe cholera epidemics occurred in 1832 and 1848.

Typhus was another severe danger for the population. These outbreaks were all associated with polluted water supplies.

To this end the City Council appointed John Bateman to seek a pure water supply for the City in December 1852. Loch Katrine was chosen but because of dogged opposition it was not until July

04. Mitchell Library PO Directory

05. Mitchell Library PO Directory

A brief history of Glasgow’s water supply

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[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

1855 that Lord Provost Stewart secured royal assent. Work began in May 1856 and in 1859 Queen Victoria opened the first sluice gate on October 14th at Loch Katrine. Thanks to the Loch Katrine project the residents of Glasgow arguably had access to the finest water supplies in Europe (Glasgow City Council, 2009: p01).

07. The Arlington Baths Club

The building was originally designed by John Burnet, the father of Sir John James Burnet in 1871. The building was conceived as a variation on the idea of subdivision by twos and threes. The main facade onto Arlington Street was modulated by two pavilions, located at either end of the building with the centre marked by arched windows arranged in groups of threes. The effect is that of a restrained and modest Classicism carefully proportioned.

The main spaces are built on top of a semi basement level containing smaller spaces servicing the larger accommodation above. Visitors entered the building at the higher level through the arched entrance in the middle of the facade, coming straight out onto the transverse axis of the pool. From this point the emphasis of the building swung through ninety degrees onto the main axis of the pool hall along which the other accommodation was laid out. The hall itself reinforces the symmetry of the building by its imposing rhythm of exposed wooden roof trusses supporting a simple pitched roof lit by strips of glazing.

Burnet’s intention was therefore to cre

[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

ate a composition organised symmetrically that is by halves, but relieved by a sub-division by threes.

A plenum system was used to heat the building. Heated air was passed through the building by convection via ducts built into the fabric, owes its origins to the Roman hypocaust. The system was ideal for use in the saturated atmospheres of swimming pools because it encouraged ventilation.

A Turkish Room plus ancillary accommodation was added in 1875, consisting of a large square room, heated to high temperatures with tiled walls and floor and a vaulted roof. It has regulated stain glass windows, sufficient only to light the space dimly (Arlington Baths Club).

08. The Western Bath Club

The Western Baths Club is a Victorian era private swimming and leisure club founded in 1876. The building was designed by local architects Clarke and Bell, completed in 1881 the Turkish bath was considered its “show piece.” The functioning baths remains at its original site at Hillhead, Glasgow. The Baths are renowned in the west end of Glasgow, and remain unique for their period trapeze and exercise rings over the swimming pool. Poolside audiences are said to have enjoyed performances by gentlemen carrying out their tricks with the apparatus over the pool.

The ‘Baths’ as they are more commonly known have survived through mix fortunes over their many years of existence.

Having at one point closed and lay almost derelict but were reopened. The

[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

Baths are now a “wet and dry” complex (The Western Baths Club).

09. Greenhead Public Baths

Opened in 1878, this facility replaced the old public wash-house, which was knocked down in 1876. The new building had a large swimming pool for men (75 x 40 feet) and a small one for women (40 x 20 feet) as well as twenty-seven private baths for men and seven for women. The attached wash-house had space for forty people to do their laundry, and has been called Glasgow’s first “steamie”.

Despite damage and temporary closure during the Second World War the building remained in use until 1960, when it was demolished to make way for an extension to Templeton’s carpet factory (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Baths and Wash Houses).

10. North Woodside Baths

In 1878 the City Improvement Trust sold land in Woodside to the Town Council for the erection of a wash-house. North Woodside Baths and Wash-house was designed by the City Architect John Carrick and built in Braid Square between 1880 and 1882. The Baths contained two swimming pools (one for men and one for women) and twenty-seven private baths for men and seven for women. There were sixty-seven wash-house stalls in the “steamie”. On Fridays a long queue would form as people waited for their weekly hot bath. However during the Christmas and New Year period there are stories of bathers queuing from 6am, with brothers

[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

and sisters taking it in turn to wait in line (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Baths and Wash Houses).

11. Cranstonhill Baths

The Glasgow Corporation Baths and Wash-houses Committee was formed in 1875. It was composed of councillors and was based at the City Chambers in George Square. The Committee acquired this ground in Elliot Street for Cranstonhill Baths in December 1880, and the baths were opened in May 1883.

The water used in public baths was taken from the public supply, piped to the city from Loch Katrine. However, it contained a small amount of clay in suspension and when a pool was unused for a few days the clay would settle on the bottom and turn the white tiles to a murky brown. The Committee considered this problem to be less of a threat to hygiene than the grime which came from people’s boots as they changed by the pool (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Baths and Wash Houses).

12. Dennistoun Baths

Dennistoun Baths opened in Craigpark in 1884 and was privately run for members only until it closed in 1993. Apart from access to a swimming pool and Turkish Baths, members could also join various clubs which were affiliated to the baths, such as the harriers club (for cross-country running) or the water polo team.

Harriers clubs became popular in the West of Scotland from the 1880s. Clydesdale Harriers, for example, was

[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

the West of Scotland from the 1880s.

Clydesdale Harriers, for example, was founded in Glasgow in 1885 with the aim of promoting amateur athletics generally and cross-country running in particular (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Baths and Wash Houses).

13. Springburn Public Baths

Springburn Public Baths and Washhouse were opened on 5 April 1898 in Kay Street and contained only a pool of 75 feet by 35 feet, for men and boys only.

There were twenty-eight private baths for men and five for women, as well as thirty-four individual washing stalls in the wash-house.

The most common way of taking dirty laundry to the wash-house or “steamie” was in a pram laden with not only clothes and linen but also soap powder and a double-sided washing board. It was common to see women pushing these loads through the streets dressed in wellies and light frocks, an unusual combination which was deemed necessary because the wash-houses were both wet and hot.

Steamies were also renowned as places for the ex-change of gossip (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Architectural and Civic Design).

14. Maryhill Baths and Wash-house

The facilities at Maryhill included a swimming pool 75 feet by 35 feet and twenty-five private baths for men and six for women. There were thirty-six washstalls and two washing machines in the “steamie”.

[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

17. Partick “Steamie”

The popularity of Glasgow’s public baths varied widely depending on the season. In the height of summer in 1938 there were 411,902 visits, compared to only 115,674 in December. The latter figure includes the traditional surge of visitors during the festive period (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Baths and Wash Houses).

The decision to build a public baths and wash-house at Partick was taken in 1912, shortly before the burgh was annexed

by Glasgow. The work proceeded under Glasgow Corporation and the building opened in Douglas Street (now Purdon Street) in January 1914.

The Partick “steamie” was provided with fifty-six washing stalls, but no swimming pool was provided and locals had to make do with only eighteen baths for men and eight for women. The steamie was converted to a launderette in the 1960s and closed in 1996. At the beginning of the 21st century it was demolished and a new block of brick-clad flats built on the site.

Prior to the erection of the Partick Baths and Wash-house, local women made use of small wash-houses in the back courts of their tenement homes. Each household was allotted a time to use the facility each week, but there were frequently disagreements over whose turn it was to have the key to the facility. The police were sometimes called to settle particularly heated arguments (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Baths and Wash Houses).

15. Kennedy Street Wash-house

Kennedy Street Wash-house in Townhead opened on 25 March 1899 with fifty wash-stalls. It was unusual in that it did not include public baths, probably because the Townhead Public Baths in nearby Collins Street provided local people with two pools and thirty-four private baths.

16. Kinning Park Public Baths

The baths were opened in 1902 by the burgh of Kinning Park. Responsibility for the care of the baths passed to Glasgow Corporation in 1905 when the city annexed the small neighbour. In 1914 it was recorded that the facilities consisted of a swimming pool measuring 75 feet by 37 feet and twenty-two private baths for men and seven for women. There were thirty-four washing stalls in the washhouse. The building and equipment were valued at £15,980, placing Kinning Park in the middle range of the twenty public baths run by the Corporation at the time.

The building was demolished in the 1970s, to make way for the M8 motorway (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Baths and Wash Houses).

18. Govanhill Baths

Govanhill Baths are an important segment of Glasgow’s history and cultural development. Built in 1914-17 and designed by A.B. MacDonald, the Baths provided swimming pools, public baths and a steam laundry where local people could come to wash their clothes and

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[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

socialise. There are also slipper baths, which are individual baths that could be hired to wash in.

Listed at Category B in 1992, the Baths were still used as originally intended until 2001 as a valued facility open to all members of the community.

Following there closure a local community group, the Govanhill Baths Community Trust (GBCT), objective is to refurbish the Baths as a “well-being centre”. In response to the call for better individual and community health facilities in the area.

“Critical to this vision of a well-being centre is a holistic concept of restoration and regeneration for the wider Govanhill community. Through the project GBCT wants to achieve crime prevention, community cohesion, and local economic growth and employment opportunities.”

(The Princes Regeneration Trust).

19. Govan Public Baths

The baths were designed by A B McDonald and opened in 1917 after the architect’s death. They contained hot baths in the upper storey and three swimming pools on the ground floor. There was a seating gallery around one of the pools for spectators attending events such as galas. There was also a wash-house or “steamie” at the rear of the building, which was converted to a launderette in 1971.

The Govanhill baths were not the first in the area - private baths had opened on Butterbiggins Road in 1877(Glasgow City Archives, Department of Baths and Wash Houses).

[Glasgow Bath House Time Line]

20. Pollokshaws Baths

The designed and constructed as a baths and wash-house around 1920 by the Corporation’s Office of Public Works. It was converted into Pollokshaws Sports Centre in the 1980s. A proposal by Glasgow City Council to close the centre in 1999 was resisted successfully.

An air-raid siren was located on the roof of the baths. Newspaper notices gave local people warning of tests. This continued until the 1960s, and the siren remained in place until 1992 (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Architectural and Civic Design).

21. Whiteinch Baths and Wash-house

Whiteinch Baths and Wash-house was built in the 1920s by Glasgow Corporation at a cost of £67,000. There were two swimming pools, sixteen baths for women and thirty-one baths for men and a Turkish bath. The “steamie” provided forty-three washing stalls and sixteen washing machines, as well as these racks for drying wet clothes (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Baths and Wash Houses).

22. Govan Public Baths

These baths were opened in 1925, although the old Burgh of Govan had opened public baths with two swimming pools in 1901. The baths contained a swimming pool, fifty-four private baths and 75 wash-stalls in the steamie (Glasgow City Archives, Department of Baths and Wash Houses).

[Existing Bath Houses Glasgow]

As part of the design development a series of site visits were made to existing Bath and Wash-houses in Glasgow. The following images were taken by the author on Glasgow Doors Open Day 2015: Govanhill Baths, Calder Street (p.14& p.15); The Arlington Baths Club, Arlington Street (p.16); and The Western Baths Club, Cranworth Street (p.17).

Both private member bathhouses, The Arlington Baths Club and The Western Baths Clubs are still in use. However, Govanhill Baths (a public bathhouse)closed in 2001 despite a local campaign to save it, reopened in 2013 as a community hub.

A project to restore and reopen a historic Glasgow municipal bath house has been given initial support by the Heritage Lottery Fund.

01. Govanhill Baths

14

15

02. The Arlington Baths Club

16

03. The Western Baths Club

17

[Outline Requirements]

[Outline Requirements]

The Bath House is a public space. Historically Bath Houses, or ‘Steamies’, were considered both a physical and social environments. Therefore, it is essential that the proposal is a place of social value and offer a positive sense of identity and community, additionally preserving and enhancing the existing built heritage.

population and hospice residents’ lives.

In short it is necessary that the proposal:

Despite their neglected appearance the Graving Docks were seen as an integral element of Govan’s social and industrial past. The Govan Baths design should respond to this by enhancing the setting - encouraging active participation in the community. The baths should be used as a tool to create a place that is well connected and that supports a range of activity, having a positive impact on the local

• Encourages active participation in the community; • Enhance the setting/reactivate the docks; • Meets and adapts to long term needs of all users; • Support a range of activities; • Is a place of social value - positive sense of identity and community; • Is an efficient and responsible use of resources (sustainable).

Outline requirements illustrated in the diagrams opposite.

Community Interaction

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Reactivate the Docks

Supports a Range of Activities

Identity and Community

19

Sustainable

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[Manifesto]

[Architectural Ambition]

[Architectural Ambition]

The Bath House originated from a communal need for cleanliness at a time when the majority of the population did not have access to private bathing facilities. They reduced the spread of disease and protected the populations well-being. They were a space where the community they served could come together collectively.

The vernacular architecture of Govan’s tenement is somewhat taken for granted.

Existing within Govan since the Victorian era, their lack of sanitary facilities led to the evolution of the ‘Bath House’. The tenement has strongly resisted change generating a relationship between the form and culture within Glasgow – giving rise to positive interdependencies between neighbours and their wider community.

Mobility of man has led to the creation of routes. Viaducts and bridges are similarly concentrated vectors of movement and as with all routes they establish a special relationship with the landscape. Despite the rather neglected appearance of the docks they are historically significant.

Mirroring the static arch of the Roman viaduct and the River Clyde adjacent to the site the form of the Bath House exerts considerable force. Contrasting the horizontal animation of the water and re-establishing the relationship between the once active Docks and Govan’s town centre.

There is a wide consensus that social networks provide valuable relationships that are instrumental in safeguarding a person’s well-being. Nevertheless, with evermore complex family structures and variations in peoples circumstances succeeding generations may be unable, or indeed reluctant, to fulfil this role for family and friends. In this instance the responsibility falls to the wider community.

Taking precedent from the ethos of Glasgow’s ‘steamies’, Govan Baths were developed with the intention of them becoming a social platform, whether that be within the municipal pool, cafe, or spa.

The primary objective it to create a place of social value that offers the people within a positive sense of identity, supported by their fellow members of society.

With the objective of replicating the successes of the iconic Victorian tenement the plan was derived through the generation of a spacial order that makes possible multiple operations. In an attempt to resolve security, auditory, olfactory, visual, wet/dry, and hygienic boundaries it is divided into five functions: municipal pool, spa, community spaces, staff, and service zones. This is achieved through a continuous functional pattern utilising the linear axis, similar to the linear plot of the tenement, to control the configuration of space within. The configuration modulated in accordance with the demands of the programme and site. The structural grid adhering to that of Victorian Govan: regular, formal, symmetrical, and orthogonal.

Although the Docks present potential opportunities their exposed formation gives rise to number of concerns. The Bath House punctuates the docks and is locked into its formal landscape. Establishing an interrelationship that derives from their topographical location, simultaneously strengthening linkages between the Docks and their setting. A geometrical solution with rhythmic linkages that form a natural enclosure, exploiting the potential for interaction between contemporary enclosed domain and historic external landscape.

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2.0.0 Site Context 2.1.0 Site Location 2.2.0 Site Description 2.3.0 Historic Context 2.3.1 Urban Development 2.3.2 Clyde Development 2.3.3 Shipbuilding 2.3.4 Social 2.4.0 Current Context 2.4.1 Land Use 2.4.2 Topography 2.4.3 Designations 2.4.4 Transport Links 2.4.5 Population 2.4.6 Scale and Grain 2.4.7 Material, Pattern, and Texture

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[Site Location]

The site, selected from a number of alternatives, covers an area of 4.9 hectares at the Western edge of Govan Graving Docks, Clydebrae Street, Govan. As shown on the aerial photograph to the right.

The site is currently owed by Glasgow City Council. It is bounded to the north, east, and the west by the River Clyde. The proposal spans both dock two and three.

It is overlooked by an existing residential area, comprising of a mix of tenure and building styles, sharing the site with the former pump house.

To the south west of the site is an industrial unit containing ‘Quick Shift Tyre Service’ and Riverside Hall, and to the east the Princess Docks, the Science Centre

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[Site Location]

and viewing tower within sight.

The site is located on the south side of the River Clyde, at the southern end of the former industrial area of Govan, which spanned a large portion of the Clyde, extending from Linthouse Shipbuilding Yard to Govan Graving Docks. This area contains a high concentration of residential, commercial, and cultural facilities and is identified as the heart of Glasgow’s industrial revolution.

Due to the size and location of the site there is the opportunity to connect internal spaces directly with the physical external landscape. The River Clyde/ Graving Docks are the most significant geographical features adjacent to the site,

[Site Location]

and arguably within Govan therefore there was a strong desire to engage with them. The river and its docks give rise to the opportunity for outlook and visual connection to Govan’s rich historic context, as well as providing potential for passive environmental strategies.

The site location provides a relationships between the Bath House and hospice in terms of a direct link within the site boundary whilst maintaining a safe distance, preserving the dignity and privacy of the hospice residents and their families.

The image to the right is an aerial photograph showing the relationship between Govan and Glasgow City Centre.

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[Site Description]

This document presents four potential sites for consideration, the ‘show people site’, Govan Graving Docks, Elder Park and a plot of vacant land to the rear of Govan Parish Church. In short the selected site, Govan Graving Docks, was chosen as it offers more opportunities for the Bath House proposal.

The proposed largely flat site is currently vacant. The docks are a clearly defined landforms. The three Graving Docks comprise of an area of cobble stone surfacing, with unmaintained overgrown borders consisting of grass, shrubs, and debris to the south and west boundaries. The existing road, running along the south side of the site, Govan Road, is well placed to provide vehicle/pedestrian access to

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[Site Description]

the Bath House as is an existing route through the site. The sizable nature of the site area provides the capacity for future expansion.

It is central to the community it will serve, with a direct link to the hospice. Sitting on the main road, Govan Road, with bus service and adjacent Subway Station, that is within 7 minutes walking distance.

The site orientation allows for a legible entrance and a good frontage/presence on the River Clyde. The site benefits from an extensive riverside boundary.

Although Govan Graving Docks present potential opportunities their exposed formation gives rise to a number of concerns. Due to the exposed location it is

[Site Description] recognised that the building form should endeavour to provide sheltered external spaces. Despite the rather neglected appearance of the Docks they are historically significant to the area, and the wider context of Glasgow. It is acknowledged that in order to create a ‘vital place’ out of an ‘under-performing’ space physical elements must be introduced to encourage public use - developing an effective relationships between the surrounding area and activities going on in the docks. Generating a place that has a strong sense of community, as the docks once were.

The image to the right is an aerial photograph showing the indicative site boundary.

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[Historic Context: Urban D.]

During 1830, Govan was a small agricultural village. After 1840 the construction of the shipyards, engineering work and ancillary industries started to change and develop the community.

By 1854 Glasgow was established as Britain’s second trading city, initial typologies from 1854 highlight the deeper.

Narrower blocks began to form along the North of the river creating an impermeable space. A large stretch of vacant land at the waters edge existed allowing for Quay’s to be constructed and trade to pass through its streets. By 1864 the population had increased to 9,000.

The south of the river took on a similar attitude to the North, giving a gener

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[Historic Context: Urban D.]

ous area to the waterfront. This allowed easy accessibility all along the River.

Maintaining clear view corridors and access to the Clyde waterfront. The block typologies identified here are much shorter in length than those found in the North, although they maintain similar width allowing many access points to the river. The change in block typologies can be linked to development of plot’s and many catastrophic fires that took place throughout Glasgow.

In 1897 the industry grew in Govan due to the vast Prince’s Dock opening that lead to transportation development since there were numerous travelling from Glasgow for work or trade business. Between 1909 and 1912 the population

[Historic Context: Urban D.]

continued to increase to 90,000. At this time people living in Govan enjoyed amenities provided by local industries such as Elder Park, the public library and Pearce Institute. Govan independence ended in 1912 and my 1914 the development of the area was increased and the shipbuilding industry was established.

Within Govan blocks began to reduce in size increasing the number of access points to the river, including the Govan ferry however, along the North bank block sizes continued to grow.

The industries left the district with a critical housing problem. To help alleviate this during the 1920s and 1930s, new housing schemes were built and from 1934-1952 many families, often reluctant

[Historic Context: Urban D.]

ly, were relocated to areas nearby such as Pollock, Priesthill and Penilee.

Govan’s pre-eminent position in the shipbuilding world lasted until WWI industry on the Clyde declined. It rose again in WW2 and continued to rise into the 1950’s.

By the 1960s cheaper alternatives were found elsewhere and the shipbuilding and associated industries severely declined. This lead to a fall in the local economy, leaving derelict buildings and vacant land, undermining the Burgh of Govan. Large scale demolition the 1960s and 1970’s continued to destroy the reputation of Govan.

1795

1888

1960

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30

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[Historic Context: Clyde D.]

The diagrams to the right illustrate the evolution of the River Clyde’s form throughout the decades. Demonstrating how the boom in the ship building industry led to the construction of docks, Queen’s Dock and Price’s Dock in Govan.

The docks were a hive of activity until the 1960s when trade almost came to a complete halt. The second had three dry docks that were built for the Clyde Navigation Trust between 1869 and 1898. The first dock opened in 1875, the second larger dock in 1886 and the third and largest in 1898. Dock three was constructed with the intention of being divide into two docks so that two ships could be serviced at the same time. As shown in the newspaper article to the left.

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1795

1854

1888

1912

1920

1960

1975

2012

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[Historic Context: Shipbuilding]

Govan’s shipbuilding history began 175 years ago in 1838 by McArthur & Alexander when the opened a small wood shipbuilding yard known as the Old Yard east of Water Row on the ancient site of Doomster Hill. Two years later Robert Napier (1791-1876), a Scottish engineer, took over the shipyard and developed it into an enterprise, planting a seed for future expansion.

Napier’s timely purchase coincided and collaborated with the birth of the Industrial Revolution. In the 1800’s the shipbuilding industry benefited from the development of inexpensive mass-production of metal components and the birth of the steam engine. In its early production the Shipyard produced some of

[Historic Context: Shipbuilding]

the earliest iron ships in the world. With the help of one of Napier’s apprentices, John Elder (1824- 1869) a marine engineer who played a major role in refining the compound engine to its most efficient form, they saw the use of steamships outweigh traditional sail ships. In 1860, Elder started his own Shipyard naming it Fairfield Shipyard after the farm which once sat on the site. A statue of Elder standing beside one of his compound engines can be seen in Elder Park, Govan.

Other Shipyards in Govan included Middleton Shipyard, Linthouse Shipyard and the New Yard containing the Dry Graving Docks which were built by the Clyde Navigation Trust between 1869 and 1898.

The docks were built consecutively with

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[Historic Context: Shipbuilding]

each becoming larger to accommodate the pressing need for bigger ships. In the 1900’s the British Empire was at its height and was fuelling the shipbuilding industry. From there, the shipyard became stronger as it constructed warships, ocean liners and steamers. It evolved into the biggest and most successful of all the ship building areas on the River Clyde.

Most notably in 1912, as World War 1 was approaching, there were 12 ships under construction simultaneously.

The shipbuilding industry was a major player in Scotland’s economy providing work for men of all trades. As well as all other trades, shipbuilding created its own range of crafts such as the construction technique of riveting.

[Historic Context: Shipbuilding]

Govan’s Shipyard’s were major suppliers of warships to the Royal Navy throughout both World Wars. However, after World War 2 the shipyards of Govan and others across the United Kingdom were hit with a decline in orders. This was due to a number of reasons; the war was over, the shipbuilder’s main client base no longer demanded the same amount of orders; secondly the shipyards mismanagement and stubborn trade unions fighting for better wages was creating their own demise; and lastly we fell behind not recognising the full potential of the profitable age of commercial and leisure shipping. Instead the shipbuilding industry moved east where it was capitalised by countries such as Japan and South Korea where ships were built bigger, quicker and more efficiently. As a result Fairfield fell

[Historic Context: Shipbuilding] bankrupt and closed in 1966.

Since the 1980s there have been several attempts to reuse the shipyards of Govan but none have come to fruition. The banks of the Clyde which were once a lively part of Glasgow are now deserted.

It is evident the historic significance of Govan lies strongly in it’s shipbuilding industry.

Even now residents of Govan know at least a few relatives who worked in the shipyards along the Clyde. Not only is it significant to Govan but to Scotland as a whole. As a country we were producing one fifth of the world’s ships, an estimated 25,000 ships in the 19th and 20th century, and as a result they inherently became part of Glasgow’s landscape and skyline.

[Historic Context: Social]

[Historic Context: Social]

[Historic Context: Social]

The Middle Ages The earliest known depiction of Govan is Moot Hill. The cottages in the centre are Water Row. In the middle ages Govan was primarily agricultural village, but as drift coal mining in the 16th century became more prominent in the Craigton and Drumoyne areas, Govan’s flourishing industries grew.

Steady Growth In 1759 the Clyde Navigation Act was passed due to the increase in trade with the Americas and the task of deepening the river began. Glasgow’s merchants realised that there was a desperate need to get ships further up the shallow River Clyde. Exploiting the natural resources of the river, Govan grew steadily from then on.

Dramatic Decline Changing economic conditions after 1945 led to a dramatic decline in the shipbuilding industry. Many of the yards were forced to close. All around Govan today you see the remains of the built heritage, the legacy of the yard owners, and the yards and docks themselves - visible reminders of the burgh’s great industrial heritage.

The Early Years The ecclesiastical history of Govan dates back to the early monastery founded by Constantine around 565AD. It was not until around 1147 that the name of Govan was historically recorded when King David the 1st gave to the Church of Glasgow, ‘Guven’ with its ‘marches free and clear forever’.

By the 18th century Govan was known for it’s hand-loom weaving industry along with it’s associated skills of bleaching, dying and spinning village. The Govan Weavers Society was formed in 1756 as a guild of master weavers, holding their annual parade in June which today is known as Govan Fair Day.

Rapid Growth By the 1790’s the agricultural and then the industrial revolution began, having a profound effect on Govan. In 1864, in recognition of its importance as a centre of commerce and industry, Govan, was granted Burgh status and became the fifth largest Burgh in Scotland.

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[Current Context: Land Use]

At present the site is vacant. It comprises of an area of cobble stone surfacing, with unmaintained overgrown borders consisting of grass and shrubs to the south and west boundaries.

The area surrounding the site is dominated by uses related with the shipbuilding industry, including the Graving Docks, the Clyde Basin and associated pump station to the northern edge. As is the wider context of Govan.

As outlined in the historical context, the site and surrounding area is dominated primarily by past and current industrial usage, as highlighted by the industrial building diagram. Most of the land previously occupied by the shipbuilding in-

[Current Context: Land Use]

dustry now contains a significant number of industrial style factory and storage facilities. This is in addition to a high concentration of residential buildings to the west, neighbourhoods comprising of a mix of tenure and building styles.

A mix of hard and soft spaces interweave through the residential areas, which contains a good level of green space and trees. Govan has numerous commercial, and cultural facilities with the Science Centre and viewing tower within view of the site.

Govan’s core, Govan Centre, comprises of buildings which combine to offer a wide range of amenities including shops, a library, teaching facilities, offices, places of

[Current Context: Land Use]

worship, town hall, bars and restaurants.

These vary in scale and style with some buildings containing retail space at the ground floor level and residential above.

Both north and south of the river are several, easily accessed, sports, leisure, entertainment facilities, and cultural buildings such as the Science Centre and Transport Museum.

The site location also offers potential for a direct relationship between the hospice and Bath House owing to their close proximity to each other.

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[Current Context: Topography]

Site topography is a key consideration when developing design proposals. The site is bounded to the south (Govan Road) and west (Stag Street) by a steep drop in level of 3.9m which is defined by a brick masonry wall. In the west the extent of the drop is lessened, with a minor fall running north towards the River Clyde; equating to circa 100m along the length of the Clyde Basin.

Once accessed the site is broadly flat, excluding the change in level at Graving Docks one, two, and three. The ground level from the site threshold to the Baths entrance can be adequately dealt with within the proposed landscape plan. The general topography of this site is common to the immediate surrounding context.

[Current Context: Designations]

The proposal, owing to its location, has a notable impact on Govan’s historic environment. The site, Govan Graving Docks, is not located within a Conservation Area, but it is category A listed and as such a historic context analysis has been conducted in the previous section of this document.

There are no existing trees on site, and therefore it is not protected by a Tree Preservation Order. It comprises of an area of cobble stone surfacing, with unmaintained overgrown borders consisting of grass and shrubs classified as having low quality retention and value.

The Council commissioned a comprehensive study to identify flood risk from the

River Clyde within the city and beyond as

[Current Context: Designations]

a result of severe flooding in Scotland.

The outcomes of the study are considered fundamental to the regeneration of the River Clyde corridor. However, the outcome of this report, ‘River Clyde Flood Management Strategy: River Corridor Supplementary Development Guide’, identified the docks as having a low likelihood of flooding.

Listed Buildings There are several listed buildings and scheduled monuments throughout Govan but not on the site or within its immediate vicinity. Namely: Govan Linthouse Parish Church, B listed; the Aitken Memorial Fountain, B listed; Pearce Institute, A

_Healthcare Facilities

_Restaurants, Museums, Bars, Cinema & CafÊ’s

_Industrial Buildings

_Green Space

_Places of Worship

_Sports Facilities

_Educational Facilities

_Conservation Areas & Listed Buildings

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_Retail: Supermarkets/Grocery Stores

[Current Context: Transport]

The site is located in a highly accessible location off Govan Road, and less than 5 miles from Glasgow City Centre, and with easy access to a range of public transport modes and cycle paths.

Buses .

The site is within 5 minutes walk of Govan Road, the most heavily-used bus routes in Govan. The closest bus stops are located here, served by buses travelling to destinations across Glasgow. Bus routes from across Greater Glasgow travel directly through Govan, providing more direct access to and from the City Centre. The site is approximately a 5 minute walk from the Govan Road stop. The bus network comprises of three integrated bus routes connecting most of the City.

[Current Context: Transport]

*

Rail The rail links are not as accessible with the nearest station being 2.6 miles away, located in Glasgow City Centre.

.

The Subway Link The subway rail network is easily accessed from the site. Govan Subway Station being a 7minute walk away.

Cycle There is an existing cycle path connecting the west of Glasgow to the City Centre on the southern bank if the River Clyde; part of this route diverts to the northern bank into Govan on-road via bus and cycle lanes. This route will also be improved under approved measures by Glasgow City Council.

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[Population: Govan Ward 5] Population (2013) 31,437 Number of Males 15,967 Number of Females 15,470 Population by Age (2013) 0 to 4 1,852 5 to 11 1,891 12 to 15 1,012 16 to 29 7,761 30 to 44 7,323 45 to 64 7,365 65 to 74 2,163 75 plus 2,070 Population by Ethnicity (2011) White Scottish/British 23,611 White Irish 445 Other White 1,535 Mixed Ethnic Groups 131 Indian 887 Pakistani 1,556 Bangladeshi

[Population: Govan Ward 5]

[Population: Govan Ward 5]

Chinese 351 Asian 350 African 910 Caribbean or Black 104 Other Ethnic Group 194 Population (2011) In institutions 825 Electorate (2014) Electors 25,013 Households (2011) 15,661 Average Household Size 1.87 Single Person Households 7,725 Age under 65 5,678 Age 65 plus 2,047 Multi-Adult Households 4,955 All full-time Students 327 All Age 65 plus 523 Other Households 4,105 Households with Children 2,981

Single Parent 1,318 Other Households 1,663 Dwellings by Tenure (2013) 16,873 Owner Occupied 6,380 Private Rented 3,573 Glasgow Housing Association 2,655 Other Social Rented 4,265 Dwellings by Type (2013) 16,983 Detached 259 Semi-Detached 1,036 Terraced 1,769 Flats and Others 13,919 Dwellings by Size (2013) (5) 1 or 2 Rooms 3 Rooms 7,544 4 or 5 Rooms 5,350 6 or more Rooms 703 Unknown 337

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[Current Context: Scale & Grain]

At present the site is vacant. It comprises of an area of cobble stone surfacing, with unmaintained overgrown borders consisting of grass and shrubs to the south and west boundaries. The area surrounding the site is dominated by uses related with the shipbuilding industry, including the Graving Docks, the Clyde Basin and associated pump station to the northern edge. As is the wider context of Govan.

As outlined in the historical context, the site and surrounding area is dominated primarily by past and current industrial usage, as highlighted by the industrial building diagram. Most of the land previously occupied by the shipbuilding in The scale and height of the built context varies in line with the surrounding land uses outlined above. The majority of surrounding buildings are typical of Govan’s Victorian tenements.

The immediate neighbour to the site being a 4 storey residential buildings on Napier Drive. Here, the massing of accommodation varies in the north/south direction, which in the centre of Napier Street is 2 storeys in height. It drops to 1 storey at the southern boundary in the form of an industrial unit. The his

[Current Context: Scale & Grain]

toric pump house in the immediate east stands at approximately one storey, with associated tower at two and anchoring the corner of The Princess Docks to the East is the one notable tall ‘neighbour’ the viewing tower, standing at 127m tall.

Similar in scale is the Science Centre and Armadillo. To the north of the site, dominating the northern bank of the River Clyde exists the significantly scaled Glasgow Transport Museum and Tall Ship.

To the south of the site, on Clydebrae/ Stag Street, is a brick industrial building varying in height from one to approximately two storeys. As Stage Street continues south on to Govan Road the scale of residential buildings vary, with certain blocks of accommodation being five storeys, before reducing to the lower residential character of two, three and four storeys. In the distance 20 storey highrise accommodation is visible.

The wider context of Govan is generally mixed in height, with some smaller blocks interspersed within the urban grain. Here, buildings range in size from five to eight stories, with many of the more recent additions being four storeys.

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Infrastructure, industrial, and religious

41

Residential

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3.0.0 Strategic Design Development 3.1.0 Site Options: Appraisal 3.1.1 Site Analysis 3.1.2 Site Options: Building Position on Site 3.2.0 Bath House Typology Study 3.3.0 Typology Study: Building Form 3.4.0 Schedule of Accommodation 3.5.0 Technical Guidance 3.6.0 Mapping Adjacencies 3.7.0 User Requirements 3.8.0 Utilising the Diagram: Development of Design Principles 3.8.1 Building Organisation: Typical Elements of Roman Baths 3.8.2 Building Organisation

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[Site Options: Appraisal]

The site was selected from a number of alternatives. The subsequent section of this document presents four potential site options for consideration, identified following the completion of site analysis.

Namely, Govan Graving Docks; an Area of vacant land behind Govan Old Parish Church; Elder Park; and the Show People site. In short the chosen site, Govan Graving Docks, was selected on the basis that it presented more strengths and opportunities. Specifically, the size and location of the site offers the opportunity to re-activate the docks, form a relationship with Govan’s historic context as well as the capacity for expansion. Furthermore, the River Clyde is the most significant geographical feature in Govan and is adjacent to the site, therefore there is a strong

[Site Options: Appraisal]

desire to engage with it. The river also gives rise to the opportunity for passive environmental strategies. The site offers a legible entrance, good frontage/presence on the River Clyde, and the challenging topography has the potential to generate architectural innovation (lock the proposal into the landscape) and strengthen links with the town centre.

The existing road, running along the south side of the site, is well placed to provide vehicle/pedestrian access to the Baths. Additionally, there is good existing public transport connections providing optimal accessibility. The close proximity to the hospice ensures a strong connection between the Baths, the Hospice, and the residents within.

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Govan Graving Docks

Govan Old Parish Church

Strengths -Good frontage/presence on the Clyde and legible entrance; -Good public transport connections providing optimal accessibility; -Site area provides capacity for expansion; -Close to Govan’s town centre.

Weaknesses -Large southerly aspect, likely to cause glare and over heating; -Exposed site; -Too much space to sprawl.

Strengths -Good frontage/presence on the Clyde; -Good public transport connections providing optimal accessibility; -Close to Govan’s town centre.

Weaknesses -Large southerly aspect, likely to cause glare and over heating; -Site access restricted limiting vehicle and pedestrian access; -Low presence within Govan; -Weak/fragmented link to the hospice.

Opportunities -Riverside location means that there is potential for passive environmental strategies; -The Clyde is the most significant geographical feature next to the site and therefore there is a strong desire to engage with it; -Challenging site can generate architectural innovation.

Threats -Potential for flooding; -Community objections or local authority objections.

Opportunities -Riverside location means that there is potential for passive environmental strategies; -The Clyde is the most significant geographical feature next to the site and therefore there is a strong desire to engage with it; -Compact, challenging site can generate architectural innovation.

Threats -Potential for flooding; -Community objections or local authority objections.

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Elder Park

Show People

Strengths -Existing roads are well placed to provide pedestrian/vehicle access; -Good public transport connections providing optimal accessibility; -Site area provides capacity for expansion; -Close to Govan’s town centre.

Weaknesses -Large southerly aspect, likely to cause glare and over heating; - Easy to import ‘ready made design’; -Too much space to sprawl; -Locating a new structure in valuable local resource is not justifiable; -Weak/fragmented link to the hospice.

Strengths -Good frontage/presence on the Clyde; -Good public transport connections providing optimal accessibility; -Close to Govan’s town centre.

Weaknesses -Large southerly aspect, likely to cause glare and over heating; -Weak/fragmented link to the hospice.

Opportunities -Due to size and location of site there is the opportunity to connect internal spaces directly with the physical external landscape; -Re-establish a link between Elder Park and Govan centre.

Threats -Community objections or local authority objections.

Opportunities -Riverside location means that there is potential for passive environmental strategies; -The Clyde is the most significant geographical feature next to the site and therefore there is a strong desire to engage with it.

Threats -Community objections or local authority objections.

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Subway & Centre

Link to hospice

Parking

Bus stop

Pedestrain & Drop off

Service access

Orientation The path of the sun throughout the day has a significant influence on the design.

Maximising the use of natural light has ramifications of glare and could compromise the privacy of the users and internal comfort through solar gains. The plan aims to address these concerns through a simple plan, use of appropriate materials and various screening methods.

Vehicle and pedestrian access The site has good connections to existing public transport networks. Introducing steps on Stag Street (west of the proposed site) eases pedestrian access and open up the Docks, dissolving boundaries/barriers caused by the change in level.

The retention of the existing entrance is proposed from Clydebrae and Stag Street

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Vehicle and pedestrian access both are well placed to provide vehicle (drop off) access to the site. A link from the hospice to the baths is proposed between the two site boundaries. This will be a controlled entrance/exit to maintain a secure environment for the patients, staff and visitors. Limiting ingress of the public while easing egress of the hospice residence.

The River Clyde and Graving Docks The most significant geographical feature adjacent to the site if the River Clyde, and therefore there is a strong desire to engage with it as is the case with the Graving Docks. The objective of the building placement is to exploit the sites unique characteristics and historic identity. Utilising their topography, to strengthen links between the Docks and their setting.

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[Site Options: Position]

The most successful solution will be one which incorporates current best practice public space design principles with a sensitive response to the site and an emphasis on the architectural ambitions of the proposed Bath House.

The initial response was to locate the building on the south axis of Govan Road.

To provide visibility in the community.

However, after further consideration, identifying the Baths with the Docks became the preferred option. This results in the building being rotated and moved towards the centre of the Docks. This had several positive impacts on the design.

1. Takes advantage of the unique historic Graving Dock form and identity, as the

50

[Site Options: Position]

building will have a direct visual connection; 2. Avoids glare by utilising the topography to overshadow/screen sensitive internal environments. Furthermore, minimising the external envelops facing north and south; 3. Bridges the boundary between the Docks and Govan Centre; 4. Creates the opportunity for a private facade at the pools with a connection to the Graving Docks.

Locating the Baths across the docks means that the main entrance forms the public faรงade where by supervised controlled entry can be gained both during the day and out of hours, which is highly desirable.

[Site Options: Position]

The main entrance, in the west, direct ly relates to a nearby drop off area. The car parking provision allows for both cars and coaches, including disabled. It is located by off site in the west, this has the added benefit of avoiding having the car park at the entrance of the Baths, generating a car-free pedestrianised area to the front of the proposal.

Service and staff provision/access is to the rear of the building in the east. Access to the plant is available both internally, via a controlled access point, and externally, via a delivery entrance.

See the diagrams over leaf showing location options for the hospice.

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Option 1 Double-storey linear building in east west orientation.

PROS -Compact building foot print and location on edge of site maximises external areas; -Good Present on the River Clyde; -Good views from the building across site, river and docks; -Double storey linear building is in keeping with surrounding urban fabric and scale; -Addresses the change in level at the site boundary; -Clear distinction between back and front of house areas; -Strong presence on the street front, Govan Road.

CONS -North south orientation of building not ideal from passive design perspective heat loss and glare control required on south/north façades; -Doesn’t address the approach from the hospice; -Little engagement with the Graving docks.

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Option 2 Double-storey linear building in east west orientation.

PROS -Good Present on the River Clyde; -Good views from the building across site, river and docks; -Double storey linear building is in keeping with surrounding urban fabric and scale; -Addresses the change in level at the site boundary; -Strong presence on the street front, Govan Road; -Clear distinction between back and front of house areas; -Engagement with the Graving docks.

CONS -North south orientation of building not ideal from passive design perspective heat loss and glare control required on south/north façades; -Doesn’t address the approach from the hospice; -Doubles the number of external façades which had heat loss implications.

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Option 3 Double-storey linear building in east west/north south orientation.

PROS -Good Present on the River Clyde; -Good views from the building across site, river and docks; -Double storey linear building is in keeping with surrounding urban fabric and scale; -Addresses the change in level at the site boundary; -Clear distinction between back and front of house areas; -Addresses the approach from the hospice; -Engagement with the Graving docks; -Strong presence on the street front, Govan Road.

CONS -North south orientation of building not ideal from passive design perspective heat loss and glare control required on south/north faรงades; -Doubles the number of external faรงades which had heat loss implications.

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Option 4 - Preferred Option Double-storey linear building in North South orientation, Lower level in the docks.

PROS -Good views from the building across site, river and docks; -Double storey linear building is in keeping with surrounding urban fabric and scale; -Addresses the change in level at the site boundary; -Strong presence on the street front, Govan Road; -Clear distinction between back and front of house areas; -Addresses the approach from the hospice; -Engagement with the Graving docks; -North south orientation of building ideal from passive design perspective heat loss and glare control minimised on south/north faรงades.

CONS -Distance from the main vehicular entrance requires vehicles to be brought on to the site for drop off; -Lack of presence on Govan Road.

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Japanese Bath House

by Kubo Tsushima Architects

A wooden floor that curves up to become a wall allows light and air to flow through this bathhouse by Japanese studio Kubo Tsushima Architects.

Set within a 17th-century hotel complex in Japan’s Gunma prefecture, Maruhon Ryokan was redesigned s as part of a long-term plan to attract tourists and promote sustainability in the area.

“The existing building has been extended and reconstructed many times, and has a complex geometry with connected-accommodations,” architect Hidekai Kubo said “This bathhouse is on the node of the pass which connects two wings of accommodation.”

From street level, the bathhouse appears to follow a traditional form complete with a gabled roof. But on the inside, a floor constructed from Japanese cedar curves up to create a wall that separates a bathroom and a designated rest space.

Using computational fluid dynamics – a type of mechanics that uses numerical analysis and algorithms to solve and analyse fluid flow – the architects designed the unusual interior to create buoyancy-driven ventilation.

“We applied the behaviour of ventilation

Japanese Bath House

by Kubo Tsushima Architects

to the design so that the natural wind from the bathroom window rises when heated by the spring water, and goes out from the roof window,” Kubo explained.

The shape of the wall creates a light source, diffusing daylight flooding in through the open facade into the lower-level bathroom. LEDs illuminate the space at night.

In the downstairs bathroom, spring water flows from a black bamboo tap into a small pool that is submerged into the floor. Along with providing the lighting and ventilation for the bathhouse, the curved wall also acts as a backrest for a large bench in the upper-level rest space.

“To construct the bench, we used Japanese cypress wood,” said Kubo. “It has pleasant aroma, and it makes people relaxed who recline on the bench after bathing.”

Kubo Tsushima Architects employed a technique previously utilised when the architects renovated a wedding chapel in Tokyo’s Ebisu district – painting each windowsill in colours of the rainbow to “impart faint hues” as light filters through using light to produce ornamentation.

“The light bounds to the inside, reflecting those colours onto the walls.”

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The Pool Shophouse

by FARM & KD Architects

Architecture studios FARM and KD Architects have converted a 1920s shophouse in Singapore into a residence with a swimming pool stretched along the ground floor. Long, narrow shophouses are a typical building typology in Southeast Asia and the Pool Shophouse is one of eight renovated properties in the Lorong 24A Shophouse Series, for which various architects were asked to adapt and extend properties in the Geylang neighbourhood.

Architects Tiah Nan Chyuan and Lee Hui Lian explain how they wanted to create “an insertion” rather than “an extension” to the building. “One experiences the continuity of space through a series of stairs that loop through the shophouse,” they say. The staircases they refer to zigzag back and forth through the house to connect the three existing floors with the four-storey extension, which contains bedrooms within its upper storeys.

Narrow strips of lighting highlight the gaps between these new staircases and the exposed brick walls of the original building. Light filters into the house through a skylight at the centre, which is screened behind a louvred ceiling.

Alfriston School

by Duggan Morris

One of the main requirements of the brief was for a spacious swimming pool hall with minimal sound reverberation, so the architects developed a concertina-like roof structure that echoes the shape of the pitched roofs on other buildings in the area. “The roof creates a dramatic internal landscape viewed from the pool and also serves as an acoustic baffle,” explained architect Joe Morris. “It is intended to draw upon the geometry of the roof pitches of the rest of the school, with the same gradient of pitch and simplicity repeated. This was important to ensure it had a strong relationship with its site, but also because of the very real presence of the surrounding conservation area.”

A concrete base was constructed to allow the building to negotiate a steep level change across the site. A strip of glazing separates this foundation from the base of the roof, allowing natural light into the building, revealing no more than the heads and ankles of pupils using the pool.

“Views are afforded to the landscape via a continuous ribbon window. Like a continuous jumbo shadow gap, this feature allows a soft light into the space that changes depending upon the time and season.”

Trenton Bath House

by Louis Kahn & Anne Tyng

Thermal Baths in Vals

by Peter Zumthor

The nine-square plan is based on a square grid, with the narrow zones providing the square corner piers and rectangular servant zones. The corner piers are the primary structure of the buildings, and also serve for entrance, storage, access to vaults, and shelter for toilet facilities.

The rectangular zones provide for circulation around the inner square focal point of each structure, and at the locker rooms provide natural light.

The significance of the Bath House transcends its strong aesthetic impact. On this project Kahn clarified his ideas about the specific purposes of spaces within a building. It was here that Kahn first articulated his notion of “spaces serving” and “spaces served.” Typically, “serving” spaces, such as those for toilets and utilities, are tucked away and hidden. But in Kahn’s work, beginning with the Trenton Bath House, the serving spaces are not only evident, they are integral to the design. In 1957 he wrote “The Trenton Bath House is derived from a concept of space order in which the hollow columns supporting the pyramidal roofs distinguish the spaces that serve from those being served.”

Access to the Baths is along a curving tunnel from the hotel. The subterranean nature of this connection is crucial as it dislocates the individual from the world outside. There follows a knight’s move through 90 degrees to clear a tubular turnstile and through another 90 degrees again to align yourself with a long, corridor. This brings you to the upper level of a tiered section. To the left, a gap offers a peripheral glimpse down onto the main internal pool and out one of the big openings to the valley below.

Diverging from Zumthor’s basic palette of concrete and stone, there are panelled in highly polished red mahogany cabins.

Stepping out, you find yourself standing on a terrace above the principal indoor pool. There is a wing off to the right (containing showers and lavatories and, beyond that, steam rooms), but attention is focused ahead onto the surface of the water, at the play of light, and the slowly descending stepped ramp down which every able body must proceed.

The ramp is ceremonial, slowing down even the most ardent bather in a ritual of shifting geometries. A linear gap in the roof above admits a bright strip of

57

Thermal Baths in Vals

by Peter Zumthor

daylight. Then, across the lower stone floor, you descend - again, slowly - into the warm navel-high waters of the main pool. This is a buried, almost labyrinthine world of solid and void within which the spa water is retained.

The main pool is a rotational space, to which the bather always returns. All around are massive stone shafts with streaks of sunlight from above and vertical planes of light beyond. Directly above are 16 small bright blue roof lights, the underside of the light fittings in the “meagre meadow”. Zumthor’s next tactic is to make generous interlocked spaces from these pin wheeling blocks of stone.

The blocks, which are in turn revealed to contain small orthogonal rooms, thought of as having been carved from the mountain, but are built up by the architect as volumetric structure. Although devoted to the truth of materials, Zumthor is rather coy in his explanations of structure.

The Baths are in fact a composite of insitu concrete and load bearing gneiss from a local quarry. Through the rigour of his craft, Peter Zumthor has realised an extraordinary building full of sensory richness.

[Typology Study: Form]

The previous studies of both historic and modern era bath house buildings shows that they fall into 7 categories illustrated to the right.

Bath House are unique among building planning and design projects, in terms of their circulation patterns and bathing process. Bath house/leisure centre circulation systems are critical not only to provide clear and intuitive way finding for users, staff members and services, but also for the control of wet and dry areas, environmental considerations, and the issue of acoustics.

Made more complex by the many functions which need specific adjacencies and short travel distances, while at the same time controlling and directing traffic flow. A logical and simple horizontal and vertical circulation system is therefore essential.

While each of the 7 approaches could no doubt produce a bath house of quality, the possibilities of the linear approach are what directed the project forward.

Producing a solution that is more in line with the aspirations for the proposal.

01. Central

02. Radial

03. Axial

58

04. Grid

05. Linear

06. Cluster

59

07. Square

[Schedule of Accommodation]

Approximate size of the Bath-House will be 3,200m2.

Internal accommodation • Entrance & Reception (100m2); • Offices (75m2) - For Management, Staff and Facilities Management; • Gift Shop - For towels etc. (25m2); • Salon - Hair & Beauty etc. (50m2); • Waiting Area (50m2); • Restaurant & Kitchen (300m2); • Changing Rooms & WC’s (250m2); • Shower Rooms & WC’s (150m2); • 10 Treatment Rooms - Including Physiotherapy & Hydrotherapy facilities (200m2); • Gymnasium (500m2) and 4 no. Massage Rooms (50m2); • Steam Rooms/Saunas/Saunarium/Turkish Baths (200m2); • Indoor Bath/Outdoor Bath/Fire Bath/Ice Bath (600m2); • Main Spa Pool/Bath (600 m2); • Rest Space (50m2); • Utility Rooms (25m2); • Plant Room (150 m2); • Refuse Area (25m2).

External schedule of accommodation • Outdoor Pool/Bath; • 50 Car Parking spaces - 5% Disabled; • Landscaping - incorporating connection to Hospice project.

Please Note: While a design brief and detailed schedule of accommodation were established before the design process had commenced it was envisioned that the brief would be challenged and would develop and adapt as the scheme evolved. The design has been refined to respond to the many spacial requirements as well as in reference to recommended literature, design/construction manuals, and handbooks; in addition to meeting the relevant guidelines set out in: Sports Scotland Appendix III: Swimming Pools; Sports Scotland Design Note 7: Changing Accommodation; NBS Building Regulations; The New Metric Handbook; The Environmental Design Pocketbook; and British Standards.

Key UK reference documents include: Managing Health & Safety in Swimming Pools HSG179, produced jointly by the Health & Safety Commission and Sport England and published by the Health & Safety Executive 2003; PAS 39:2003 Management of Public Swimming Pools: Water treatment systems, water treatment plant and heating and ventilation systems prepared at the request of the Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group; Swimming Pool Water Treatment and quality standards for pools and spas 2009 produced by the Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group; Handbook of Sport & Recreational Building Design, Vol. 3, 2nd Edition produced by the Sports Council; and documentation published by The Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport & Physical Activity.

60

61

[Technical Guidance]

The following guidance documents were referred to throughout the design process: Sport Scotland Guidance • Technical Digest 300 Small Pool Design • Technical Digest 302 Swimming Pool Changing Accommodation • Technical Digest 303 Swimming Pools Building Services • Amateur Swimming Association guidance: 25m pool requirements • Facility Strategy - Draft 2009 • Changing room provision calculation • Understanding Daylighting of Sports Halls Sport England Guidance Documents • Design Guidance Note - Swimming Pools (Appendix 1, 2, 3, and 5) • Design Guidance Note - Fitness & Exercise Spaces

Other pool Guidance • Ice Rinks & Swimming Pools - Geraint John / Kit Campbell • BS 6565 : Sanitary Installations • BS EN 15288-1:2008 : Swimming Pool Part 1 Safety Requirements for Design • BS EN 13200-1:2003 : Spectator Requirements • Drawing a Winner Energy Efficient Design of Sports Centres

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63

[Mapping Adjacencies]

[Mapping Adjacencies]

[Govan Baths]

There are many elements to take into account when making adjacencies in a building like Govan Baths. Such as creating clear and intuitive way finding for users, and to accommodate the many staff members and services. It should be designed to separate and control public and private, wet and dry areas, and address the issue of acoustics.

core, it acts as the central element, enabling each of the building components to be strategically organised around one connecting space.

• 50m major competition pools • 50m (or 25m) national/regional competition pools • 50m (or 25m) national intensive training centres • 25m 8-lane county competition pools • 25m 6-lane community pools • 20m 4-lane small community or school pools • Teaching/learner pools.

This next section illustrated adjacencies made in the preliminary stages of the design. Primarily by mapping and grouping each function. This study identified sixmain components: service, staff, community (public gathering space), spa, municipal, and gym.

Treating the entrance as the buildings

The “core”, entrance/reception, allows for visual supervision of the entrance/ exit routes; and routes to main facilities.

Its position restricts unsupervised access while enabling direct access to other parts of the building. All areas should be within easy reach of the core.

The following section explores user requirements, understanding the needs of the building users and analysing how the building programme can support them in an attempt to resolve the complex programmatic requirements.

Therefore, theoretically a 25 x 8.5m 4-lane pool with a water area of 212.5 m2 would accommodate a maximum swimmer capacity or ‘maximum bathing load’ of 71 bathers. The pool specified for Govan Baths is 25X13m community swimming pool in accordance with Sports England Pool Design Appendix 1.

64

First Aid

Pool Store Cl St.

Plant Rm. Swimming Pool

Resteraunt

Dry Change

Public W.C. Wet Change

Cl St. Gym Store

Gym

Resteraunt

Staff Of�ice

Staff Office

Entrance

65

Entrance/ Gift Shop

First Aid

Public W.C.

[User Requirements] Swimming Group

[User Requirements]

[User Requirements]

[User Requirements] Gym User

[User Requirements] Community Member

[User Requirements]

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach or by bicycle; -At the main entrance by car via the drop off.

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach or by bicycle; -At the main entrance by car via the drop off.

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach;

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach or by bicycle; -At the main entrance by car via the drop off.

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach or by bicycle; -At the main entrance by car via the drop off.

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach; -At the main entrance by car via the drop off.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, WC, wet changing, group changing, municipal pool, cafe, community space, gift shop, refreshment points.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, WC, wet changing, family cubicle, municipal pool, cafe, community space, gift shop, refreshment points.

Reception Pay in -Through main entrance via reception; -To wet changing via gift shop.

Reception Waiting area

Leave -Through main entrance - walk to car, bus, cycle, or subway; -Collected by car/coach at drop off/car park.

Family Swimming

Reception Pay in -Through main entrance via reception; -To wet changing via gift shop.

Reception Waiting area

Leave -Through main entrance - walk to car, bus, cycle, or subway; -Collected by car at drop off.

Cyclist

Reception Pay in -Through main entrance via reception; -To dry/wet male/female changing via gift shop.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, WC, dry/wet male/female changing, fitness suite, cafe, community space, gift shop, refreshment points.

Reception Waiting area

Leave -Through main entrance - walk to bus, cycle, or subway;

66

Reception Pay in -Through main entrance via reception; -To dry male/female changing via gift shop.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, WC, dry male/ female changing, fitness suite, cafe, community space, gift shop, refreshment points.

Reception Waiting area

Leave -Through main entrance - walk to car, bus, cycle, or subway; -Collected by car at drop off.

Reception -Through main entrance via reception; -To cafe via gift shop.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, WC, cafe, community space, gift shop.

Reception Waiting area

Leave -Through main entrance - walk to car, bus, cycle, or subway; -Collected by car at drop off.

Disabled User

Reception Pay in -Through main entrance via reception; -To wet/dry changing via gift shop.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, WC, wet/dry changing, assessable cubicle, municipal pool, spa, cafe, community space, gift shop, refreshment points, gym.

Reception Waiting area

Leave -Through main entrance - walk to car, bus, cycle, or subway; -Collected by car at drop off.

[User Requirements] Administrative Staff

[User Requirements]

[User Requirements] Pedestrian

[User Requirements]

[User Requirements]

[User Requirements]

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach; -At the main entrance by car via the drop off -At the rear via staff car park.

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach; -At the main entrance by car via the drop off; -At the rear via staff car park.

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach of by bicycle; -At the main entrance by car via the drop off.

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach via car park; -At the main entrance by car via the drop off.

Arrival -At the rear via staff car park/service entrance.

Arrival -At the main entrance via the landscaped pedestrian approach -At the rear via staff car park/service entrance.

Reception Sign in -Through main entrance via reception; -Through service entrance via staff car park.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, WC, wet/dry changing, cafe, community space, office, gift shop, refreshment points, office store, staff break room.

Reception Sign out

Leave -Through main entrance - walk to car, bus, cycle, or subway; -Collected by car at drop off.

Pool Staff

Reception Sign in -Through main entrance via reception; -Through service entrance via staff car park.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, WC, wet/dry changing, cafe, community space, office, gift shop, refreshment points, office store, staff break room, municiple pool, spa, chemical store, water treatment plant.

Reception Sign out

Leave -Through main entrance - walk to car, bus, cycle, or subway; -Collected by car at drop off.

Driver

Reception Pay in -Through main entrance via reception; -To wet/dry changing via gift shop.

Reception Pay in -Through main entrance via reception; -To wet/dry changing via gift shop.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, WC, wet/dry changing, municipal pool, spa, cafe, community space, gift shop, refreshment points, gym.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, WC, wet/dry changing, municipal pool, spa, cafe, community space, gift shop, refreshment points, gym.

Reception Waiting area

Reception Waiting area

Leave -Through main entrance - walk to car, bus, cycle, or subway; -Collected by car at drop off.

Leave -Through main entrance - walk to car, bus, cycle, or subway; -Collected by car at drop off.

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Service

Reception -Through service entrance via staff car park/service entrance.

Associated rooms: Reception, waiting area, chemical store, water treatment plant, CHP plant, air handling plant, cafe store, salon store, office store.

Reception

Leave -Through main entrance -At the rear via staff car park/service entrance.

Emergency Vehicle

Reception -Through main entrance via reception; -Through service entrance via staff car park/service entrance.

Associated rooms: All Reception

Leave -Through main entrance -At the rear via staff car park/service entrance.

[Utilising the Diagram: Design P.]

Public

Private 01. Linear Plan A linear solution enables a clear logical layout. With the objective of replicating the successes of the iconic Victorian tenement the plan was derived through the generation of a spacial order that makes possible multiple operations. In an attempt to resolve security, auditory, olfactory, visual, wet/dry, and hygienic boundaries it is divided into five functions: municipal pool, spa, community spaces, staff, and service zones. This is achieved through a continuous functional pattern utilising the linear axis, similar to the linear plot of the tenement, to control the configuration of space within. The configuration modulated in accordance with the demands of the programme and site. The structural grid adhering to that of Victorian Govan: regular, formal, and orthogonal.

02. Managing Adjacencies: Public VS. Private The linear form eases navigation throughout the Baths. However, this diagram also allows for a clear strategicDry separation of conflicting functions. Locking the building into the landscape has the additional benefit of generating a private domain bellow street level. The unique topography of the site in conjunction with the linear plan can be exploited to provide screening from solar heat gains, glare, as well as providing a visual barrier to sensitive spaces such as swimming pool and spa changing areas. A geometrical solution with rhythmic linkages that form a natural enclosure, exploiting the potential for interaction between contemporary internal environment domain and historic external landscape.

Wet

68

03. Social Taking precedent from the ethos of Glasgow’s ‘steamies’, Govan Baths were developed with the intention of them becoming a social platform, whether that be within the municipal pool, cafe, or spa. The primary objective it to create a place of social value that offers the people within a positive sense of identity, supported by their fellow members of society. The vernacular architecture of Govan’s tenement is somewhat taken for granted. Existing within Govan since the Victorian era, their lack of sanitary facilities led to the evolution of the ‘Bath House’. The linear tenement has strongly resisted change generating a relationship between the form and culture within Glasgow – giving rise to positive interdependencies between neighbours and the community.

Public

Private Dry

Wet 04. Managing Adjacencies: Wet VS. Dry The separation of functions can be further utilised when it comes to the division of wet and dry areas. This approach to planning enables a clear separation between the two conflicting functions. Wet areas are restricted to the lower level and dry areas on the upper level replicating the language of the docks.

In addition, an effective environmental separation can be maintained with pool/wet areas that have high temperature, humidity and air-borne chemicals. It avoids cleaning problems, by limiting repetitive circulation where users from the wet side use the same routes as those from the dry side.

05. Bridging the Divide Mobility of man has led to the creation of routes. Viaducts and bridges are similarly concentrated vectors of movement and as with all routes they establish a special relationship with the landscape.

Despite the rather neglected appearance of the docks they are historically significant.

Mirroring the static arch of the Roman viaduct and the River Clyde adjacent to the site, the form of the Bath House exerts considerable force in a linear motion. Contrasting the horizontal animation of the water and re-establishing the relationship between the once active Docks and Govan’s town centre.

69

06. Circulation The linear movement within the skin of the Baths draws parallels with a ship. The functional areas wrapped in a layer of circulation. This layer acts as an internal street or ‘close’ similar to that of a tenement, it facilitates natural encounters and gathering spaces that are at the surrounding communities disposal.

Furthermore, the double skin has environmental benefits. The translucent facade enhances the performance of the building minimising heat loss in turn reducing energy consumption. Light penetration is controlled with a capillary system and internal air movements can be regulated by the occupants, providing a comfortable environment.

[Building Organisation: Typical Elements of Roman Baths]

Baths for bathing and relaxing were a common feature of Roman cities throughout the empire. The often huge bath complexes included a wide diversity of rooms offering different temperatures and facilities such as swimming pools and places to read, relax, and socialise. Typical features, listed in the probable order bathers went through, were:

• Apodyterium - changing (“undressing”) rooms; • Palaestrae - exercise rooms, were an integral part of larger gymnasia (areas for general physical training and athletics); • Notatio - open-air swimming pool; • Laconica and sudatoria - superheated dry and wet sweating-rooms; • Calidarium - hot room, heated and with a hot-water pool and a separate basin on a stand (Labrum); • Tepidarium - warm room, indirectly heated and with a tepid pool; • Frigidarium - cool room, unheated and with a cold-water basin, often monumental in size and domed, it was the heart of the baths complex; • And rooms for massage and other health treatments; Additional facilities could include: cold-water plunge baths, private baths, toilets, libraries, lecture halls, fountains, and outdoor gardens.

In many ways, baths were the ancient Roman equivalent of community centres. Because the bathing process took so long, conversation took place and it became a communal occasion. Most Roman cities had at least one, if not many, such buildings, which were centres not only for bathing, but socialising. The images to the right (p.66 & p.67) illustrate the Roman bathing process with a series of both historical and present-day precedents.

Top: Therme del Foro Pompeii , Italy

Bottom: Herzog & de Meuron Arena do Morro Brazil

Apodyterium

70

Top: Palaestra in Herculaneum Pompeii, Italy Bottom: Brisac Gonzalez Pajol Sports Centre Paris France

Palaestrae

Top: Roman Notatio Baths Bath, England

Bottom: Silvio Rech & Lesley Carstens Dalrymple Pavilion South Africa

Notatio

Top: Greek Laconia Greece Bottom: OMA Maggie’s Centre Glasgow, Scotland

Laconica and sudatoria

Top: Carlo Scarpa Fondazione Querini Venezia, Italy

Bottom: Therme del Foro Pompeii, Italy

Calidarium

Top: Andrew Burns Crescent House Sydney, Australia

Top: Tempio di Mercurio Baia Italy

Bottom: Heinz Tesar & Studio Mas Museo Bailo Near Venice, Italy

Bottom: Banys Àrabs de Girona Girona, Spain

Tepidarium

Frigidarium

71

Top: Therme del Foro Pompeii , Italy Bottom: Unknown Hotel Yasuragi Stockholm, Sweden

Cold Water Plunge Bath

Top: Ancient Phoenician Bath Kerkouane, Tunisia

Bottom: Yasushi Horibe + Associates Private Residence Japan

Private Baths

72

Public/Dry

ck

Do ck

No

.3

Do

ck N

o.2

Do

Pump House

No

.1

Private/Wet

Hospice

73

[Study: Vertical Circulation]

74

75

76

77

[Interior Vision]

As part of the design development a series of images of arched, or vaulted, spaces that might be appropriate for a Bath House were selected (p.74 & p.75).

Examining the quality of space the form generates in terms of volume, materiality, and natural light.

The interior of the Bath House is envisaged a being simple. The new building aims to provide a serene escape, alleviating stress and pain if those who visit.

However, conversely, it also intends to provide a social aspect reminiscent of the Roman bathing; a communal activity, and Glasgow’s renowned “Steamies.”

The objective is to create a building for the people through the holistic concept of restoration and regeneration of Govan’s historic Graving Docks.

Francisco José Mangado Beloqui Archaeology Museum of Vitoria Vitoria, Spain

Unknown Hotel Casa de La Flora Thailand, Asia

Patricia Urquiola Health and Wellness Spa at Four Seasons Milan, Italy

78

Unknown Carbon Sense City Wellness Spa Genk, Belgium

Unknown Amangiri Spa Utah, USA

Carlo Scarpa Brion-Vega Cemetery San Vito d’Altivole, Italy

Bates Masi + Architects Genius Loci Montauk, USA

David Chipperfield Private House Kensington, England

Gerda Vossaert Private House Montalcino, Italy

79

Peter Zumthor The Therme Vals GraubĂźnden, Switzerland

Kengo Kuma Ginzan Onsen Fujiya Fujiya Ginzan Yamagata, Japan

[Interior Vision]

As part of the design development a series of images of arched, or vaulted, spaces that might be appropriate for a Bath House were selected (p.76 & p.77).

Examining the quality of space the form generates in terms of volume, materiality, and natural light.

The interior of the Bath House is envisaged a being simple. The new building aims to provide a serene escape, alleviating stress and pain if those who visit.

However, conversely, it also intends to provide a social aspect reminiscent of the Roman bathing; a communal activity, and Glasgow’s renowned “Steamies.”

The objective is to create a building for the people through the holistic concept of restoration and regeneration of Govan’s historic Graving Docks.

Gillespie, Kidd & Coia St. Peter’s Seminary, Cardross, Scotland

Unknown

Unknown St. Patrick’s Roman Catholic Church Kilsyth, Scotland

80

Yabu Pushelberg Ports 1961 Shanghai, China

Project Orange Shoreham Street Shoreham, England

John Pawson St. Moritz Church Augsburg, Germany

Unknown

Toyo Ito Tama Art University Library Tokyo, Japan

Piercy & Company Porter’s Lodge, Queens College Oxford, England

81

Ryan W. Kennihan Architects Leaning Vault House Dublin, Ireland

[Study: Scale, form, volume and light]

82

83

84

85

86

[Light Study: model photographs]

Left: Internal image of steam room/Turkish Bath Right: Image of pattern of light within steam room/Turkish Bath

87

[Interior Vision]

As part of the design development a series of images of arched, or vaulted, spaces that might be appropriate for a Bath House were selected (p.84 & p.85). Examining the quality of material.

The interior of the Bath House is envisaged a being simple. Fully ceramic tiles on render backing is the preferred finish for the wet areas of the Baths. The ceramic tiles, of a light colour pallet, act as a reflective surface aiding the penetration of natural light into the space. Additionally, ceramic tiles are is easily cleaned and low maintenance. The ceramic tile was also a typical characteristic of the Victorian tenements ‘close’. The close was a place of neutral territory between dwellings encouraging informal exchange.

R. Anderson Pearce Institute Govan, Scotland

Unknown

88

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Claesson Koivisto Rune 1. Tile Design

Claesson Koivisto Rune 2. Tile Design

89

Claesson Koivisto Rune 3. Tile Design

Claesson Koivisto Rune 4. Tile Design

[Analysing the Arch]

An arch is a curved structure that spans a space and may or may not support weight above it. Archways are often synonymous with vault but a vault may be distinguished as a continuous arch forming a roof. Arches appeared as early as the second millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures including: the heavily relied upon rounded arch, utilised to span large open areas; an arcade, several rounded arches placed in-line end-to-end; and the Roman aqueduct, used to supply fresh water. The next section highlights the relationship between plan, section, and elevation. Simultaneously considering the external envelope.

John Pawson Plain Space Exhibition, Design Museum London, England

B- Architecten CC De Grote Post (“Central Post Office�)

Oostende, Belgium

Eladio Dieste Salto Bus Terminal Salto, Uruguay

90

Wangstudio Coffee Shop Quang Binh Province, Vietnam

Aires Mateus House in Príncipe Real Lisbon, Portugal

Monadnock Landmark Nieuw-Bergen, the Netherlands

Marcello Piacentini Colosseo Quadrato (“Square Colosseum”) Rome, Italy

91

Kuehn Malvezzi House of Prayer and Learning Berlin Berlin, Germany

92

93

[Exploring Material Choice]

The following section explores potential external envelope materials. The initial response was the material pallet should compliment the historic docks. Although the Docks present potential opportunities their exposed formation gives rise to number of concerns. Due to the exposed location it is recognised that the building form should endeavour to provide a robust shelter. Therefore materials and construction details should be robust and appropriate to the riverside environment. Brick, shuttered concrete and sheet metal were considered for the lower level and capillary c-channel glazing for the upper level. The c-channel provides high light diffusion. This quality creates an interplay between the external and internal environment.

Unknown

Unknown Acne Studios Seoul, South Korea

Niall McLaughlin Architects Burren House Dublin, Ireland

94

Wiel Architects Lensvelt Factory and Office Breda, the Netherlands

LP Architecktur Gusswerk Extension Salzburg, Austria

Unknown

Duggan Morris Architects Energy Hub London, England

Caseyfierro Architects Anish Kapoor Studios London, England

Pierre Hebbelinck Theatre de Liege Luttich, Belgium

95

Steven Holl Swiss Embassy Residence Washington D.C., USA

Plan

Elevation

Section

96

Linear Brick

Timber Shuttered Concrete

Shuttered Concrete

Sheet Metal

98

4.0.0 Technical Strategy-Structures and Construction 4.1.0 Construction: Compliance to Building Regulations/Key Functional Areas 4.2.0 Detailed Section 1:50 @A1 4.2.1 Technical Detail: Window head/parapet @1:5 4.2.2 Technical Detail: Window sill @1:5 4.2.3 Technical Detail: Window head at brickwork @1:5 4.2.4 Technical Detail: Roof light @1:5 4.2.5 Pool Edge @1:10 4.2.6 Pool and Balance Tank Design/Construction

99

[Construction: Building Reg.]

Escape The proposal is classified as an Assembly building. The maximum travel distance from any point on a storey related to the occupancy profile of the building users is slow evacuation, 15m in one direction of travel and 32m in more than one direction of travel. Illustrated on p.99.

A fire engineered solution is required due to the extent of voids proposed at the upper level (ground floor level). The layout is such that direct access away from the voids can be achieved, and the remaining escape distances are in accordance with those set out in the building regulations.

Six direct storey exits are provided on the upper and four on the lower level. As well as one exit via stair core 1.

Other Significant Impacts Accessible WC’s are within 40m in all locations throughout the building, shown over leaf. Accessible facilities have been provided in accordance with DDA requirements/BS 8300.

The design of the changing facilities takes into account the requirements of the Sports England Design Guidance Note: Creating a sporting habitat for life in terms of provision, access, sizing and wheelchair spaces. Refer to the changing room calculation on the right, that utilises the standard methods outlined in Handbook of Sport and Recreation Building Design Volume 3: Swimming Pools and Ice Rinks to calculate the number/type of changing room provision required.

[Construction: Building Reg.]

Entrance Area/Reception The entrance area, coupled with the waiting area, provides sufficient space for groups of people to circulate, view notices or wait for friends. An open and uncluttered reception area eases circulation and customer orientation. The reception desk is located to allow: visual supervision of the entrance/exit routes and all adjoining areas; and to restrict unsupervised access by arranging the circulation pattern to pass the reception desk in accordance with guidelines (refer to p94.).

Cleaners Rooms/Stores

Cleaners rooms/stores are provided 1 where over 100 m2 in line with requirements set out in Sports England Design Guidance Notes.

First Aid Room/Equipment Store The first aid room is directly accessible from the poolside with separate external access to a parking area for emergency vehicles. Doorways provide a minimum clear width of 1.1 m, and are positioned to allow stretcher access. The area exceeds the minimum area of 9.0-10.0 m2 set out in the relevant guidelines (refer to p.94&100).

The pool equipment store is directly accessible from the poolside and has sufficient space for storage of swimming aids, float lines, starting blocks, backstroke warning flag lines, false start recall line and lane ropes. Access doors have a clear width of 1.1 m and there is sufficient space for easy access in accordance with Sports England Guidance,

100

101

40m travel distance to accessible WC

40m travel distance to accessible WC

Of�ice

Café Dining

Café Kitchen/ Servery

Void Over Main Pool

Staff Room

Staff Changing Fitness and Exercise Studio

Gift Shop

Entrance Lobby / Waiting Area

Reception

Void Over Steam Room

Admin. Of�ice

Meeting Room

Void Over Turkish Bath M. Of�ice

Dry Changing

Ground Level

First Aid Plant Room

Chem.

Store

Pool Store

Main Pool

Massage Room

Treatment Room

Massage Room

Treatment Room

Massage Room

Learner Pool

Wet Changing

Massage Room

Treatment Room Treatment Room

Physiotherapy Room

Steam Room

Sauna

Hydrotherapy Pool

Spa Pool

Lower Ground Level Travel Distance to Accessible WC’s

102

Saunarium

Turkish Bath

T. Room

Salon

Utility

Fire/Ice Bath

Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room

Salon

Max. 32m travel distance

Max. 32m travel distance

Escape Exit

Escape Exit

Escape Exit Of�ice

Café Kitchen/ Servery

Café Dining

Void Over Main Pool

Staff Changing Fitness and Exercise Studio

Gift Shop

Entrance Lobby / Waiting Area

Reception

Void Over Steam Room

Meeting Room

Admin. Of�ice

Escape Exit

Escape Exit

Escape Exit Escape Exit

First Aid Chem.

Store

Main Pool

Lower Ground Level Escape Travel Distance

Treatment Room

Massage Room

Treatment Room

Massage Room

Learner Pool

Massage Room

Wet Changing

Pool Store

Massage Room

Treatment Room Treatment Room

Physiotherapy Room

Steam Room

Sauna

Hydrotherapy Pool

Spa Pool

Escape Exit

Escape Exit

103

Saunarium

Turkish Bath

T. Room

Salon

Utility

Escape Exit Escape Exit

Plant Room

Void Over Turkish Bath M. Of�ice

Dry Changing

Ground Level

Staff Room

Fire/Ice Bath

Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room

Salon

104

105

Detailed Elevation and Section 1:50 @ A1

Two piece PPC �inished aluminium �lashing / coping

Insulation

Head channel �ixed back to concrete upstand with steel support Stone ballast

Weather seal

Cementitious faced insulation board with tightly butted joints on hot melt roof membrane/EPDM 50mm Thick paving slabs on proprietary supports Extruded board

Double skin sand-blasted C-channel cast glass with hermetic perimeter seal and insulating capillary slab (white). C-channel glass �ixed at the head and base by metal channels

polystyrene

insulation

EPDM to overlap hot melt membrane

Concrete upstand

In-situ concrete deck primed with hot melt membrane

Window head/parapet @1:5

106

Double skin sand-blasted C-channel cast glass with hermetic perimeter seal and insulating capillary slab (white). C-channel glass �ixed at the head and base by metal channels Timber bearer where required

Weather seal

100mm concrete screed with under �loor heating; re�lective thermo control layer; 150mm rigid insulation; vapour control layer; in-situ concrete �loor slab

Aluminium window sill formed with sharp gradient 40mm Drip edge Precast concrete cill Cavit closer/�ire barrier 10mm bucket handle mortar Rockwool packing to void at �loor edge SS channel to take wall ties �ixed to in-situ concrete wall through partial �ill cavity insulation Wall tie

De�lection of 20mm Window sill @1:5

Cement board with taped and sealed joints and breather membrane Brickwork: Petersen Kolumba K92 528 X 108 X 37mm 80mm Partial �ill cavity insulation

Face of concrete column

107

Ceiling hanger

Rockwool packing to void at �loor edge SS channel to take wall ties �ixed to in-situ concrete wall through partial �ill cavity insulation Wall tie

De�lection of 20mm Cement board with taped and sealed joints and breather membrane Brickwork: Petersen Kolumba K92 528 X 108 X 37mm

Face of concrete column

80mm Partial �ill cavity insulation

Ceiling hanger

Site formed cavity tray

Smooth in-situ pigmented dark grey self compacting concrete cast with undercut lap - grout tight formwork

Pistol brick soldier course

Ceiling void

Insulation cut to follow cavity tray pro�ile and support EPDM

Suspended ceiling

Catnic ANG lintel Cavity closer/�ire barrier

Mineral wool insulation

Weather seal

Flexible seal

Aluminium clad timber window system. Window system frame bracketed back to in-situ concrete wall Face of brickwork at jamb

Window head at brickwork @1:5

108

Two runs of 25mm wide glazing tape with structural sealant between.

Aluminium base plase welded to perimetre glazing bar and extended to cover the width of timber framing

Aluminium base plate welded to perimetre glazing bar and extended to cover the width of the timber framing; thermal tape to prevent thermal stress; EPDM tape and butyl sealant

Mastic sealant on backing rod Perimetre glazing bar

Timber kerb

Pressed metal facia

15mm Lining

Insulation Cementitious faced insulation board with tightly butted joints on hot melt roof membrane/EPDM

15mm Lining

50mm Thick paving slabs on proprietary supports Extruded

polystyrene

insulation board

EPDM to overlap hot melt membrane

In-situ concrete deck primed with hot melt membrane

Roof light @1:5

109

Ceramic tiling to receive epoxy based adhesives / grouts as a result of soft water, aggressive chemicals, rapidly moving water and heavy wear.

Applied �inishes on top of 100mm mechanically keyed concrete surface with under �loor heating; 80mm rigid insulation; 250mm cast in-situ concrete �loor slab

1:40

Foul drain

Conduit cast into concrete between pool light and deck box mounted 0.3m above water level

Pool underwater light �itting set into niche cast into pool wall with thickened concrete behind

T

ter treatm wa

t system en

d back to an

ol po

To

Twin channels built into pool surround - one to take water return to �iltration, the other to provide independent drainage of the pool surround to prevent polluted water entering the pool

o sewe

To minimise the noise impact of water �low, the pool side of the deck level channel is set at an angle so that the water runs down the channel side face rather than tumbling into the channel

Deck level channel

r

Service cavity to contain ductwork

Pool edge detail formed with proprietary solid pre-cast ceramic unit.

Deck level channel set back away from the pool edge. Channels are covered with a slotted grille

Rest ledge

Pool underwater light �itting selected on lamp life ease of re-lamping in addition to performance criteria Ceramic tiling to receive epoxy based adhesives / grouts; 300mm In-situ concrete with mechanically keyed surface; 100mm rigid insulation; DPM / tanking lapped and sealed with DPC; sand blinding; compacted hardcore

Pool tank designed to be waterproof.

Waterproof membranes not speci�ied between pool tiling and a concrete structure. These can cause subsequent failure of the �inishes if there is any shocking of the tank during emptying or heating of the pool

Pool Edge @1:10

110

[Tanks: Pool and Balance]

A steel tank system is the preferred solution, to reduce the risk of leaks from the pool. The steel tank system would be constructed inside the basement box following construction of the pool floor pipework and pool floor slab. After installing the tank walls and pipework, the voids would be backfilled with suitable granular material and the pool surround slab constructed.

A steel pool tank system inside waterproofed reinforced concrete walls is preferred to ensure that there are no penetrations through concrete walls. Pipe penetrations through walls are generally sealed with hydrophilic water stops which seal gaps by expanding on contact with water.

[Tanks: Pool and Balance]

Another significant advantage of constructing the pool tanks within the concrete basement box is that the basement box will keep groundwater out of the working areas. The balance tanks are anticipated to be plastic buried tanks. To prevent them floating due to tidal water level changes and to eliminate basement wall penetrations, these would also be installed within the basement box and backfilled with granular fill.

Pool Tank Construction A concrete pool is to be used which forms the watertight barrier to the building, pipework running below the structure.

Careful detailing of the penetrations through the watertight barrier is required.

[Tanks: Pool and Balance]

Balance Tanks Concrete balance tanks are located between the two main pools. These are approximately 2.0m in diameter, and 13m long. There is no access requirements for these tanks, and they can be buried underground/cast in concrete.

Filter Backwash Requirements Backwash frequency depends on the pool usage, but generally, each sand filter would need to be cleaned on a weekly basis. Similarly, there is a corresponding high discharge rate to drain. Therefore, a backwash attenuation tank is required.

This tank can also be buried, prior to the connection to drain.

111

112

5.0.0 Technical Strategy-Energy and Environment 5.1.0 Renewable Systems/Fixtures and Fittings 5.1.1 CHP: Combined Heat and Power 5.1.2 Access to Services 5.1.3 Duct Diagram 5.1.4 Pool Water Temperature 5.1.5 Environmental Diagram: Air quality, air temperature, and lighting

113

[Renewable Systems]

The nature of the facilities within Govan Baths (pools, spa, and gym) mean it is a large consumer of both thermal and electrical energy, as is the case for all leisure centres. Their sizeable consumption is a result of their scale, lengthy operating hours, and specialist facilities such as swimming pools. There is therefore notable opportunity for the use of low and zero carbon technologies (LZC) to reduce overall energy consumption. Low and zero carbon technologies maximise building efficiency, reducing harmful emissions, whist providing the optimal comfortable internal environment.

Gas and electricity prices are predicted to continue to rise as finite resources decrease and demand increases simul

[Renewable Systems]

[Renewable Systems]

It was anticipated from the outset that a combination of LZC technologies would be required to allow the building to achieve optimum compliance. Low and zero carbon technologies options under review for the Govan Baths development include:

Summary Based on the initial appraisal of Low and zero carbon technologies appropriate to Govan Baths, Biomass Heating, CHP, and Solar Thermal were considered feasible. There is potential for the use of heat pumps serve gym areas. In addition greywater harvesting will be integrated into the pool filtration system and showers. Leisure centres are water intensive; the process of backwashing pool filters can consume 10,000 litres of water/day.

Large volumes of swimming pool water need to be kept warm and continually treated to deal with the pollution from

taneously. Thus, a medium / long term cost plan would profit from the use of LZC technologies. Low and zero carbon technologies typically attract greater capital cost than conventional technologies however they reduce cost associated with carbon tax and the climate change levy.

• Biomass Heating • Heat Pumps • Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

• Solar Thermal Hot Water (STHW) • Solar Photovoltaics (PV) • Wind Turbines

Renewable Systems]

bathers. Although greywater is not deemed fit for consumption without processing, it can be used for filter backwashing; typical cleaning measures would include particulate filtering and UV disinfection. Recycled greywater will be used for WC flushing to reduce water usage.

Heating It is proposed that the heating load will be delivered by Low Temperature Hot Water from a boiler system in addition to CHP. The CHP engine proposed has a thermal efficiency of 50% and power efficiency of 32% - 15% improvement over TER. Underfloor heating is proposed in the wet areas (pool changing) with the objective of thermal comfort at the same

114

Renewable Systems]

time swiftly drying the floor surface. Heat recovery will assist in reducing overall energy consumption by reclaiming and re-using heat that would otherwise be unused.

Comfort Cooling There are is only on area in the bath house where it is proposed to provide cooling; the fitness/exercise studio. By means of ducted fresh air.

Ventilation Where feasible, the bath house shall be naturally ventilated. Where mechanical ventilation is required, there shall be heat recovery (MVHR) to reduce the buildings overall energy consumption. The use of 2-port valves on all equipment and re-

newable Systems]

ing strategies enables pumps and fans to operate at the optimum duty at all times and adjust to the changing internal environments, in turn minimising energy wastage.

Main Pool/Spa Pool Ventilation In the main pool and spa pool, air and water temperatures and humidity levels are controlled to provide a comfortable environment and to minimise evaporation from the pool surface in accordance with Sports England guidance. Achieved with a pool air temperature 1 or 2°C above the pool water temp, and with a relative humidity of 50- 70%. Supply and extract air is distributed in the perimeter of the pool to achieve good air distribution without blowing air directly at the water surface.

New-able Systems]

All ductwork and air handlers will be treated to ensure they can withstand the corrosive pool hall environment.

Mixed Use Area Ventilation It is proposed that mixed use areas will utilise mechanical ventilation and operable windows, in order to exploit the most energy efficient method of internal temperature control.

Passive Design The Govan Baths proposal exploits natural elements that assist in minimising the energy requirements while aiming to provide a comfortable high quality internal environment. Passive design features minimise energy demand as far as prac

Systems]

Systems]

• Building fabric U-values to exceed the minimum required by Scottish Technical Standards Section 6; • Air tightness and detailing will be will be as such to minimise infiltration and heat loss from the building; • Use of natural ventilation where practical; • Pool area roof lights to maximise natural daylighting within the main pool. Any issues with glare are minimised through screening methods; • Solar shading around glazed areas designed to achieve the optimum balance between reduction of solar gain and glare;

• Pool covers to minimise heat loss from the water during periods of non-use.

With the added benefit of reducing humidity levels within the pool hall owing to evaporation from the large surface area of water; • Push button showers installed in all changing areas to limit water wastage; • Additionally automatic sensor taps should be installed in all public use areas to limit water wastage; • All domestic hot water cylinders are “super” insulated.

tically achievable. Examples of passive design shall include:

• Lighting systems are a mixture of passive infrared sensors and photocells to minimise electricity wastage during periods when lighting is not required;

115

Form

Fabric Low Cost

Ef�icent Services Medium Cost

Renewables

Operation

High Cost

Low Cost

[CHP: Combined heat & power]

CHP is the generation of thermal and electrical energy in a single process making optimum use of the calorific value of the fuel. When use is made of thermal and electrical energy, CHP units can succeed an energy conversion efficiency of 80% 40% more than conventional power stations. For Govan Baths it is proposed that these are in the form of spark ignition engines. Ignition engines do not suffer as much of a performance loss as turbines when their capacity reduces. CHP is not a renewable energy but provides large efficiency improvements and CO2 reductions over traditional supply methods and the energy produced is therefore exempt from climate change levy. For CHP to prove economic there needs to be a consistent base heat and power load within

[CHP: Combined heat & power]

the building (min. 4400 hrs/year). The Baths will have a consistent demand for both heating and electricity which makes CHP a viable option. CHP is categorised as the primary boiler, with conventional boilers providing additional heating during variations above base demand.

Plant Boilers Acc. WC

The running of a CHP unit reduces the amount of electricity purchased and excess electricity could be sold to the grid.

The Baths would pay for the incoming gas, and the electricity produced would be sold to the centre at a reduced rate. All heat generated would be available at no charge. Offering the equivalent CO2 emission reductions without capital investment, but fuel cost would remain roughly the same as a conventional system.

Plant CHP

Plant Room

First Aid Room Cleaners Store Chemical Store

Plant Air Handling

Pool Store

116

Of�ice

Café Kitchen/ Servery

Café Dining

Void Over Main Pool

Staff Room

Staff Changing Fitness and Exercise Studio

Gift Shop

Entrance Lobby / Waiting Area

Reception

Void Over Steam Room

Admin. Of�ice

Meeting Room

Void Over Turkish Bath M. Of�ice

Dry Changing

Pool Store

Main Pool

Balance Tanks 13m X 2m

Chem.

Store

Pool Plant Air Handling

Balance Tanks 13m X 2m

Ground Level

First Aid

Massage Room

Treatment Room

Massage Room

Treatment Room

Massage Room

Learner Pool

Massage Room

Wet Changing

Treatment Room Treatment Room

Physiotherapy Room

Steam Room

Sauna

Hydrotherapy Pool

Spa Pool

Lower Ground Level Access to Services

117

Saunarium

Turkish Bath

T. Room

Salon

Utility

Fire/Ice Bath

Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room

Salon

Café Kitchen/ Servery

Café Dining

Void Over Main Pool

Staff Room

Staff Changing Fitness and Exercise Studio

Gift Shop

Entrance Lobby / Waiting Area

Reception

Void Over Steam Room

Meeting Room

Admin. Of�ice

Void Over Turkish Bath M. Of�ice

Dry Changing

T. Room

Salon

Utility

Ground Level

First Aid Chem.

Store

Pool Plant Air Handling

Café Kitchen/ Servery

Café Dining

Massage Room Main Pool

Void Over Main Pool

Massage Room

Learner Pool Fitness and Exercise Studio

Gift Shop

Dry Changing

Pool Store

Wet Changing

Massage Entrance Lobby / Room Waiting Area Massage Room

Treatment Room Treatment Room

Treatment Room Reception Treatment Room

Staff Changing Steam Room Void Over Steam Room

Sauna SaunaHydrotherapy Meeting Admin. Of�ice rium Pool Room

Turkish Bath Void Over Turkish Bath M. Of�ice

Spa Pool

Fire/Ice Bath

Utility

Physiotherapy Of�ice Room Staff PhysioRoom therapy Room Physiotherapy Room

Lower GroundGround Level Level Duct Diagram

First Aid Pool Plant Air Handling

Chem.

Store

Pool Store

Massage Room Main Pool

29°

Massage Room

Learner Pool

31°

Massage Room Wet Changing

Massage Room

Physiotherapy Room

Treatment Room Treatment Room Treatment Room Treatment Room

41°

Steam Room

82°

Sauna

35°

Hydrotherapy Pool

40°

Spa Pool

Lower Ground Level Pool Water Temperature

118

50°

Saunarium

40°

Turkish Bath

15/40°

Fire/Ice Bath 15/40°

T. Room

Physiotherapy RoomSalon Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room

Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room Physiotherapy Room

Salon

Prevailing wind skims over low lying structure reducing wind pressure on facades, reducing in�iltration heat loss.

Natural light from both roof and elevation provides optimum uniform daylighting and glare control.

Generous �loor to ceiling heights encourage good vertical temperature stratifactation and buoyancy driven ventilation effects keeping the occupied zone comfortable.

Self shading building form sunken into Graving Dock reducing external facades, reducing in�iltration heatloss and glare.

Pre vai li

Extract C channel insulating glass with capillary slabs diffuse daylight into the depth of the room, while providing sun and glare protection. Optimum heat insulation properties and the transmission values. Capillary glazing offers thermal sun protection and a high degree of light transmission, ensuring evenly diffused, glare-free daylight without bright or dark zones.

Supply

Cross �low ventilation further enhanced by wind driven effects provides enhanced air movement and thermal comfort.

Presence and daylight linking controls, high ef�icientcy light �ittings.

Screens provide glare control and reduce beam radiation while allowing daylight penetration and ventilation.

Under�loor heating system

Top glazing reduces reflection on water for spectators. Side glazing is screened providing optimum visibility of both the pool surface and below the water.

Pool 28-30°C

Reliable and evenly spread arti�icial underwater lightling improving visibility below water level and minimising underwater areas left in shadow.

Underwater lighting selected based on speed and ease of re-lamping.

119

>> d> n g W in

Light �ittings located above pool surrounds for ease of access. Light �ittings directed so they cause minimal glare and re�lection to bathers in the water, spectators and staff on the pool surrounds. Uplighting for general illumination allowing a more even distribution of light, and obviating glare.

Air temperature, moisture content and air quality in the pool hall carefully controlled by mechanical ventilation.

Supply

Concrete thermal mass utilised to absorb and store heat energy.

Temperature and humidity sensor - Pool hall temperature 1°c above water temperature

Grey water harvesting – collecting water from the pool �iltration system and showers to be used for WC �lushing to reduce water usage having an indirect bene�it on energy consumption - less water used, less water has to be heated and transported using pump energy.

120

6.0.0 Detailed Building Design 6.1.0 Location Plan 6.2.0 Site Plan 6.3.0 Curtilage Plan 6.4.0 Ground Floor Plan 6.5.0 Lower Level Floor Plan 6.6.0 Building Section 6.7.0 Elevations 6.8.0 Model Images

121

122

Location Plan 1:500 @ A1

123

Site Plan 1:500 @ A1

[Curtilage Plan]

[Curtilage Plan]

Security The security of the building users and staff within the site as been taken into consideration. An existing wall surrounds the southern edge of the along the graving dock boundary . It is assumed that the River Clyde will provide security along the north and east, it forms a secure edge. . The building is easily identifiable and well lit therefore presumed safe and secure without the having to rely upon CCTV. The site is fully accessible for pedestrians, cyclists, coaches, cars, public transport, services and emergency vehicles. Additionally, space for future expansion has been considered.

rect and well defined hard landscaped route(s) for pedestrians. Strategically places to avoid circulation issues. There is proposed seating areas along pedestrian routes with a drop off close to entrance for disabled users. Secure cycle storage has been provided as has a vehicle drop off point coach car parking spaces, and a well lit and secure car park.

Pool User Access Pool users will enter the Baths via di

124

Service The Baths will be serviced from the east.

Clean in and out service routes have been provided to allow access to the service yard. The service routes are separate from public car parking and the main entrance. There is dedicated space for service, staff, and emergency vehicles, as well as refuse storage and containment.

Basin Hospice Pump House

Hospice Residents Access

Dock No1.

(Wet)

Dock No2.

(Dry)

Pool User & Coach Parking Bus Stop

Primary Pedestrian Approach

Dock No3.

(Dry)

Drop Off

Service Yard & Space for Emergency Vehicle External Terrace

Staff Parking

Staff & Service Access

125

Curtilage Plan 1:500 @ A1

126

127

128

129

Design Section 1:200

130

131

East/ West Elevation 1:200

132

133

134

135