Fragile Landscape (Thesis Inception)

FRAGILE LANDSCAPE

An exploration of the role of the built environment in protecting our fragile landscapes.

by CHRISTINE TURNBULL

AB 964 Design Studies 5A Brief - Thesis Inception

University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture MArch / Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design Author: Christine Clare Turnbull Student Reg. Number: 2016547448

Studies Supervisors: John Brown, Catriona MacDonald, Fraser Maitland, David Page and David Wyllie December 2016

Fig. 01

F R A G I L E L A N D S C A P E A B S T R A C T

“To keep an ecosystem in a state of arrested development, to preserve it as if it were a jar of pickles, is to protect something that bears little relationship to the natural world” (Monbiot, G. 2013).

The area of designated landscape in Scotland is on the rise, as is the case throughout Europe (TWB, 2016). This trend is predicted to continue over the coming decades as greater emphasis is placed on the fortification of biodiversity (Moilanen et al.

2014). The governments method of safeguarding our natural heritage has provoked concerns. Current landscape conservation strategies are typically planned against people, “drawing lines” around landscapes considered valuable by authorities (Janssen, J. & Knippenberg, L. 2012). However, there is a growing body of research that acknowledges that preservationists negative attitude to change is somewhat counterproductive. Today’s landscape is the product of historical influences, and it is in its nature to evolve not remain static.

The Outer Hebrides and the town of Paisley have been selected to act as platforms for investigation. The Western Isles for the reason that over 84% of the archipelagos landmass safeguarded by legislative frameworks (SNH, 2016). Likewise, Paisley has been selected as it is home to the second highest concentration of listed buildings in Scotland (I, Jack. 2015). By comparing policies developed for protecting the built and natural environment and by investigating both the past and present conditions of Scotland’s landscape this thesis aims to reassess our relationship with nature.

Contesting traditional methods of landscape conservation this study examines the role of the built environment in landscape protection. It regards the landscapes fragility as an opportunity to develop alternative design strategies. Typologies that have the capacity to remove the boundaries enforced on nature as a result of placing restrictions back on the built environment.

Fig. 01: Pickled Landscape image by author

In contrast to present day approaches to landscape conservation the complexity of higher density architecture has the potential to evolve into “diversity”. Diversity of human uses and diversity in its surrounding landscape (Register, R. 2006). The greater the density of an urban environment, the more choice it affords its inhabitants, the fewer resources it commands. Thus, reducing its weight on the fragile landscape.

A smaller taller architecture is not the sole solution to removing the boundaries imposed on the natural environment but could have a positive impact. In conclusion, the concept of a “smaller taller” architecture, if applied appropriately, might be one of a number of measures in reducing the limitations inflicted on our landscapes.

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Declaration Declaration

Declaration

AB 964 Design Studies 5A AB 964 Design Studies 5A AB 964 Design Studies 5A Brief - Thesis Inception Brief - Thesis Inception

Brief - Thesis Inception MArch/Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design MArch/Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design

MArch Architectural Design International MArch Architectural Design International MArch/Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design

MArch Architectural Design International Declaration

Declaration “I hereby declare that this dissertation submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged

text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of “I hereby declare that this dissertation submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged. text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of “I hereby declare that this dissertation submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged.

I accept that if having signed this Declaration my work should be found at Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.”

information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged.

I accept that if having signed this Declaration my work should be found at Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the I accept that if having signed this Declaration my work should be found at Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.”

work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.”

Name: Christine Clare Turnbull

Name: Christine Clare Turnbull Signed:

Name: Christine Clare Turnbull Date:

01/12/2016 Signed:

Signed:

Date:

01/12/2016

Date:

01/12/2016

Department of Architecture Level 3, James Weir Building 75 Montrose Street Glasgow G1 1XJ

t:+ 44 (0) 141 548 3023/3097/4219

Head of Department: Professor Ashraf Salama

e: architecture@strath.ac.uk

The place of useful learning Department of Architecture t:+ 44 (0) 141 548 3023/3097/4219

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Head of Department:

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Contents 5A Thesis Inception: Fragile Landscape

05 Abstract 07 Declaration 11 Outline of Chapters

01 Contextual Review 14 Ageing on the Edge 18 Leaving the Edge 20 Education on the Edge 22 Working on the Edge 24 Preserving the Edge 26 Research Proposition 02 Detailed Research

48 European Landscapes 52 Landscape Designation 66 Statutory Listing of the Built 00 Environment 68 Protected Natural Environment vs.

00 Protected Built Environment 70 Human Impact: From Cultivation to 00 Urbanisation 03 Research Analysis

84 Conclusion: Architectural Proposition 86 List of Figures 90 Bibliography

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Outer Hebrides

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Scotland

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Europe

C H A P T E R 0 1 C H A P T E R 0 2

Outline of Chapters

C H A P T E R 0 3

F R A G I L E L A N D S C A P E

This thesis is arranged into a sequence of chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the contextual review of the Outer Hebrides. As the population surges in the worlds cities so does the pressures on the ecosystems in and surrounding urban environments. This situation is made worse by rural out-migration. Therefore, the study explores factors influencing people’s decision to leave the islands and move to the mainland. Highlighting a lack of opportunity with regards to higher education and employment as well as problems associated with the islands current economic focus - tourism. The review identifies a conflict between environmental protection of the landscape and the archipelagos indigenous aquaculture. The chapter conclusion outlines the research topic that will be investigated , discussed and analysed in the chapters that follow.

Chapter 2 commences with a theoretical evaluation of landscape designation.

Firstly, throughout the wider context of Europe. Thereafter it studies the definitions of environment designation in the context of the Western Isles.

The study draws attention to the fact that as our population increases so does the area of protected land. It goes on to discuss the concept of environmental protection drawing comparisons with how we protect the built environment in the context of the town of Paisley, Scotland. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the impact of human civilization on the landscape using Outer Hebrides and Paisley as platforms for investigation. The research emphasises issues in the governments attitude and approach to landscape protection.

Namely, how we artificially manage, preserve and conserve our natural heritage keeping it in a state of arrested development.

Chapter 3 summarises the document by evaluating what has been looked at in the previous chapters. It reviews the research and presents the main conclusions based on the findings of chapter 2. Continuing the discussion it utilises the outcomes of the study to form and then justify an architectural proposition for future development. The chapter concludes with suggestions for further research to be carried out.

The image on the left shows the three areas of investigation. Firstly, the Outer Hebrides within the context of Scotland. Secondly, the town of Paisley within the context of Scotland. Finally, Scotland within the wider context of Europe.

Image by Author, areal photographs Š Bing Maps 2016.

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CHAPTER 01

Contextual Review

C O N T E X T UA L R E V I E W Ageing on the Edge

The Outer Hebrides is home to 27,070 people, 180 inhabitants less than calculated in 2014 (CESDD, 2016: p1). The decline in population is a consequence of both “negative natural change” and “net civilian migration”. As a result, the archipelagos have witnessed the second highest population decline in Scotland (CES-b, 2016). However, the islands greying population is on the rise. This increase is of growing concern as death rates continue to exceed the number of births (CESDD, 2016: p1). According to population projections this trend is predicted to continue over the coming decade.

Greater numbers of the islanders are estimated to be within their 80-90s than previously recorded. Figures 2, 3 and 4 overleaf highlight the shift in population structure by gender and age for all three geographical areas in the Western Isles.

Namely, Rural Lewis and Harris; Stornoway, Broadbay and Point; and Uist and Barra.

The age balance and distribution of the residents is under threat. In an era of “everincreasing longevity” (Turnbull, C. 2016: p27) the “oldest old” are twice that of the late 19th century (Dunnell, K, 2008: p134). Accordingly, this has brought with it apprehension. Turnbull writes “The process of growing older brings with it age related decline. Notably, physical impairment resulting in reduced mobility. This puts elderly people’s social relationships at risk as they are less able to take part in day to-day life” (Turnbull, C. 2016: p29). Statistics indicate the that elderly spend between 70-90% of their time within the domestic setting (ILC-UK, 2012: p05). This suggests that as the population ages the domestic environment is set to become the “primary platform for social exchange” (Turnbull, C. 2016: p29).

Fig. 02a: Rural Lewis & Harris 2012

Fig. 02b: Rural Lewis & Harris 2026

Fig. 03a: Stornoway, Broadway & Point 2012 Fig. 03b: Stornoway, Broadway & Point 2026 Fig. 04a: Uist & Barra 2012

Fig. 04b: Uist & Barra 2026

Research acknowledges that informal care givers, such as family and friends, offer social relationships at home that are fundamental in protecting an elderly individuals well-being (WHO, 2014: p62). Nevertheless, as family structures become progressively more complex together with declining numbers of those aged 18-45 the next generation of islanders may be unable to assume the role of “care giver” (Homes and Communities Agency, 2009: p12). As a result members of the elderly cohort are twice as likely to experience feelings of isolation than those aged 16-65 (Thomas, J, 2015: p03). This statement in conjunction with an anticipated increase in the number of single person households (ONS, 2012) indicates that there is further research required in the area of elderly accommodation. There is a need to investigate alternative models elderly housing that can alleviate the implications of an ageing society. Housing typologies that ensure that the older generation are not further alienated from their respective communities. A shortage of informal support networks, and inadequate housing provision, only intensifies the wider social exclusion problems in the Western Isles.

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Fig. 02b: Rural Lewis & Harris 2026

Fig. 02a: Rural Lewis & Harris 2012

Fragile Landscape

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Fig. 03b: Stornoway, Broadway & Point 2026

Fig. 03a: Stornoway, Broadway & Point 2012

Fragile Landscape

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Fig. 04b: Uist & Barra 2026

Fig. 04a: Uist & Barra 2012

Fragile Landscape

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C O N T E X T UA L R E V I E W Leaving the Edge

The literature analysed indicates that “young” people are the most significant group of out-migrants from the Outer Hebrides (NCMS, 2010). This pattern of island leavers combined with a population that is comparatively middle aged further exacerbates the issue of a greying population. Figure 5 illustrates that approximately 83% of those who left, left the Western Isles before the age of 25. Furthermore, figure 6 draws attention to the importance of both job prospects and further education.

The number of higher education opportunities has been highlighted as a major “push” factor for those aged 15 to 25 (Skills Development Scotland, 2016). The existing options on the islands are frequently described as “scarce, difficult to access, out of date, or inappropriate” by those who migrate to mainland Scotland for further education (Scottish Government, 2010). In spite of this, university and college are thought to be accountable for no more than “temporary migration” (NCMS, 2010). The residents stay on the mainland is only inclined to become permanent as a result of career prospects (Stockdale, A. 2002). This is the result of an insufficient number of “high quality” jobs on the islands (Scottish Government, 2010). Those who opted to stay on the mainland for the foreseeable future stated their motives as “higher pay, training, job security, career progression, compatibility with graduate-level qualifications, and opportunities to develop new skills” (Scottish Government, 2010). This trend has been characterised as the “brain drain” of young skilled individuals from the archipelago (Mundell, D. 2016).

Beyond education and employment aspirations of travel, further life experiences and new challenges underpinned the younger generations reason for migrating (NCMS, 2010). These factors are considered important for people who wish to experience life elsewhere with the purpose of “broadening horizons” (NCMS, 2010). Their primary criticisms of life on Scotland’s western edge included a lack of diversity or limited travel in addition to social aspects such as “claustrophobic communities” (Scottish Government, 2010).

Fig. 05: Net migration by 5 year age group

Fig. 06: Motivations for outward migration

Therefore, there is potential scope to develop the existing educational provisions in the Outer Hebrides. Facilities that could in turn generate skilled employment opportunities. Not with the hidden agenda of holding people on the islands against their will but instead to attract younger generations from the Scottish mainland and further afield. A steady flow of people to the archipelago might offset the negative effects associated with an ageing population. As well as those linked to the western Isles “brain drain”.

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Fig. 06: Motivations for outward migration

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C O N T E X T UA L R E V I E W Education on the Edge

Higher education: There are several factors under consideration for pupils about to leave secondary school in the Outer Hebrides. The student’s concerns are echoed throughout much of the highlands and islands in Scotland. The predominant factor that is highlighted by 94% of those asked is the limited choice of university and college courses or availability of courses of interest locally (HIE, 2015). The students noted that the “range of opportunities is far more limited”. With approximately half stating that there are insufficient educational opportunities on offer (HIE, 2011). Figure 7 illustrates the highest qualification level held by islands inhabitants aged 16 and over.

There are several higher education institutions located on the archipelago. These include the University of Highlands and Islands campus, Lews Castle College, Lewis; Taigh Cearsabhagh, North Uist; Benbecula Campus, Benbecula; and Barra Learning Centre, Barra (HIE, 2016). Collectively they offer a variety of courses from access level through to doctorates (MacMillan, I. 2016). Nonetheless, only 20% of school leavers say that they would like to stay locally for further education (HIE, 2015). Further exacerbating issues associated with the outmigration of those of working age.

Employment: People are seen to become increasingly pessimistic about employment opportunities on the Outer Hebrides despite a strong desire to work locally. This is a result of limited opportunities for career progression, lack of diversity and low pay levels compared to the average national income (HIE, 2015).

Further education and training: There is a wide consensus that those who leave the islands do so to access suitable training and employment as options on the Western Isles “do not live up to their expectations”. Research conducted by the Highlands and Islands Enterprise revealed that “young people from the Outer Hebrides value employers who offer a good work-life balance, a commitment to staff development / training, strong leadership and opportunities for career progression” (HIE, 2015).

Fig. 07: Outer Hebrides secondary school leaver destinations

Consequently, there is a demand for further research to be performed in the field of higher and further education, as well as training and employment locally. Whether that be the development of the existing educational facilities to support additional programs. Or the provision of amenities that support the indigenous industries such as fishing, weaving, crofting and pharmaceuticals. Expansion or improvement of either of the elements noted above has the potential to generate a possitive “pull factor” attracting people from the mainland to the islands whilst offering the locals who choose to remain security.

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Fragile Landscape

Unemployed 6.6%

Higher Education 35.4%

Employment 28.3%

Fig. 07

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Further Education 23.5%

Training 6.3%

C O N T E X T UA L R E V I E W Working on the Edge

The unemployment rate in the Western Isles has fluctuated throughout recent years.

From 2006-2009 the number of people out of work was higher than the rest of the Highlands and Islands (HIE, 2011). The pattern of unemployment can be seen to rise and fall on a month to month basis opposed to year to year. This is attributed to a heavy reliance on private sector employment (HIE, 2011). The number of people out of work is inclined to rise in the winter when employment in tourist industry such as hotels and restaurants is limited due to a comparatively low number of visitors to the islands. The dominance of the tourist industry can be seen to have an overall negative impact on the local economy throughout the winter months.

Traditionally the Outer Hebrides were made up of seafaring communities supported by crofting ,weaving and the pharmaceutical industry. Aquaculture is rich the islander’s culture and was their primary industry (SNH, 2011). However, in recent years this has only accounted for 4% of their economic activity (HIE, 2011). This is the outcome of two primary influences. Firstly, the coastline of the archipelagos has undergone intensive development in recent years. The increasing pressure is the result of advancements in fishing technology which have increased production. In turn this has taken the process out of the people’s hands and as such, led to the consolidation of many of the small scale fisheries (SNH, 2011). “[…] proposed developments seek to locate fish farms up to 3 times larger than a standard fish farm further out at sea. Small scale sites have reduced due to lessening economic viability, although some small scale shellfish farming still takes place” (SNH, 2011).

Fig. 08: Percentage of employees by sector, Outer Hebrides 2008

Secondly, as the scale of fish farming began to increase concerns arose concerning the natural environment that the farms occupy. Resulting in the latest conflict between landscape conservation and economic activity (HIE, 2011). Scottish Natural Heritage writes that the extent of the aquaculture that is taking place will bring with it adverse effects that will put both the landscape and seascape at risk (HIE, 2011). In retaliation proposals were made to designate the west coast of the Isles as a Special Conservation Area in addition to the Marine Protection Areas that cover much of the coastline (Economist, 2013). This has given rise to controversy, MacLeod contests that “We have been managing these waters for years. That’s why they are of such good quality” (MacLeod, A in The Economist, 2013) supported by Maciver who adds “we try to get the local economy and the environment in balance but things are massively swayed to the environment side” (Maciver, C in The Economist, 2013). This calls into question the way we ‘manage’ our landscapes in order to protect them from human intervention.

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Fragile Landscape

Hotels & restaurants 20.0%

Admin, education & health 35.4%

Banking & insurance 9%

Energy, water & manufacturing 7.5%

Fig. 08

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Construction 7%

Agriculture & Fishing 4%

Transport 6%

Other 4%

C O N T E X T UA L R E V I E W Preserving the Edge

It is accepted at an international level that the natural resources on and surrounding the Western Isles are of significant value (CES-a, 2016). To some degree this is highlighted by the number and scale of the site designations placed on much of the Outer Hebrides. The conservation sites existence and good condition have been maintained throughout history as a result of “sensitive land use practice” by the those who work on the land (CES-a, 2016). Scottish Natural Heritage proclaims that without maintenance many of the sites would quickly decline (2016).

The diversity of the landscape calls for several categories of environmental designation, illustrated in figures 10 through to 15 overleaf, some of which overlap.

The sites include: 1 World Heritage Site, of both cultural and natural significance; 53 Sites of Special Scientific Interest; 4 National Nature Reserves; 15 Special Protection Areas; 11 Special Areas of Conservation; and 3 National Scenic Areas (Scottish Natural Heritage, 2016). Figure 9 shows the cumulative percentage of land area that each of the designations noted cover.

However, there is controversy in the Western Isles, and the wider context of rural Scotland, as environmental protection can be seen to compromise the local’s livelihood and consequently their well-being (The Economist, 2013). For this reason, there is a need to look towards the future of the landscape. A future were these sites are incorporated into a sustainable framework.

The Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) are the most extensive and common of all the designations in the Outer Hebrides. SSSIs are areas of land that are considered to be of “Biological, Geological or Joint Biological / Geological” importance (CES-a, 2016). They are home to a variety of plants, natural habitats, mammals, birds, sealife, landforms and rocks (Scottish Natural Heritage, 2016).

Fig. 09: Cumulative percentage of land area protected by environmental designations

Fig. 10: Sites of Special Scientific Interest Fig. 11: Special Areas of Conservation Fig. 12: Special Protection Areas Fig. 13: Ramsar Sites

Fig. 14: Marine Protection Areas

Whilst preserving the SSSI is the primary objective, there is capacity to utilise these natural resources to the advantage of the islands inhabitants. Possible alternative land uses include the following: tourism, education, unique opportunities for scientific and environmental research, training and outdoor recreational activities both on land and sea. The unique opportunities for scientific and environmental research could possibly act as a positive pull factor. In turn balancing outward migration of young people from the islands to the mainland. Furthermore, the sites have the potential to provide skilled employment prospects that could counteract the “brain drain” on Scotland’s western edge.

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Fragile Landscape

Protection areas 10.6%

Total designated land area 84.8%

National scenic areas 40.3%

Fig. 09

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SSSIs 12.9%

Ramsar 9.3%

Conservation areas 11.4%

Fig. 10: Sites of Special Scientific Interest

Special Protection Areas

Sites of Special Scientific Interest

Ramsar

Marine Protection Areas

Special Areas of Conservation

Fig. 11: Special Areas of Conservation

Special Protection Areas

Sites of Special Scientific Interest

Ramsar

Marine Protection Areas

Special Areas of Conservation

Fig. 12: Special Protection Areas

Special Protection Areas

Sites of Special Scientific Interest

Ramsar

Marine Protection Areas

Special Areas of Conservation

Fig. 13: Ramsar Sites

Special Protection Areas

Sites of Special Scientific Interest

Ramsar

Marine Protection Areas

Special Areas of Conservation

Fig. 14: Marine Protection Areas

Special Protection Areas

Sites of Special Scientific Interest

Ramsar

Marine Protection Areas

Special Areas of Conservation

C O N T E X T UA L R E V I E W Research Proposition

Fig. 15: Ageing population

Fig. 16: Outward migration of young people Fig. 17: Isolated and claustrophobic

Fig. 18: Distance to surrounding areas Fig. 19: Fractured landscape

Fig. 20: Lack of diversity in higher education Fig. 21: Loss of indigenous industry and identity as a seafaring community

Fig. 22: Landscape designations as a result of human activity / impact

Fig. 23: Economy based on tourism

Fig. 24: Emphasis on tourism results in a deskilled and de-motivated population

The previous chapter has explored the geographic inequalities that influence peoples’ decision to leave the Western Isles in order to determine areas for further research. The predominant ‘negative’ aspects are a decrease in population as the elderly population increase causing in a shift in demographic. This is exacerbated by the out-migration of the younger generation for higher education and employment opportunities that are not readily available to them on the archipelago. The problems associated with outmigration of those of working age is intensified as the islands aquaculture is within a period of transition. Advancements in technology have led to the consolidation of many of the small scale fish farms as they are no longer viable. This has affected the number of opportunities and created a lack of diversity / stability in terms of employment due to the seasonal nature of the economies current focus – tourism. Furthermore, the ‘Mechanisation’ of the fishing industry and resultant increase in production has provoked environmental concerns. That have instigated several environmental designations to protect natural habitats from the adverse effects of aquaculture.

In conclusion, there are numerous complicated factors impacting life in the Outer Hebrides all of which necessitated further investigation. There is scope to develop the existing educational provisions, that would in turn provide facilities that could generate skilled employment opportunities. Such facilities have the potential to create “pull” factor which would alleviate the implications of an ageing society and the islands “brain drain”. Consecutively, offering the locals who choose to remain security.

There is capacity to utilise the islands surrounding natural resources to the advantage of the islands inhabitants in the form of tourism, education, unique opportunities for scientific and environmental research, training and outdoor recreational activities.

However, with regards to the Outer Hebrides indigenous industries and their conflict with the natural environment; this highlights a much greater question. The question of how we ‘manage’ our landscapes to protect them from human influence.

Consequently, the succeeding chapter will explore the phenomenon of landscape designation. Firstly, throughout the wider context of Europe. Thereafter it studies the definitions of environment designation comparing environmental protection to how we protect the built environment in the context of the town of Paisley, Scotland.

Secondly, is assess the impact of human civilization on the landscape using Outer Hebrides and Paisley as platforms for investigation.

Note: the following pages contain an illustrated overview of Scotland’s western edge in the context of the previous chapter – contextual review.

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Fig. 15: Ageing population

Fig. 16: Outward migration of young people

Fig. 17: Isolated and claustrophobic

Fig. 18: Distance to surrounding areas

Fig. 19: Fractured landscape

Fig. 20: Lack of diversity in higher education

Fig. 21: Loss of indigenous industry and identity as a seafaring community

Fig. 22: Landscape designations as a result of human activity / impact

Fig. 23: Economy based on tourism

S AND L T O C

Fig. 24: Emphasis on tourism results in a de-skilled and de-motivated population

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CHAPTER 02

Detailed Research

D E TA I L E D R E S E A R C H European Landscapes

Fig. 25: Map showing the 28 European Union member countries

Fig. 26: Percentage Total of protected land

area in the 28 EU member countries 1990 & 2014

Fig. 27: Percentage Total of urban / rural

population in the 28 EU member countries 1990 & 2014

It is important to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the future of our rich natural heritage. The landscapes prevailing character forms a symbol of people’s culture and identity (Moilanen, A. 2014) which must be respected and protected. Influenced by varying climatic conditions throughout Europe they provide perfect conditions for the species who thrive there (Waldheim et al. 2010). However, they are risk of ecological destruction a fragility that results from past, present and future harm (Cannavò, P. 2007). Mostafavi writes “increased numbers of people and cities go hand in hand with a greater exploitation on the world limited resources” (2010). As a result, the area of designated landscape is on the rise in Scotland and throughout Europe. Statistics on page 46 through to page 47 illustrate this movement.

As European populations rise so does the percentage area of the protected landscape.

Almost simultaneously the percentage of urban population surges as the percentage of rural population falls. However, this merely shifts the problem from one context to another. Mostafavi and Doherty acknowledge that the problems confronting our natural environments are an opportunity to “define a new approach” as designers.

The challenge is to find the balance between reinforcing the landscapes future and establishing progress (2010).

This is not a novel concept, there has been attempts at this in the past in the form ecological and landscape urbanism for example. Landscape urbanism in idealistic terms views the landscape and city as one entity. Corner explains that the urban realm could be envisioned as if it were a landscape, and the natural environment then reassessed “urbanistically” (2010). Theories in landscape urbanism refute that the landscape “may no longer be a passive scenic backdrop” but instead work as both the “protagonist” and the “propagator”. It suggests that an interdisciplinary an approach were urbanists, architects, planners, environmental scientists, engineers, anthropologists and geographers work collectively to develop alternative techniques for coping with rapid urbanisation on a global scale (Corner, J. 2010).

Ecological urbanism proclaims that architects have been conscious of rampant urbanisation for decades yet the number of those dedicated to sustainable construction has remained relatively small. Contesting that “much of the work produced has been of poor quality” and “focussed on the capacities of simple technology to produce energy and recycle waste” opposed to design innovation. Ecological urbanism on the other hand, believes that placing weight on the importance organisms and the natural environment within urbanism has the capacity to generate new typologies where two normally opposing element generate an unconventional solution (Mostafavi, M. 2010).

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Fig. 26: Percentage Total of protected land area in the 28 EU member countries 1990 & 2014

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Fig. 27: Percentage Total of urban / rural population in the 28 EU member countries 1990 & 2014

2014

D E TA I L E D R E S E A R C H Landscape Designation

Scotland’s landscapes are protected by a number of international, national and local designations listed on the opposite page. However, in the context of this study the landscape designations that will be discussed are those imposed on the Outer Hebrides: Special Protection Areas, SPA; Special Areas of Conservation, SAC; Ramsar Sites; Sites of Special Scientific Interest, SSSI; National Nature Reserves, NNR; National Scenic Areas, NSA; and Marine Protection Areas, MPA (SNH, 2016).

Special Protection Areas and Special Areas of Conservation are known as “Natura Sites”. They are said to be the best examples of Scotland’s natural heritage. Their purpose is to protect and “conserve” threatened habitats and the species that call them home (SNH, 2016). They are safeguarded by Habitat Regulations outlined in the Habitats Directive and any proposed development must first go through an appraisal process. Although they are considered to be of European importance and “preserved” under strict guidelines, developments that “do not conflict” with the protected areas their plants, animals and habitats - are given approval (SNH, 2016).

Similarly, Sites of Special Scientific Interest come under the definition of a “Natura Site.” They are comprised of bodies of inland water and landscapes that Scottish Natural Heritage believes are the islands finest features. They include landforms, together with flora, animals and their habitats (SNH, 2016). They are protected under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004. Although many of the SSSIs are within the boundaries of privately owned land each land owner is given a “site management statement” which stipulates the site “management needed to conserve its protected natural features” by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH, 2016). As are National Nature Reserves. To be awarded the title of NNR the landscape must contain international important wildlife and thus be “managed” cautiously. There is an overlap between NNRs and SSSIs designations. However, unlike the designations mentioned previously NNRs are “managed and designed” for the use of both people and wildlife. They are made up of mountains, ancient forests, islands, lowland lochs, and bird breeding grounds that are protected under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 (SNH, 2016).

Fig. 28: International, national and local landscape designations

Comparably there is an overlap between Ramsar Sites, Special Protection Areas, Special Areas of Conservation and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SNH, 2016).

Ramsar Sites are wetland areas regarded as valuable water bird habitats they come in the form of lochs, bogs and coastal wetlands. In spite of this they are only protected by measures implemented under the landscape designations that overlap their site

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Biogenetic Reserve

Biosphere Reserve

Community Marine Conservation Area

Country Park

Forest Park/Woodland

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Forest Nature Reserve

Caledonian Forest Reserve

Garden & Designated Landscape

Geological Conservation Review Site

Geopark

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Local Nature Conservation Site

Local Nature Reserve

Marine Protected Area

National Nature Reserve

National Park

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Natura Site

OSPAR site

Ramsar Site

Regional Park

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Site of Special Scientific Interest

Special Area of Conservation

Special Landscape Area

Special Protection Area

World Heritage Site

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Fig. 28: International, national and local landscape designations

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D E TA I L E D R E S E A R C H Landscape Designation

boundaries (SNH, 2016).

Marine Protection Areas, as the name suggests, are implemented to “maintain and manage” marine habitats under the Marine (Scotland) Act. In contrast to the current situation in the Western Isles, Scottish Natural Heritage state that the designation will “protect important marine habitats and species, support coastal communities, and help sustain marine industries” ensuing a “clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse marine and coastal environment that meets the long term needs of people and nature” (2016).

Contrasting SPA, SAC, Ramsar Sites, SSSI, NNR and MPA National scenic areas are concerned solely with the visual qualities of a landscape. Their primary objective is to protect our natural surroundings from “inappropriate development”. The sites are identified and preserved by the local authority utilising a list of “special qualities” to determine their designation (SNH, 2016). The Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No.374 summarises these qualities as: “Spectacular scenery of lone mountains; rocky topography of great variety; settlements nestled within a wider landscape of mountain peaks, wild moorlands, and rocky seascapes; extensive cnocan landscapes; coastlines of endless drama; intricate multitude of lochs and lochans; a landscape of vast open space and exposure; significant tracts of wild land; unexpected and extensive tracts of native woodland; and a still, quiet landscape under a constantly changing sky” (SNH, 2010).

The concept of landscape designation has come under criticism in recent times.

Cannavò argues that as a by-product of increasing development pressures and natural resource depletion our built and natural landscapes are under threat. As a result, we cordon them off, severing our connection with our surrounding environment and “threatening our fundamental sense of place.” More often than not the statements that protect our landscape state that we must “preserve”, “conserve,” “manage” and “maintain” the natural environment in order to guarantee its future - essentially recording, collecting and archiving our natural heritage (refer to figure 30). George Monbiot likens this strategy to “pickling.” He writes: Fig. 29: Ring-fencing

“To keep an ecosystem in a state of arrested development, to preserve it as if it were a jar of pickles, is to protect something that bears little relationship to the natural world” (2013).

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Fig. 29

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D E TA I L E D R E S E A R C H Landscape Designation

The physical world is a living system (Hansen, H. 2016), it is in its nature to evolve not remain static. In an effort to protect the landscape the government super imposes a human notion, a line, that separates the city and the natural environment (Hansen, H. 2016). Hansen views are echoed by Janssen and Knippenberg who add that current landscape conservation strategies are typically planned against people, “drawing lines” around landscapes considered valuable by authorities (2012). As a result, environmental designations fundamentally constrain the habitats and the species that reside within their boundaries.

Cannavò proclaims that preservationists’ attitude to change it somewhat counterproductive as it dismisses any attempt to move forward. He discusses an alternative solution to the present day standoff, a method that supports development and preservation. He suggests that landscapes are more than just an object, he notes that they should “embrace change” whist “unifying democratic and ecological values,” in turn generating resilient “working landscape” (2007). In some respect this proposition, of a strategy that supports development and preservation, can be compared to the concept of the green belt. Put in place to retain green areas surrounding urban environments limiting the city sprawl (Moore, R. 2016). However, the majority of this land has been exposed to intensive agricultural activity calling into question the quality of its habitats and environmental benefits (Moore, R. 2016).

Fig. 30: Archived natural environments

The succeeding pages display research conducted to determine what the landscape designations are protecting in the context of the Outer Hebrides. Followed by a comparison of how we preserve the built environment versus the natural environment.

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Fig. 30: Archived natural environments

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Fig. 31: Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Western Isles

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001 Loch Stiapavat 35.29ha Breeding bird assemblage, eutrophic loch, machair and open water transition fen.

002 Port of Ness 4.69ha Quaternary of Scotland, earth sciences.

003 Loch na Cartach 24.64ha Eutrophic loch and maritime cliff.

004 Loch Scarrasdale Valley Bog 218ha Blanket bog, upland habitat.

005 Tolsta Head 3.68ha Quaternary of Scotland, earth sciences.

006 Gress Saltings 87.49ha Salt Marsh, coast.

007 Tongs Saltings 441.24ha Breeding bird assemblage, mudflats, salt marsh, and sand dunes.

008 Achmore Bog 296.73ha Blanket blog, upland habitat.

009 Loch nan Eilean Valley Bog 33.26ha Blanket blog, upland habitat and valley fen.

010 Shiant Islands 212.32ha Fulmar, greenland barnacle goose, guillemot, puffin, razorbill, seabird colony, shag and tertiary igneous.

011 Loch a’ Sgurr Pegmatite 0.55ha Mineralogy of Scotland, earth sciences.

012 Loch an Duin 2621.19ha Brackish water cockle, breeding bird assemblage, coastal geomorphology of Scotland, otter, saline lagoon and tidal rapids.

013 Loch nam Madadh 300.85ha Coastal geomorphology of Scotland, foxtail stonewort, mudflats, rocky shore, saline lagoon and tidal rapids.

014 Mointeach Scadabhaigh 4148.44ha Black/red throated diver, blanket bog, dystrophic and oligotrophic loch.

015 Obain Loch Euphoirt 65.0ha Foxtail stonewort, saline lagoon.

016 Loch Obisary 347.6ha Saline lagoon.

017 Loch Bee 1105.66ha Brackish water cockle, breeding bird

assemblage, coastal geomorphology of Scotland, machair, mute swan and saline lagoon.

018 Loch Druidibeg 1665.06ha Blanket bog, breeding bird assemblage, coastal geomorphology of Scotland, machair, oligotrophic loch, sand dunes, scrub, woodland and subalpine dry heath.

019 Allt Bholagair 21.66ha Blanket bog, dystrophic and oligotrophic lochs and upland mixed ash woodland.

020 Eoligarry 441.45ha Coastal geomorphology of Scotland, machair and sand dunes, coast.

021 Small Seal Islands 161.65ha Grey seal, marine mammals.

022 Mingulay & Berneray 911.13ha Fulmar, guillemot, kittiwake, razorbill, and seabird colony.

023 Mingulay & Berneray 911.13ha Fulmar, guillemot, kittiwake, razorbill, and seabird colony.

024 Loch Hallan 377.4ha Breeding bird assemblage, machair, machair loch and transition fen.

025 Bornish & Ormiclate 660.51ha Breeding bird assemblage, loch trophic range, machair and sand dunes.

026/027 Howmore Estuary, Lochs Roag & Fada 417.73ha Breeding bird assemblage, oligotrophic loch, machair and saline lagoon.

028 Loch Druidibeg 1665.06ha Blanket bog, coastal geomorphology of Scotland, earth sciences, machair, machair loch, oligotrophic loch.

029 West Benbecula Lochs 118.93ha Eutrophic lochheath and transition fen.

030/031 Baleshare & Kirkibost 1359ha Breeding bird assemblage, machair, salt marsh and sand dunes.

32 Monach Isles 598.08ha Black guillemot, breeding bird assemblage, greenland barnacle gooses, machair and sand dunes.

33/34 Lochs at Clachan 103.68ha Dystrophic loch and saline lagoon.

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035 Small Seal Islands 161.75ha Grey seal, marine including mammals.

036/037 Balranald Bog & Loch nam Feithean 820.86ha Basin fen, eutrophic loch, greenland barnacle gooses, machair, mudflats, saltmarsh, and sand dunes.

038 Vallay 306.11ha Breeding bird assemblage, greenland barnacle gooses, machair, saltmarsh, and sand dunes.

039/040 Machairs Robach & Newton 738.95ha Coastal geomorphology of Scotland.

041 Boreray 257.05ha Greenland Barnacle and greylag goose.

042 Berneray 669.6ha Greenland Barnacle goose and machair.

043 Pabbay 552.77ha Breeding bird assemblage, bryophyte assemblage, coastal geomorphology of Scotland, greenland barnacle goose, machair and springs including flushes.

044 Northton Bay 450.97ha Breeding bird assemblage, machair, saline lagoon, saltmarsh, sand dune, sandflats and transition saltmarsh,

045/046 Luskentyre Banks 1080.98ha Breeding bird assemblage, coastal geomorphology of Scotland, dystrophic and oligotrophic lochs, flood-plain fen and machair.

047 Small Seal Island 161.75ha Grey seal, marine including mammals.

048 North Harris 13165.58ha Bryophyte assemblage and subalpine wet heath.

049 Mangersta Sands 18.47ha Coastal geomorphology of Scotland.

050 Glen Valtos 54.32 Quaternary of Scotland, earth sciences.

051 Loch Siada 8.51ha Saline lagoon and tidal rapids.

052 Loch Dalbeg 5.16ha Mesotrophic loch.

053 Loch Tuamister 9.24ha Eutrophic loch and transition fen.

Fig. 32: Flora, Western Isles

Marram Grass

Red Clover

Sea Blindreed

Corn Marigold

Buttercups

Seaweed

Irish Lady Tresses

White Field Scabious

Pyramidal Orchids

Wild Pansy

Daisy

Eye Brights

Wild Carrot

Cotton Grass

Vetches

Yellow Rattle

Marsh Marigolds

Lime Stone Bedstraw

Ragged Robin

Autumn Gentian

Poppy

Heather

Primrose

Dactylorhiza Majalis Scotica

Spear Thistle

Broom

Lady’s Bedstraw

Slender Naiad

Kelp

Birds Foot Trefoil

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Red Shank

Dunlin

Oystercatcher

Greenland White Fronted Geese

Golden Plover

Ringed Plover

Corn Bunting

Skylark

Twite

Barnacle Geese

Hen Harrier

Merlin

Peregrine Falcon

Buzzard

Corn Crake

Whooper Swan

Short Eared Owl

Long Eared Owl

Golden Eagle

White-tailed Eagle

Puffin

Red/Black Throated Diver

Kestrel

Golden Eye Duck

Osprey

Marsh Harrier

Gyrfalcon

Stone Chat

Whimbrel

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Fig. 33: Birds, Western Isles

Lapwing

Common / Grey Seal

Minke Whale

Red Deer

Mountain Hare

Pygmy Shrew

Bottlenose Dolphin

Basking Shark

Pipistrelle Bat

Fig. 34: Mammals, Western Isles

Otter

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Neist Point

Sound of Harris

Butt of Lewis

Camas

Weavers Point

Ushenish

Helen’s Reef

Traigh Mhòr

Fig. 35: Landforms, Western Isles

Eilean Glas

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2.4 Million years ago to today

65 to 135 million years ago

C R E TA C E O U S

QUATERNARY

Fig. 36: Earth sciences, “Scotland Through Time”

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205 to 250 million years ago

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135 to 205 million years ago

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250 to 290 million years ago

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290 to 360 million years ago

440 to 550 million years ago

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D E TA I L E D R E S E A R C H Statutory Listing of Architecture

The criteria for “statutory listing” of the built environment can be distilled down to three overarching themes, or “principles”. The three principles for ascertaining whether a building is of “special interest” are outline by Historic Environment Scotland (2016) as: “age and rarity, architectural or historic interest and close historical associations” A predominant factor in determining if a building is of “special interest” is its “rarity”. If a building is deemed “old” or is one of a limited number of its typology remaining it will typically be considered to be of “special interest”. To enable appraisal “period classifications” are outlined. Buildings erected between 1840 and 1945 are thought to mark a period of transition: the regulation of design and materials.

Therefore, buildings constructed throughout this period that are regarded of “special architectural” or “historic interest” can be listed. However, in contrast to this statement due to a growth in surviving examples, and resultant reduced “rarity”, following the year 1914 a more thorough investigation is conducted. Examples built subsequent to 1945 may also be listed if they exude “special architectural” or “historic interest”.

The designation of buildings constructed over the past three decades cannot utilise a historical evaluation and as a result necessitate a laborious evaluation.

Architectural or historical interest is measured over five areas by Historic Environment Scotland (2016). The five elements that are under review are the buildings: “interior; plan form; technological excellence or innovation, material or design quality; setting; and regional variations”. Period features of dwellings, commerce, and industrial buildings often give rise to the designation of a building. As does innovative planning which can be informative, building layouts may offer an insight into original design theories and consequently present “significance”. If a building demonstrates “innovation” in relation to the use of materials or its structural form it may be listed.

Additionally, a buildings surrounding environment is believed to be a predominant aspect in a structures assessment as a buildings context regularly influences its form.

Nevertheless, the built environment is continuously evolving and this has the potential to destroy some buildings “contextual character”. Furthermore, exemplar paradigms of vernacular architecture are characteristically designated. For the reason that they demonstrate the “significance” of regional traditions. Conversely HES note that it is crucial to determine “distinctive regional variations in type, material and form” (2016).

Fig. 37: Listed buildings, Paisley Town Centre

The built environment is considered to be architecturally or historically interesting when it is found to have an association, or relationship, with a significant event or person. However, there must be sufficient evidence in the form of authentic documentation (HES, 2016).

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Fig. 38: Protected natural environment vs. protected built environment

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D E TA I L E D R E S E A R C H Human Impact: From Cultivation to Urbanisation

Fig. 39: Total woodland area, UK Fig. 40: Total arable land, UK

Fig. 41: Total number of cattle, UK

Fig. 42: Total number of sheep, UK Fig. 43: Total number of pigs, UK

Fig. 44: Change in the relative abundance of species, UK

Fig. 45: Distribution of woodland, Scotland Fig. 46: Distribution of woodland, Western Isles

11, 000 years ago the ice that covered much of Scotland’s landscape began to melt. The retreat of the glaciers saw Great Britain colonised by “boreal species”. Namely birch, pine, hazel and oak trees - including various flora. Fasts forward 6,000 years and the tree cover had increased, spanning from Shetland to the Western Isles supporting a unique ecosystem. The woodlands were populated by the wildcat, pine marten, moose, red squirrel, mountain hare, the capercaillie, bison, golden eagle, wood sandpiper, black grouse, wolf, lynx, boar and bear (SNH, 2016).

The Neolithic period saw a reduction in the United Kingdom’s woodland, and as a consequence many animal habitats were destroyed. The gradual decline of the countries tree cover has been attributed to early forms of agriculture. Later, the invasion of the Roman Legions of Argricola in 82AD witnessed the destruction of approximately half of the UKs wooded landmass endangering the larger woodland mammals who resided within them. The next notable decline was recorded in the 14th century, human activity resulted in peatland replacing much of the woods that traversed the Scottish Highlands. Crofting began to jeopardise the once vast woodland of the British Isles. In the succeeding centuries human influence once again threatened woodland habitats. In the 16th century Scotland’s forests were exploited once again this time for timber, coal and tanbark. Humans began to destroy much of the native wildlife’s habitat to the detriment of the larger species. Namely, the native wolves, bears and boar (SNH, 2016).

The Jacobite uprising of 17th century is attributed to notable changes in land use.

These changes had consequences for distribution in Scotland, including the Highland clearances in the 1800’s. The highland clearances seen a switch from a cattle to a sheep based economy, the grazing livestock degraded much of the landscape and consequently the natural ecosystem (SHN, 2016). The situation was worsened in the latter years of the 18th century by the early mechanisation of farming. This had a significant impact on the remaining woodland. Tools such as the swing plough, binding and threshing machines increased farmer productivity encouraging large scale production. As a result, the area of arable land grew and Scotland’s forests declined further due to environmental degradation (JNCC, 2016). By the 1900’s a mere 4% percent of Scotland’s land mass was covered by native woodland (see figure 45).

The remaining forests were significantly smaller, fragmented and isolated as were the woodland habitats. Figures 39 through to 44 illustrate that as the United Kingdom’s area of arable land increased the total area of woodland and relative abundance of species declined simultaneously. As the number of cattle began to fall and the number

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Fig. 45: Distribution of woodland, Scotland

Native Woodland

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Fig. 46: Distribution of woodland, Western Isles

D E TA I L E D R E S E A R C H Human Impact: From Cultivation to Urbanisation

of sheep rise the countries biodiversity began to decay.

In the First World War Lloyd George proclaimed that Britain “had nearly lost the war for want of timber that anything else” (1919). 1917 seen yet another dramatic change in Scotland’s landscape that is still visible today. The high demand on Scotland’s industries depleted its natural resources further. In the decades that followed the political landscape began to recover but the farmlands and ravaged forests remained “a voiceless causality” (Keller, T. 2016) that was devastated once again by the Second World War. MacMillan writes: “The Second World War caused unprecedented hardship, but it also accelerated change” (2009). At the end of 1945 Britain saw a post-world war baby boom, the population surged and accordingly so did the nation’s cities (Scottish Government, 2010).

Throughout history, no other species has multiplied as rapidly in numbers or in scale as the human race (Register, R. 2016). Moreover, Wilson’s research recorded that the number of people on the planet is currently “one hundred times greater than the runner up” (Wilson, E. 2006). Today, as populations increase cities can be seen to expand under pressure. Urban sprawl is intensified as industries, leisure facilities, and low density housing move away from the urban environment to car dependent communities that encroach on the natural surroundings (Mostafavi, M. 2010).

Consequently, only 1% of Scotland’s native woodland is remains today (refer to figure 45). Where humans have bared an influence, no matter the many there were they have had a negative impact on the wildlife. Particularly the larger animals. Figure 47 illustrates the human races impact on Scotland’s biodiversity. Each cross denotes 5 animal species.

5 Extinct Species

5 Endangered Species Fig. 47: “Red list” threatened species, UK Fig. 48: Human influence, timeline Fig. 49: Human influence, timeline continued

5 Remaining Species

Refer to page 80 for a diagrammatic exploration of the urban expansion of the town of Paisley. As the built environments expands the area of ‘green’ land can be seen to decline.

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Fig. 47: “Red list” threatened Species, UK

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Retreat of the ice age 11,000 years ago.

I C E AG E

Fig. 48: Human influence, timeline

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Human activity resulted in peatland replacing much of the woodlands that spanned the Scottish Highlands.

Crofting began to jeopardise the once vast woodland of the British Isles.

The Neolithic period saw a reduction in the United Kingdom’s woodland, and as a consequence many animal habitats were destroyed. The gradual decline has been attributed to early forms of agriculture.

NEOLITHIC

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82AD

Over 5,000 years ago the forests that spanned from Shetland to the Western Isles supported a unique ecosystem. The woodlands were populated by the wildcat, pine marten, moose, red squirrel, mountain hare, the capercaillie, bison, golden eagle, wood sandpiper, black grouse, wolf, lynx, boar and bear.

The invasion of the Roman Legions of Argricola in 82AD witnessed the destruction of approximately half of the United Kingdoms wooded landmass - endangering its inhabitants.

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The highland clearances seen a switch from a cattle to sheep based economy.

Early mechanisation of farming had a significant impact on the remaining woodland. Tools such as the swing plough, binding and threshing machines increased farmer productivity encouraging large scale production.

As a result the area of arable land grew and Scotland’s once vast forests declined further due to environmental degradation.

In the sixteenth century Scotland’s forests were exploited for timber, coal and tanbark. Humans began to destroy much of the native wildlife’s habitat to the detriment of the larger species.

1 6 TH

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Today only 1% of Scotland’s native woodland is remaining. Where humans have bared an influence, no matter the many there are then have had a negative impact on the wildlife. Notably the larger animals.

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The Jacobite uprising of 17th century is attributed to notable changes in land use. These changes had consequences for distribution in Scotland, including the Highland clearances.

By the 1900’s a mere four percent of Scotland’s land mass was covered by native woodland.

The remaining forests were significantly smaller, fragmented and isolated.

Consequently, so did many habitats. In the First World War Lloyd George proclaimed that Britain “had nearly lost the war for want of timber that anything else” (1919).

1917 seen a dramatic lasting change in Scotland’s landscape.

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Much of Paisley was agricultural land with a few small family owned farms.

Urban density increase as the population surged resulting in diminished ‘ green’ space

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Fig. 49: Human influence, timeline continued

The town grew due to a rise in industry and much of the fields where developed.

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The towns industry expanded, residential areas moved to the edge.

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2016 The town is scared by a rapid decline in industry. The decentralisation of industry and leisure facilities has devastated Paisleys high street in turn increasing urban sprawl to the determinant of the natural environment that surrounds it.

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CHAPTER 03

Research Analysis

R E S E A R C H A N A LY S I S Conclusion: Architectural Proposition

The primary aim of this research was to identify the relationship between landscape protection and the ecosystems they safeguard. The objective was to establish the role of the built environment in alleviating our impact on nature. Through an analysis of the area protected landscape and population numbers throughout Europe the issue becomes apparent. As the percentage of population rises so does the percentage of designated landscape putting further pressures on the ecosystems within the urban environment. An exploration of environmental designations in the Outer Hebrides revealed controversy regarding the way we preserve, manage and conserve natural habitats. The current ‘solutions’ compromise the quality of animal habitats. In an effort to protect them from human influence the government super imposes a human notion, a line, that separates the city and the natural environment fundamentally constraining the habitats and the species that reside within their boundaries.

Furthermore, a comparative study of protected natural environment and protected built environment in the town of Paisley brings light to the fact that our landscapes are primarily viewed as a national asset opposed to community.

An investigation into human influence on Scotland’s landscape stressed that where humans have existed, no matter how many there were they have had a negative impact on the wildlife. Historically through early forms of agriculture, civil unrest, war and advancements in technology that led to the deforestation of the Scottish Highlands.

More recently by means of urban sprawl as industries, leisure facilities, and low density housing move away from the urban environment to car dependent communities that encroach on the cities natural surroundings.

Fig. 50: Towards a smaller taller architecture

In contrast to present day approaches to landscape conservation the complexity of higher density architecture has the potential to evolve into ‘diversity’. Diversity of human uses and diversity in its surrounding landscape. A study of Paisley’s urban development revealed that he greater the density of an urban environment, the more choice it affords its inhabitants, the fewer resources it commands. Thus, reducing its weight on the fragile landscape. A smaller taller architecture is not the sole solution to removing the boundaries imposed on the natural environment but could have a positive impact. In conclusion, the concept of a “smaller taller” architecture, if applied appropriately, might be one of a number of measures in reducing the limitations inflicted on the landscape. The tower typology with its small foot print has the capacity to remove the boundaries enforced on nature as a result of placing restrictions back on the built environment. Regarding the landscapes fragility as an opportunity to develop alternative design strategies there is further research required in this field.

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Fig. 50

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 01: Turnbull, C. (2016). Pickled Landscape. [Graphic Illustration]. Authors Image.

Fig. 02a: Comhairle nan Eilean SiarDevelopment Department. (2016).

Rural Lewis & Harris 2012. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/documents/Socio%20Economic%20 Update%2032.pdf. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 02b: Comhairle nan Eilean SiarDevelopment Department. (2016).

Rural Lewis & Harris 2026. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/documents/Socio%20Economic%20 Update%2032.pdf. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 03a: Comhairle nan Eilean SiarDevelopment Department. (2016).

Stornoway, Broadway & Point 2012. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/documents/Socio%20Economic%20 Update%2032.pdf. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 03b: Comhairle nan Eilean SiarDevelopment Department. (2016).

Stornoway, Broadway & Point 2026. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/documents/Socio%20Economic%20 Update%2032.pdf. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 04a: Comhairle nan Eilean SiarDevelopment Department. (2016).

Uist & Barra 2012. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/documents/Socio%20Economic%20 Update%2032.pdf. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 04b: Comhairle nan Eilean Siar Development Department. (2016).

Uist & Barra 2026. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/documents/Socio%20Economic%20 Update%2032.pdf. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 05: Skills Development Scotland. (2016).

Net migration by 5 year age group. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: https://www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/40985/highlandsislands.pdf. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 06: Skills Development Scotland. (2016).

Motivations for outward migration. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: https://www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/40985/highlandsislands.pdf. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 07: Skills Development Scotland. (2016). Outer Hebrides secondary school leaver destinations. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: https://www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/40985/highlandsislands.pdf. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 08: Highlands and Islands Enterprise. (2008). Percentage of employees by sector, Outer Hebrides 2008. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.hie.co.uk/regional-information/area-information/outerhebrides/economic-profile.html. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 09: Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. (2016). Cumulative percentage of land area protected by environmental designations. [Pie Chart]. Authors Image.

Data Available: http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/environment/environmental. asp. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 10: Turnbull, C. (2016). Sites of Special Scientific Interest. [Map]. Authors Image.

Data Available: http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protectedareas/national-designations/. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

86

Fragile Landscape

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 11: Turnbull, C. (2016). Special Areas of Conservation. [Map]. Authors Image.

Data Available: http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protectedareas/national-designations/. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 12: Turnbull, C. (2016). Special Protection Areas. [Map]. Authors Image.

Data Available: http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protectedareas/national-designations/. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 13: Turnbull, C. (2016). Ramsar Sites. [Map]. Authors Image.

Data Available: http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protectedareas/national-designations/. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 14: Turnbull, C. (2016). Marine Protection Areas. [Map]. Authors Image.

Data Available: http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protectedareas/national-designations/. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 15: Turnbull, C. (2016). Ageing population. [Photo Montage]. Authors Image.

Fig. 16: Turnbull, C. (2016). Outward migration of young people. [Photo Montage].

Authors Image.

Fig. 17: Turnbull, C. (2016). Isolated and claustrophobic. [Photo Montage]. Authors Image.

Fig. 18: Turnbull, C. (2016). Distance to surrounding areas. [Photo Montage]. Authors Image.

Fig. 19: Turnbull, C. (2016). Fractured landscape. [Photo Montage]. Authors Image.

Fig. 20: Turnbull, C. (2016). Lack of diversity in higher education. [Photo Montage].

Authors Image.

Fig. 21: Turnbull, C. (2016). Loss of indigenous industry and identity as a seafaring community. [Photo Montage]. Authors Image.

Fig. 22: Turnbull, C. (2016). Landscape designations as a result of human activity / impact. [Photo Montage]. Authors Image.

Fig. 23: Turnbull, C. (2016). Economy based on tourism. [Photo Montage]. Authors Image.

Fig. 24: Turnbull, C. (2016). Emphasis on tourism results in a de-skilled and demotivated population. [Photo Montage]. Authors Image.

Fig. 25: Turnbull, C. (2016). Map showing the 28 European Union member countries.

[Map]. Authors Image.

Fig. 26: Turnbull, C. (2016). Percentage Total of protected land area in the 28 EU member countries 1990 & 2014. [Bar Graph]. Authors Image.

Data Available: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-developmentindicators. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 27: Turnbull, C. (2016). Percentage Total of urban / rural population in the 28 EU member countries 1990 & 2014. [Bar Graph]. Authors Image.

Data Available: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-developmentindicators. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 28: Turnbull, C. (2016). International, national and local landscape designations.

[Image]. Authors Image.

Data Available: http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protectedareas/national-designations/. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

87

Fragile Landscape

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 29: Turnbull, C. (2016). Ring-fencing. [Model]. Authors Image.

Fig. 30: Turnbull, C. (2016). Archived natural environments. [Photo Montage].

Authors Image.

Fig. 31: Turnbull, C. (2016). Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Western Isles. [Map].

Authors Image.

Data Available: http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protectedareas/national-designations/. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 32: Turnbull, C. (2016). Flora, Western Isles. [Online Images]. Adapted by Author.

Data Available: http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/livinglandscapes/machair. pdf. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 33: Outer Hebrides. (2016). Birds, Western Isles. [Online Images]. Adapted by Author.

Data Available: http://www.visitouterhebrides.co.uk/see-and-do/nature/bird-ofprey-trail. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 34: Outer Hebrides. (2016). Mammals, Western Isles. [Online Images]. Adapted

by Author.

Data Available: http://www.visitouterhebrides.co.uk/see-and-do/nature/mammals.

Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 35: Outer Hebrides. (2016). Landforms, Western Isles. [Online Images]. Adapted

by Author.

Data Available: http://www.visitouterhebrides.co.uk/see-and-do/nature/. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 36: McKirdy, A and Crofts, R. (2010). Earth sciences, “Scotland Through Time.�

[Timeline]. Authors Image.

Data Available: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-research/ publications/search-the-catalogue/Geology Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 37: Turnbull, C. (2016). Listed buildings, Paisley Town Centre. [Photo Montage].

Authors Image.

Fig. 38: Turnbull, C. (2016). Protected natural environment vs. protected built environment. [Diagram]. Authors Image.

Fig. 39: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (2016). Total woodland area, UK. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Data Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4229. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 40: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (2016).Total arable land, UK. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Data Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4229. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 41: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (2016).Total number of cattle, UK. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Data Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4229. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 42: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (2016).Total number of sheep, UK. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Data Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4229. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 43: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (2016).Total number of pigs, UK. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Data Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4229. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 44: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (2016). Change in the relative abundance of species, UK. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

88

Fragile Landscape

LIST OF FIGURES

Data Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4229. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 45: Forestry Commission. (2003). Distribution of woodland, Scotland. [Online Images]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/inventory. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 46: Forestry Commission. (2003). Distribution of woodland, Western Isles.

[Online Images]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/inventory. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 47: Turnbull, C. (2016). “Red list� threatened species, UK. [Diagram]. Authors Image.

Data Available: https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/nov/26/iucnred-list-threatened-species-by-country-statistics. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 48: Scottish Natural Heritage. (2016). Human influence, timeline. [Timeline].

Authors Image.

Data Available: http://www.snh.gov.uk/land-and-sea/managing-the-land/forestryand-woodlands/history/. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 49: National Library of Scotland. (2016). Human influence, timeline continued.

[Timeline]. Maps Adapted by Author.

Data Available: http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=5&lat=56.0000&lon=4.0000&layers=1&b=1. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 50: Turnbull, C. (2016). Towards a smaller taller architecture. [Photo Montage].

Authors Image.

89

Fragile Landscape

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AB 964 Design Studies 5A Brief - Thesis Inception

University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture MArch / Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design Author: Christine Clare Turnbull Student Reg. Number: 2016547448

Studies Supervisors: John Brown, Catriona MacDonald, Fraser Maitland, David Page and David Wyllie December 2016