Negotiating the boundaries of elderly accommodation to overcome social exclusion by Christine Turnbull

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Negotiating the Boundaries of Elderly Accommodation to Overcome Social Exclusion: Towards Intergenerational Living in Scotlandâ&#x20AC;? University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture Bsc (Hons) Architectural Studies with International Experience Academic Dissertation

Author: Christine Turnbull Reg. No: 201143452

Dissertation Supervisor: Prof. Ashraf Salama 10th March 2016

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Declaration AB 420 Dissertation 2015/16

Declaration

BSc Honours Architectural Studies with International Study

AB 420 Dissertation 2015/16 issertation 2015/16 BSc Honours Architectural urs Architectural Studies “I hereby declare that thisStudies dissertation submission is my own work and has been comBScStudies Honours Architectural Studies urs Architectural with International Studywith International Study posed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in Dip Design Advanced Architectural Design g Dip AdvancedMArch/Pg Architectural MArch Architectural Design International chitectural Design International

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any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged.

Declaration

“I herebythat declare that this dissertation submission is my own work by and has been composed declare that this dissertation is my this ownDeclaration work and hasmy been composed contains noby myself. It con I accept ifsubmission having signed work should be myself. found atIt Examination unacknowledged text andin has notprevious been submitted previoushave context. quotations have wledged text and has not been submitted any context. in Allany quotations beenAll distinguished by been disting quotation marks and sources of information, text, tables, images etc. have been n marks and all sources information, text, illustration, tables, etc. have been specifically to showofevidence of all academic dishonesty theimages workillustration, will fail and I will be liable to face thespecifically acknowledged. dged.

University Senate Discipline Committee.”

I accept if havingmy signed Declaration should be at Examination to show evidence of hat if having signed thisthat Declaration workthis should be foundmy at work Examination to found show evidence of academic thebe work will will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.” ty the work willdishonesty fail and I will liable tofail faceand theI University Senate Discipline Committee.”

Name:

Christine Turnbull

Date:

10/03/2016

Signed:

Name: Christine Turnbull

Christine Turnbull

Signed: Date: 00/03/2016

00/03/2016

VII Table of Contents Declaration......................................................................................................................................................V Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................................VII List of Figures...............................................................................................................................................XI List of Tables...............................................................................................................................................XIX Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................XXI Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................23 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................27 Problem Definition......................................................................................................................................27

Research Question and Objective...........................................................................................................33 Research Methodology................................................................................................................................35

An Outline of Chapters................................................................................................................................37 Expected Outcomes......................................................................................................................................39 Chapter 1: Literature Review of Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Housing Strategy for Older People....41

1.1 Supporting People to Remain Independently at Home.................................................43 1.2 Housing Adaptations.....................................................................................................................49 1.3 Specialised Housing.......................................................................................................................51 1.4 An Exploration of English Housing Strategy for Older People....................................52 1.5 An Exploration of Dutch Housing Strategy for Older People.......................................56 1.6 Chapter Summary...........................................................................................................................57

Chapter 2: Research Design..................................................................................................................59

2.1 Case Study Analysis........................................................................................................................59 2.2 Interviews.........................................................................................................................................60

Table of Contents 2.3 Summary of Research Objectives.............................................................................................62 2.4 Chapter Summary...........................................................................................................................62

Chapter 3: Key Concepts and Framework for Analysis: ‘Loneliness’, ‘Isolation, ‘and Social Exclusion’.........................................................................................................................................65 3.1 Linguistics Perspective: A Glossary of Terms.....................................................................65

3.1.1 Loneliness/Lonely................................................................................................................65

3.1.2 Isolation....................................................................................................................................67 3.1.3 Social Exclusion.....................................................................................................................67

3.2 Psychology Perspective................................................................................................................67 3.3 Environmental Psychology Perspective................................................................................69 3.4 Chapter Summary...........................................................................................................................70

4 Mapping the Framework: Critical Analysis of Three Cases............................................73 4.1 Patel Taylor’s Courtyard Housing for the Elderly, England..........................................75

4.1.1 Project Details and Architects Brief ............................................................................75 4.1.2 Key Design Principles and Project Description.......................................................77

4.1.3 Design Appraisal...................................................................................................................77 4.1.3a Adaptability and Flexibility....................................................................................77 4.1.3b Cross Generational Exchange...............................................................................79

4.1.3c Relationship with Neighbours...............................................................................81 4.1.3d Community Integration...........................................................................................81

4.2 EGM’s Humanitas Housing Model, the Netherlands........................................................85

4.2.1 Project Details and Architects Brief.............................................................................85 4.2.2 Key Design Principles and Project Description......................................................85

4.2.3 Design Appraisal...................................................................................................................87 4.2.3a Adaptability and Flexibility....................................................................................87

4.2.3b Cross Generational Exchange................................................................................89

Table of Contents 4.2.3c Relationship with Neighbours...............................................................................91 4.2.3d Community Integration...........................................................................................91

4.3 Age Friendly Design in Scotland: Smith Scott Mullanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fortune Place....................95 4.3.1 Project Details and Architects Brief.............................................................................95 4.3.2 Key Design Principles and Project Description......................................................95

4.3.3 Design Appraisal..................................................................................................................97

4.3.3a Adaptability and Flexibility....................................................................................97

4.3.3b Cross Generational Exchange................................................................................99 4.3.3c Relationship with Neighbours...............................................................................99 4.3.3d Community Integration.........................................................................................101

4.4 Chapter Summary.........................................................................................................................102

5 Interviews................................................................................................................................................105

5.1 Discussion of Findings.................................................................................................................105 5.1.1 Supporting People to Remain Independently at Home.....................................105

5.1.2 Housing Adaptations.........................................................................................................107

5.1.3 Specialised Housing...........................................................................................................108

5.2 Chapter Summary..........................................................................................................................109

6 Conclusion: Towards Intergenerational Living in Scotland..........................................111 Appendices.................................................................................................................................................117

Appendix A: Ethics Approval..........................................................................................................117 Appendix B: Interview Questions.................................................................................................118

Appendix C: Copy of Consent Form.............................................................................................120

Bibliography..............................................................................................................................................123

XI List of Figures Cover Image: Turnbull, C. (2016). Towards Intergenerational Living in Scotland. [Graphic Illustration]. Authors Image.

Fig. 01: Age UK, Thompson, WJ. (2015) Age UK “No Friends” campaign. [Image Online]. Available: https://jwt.co.uk/uploads/case-studies/_galleryImage/AGE-UK-NOFRIENDS-tactical-outdoor-ads-facebook-jwt-j-walter-thompson-london-charity-2015-1.jpg [15/11/2015]. P22.

Fig. 02: Scottish Government. (2013). The projected percentage change in age structure of Scotland’s population 2012-2037. [Image Online]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/annual-review-2013/ html/rgar-2013-population.html [03/10/2016]. P26.

Fig. 03: National Records Scotland. (2011). Projected population changing in selected European countries 2010-2035. [Image Online]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files/statistics/population-projections/2010-based/j20140008.htm [10/12/2015]. P28.

Fig. 04: Office of National Statistics. (2012). Number of people living alone, by age group 2011. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www. ons.gov.uk/ ons/resources/figure7_tcm77-393302.png [10/12/2015]. P30.

List of Figures Fig. 05: International Longevity Centre-UK. (2012). Proportion of people excluded from social relationships by age group 2002-2008. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author. Available: http://image.slidesharecdn.com/19sept12-issocialexclusionstillim-

portantforolderpeople-120919083502-phpapp01/95/19-sept12-is-social-exclu-

sion-still-important-for-older-people-7-728.jpg?cb=1348044334 [03/10/2015]. P32. Fig. 06: Turnbull, C. (2015). Research hypothesis. [Info-graphic Diagram]. Authors Image. P34.

Fig. 07: Turnbull, C. (2016). Research methodology. [Infographic Diagram]. Authors Image. P36.

Fig. 08: Institute for Public Policy Research. (2014). Spectrumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s of housing for older people. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://ippr.org/read/epubs/192/images/2854.jpg [03/10/2015]. P40. Fig. 09: International Longevity Centre-UK. (2012). 7 Domains of social exclusion. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://image.slidesharecdn.com/19sept12-issocialexclusionstillim-

portantforolderpeople-120919083502-phpapp01/95/19-sept12-is-social-exclu-

sion-still-important-for-older-people-7-728.jpg?cb=1348044334 [03/10/2015]. P42. Fig. 10: Handler, S. (2014). Media scaremongering: newspaper headlines 2007-2011. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: https://www.architecture.com/RIBA/Professionalsupport/Researchandinnovation/Assets/ Files/Ageing/Age-friendlyHandbook.pdf [22/10/2015]. P44.

List of Figures Fig. 11: Age UK, Thompson, WJ. (2015) Age UK “No Friends” campaign. [Online Image]. Available: https://jwt.co.uk/uploads/case-studies/_galleryImage/AGE-UK-NOFRIENDS-tactical-outdoor-ads-facebook-jwt-j-walter-thompson-london-charity-2015-1.jpg [15/11/2015]. P46.

Fig. 12: Technical Handbook – Domestic. (2015). Domestic Technical Handbook adaptation guidelines. [Graphic Illustration]. Authors Image.

Available: file:///C:/Users/Christine/Downloads/Domestic-2015-from-Oct-2015%20. pdf [10/12/2015] P48.

Fig. 13: Turnbull, C. (2016). Reserved seniors only. [Graphic Illustration]. Authors Image. P50.

Fig. 14: Lifetime Homes. (2016). Lifetimes Home Model. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://www.lifetimehomes.org.uk/pages/lifetime-homes-diagram.html [01/01/2016]. P54.

Fig. 15: Vern, L. (1997). Theories in social gerontology. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/52B/2/S72.full.pdf [10/12/2015]. P64.

Fig. 16a: Turnbull, C. (2015). Loneliness. [Graphic Illustration]. Authors Image. P66. Fig. 16b: Turnbull, C. (2015). Isolation. [Graphic Illustration]. Authors Image. P66.

List of Figures Fig. 16c: Turnbull, C. (2015). Social exclusion. [Graphic Illustration]. Authors Image. P66.

Fig. 17: Turnbull, C. (2016). Case study locations. [Graphic Illustration]. Authors Image. P72.

Fig. 18: Taylor, Patel. (2015). Patel Taylor’s Courtyard Housing for the Elderly. [Photograph].

Available: http://www.pateltaylor.co.uk/works/architecture/residential-and-mixeduse/courtyard-housing [01/02/2016]. P74.

Fig. 19: Taylor, Patel. (2015). ‘L’ shaped spacial strategy, site plan. [Online Image].

Available: http://www.pateltaylor.co.uk/works/architecture/residential-and-mixeduse/courtyard-housing [01/02/2016]. P76.

Fig. 20: Taylor, Patel. (2015). Saw tooth roof form. [Photograph].

Available: http://www.pateltaylor.co.uk/works/architecture/residential-and-mixeduse/courtyard-housing [02/02/2016]. P76.

Fig. 21: Taylor, Patel. (2015). Flexible configuration of space, exploded axonometric. [Online Image].

Available: http://www.pateltaylor.co.uk/works/architecture/residential-and-mixeduse/courtyard-housing [02/02/2016]. P78.

Fig. 22: Young, E. (2015). Screening methods. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author.

Available: https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/[10/01/2016]. P80.

List of Figures Fig. 23: Cook, P. (2015). Impermeable and robust external elevation. [Photograph].

Available: https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/barking-courtyard-pensioners-downsize [10/01/2016]. P82.

Fig. 24: Cook, P. (2015). Introverted courtyard. [Photograph].

Available: https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/barking-courtyard-pensioners-downsize [10/01/2016]. P82.

Fig. 25: EGM Architecten. (2013). EGM’s Humanitas Housing Model. [Photograph].

Available: http://www.egm.nl/referenties/publicaties/levensloopbestendige-woningen/323/ [10/10/2015]. P84.

Fig. 26: EGM Architecten. (2013). Axonometric section showing dual ‘L’ shaped residential structures divided by a large indoor atrium. [Online Image].

Available: http://www.egm.nl/referenties/publicaties/levensloopbestendige-woningen/323/ [10/10/2015]. P86.

Fig. 27: Architecture BNA. (2014). Flexible configuration of space, Bergweg floor plans. [Online Image].

Available: http://www.personal-architecture.nl/projecten/116/index.html [12/10/2015]. P88.

Fig. 28: Veld Academie. (2014). Collective living, Bergweg atrium floor plan. [Online

Image].

Available: http://www.veldacademie.nl/projecten/scriptiewerkplaats-rotterdamse-wijkgebouwen [15/11/2015]. P90.

List of Figures Fig. 29: Unknown. (2016). Collective living, residence occupying neutral territory. [Photograph].

Available: http://bzwatlas.dev.buro302.nl/locations/view/26 [15/11/2015]. P90. Fig. 30: Unknown. (2016). Central public space, atrium. [Photograph].

Available: http://bzwatlas.dev.buro302.nl/locations/view/26 [15/11/2015]. P92. Fig. 31: Ode, J. (2014). Market taking place in Bergweg “village square”. [Photograph].

Available: http://www.noorderzononline.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Kies-Precies-22-1-2014-DSC_6045.jpg [15/11/2015]. P92.

Fig. 32: Smith Scott Mullan. (2015). Smith Scott Mullan’s Fortune Place. [Photograph]. Available: http://www.smith-scott-mullan.co.uk/portfolio-item/fortune-place-housing/ [02/02/2016]. P94.

Fig. 33: City of Edinburgh Council. (2013). Flexible configuration of space, Fortune Place floor plan diagram. [Diagram]. Authors Image.

Available: file:///C:/Users/Christine/Downloads/Item_7.1_21_Moredun_Park_ Street_4%20.pdf [03/02/2016] .P96.

Fig. 34: Smith Scott Mullan. (2015). Multi-purpose room. [Photograph].

Available: http://www.smith-scott-mullan.co.uk/portfolio-item/fortune-place-housing/ [02/02/2016]. P98.

Fig. 35: Smith Scott Mullan. (2015). Communal stairwell. [Photograph].

Available: http://www.smith-scott-mullan.co.uk/portfolio-item/ [02/02/2016]. P98.

List of Figures Fig. 36: Smith Scott Mullan. (2015). Enclosed garden. [Photograph].

Available: http://www.smith-scott-mullan.co.uk/portfolio-item/fortune-place-housing/ [02/02/2016]. P100.

Fig. 37: Urban Realm. (2014). Site plan: aerial view. [Online Image].

Available: http://www.urbanrealm.com/news/4769/Work_gets_underway_on_Edinburgh_retirement_ village.html [02/02/2016]. P100.

XIX List of Tables Table 01: Turnbull, C. (2016). Interview participants profiles. Authors Own. P61. Table 02: Turnbull, C. (2016). Framework for analysis. Authors Own. P73. Table 03: Turnbull, C. (2016). Patel Taylor’s Courtyard Housing for the Elderly: responses to loneliness, isolation and social exclusion (in bold). Authors Own. P83.

Table 04: Turnbull, C. (2016). EGM’s Humanitas Housing Model: responses to loneliness, isolation and social exclusion (in bold). Authors Own. P93.

Table 05: Turnbull, C. (2016). Smith Scott Mullan’s Fortune Place: responses to loneliness, isolation and social exclusion (in bold). Authors Own. P101.

Table 06: Turnbull, C. (2016). Comparative table: case study responses to loneliness, isolation and social exclusion. Authors Own. P102-103.

XXI Acknowledgements I would firstly like to express my appreciation to my dissertation supervisor Prof. Ashraf Salama for his time, guidance and insight. Secondly, my grandparents and interview

participants, for sharing their experiences and opinions. Gregor Cranston for his invalu-

able distractions throughout the development of this body of work. Furthermore, I wish to acknowledge my mum for her continuous encouragement.

Fig. 01: Age UK “No Friends” campaign.

Abstract Scotland’s elderly population is on the rise and this trend is predicted to continue for

successive generations. Heightened demand on the housing system has provoked concern that the existing model will not withstand mounting pressure. In an effort to over-

come rising demand, a number of elderly housing strategies have emerged. However, the responses are slow to reflect the aspirations of Scotland’s diverse ageing society. Current housing policy is focussed on enabling the individual to remain at home, often alone, having a negative impact on the occupant’s well-being. As a consequence people

are living longer but not necessarily living well. There is a growing body of evidence that acknowledges that boundaries in the physical environment have a significant impact on an individual’s ability to participate effectively in social and cultural life. Look-

ing towards elderly accommodation in England and the Netherlands this study aims to

identify design strategies that have the capacity to achieve inclusive elderly housing in Scotland. Through a literature review of Scotland’s current housing strategy for older people and an exploration of two representative housing strategies in England and the

Netherlands gaps in current policy are realised. Alternative models to Scotland’s elderly accommodation are identified by means of theoretical case study analysis of three hous-

ing schemes that were the outcome of each policy. In addition to interviews, research

is conducted by secondary analysis of documented resources within the disciplines of 23

Abstract architecture, sociology, psychology, and gerontology. In contrast to Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s approach,

imminent need in the Netherlands has generated new thinking and new ways of providing elderly accommodation that negotiate the boundaries of traditional â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;specialisedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

housing for the elderly. Intergenerational living facilities are designed to provide a social setting that supports senior integration into their community by maximising the opportunity for informal exchanges. Intergenerational living is not the sole solution to

social exclusion but it could have a positive impact. The concept of intergenerational living, if applied appropriately, might be one of a number of measures in alleviating social exclusion of older people in Scotland.

Fig. 02: The projected percentage change in age structure of Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population 2012-2037.

Introduction Problem Definition Scotland’s demographic is within a significant period of transition. The country’s greying population is on the rise and this trend is predicted to continue for successive gener-

ations. Recent data exposes the full extent of Scotland’s ageing population. The Scottish Government has proclaimed that Scotland’s society is maturing and is set to “dramatically” age as the populace born in the “post war baby boom” grow older (Scottish Gov-

ernment, 2011: p09). Figure 2 illustrates that the balance of Scotland’s population is in jeopardy as the age distribution evolves considerably in forthcoming years.

According to household projections conducted by the General Register Office for Scot-

land the percentage of the public aged 75+ is anticipated to increase by 23% between 2010 and 2020, and again by 82% between 2010 and 2035 (National Records of Scot-

land, 2011: p05). Studies in 2010 indicated that almost 25% of the population were aged 60+ and by 2035, it’s probable that it will have grown to 30% (Scottish Government, 2011: p08). Furthermore, in a period of ever-increasing longevity not only has

our life expectancy increased, so that our “oldest old” are double that of two decades ago, the average British citizen is now “middle-aged” (Dunnell, K, 2008: p134).

Fig. 03: Projected population changing in selected European countries 2010-2035

Introduction An ageing demographic pattern is echoed throughout the world. It’s estimated that by

2030 approximately 50% of the UK’s population will be over 50 years old – a common characteristic of each of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

nations (McNeil, C, 2014). Nearly 35% of the world’s population by 2030 are predicted to be to be living within an urban environment, with an average age of 60+ (Phillip-

son, C, 2011: p07). While demographic trends vary between European contexts, figure

3 shows that many countries are facing a maturing society. Greater amounts of the populace are within their late 70s-80s than previously recorded (Handler, S, 2014: p11).

The process of growing older brings with it age related decline. Notably, physical impairment resulting in reduced mobility. This puts elderly people’s social relationships

at risk as they are less able to take part in day-to-day life. In Scotland older people are

reported to 70-90% of their life at home (ILC-UK, 2012: p05). Based on this development as people grow older the domestic situation is set to become the primary platform for social exchange. At present 89.5% of Scotland’s elderly cohort are reliant on infor-

mal care networks, as is the Scottish Government, such as family and friends (COSLA, 2011: p05). There is a wide consensus that these networks provide valuable social re-

lationships that are instrumental in safeguarding an elderly person’s well-being (WHO, 2014: p62). Nevertheless, with evermore complex family structures and variations in circumstances succeeding generations may be unable, or indeed reluctant, to assume

the responsibility of caring for our older members of society (Homes and Communities Agency, 2009: p12).

Fig. 04: Number of people living alone by age group 2011

Introduction In the coming decades households aged 75 and over are projected to increase by 82% from 2010-2035 (National Records of Scotland, 2011: p10). Therefore, a domestic environment which prevents social exclusion and that meets each elderly individual’s needs

is crucial in ensuring they live as fulfilling a life as possible (ODPM, 2006: p13). In 2011 the Scottish Government published a document outlining their strategic approach for housing for the elderly, ‘Age, Home and Community: A Strategy for Housing Scotland’s Older People’. In which they acknowledge that society needs to address the variable

complex needs and aspirations of Scotland’s older citizens (2011). The report recog-

nises the need to explore alternative models of delivery across all tenure to alleviate the implications of an ageing society. Nevertheless, paradoxically to their emphasis on innovation they focus on “shifting the balance of care” enabling people to remain inde-

pendently at home, which has been housing policy for consecutive governments (Scottish Government, 2011: p08).

This tactic is commendable as moving can be particularly stressful for older people, but

with the number of single person households forecast to rise (refer to figure 4) and a lack of care networks this does not confront the pressing issue of social exclusion. The

impact of government policy is that older people’s relationship with society is put at

risk, as they are further alienated and distanced from mainstream society, potentially resulting in disengagement from their community.

Scotland’s housing stock and resources are becoming increasingly inadequate (Joseph 31

Fig. 05: Proportion of people excluded from social relationships by age group 2002-2008

Introduction Rowntree Foundation, 2014: p02). This problem is intensified by the fact that existing

accommodation provisions for older people are slow to reflect the transformation of

present day social order (Homes and Communities Agency, 2009: p08). In the region of 50% of older people say that pets or television are their primary form of company (Davidson, S. and Rossall, P, 2014: p02). Figure 5 reveals people aged 80+ are more

than two times as likely to experience feelings of loneliness than those of working age

(Thomas, J, 2015: p03). A lack of support networks, and suitable housing provision, only exacerbates the broader social exclusion problems in Scotland’s society today. Research Question and Objective The shift in Scotland’s demographic is a key driver for change. This dissertation aims

to respond to one of the many challenges of an ageing population, social exclusion. There is a demand for ‘age-inclusive’ residential typologies that promote community engagement and optimise the well-being of the elderly population. Scotland’s present

day housing strategy for older people, and housing related studies, focus on remaining independently at home; housing adaptations; and the commonly stigmatised tradition-

al typologies of ‘specialised’ housing for the elderly as an alternative to remaining in the family home. With little emphasis on physical environments that promote social inclusion.

This research looks to negotiate the boundaries of the traditional dwelling. Drawing from alternative housing models of elderly accommodation in England and the Neth33

Fig. 06: Research hypothesis

Introduction erlands, it evaluates their ability to facilitate social exchanges across all generations. It

considers unconventional models of elderly accommodation practised in the Europe

with regards to intergenerational living. The study assesses what design strategies could be applied to elderly accommodation in Scotland to relieve social exclusion and

is founded on answering the following question: How do we as designers address the

challenge of creating more ‘age-inclusive’ enabling spaces that promote well-being and alleviate the social exclusion of the elderly? Research Methodology This paper examines social exclusion caused by the built environment and how Scot-

land’s housing strategy for older people does not support social inclusion. Through a literature review of housing policy for older people weaknesses become apparent. Followed by an exploration of English and Dutch housing policy, the purpose of the study

is to evaluate potential housing strategies that could be adopted by the Scottish Gov-

ernment. The imminent issue of a greying population throughout Europe has resulted in housing needs of elderly growing into somewhat of a phenomenon. The mounting coverage of the subject in news articles, journals, literature, and online have formed a

significant proportion of the research conducted for this dissertation. It is utilised in conjunction with an established framework to conduct two theoretical case studies that

were the outcome of Dutch and English policy, as well as a third theoretical analysis of ‘age-friendly’ design in a Scottish context. The material gathered is supported by inter-

views conducted to gain the insight of elderly regarding the forms of accommodation 35

‘Age, Home and Community: A Strategy for Housing Scotland’s Older People: 2011-2021’ Literature review Supporting people to remain independently at home

Housing adaptations

Specialised housing

An exploration of alternative housing strategies for the elderly English Housing Policy

Dutch Housing Policy

Key Concepts and Framework for Analysis

Loneliness

Isolation

Social Exclusion

England

Netherlands

Scotland

Mapping the framework: critical analysis of three cases

Qualitative research Semi-structured interviews Conclusion

Fig. 07: Research methodology 36

Introduction available to them in Scotland. The research allows for comparisons to be made and conclusions to be drawn in order to establish what may be an appropriate architecture to overcome social exclusion in Scotland (refer to figure 7). An Outline of Chapters This dissertation is arranged into a sequence of chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the literature review of Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s housing strategy, the review highlights issues in govern-

ment policy and questions its approach to housing the elderly. It concludes by offering

an insight into alternative â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;age-inclusiveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; methods through an evaluation of English and Dutch policy, drawing attention to their successes in regards to challenging social exclusion through housing.

Chapter 2 discusses the dissertation design research methodology which is employed to answer the research question presented in the introduction. It outlines the aims of

the methodology; the limitations of the selected methods; and justification for why they

have been chosen. The chapter introduces the interviewees, and the reason for why the participants were selected. Thereafter, it concludes with a summary of research objectives.

Chapter 3 commences with discussion concerning the various possibilities of inter-

preting the terms listed over leaf, from a linguistics and psychology perspective before concluding with an exploration of environmental psychology.

Introduction • Loneliness • Isolation •

Social exclusion

The chapter conclusion, in conjunction with findings in chapter one, forms a framework

which can be utilised as a backbone for discussion and analysis of ‘age friendly’ design in the succeeding chapter.

Chapter 4 presents three theoretical case studies and the justification for why they

have been selected. Proposals have been made by means of a review of the existing body of research that links the built environment to social exclusion. In order to distinguish a

series of metrics believed to be fundamentally important to age-friendly inclusive hous-

ing design. The material gathered throughout this chapter allows for comparisons to be made between each example of elderly accommodation.

Chapter 5 reflects on views gathered throughout two interviews that were conducted

following the literary based research. It draws comparisons between the participant’s responses and highlights key themes that materialised. The Chapter summarises with

a discussion of findings in the context of the reviewed literature and case studies, with regards to focused topic.

Chapter 6 reviews the aims and objectives of the research questions utilising the re38

Introduction sults obtained through analysing the applied criteria. Continuing with a discussion of what an appropriate solution might be for an exemplary housing model for the elderly. The chapter concludes with suggestions for further research to be carried out. Expected Outcomes Through a discussion of findings, propositions of what an appropriate architecture for

the elderly will be made. However, it is expected that this requires further research in regards to local planning systems and deeper insight into stakeholder opinion. It is es-

sential that decisions concerning the future housing of older people are informed by a vast range of opinion. Therefore, a series of suggestions for further research to be carried out will be generated.

Fig. 08: Spectrumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s of housing for older people

1 Literature Review of Scotland’s Housing Strategy for Older People In recent years Scotland’s greying population has raised concerns that the current housing model will not withstand the demographic shift. In an effort to overcome the mounting pressure the Scottish government published ‘Age, Home and Community: A

Strategy for Housing Scotland’s Older People: 2011-2021’. Although the strategy covers a wide variety of ‘solutions’ for housing Scotland’s older people outlined in figure 8, this

review focuses on three main objectives on which the governments places its emphasis throughout the literature reviewed: supporting an individual to remain at home; hous-

ing adaptations; and specialised housing. The review commences with an analysis of each objective individually, citing various critics and supporters of policy in the fields of sociology, gerontology, psychology, and architecture. The purpose is to identify whether the strategy does, or does not, address the issue of social exclusion. There are consid-

ered to be “7 domains of social exclusion” for older people (refer to figure 9) but this

evaluation is concerned with exclusion from social relationships. The review is followed by an exploration of housing policies from England and the Netherlands in order to

establish what each governments approach is to providing a socially inclusive domestic environment. Conclusions are made concerning the current state of Scotland’s housing strategy for older people and how this dissertation is addressing the gaps is highlight-

ed. Although the literature presents the three objectives under discussion in variety of 41

Fig. 09: 7 Domains of social exclusion

Chapter One contexts, this chapter primarily focuses their influence on the social exclusion of the older population. A vast range of policies could be viewed as attempting to tackle social

exclusion. However, this study is concerned with elderly accommodation and therefore is limited to ‘Age, Home and Community’.

1.1 Supporting People to Remain Independently at Home A study was conducted by the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) in col-

laboration with the Scottish Government and NHS Scotland with the objective of “re-

shaping care for older people”. Their research revealed that if the stakeholders were

given the option, they would wish to remain in their family homes until it was no longer

possible. This consensus was virtually undisputed, and was assuaged with “for as long as a person doesn’t feel too cut off” (COSLA, 2011: p12). This aspiration is reflected in the government’s strategy for housing Scotland’s older people which supports older

people to ‘stay put’ (The Scottish Government, 2011: p08). This approach is backed by ‘The National Institute on Aging’ who contend “there’s no place like home – for growing old” (2010).

Researchers have cautioned that the success of this policy objective is highly reliant

on the input of health, social care and availability of “housing-related support” (UK Par-

liament, 2015). However, Scotland’s population projections suggest a substantial rise

in the percentage of older people, drawing attention to the increase of “very old” people aged 85 and over (Scottish Executive, 2006: p01). There are fears that current care 43

Fig. 10: Media scaremongering: newspaper headlines 2007-2011

Chapter One provision and “housing-related support” will become increasingly inadequate (Scottish Executive, 2006: p03). Figure 10 highlights these alarming circumstances. With an in-

crease in life expectancy, and 49% of those aged 75+ reported to live alone (ONS-a,

2012: p09). An older persons happiness at home and ability to engage with their community is exceedingly reliant on these resources (Scottish Executive, 2006: p03).

Under the mounting pressure on the health and housing system the responsibility of

caring for the older generation at home falls on informal care networks. As the older generation mature, seldom maintain their physical dexterity. As a consequence, a per-

son’s home can pose many barriers due to “functional limitations” (Demirkan, H, 2007: p01). Carp argued that because an older person’s physical ability is often limited, their home is at times the only place they can uphold social bonds (1976). Therefore, informal care givers are potentially an elderly person’s sole connection to main stream society. Yet, a lack of support networks as conventional family ties fragment, the traditional nuclear family is being replaced with evermore complex family structures (Schittich,

C, 2007: p04-08), and an emphasis on enabling people to remain at home (even when isolated) only intensifies social exclusion problems in Scotland.

There is recognition that existing housing stock is becoming progressively “unfit for

purpose” (Scottish Executive, 2006: p01) and Scottish government has been accuse of

trying to “shoe horn” older people into existing housing stock (COSLA, 2011: p19). Stud-

ies conducted by Demirbilek and Demirkan confirmed that issues in plan composition 45

Fig. 11: Age UK “No Friends” campaign

Chapter One of present day housing present difficulties for ageing people (1998). Barriers in the current housing, and built environment, will inevitably influence an older person’s ability to maintain relationships and connections to every-day life. Demirbilek and Demirkan’s

research examined independent living at home and its effects on the residence well-being. Their research concluded that this had an over-all positive impact on older people’s happiness, but only when they were able to retain contact with friends, family, neighbours and wider community (1997).

The government accepts that sometimes the location of existing housing stock is no

longer appropriate (Scottish Executive, 2006: p03). Handler contends that in many metropolises the younger population can be seen as, “dominating city-wide priorities over

and above a minority older age group” (Handler, S, 2014: p12). Irrespective of what the “demographic conditions” of the world’s cities may be, at present of in the future, it’s

evident that the older generation remain a “marginalised age group” throughout the

housing sector. Handler recognises that housing and urban space is commonly devised with a youthful, working age demographic in mind (2014). The RIBA ‘Futures Think

Tank’ shares this opinion and states that as result the older generations have had to “make do”(RIBA Futures Think Tank, 2013: p37). Treffers asserts that “designing plac-

es and spaces for all means designing for society, including ageing people” (Treffers, B, 2004: p03).

Studies have revealed that arguably the greatest measure of successful ageing is a 47

Fig. 12: Domestic Technical Handbook adaptation guidelines

Chapter One healthy psychological well-being which, more often than not, stems from social inclu-

sion (Lawton, MP. and Nahemow, L, 1973: p619–674). Barriers have been identified in

current housing stock and the built environment. Therefore, in order to preserve their happiness and ‘social self’ many older people are likely to be confronted with the prospect of reconsidering their living arrangements. 1.2 Housing Adaptations As the Scottish government places its emphasis on the best use of existing housing stock, accordingly it accepts that as the population matures increasing numbers will

require housing adaptations (Scottish Government, 2011: p04). The housing strategy

identifies problems concerning the speed at which adaptations can be provided and limitations caused by cost implications (Scottish Government, 2011: p04). However,

research conducted by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation highlighted that adaptations

enhance the quality of domestic life for both older people and their families (Heywood, F, 2001). Regrettably, domestic guidelines stipulate insufficient requirements (refer to figure 12). Housing adaptations are simply described as: •

Trading a bath with a level access shower;

•

Amending work surfaces to facilitate use;

•

Easing movement by widening doors or supplying a ramp;

(Scottish Government, 2009)

Fig. 13: Reserved seniors only

Chapter One Giessler challenges this approach, he insists that it’s not sufficient to purely satisfy out-

line specifications. Gradually, other requirements need to be managed and achieved concerning the “psychology of dwelling” and social inclusion (Giessler, FJ, 2007: p144). 1.3 Specialised Housing Therefore, there’s a case to be made for specialised housing. ‘Age, Home and Communi-

ty’ describes this form of housing as: housing aimed at the older generation, “with appropriate design features”, that typically takes the form of a bungalow or a block of flats.

It states that the accommodation provides each tenant with a “self-contained home”, and

there are “usually” communal amenities (Scottish Government, 2011: p95). Research revealed that individuals in specialised accommodation were over-all the most content with their living arrangements (Wilson, D, et al, 1995).

Specialised housing may benefit many older people, it has the potential to provide so-

cial inclusion for those who feel isolated and lonely (Age UK, 2014: p28). According to research conducted by Age UK isolation and social exclusion are confirmed as being two of the largest sources of distress for older people (2014). However, this study also determined that intergenerational contact shows a greater success rate than contact with their own generation in terms of battling social exclusion (2014). Perhaps the most

palpable criticism that specialised housing can receive is its lack of diversity in terms its

“age profile” (Evans, S, 2009: p105). The age-segregated nature of specialised housing limits cross generational relationships, illustrated in figure 13. This one dimensional 51

Chapter One age profile can also lead to negative attitudes towards specialised housing, generating the stigma “it’s for old people” (COSLA, 2011: p14).

Nonetheless, some critics contend that specialised housing is the most appropriate response for some older people who would prefer to live in age-segregated communities

(Dalley, G, 2002: p10-35). Contrary to this belief approximately 40% of those age 65 and over say that they “feel out of touch” with every-day life (Davidson, S. and Rossall, P,

2014: p02). With moves to specialised housing associated to a “push” from poor existing housing, instead of a “pull” to a better solution (Scottish Executive, 2006: p01).

Rather than entering practices and policies that are developed solely for perceived need, the Scottish government and the architectural profession needs to challenge mind-sets

by looking towards initiatives that work to promote intergenerational relationships. Neugarten is critical of age stratification she expresses that as the phases of life become less clear, the perception of ‘old age’ is surrendering to an ‘age-irrelevant’ view (Neugarten, LB, 1983).

1.4 An Exploration of English Housing Strategy for Older People In 2008 the English Government published ‘Lifetime Homes, Lifetime Neighbourhoods: A National Strategy for Housing in an Ageing Society’. The strategy was issued follow-

ing research conducted by the ‘Department for Communities and Local Government’ that found that by 2026 nearly 50% of the predicted increase in the total number of 52

Chapter One homes in England will be occupied by older people, resulting in 2.4 million additional

older households than in 2008. Their research predicted that the percentage of “older age groups” will rise, including those aged 85 and over (Department for Communities, 2008: p11). Identifying that the older populations principle desire as they age is the

ability to retain connections with family, friends, and the wider community (HM Gov-

ernment, 2011: p01).The government acknowledged that at time the majority of England’s homes and neighbourhoods were not devised to meet the diverse needs of the

older population. In addition to a limited choice of housing for older people, their only

option was often specialised housing (Department for Communities, 2008: p11). ‘Lifetime Homes, Lifetime Neighbourhoods’ outlined the government’s plans for ensuring that there was ample “appropriate housing” available for older people in the coming decades (Department for Communities, 2008: p11).

A series of stakeholder consultations revealed a rising number of people who feared the “isolation of living alone” (Department for Communities, 2008: p138). The government accepted that the build environment played a fundamental role in encouraging

social well-being amid the elderly, declaring that “it is in the area of preventable isola-

tion, disability and disadvantage that the greatest gains are to be made in terms of better

housing and better health” (Department for Communities, 2008: p34). The policies ob-

jectives reflected this; one being to address the risk of social exclusion (Department for Communities, 2008: p38); another stating that housing must support inclusion, social

relationships, and the well-being of older people (Department for Communities, 2008: 53

Fig. 14: Lifetime Home Model

Chapter One p39). Looking towards the “co-housing movement” in Europe the English government

developed a set of principles that “should” be embedded in “good housing design” for the disabled and elderly (Department for Communities, 2008: p138). In the context of inclusive housing ‘good design’ is deemed to be architecture that augments functionality, user independence, and quality of life (Goodman, C, 2010).

The standards take the form of 16 criteria under five “overarching principles”. Name-

ly, “inclusivity, accessibility, adaptability, sustainability, and good value” (Goodman, C,

2010). The ‘Life Time Home Standard’ defines ‘inclusivity’ as an environment that respects people’s diversity by preventing barriers and exclusion, regardless of age, disability or sex. The standards aim to do this through a design strategy that is both flexible and adaptable (Goodman, C, 2010).

The English government hopes that the ‘Lifetime Homes’ model, shown in figure 14, will

assist in fulfilling the aspirations of the country’s rising, single, elderly cohort that are

seeking company and support as they age (Department for Communities, 2008: p138). In contrast to Scotland’s housing strategy England’s ‘Lifetime Homes, Lifetime Neigh-

bourhoods’ focuses on expanding social relationships. The strategy recognises that

housing for the elderly can play an integral role in in encouraging social “success”, which often has a positive impact on an individual’s well- being (HM Government, 2011: p01).

Chapter One 1.5 An Exploration of Dutch Housing Strategy for Older People The “post war baby boom” resulted in the Dutch birth rates being the highest recorded

in Europe, and this was the case until the 1950’s (Statistics Netherlands, 2009). A number of repercussions arose in the succeeding decades: in the 1950’s schools were filled

to capacity; in the 1960’s the labour markets escalated; in the 1970’s the construction

industry surged; and in 2011 there was a notable rise in the over 65’s (Shaw, J, 2012). Comparable to Scotland a number of uncertainties had arose concerning the housing

model and the country’s ability to facilitate its older members of society (De Klerk, M, 2001).

At a national level the Netherlands elderly housing policy’s primary objective is to avoid and alleviate social exclusion. The policy recognises several factors as being accounta-

ble for the exclusion of the older generation: living surroundings, housing, care, health, and financial situation (Rijkschroeff, et al, 2002). ‘Procare National Report the Nether-

lands’ (NRN) distils the governments objective down to three primary functions: “social re-activation”, encouraging older people to maintain social relationships; “social prevention”, which focuses on deterring social exclusion; and “person-orientated guidance”,

which aims to reinstate the “balance” between an older person and their environment (Carine, E, 2003).

“Extramuralisation” was the result of care policies directed at relaxing practice in the housing and care system (De Klerk, M, 2001). One outcome was that elderly residential 56

Chapter One accommodation began to provide formal care out with the institutional setting, with the objective of delaying the move to specialised housing (Alaszewski, A, 2004). The Dutch

governments ‘Housing Vision for 2020’ outlines their primary objectives for the coming decade, two of which relate directly to addressing social exclusion of the elderly. The

first is “non-segregation” of age groups and “housing and care”, which states that older people must be supported to live independently whilst maintaining their relationship with society (I am Amsterdam, 2016). 1.6 Chapter Summary This chapter has reviewed the appropriate literature concerning the impact of Scotland’s housing strategy for older people in regards to social exclusion. The social impli-

cations of ‘Age, Home and Community’ have been highlighted. The government claims to address the issue of an ageing population whilst living up to their aspirations. However, while the objectives may address the housing shortage, they fail to consider the poten-

tial influences on an older persons social relationships. The review has identified that

there’s little consideration of social exclusion, or inclusion, in regards to social relationships in current policy. Government policy recognises the issue of ‘social exclusion’ but

regularly defines it as material disadvantage opposed to the loss of relationships and limited societal participation. An exploration of English and Dutch policy has identified each country’s response to social exclusion throughout their housing strategies for the

elderly. Both country’s aim to expand social relationships: England, through the imple-

mentation of flexible and adaptable housing; and the Netherlands, by means of an inter57

Chapter One generational approach. In order to validate the success of Scottish, English, and Dutch

policy it is fundamental that an appropriate design research methodology is exercised. The methodology will be discussed in the succeeding chapter.

2 Research Design To generate a theory regarding social exclusion and Scottish housing policy, the liter-

ature was compared to two alternative housing strategies. In this case ‘Age, Home and Community: A Strategy for Housing Scotland’s Older People: 2012-2021’ is reviewed in a wider context taking reference from English and Dutch policy. To investigate the housing strategies from not only from a strategic perspective but also from a design stand-

point three representative case studies have been selected, followed by two semi-structured interviews.

2.1 Case Study Analysis This research uses a theoretical case study method by presenting and evaluating two el-

derly housing design projects that are considered ‘exemplary models’ through a literary based analysis. Due to the perceived vulnerability of those who live in elderly accommo-

dation the opportunity for field research was limited. However, the principle advantage

to using a literally base case study method is the ability to utilise a vast variety of sourc-

es: news articles, journals, reports, and literature. The primary selection criteria are to ensure that each project has similarities and are therefore comparable. Selecting mul-

tiple case studies ensures that a comprehensive analysis can be performed. More than

one case study also enables the field of study to be more concentrated. Proposals have 59

Chapter Two been made by means of an analysis into the causes of loneliness, isolation and social exclusion of the elderly in the built environment in order to distinguish a series of metrics

believed to be fundamentally important to age-friendly inclusive design. These metrics form a framed criteria which is used to assess the studies successes and failures.

The third theoretical case study of ‘age friendly’ design is in a Scottish context. Each

theoretical case study was progressed and described with emphasis on the defined metrics. Each of the chosen case studies were developed simultaneously. This further aided in focussing the study, keeping the research within feasible parameters. Cross case study conclusions are made and common themes materialise. In addition to allow-

ing the research to recognise best practice it also enabled the study to determine how

‘age-inclusive’ each example is in comparison to the next. Accessing each case study using an appropriate standard enables a fair evaluation, potential improvements to be argued and neural conclusion to be formulated. 2.2 Interviews Two interviews were conducted for the purpose of this study. The aim of the interviews was to gain personal insight into housing options for the elderly in Scotland, rather than

basing conclusions on generalised opinion. Given the exploratory nature of the research

the most appropriate approach was qualitative as it offered flexibility and freedom to express opinion. The open-ended structure of the interviews encouraged the partici-

pants to voice personal views. Both semi- structured interviews were conducted via 60

Chapter Two the telephone with members of the older population. Given the intrusive disposition of social research conducting the interviews via the telephone limited the influence of the researchersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; characteristics on the participants. Table 1 displays the participantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

profiles. The interviewees currently live within different forms of housing, of different

scales, and both have different living arrangements. Participant 1 lives alone and participant 2 with three family members. Their diverse circumstances allow a range of opin-

ions to be collected and analysed with relation to the research topic. The participants were reassured that their anonymity and personal information would remain private. Therefore, for the purpose of this study quotes will be used without the participantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s names to avoid identification.

Table 01: Interview participants profiles

Chapter Two 2.3 Summary of Research Objectives •

To analysis the relationship between housing policy for the elderly and social

•

To investigate how housing for the elderly either promotes or prohibits social

•

To determine what design strategies could be applied to elderly accommoda-

•

To make suggestions for further research to be carried out.

exclusion; inclusion;

tion to relieve social exclusion;

2.4 Chapter Summary This chapter underlines the value of using the correct research methodology. The preferred research methods, the theoretical case study and qualitative analysis, have been

explained with justification stressing it as the most suitable method. It has introduced both interview participants and the reasons for why they have been selected. Their circumstances in relation to their living arrangements have been outlined, highlighting

commonalities as well as differences. The chapter concludes by stating the research

objectives. The next chapter presents a glossary of terms in relation to social exclusion and highlights the connotations attached to each expression. The objective is to estab-

lish a framework which can be utilised as a backbone for discussion and analysis in the succeeding chapters.

Fig. 15: Theories in social gerontology

Key Concepts and Framework for Analysis: ‘Loneliness’, ‘Isolation, ‘and Social Exclusion’ In order to understand the concept of loneliness, isolation and social exclusion in the built environment it’s necessary to first grasp the various possibilities of interpreting the three terms from a linguistics, psychology, and an environmental psychology per-

spective. This chapter provides a glossary of terms defining each from a linguistics per-

spective. It goes on to discuss each term individually and the connotations attached to each expression in relation to psychology. Various techniques of overcoming social exclusion have been explored throughout the decades by many theorist form differing backgrounds. This chapter looks at four of these studies that relate to environmental

psychology. Namely, interactionalism in sociology, existing gerontology studies (refer to

figure 15), sociology of ageing and the concept of structural lag. The object of this chapter, in conjunction with findings in chapter two, is to establish a framework that will be utilised to analysis case studies in the succeeding chapter. 3.1 Linguistics Perspective: A Glossary of Terms 3.1.1 Loneliness/Lonely adjective •

Discontent due to an absence of companionship;

•

Abandoned, isolated, deserted, desolate, and unfrequented;

•

Unhappy as a result of being alone;

Fig. 16a: Loneliness

Fig. 16b: Isolation

Fig. 16c: Social exclusion

Chapter Three •

Without friends or solidarity.

•

The isolating someone or being isolated;

•

When an individual neglects to uphold contact with others.

3.1.2 Isolation noun

•

Insufficient contact with friends, family, and community;

3.1.3 Social Exclusion noun •

When society fails to afford a group of individuals with freedoms and privileges

available to others.

See: Loneliness, Isolation, and Social Exclusion (Collins English Dictionary, 2011). 3.2 Psychology Perspective ‘Loneliness’, ‘Isolation’ and ‘Social Exclusion’ are frequently used synonymously. However, they signify three distinct notions. Loneliness refers to someone’s personal, sub-

jective sense of lacking social, familial and community contact to the degree that they

are wanted or required. Isolation, conversely, is recognised as separation from social, familial and community contact (Age UK, 2010: p03). Consequently, it is possible for

an individual to be lonely devoid of being isolated and equally, isolated without being lonely (ILC-UK, 2012: p04).

For example, someone living in a single person household with little interaction with

anyone else may be deemed as physically isolated but not necessarily feel lonely (see

figure 16b). For many older people this disconnection is even a conscious decision. 67

Chapter Three Likewise, some people may feel lonely whilst surrounded by other people (see figure

16a). Older members of society surrounded by family members and friends may not give the impression of being physically isolated but their relationships with the people around them may not be sufficient enough to successfully deflect loneliness (Age UK,

2010: p07). Instigators of loneliness in the built environment are frequently found to be physical barriers such as inadequate housing that limits mobility and poor location that restricts engagement with the community (Age UK, 2010: p03).

Research proves that one of the most effective ways of preventing loneliness is to com-

bat isolation. Loneliness is a “subjective concept”, it is affected by both events and cir-

cumstances as well as being subject to psychological and cultural factors (Age UK, 2010: p03). Therefore social interaction is a significant factor in warding off loneliness.

Social exclusion is an umbrella term that has developed over numerous decades. The term originated in 1979 with the invention of the “relative deprivation theory of pov-

erty”. Peter Townsend first defined social exclusion as individuals that are perceived as being “in poverty” when there are insufficient resources to partake in activities and

experience a living environment that is customary within their society. People whose means are so restricted that become excluded from “ordinary living patterns, customs,

and activities” (Townsend, P, 1979: p32). Walker and Walker later wrote that exclusion

has a wider connotation. Their definition contends that social exclusion is “the dynamic process of being shut out, fully or partially, from any of the social, economic, political or

Chapter Three cultural systems which determine the social integration of a person in society” (1997).

Giving rise to today’s definition of social exclusion, illustrated in figure 16c, which fo-

cuses on other outcomes in addition to economic indicators, such as the relationships between the individual and society (Barnes et al 2006). 3.3 Environmental Psychology Perspective Throughout the past two decades Riley together with her associates have offered a sociology-of-ageing perspective of age and society. One of Riley’s theories concentrates on

the responsibility of “social structures” as people grow older and the categorisation by

age within society (1994-a). The sociology-of-ageing standpoint focuses on four fundamental concepts: social structures, cohort flow, structural lag and age cohorts. Riley and

her colleagues went on to employ the “age and society perspective” to structural lag (Riley, MW, 1994-a). Structural lag is said to take place when social structures are unable

to maintain rate with upheavals in population dynamics (Riley, MW. and Loscocco, KA,

1994-b). Riley noted that the most recognisable example of structural lag is the simul-

taneous rise in life expectancy of those aged 65+ and an absence of “societal structures” to support them. Collectively Riley and Loscocco contended that a more “age integrated society” could counteract structural lag (1994-b).

J.J. Dowd’s exchange theory argues that disengagement of the elderly from society, from

an interactionist’s point of view, results in the deterioration of their ability to benefit from individual and community exchanges causing them to further withdraw from their 69

Chapter Three community (1975). Elderly participation in their surrounding community can provide a

source of emotional informal support, which is proven to be useful in alleviating worry

and loneliness (Wood, V, 1978: p367-375). Phillipson contended that for an older per-

son, associating themselves as part of a “neighbourhood or community” can provide a sense of social validation, place, and belonging (2011).

Sauer makes the case that owing to the proximity of neighbours, they are the most fea-

sible provision of informal support, “non-technical”, support (1985). This is supported by Spark’s argument. Sparks debated that in addition to informal support neighbours

offer the opportunity for an older person to socialise. He acknowledged that it may not be to the degree that friends and family are important, but states that forms of “over the fence” liaisons can also validate an individual’s social identity and sense of self (Sparks, P, 1979: p279-293).

3.4 Chapter Summary This chapter, in conjunction with findings in chapter two, have provided a framework against which the case studies will be evaluated. Through an exploration of relevant

literature this chapter defined the concept of loneliness, isolation and social exclusion from a linguistics standpoint. An exploration of psychology and environmental psychology perspectives has provided an insight into what elements in the built environment

could potentially alleviate social exclusion. Namely, adaptability and flexibility; cross generational exchange; relationship with neighbours, social settings; and community 70

Chapter Three integration. However, taking advantage of individual, cross generational, and community exchanges can be constrained by a number of different domestic situations that

elderly people are found in. This raises the debate when it comes to the impact of Scotland’s current housing strategy for older people and designing future homes for the

country’s greying population. Utilising the established criteria listed below, chapter 4

explores three representative case studies that were the outcome of English, Dutch, and Scottish housing policy for older people in order to establish the success of each policy in regards to addressing social exclusion. •

Adaptability and flexibility;

•

Relationship with neighbours, social settings;

• •

Cross generational exchange; Community integration.

Fig. 17: Case study locations 72

4 Mapping the Framework: Critical Analysis of Three Cases This chapter presents three theoretical case studies. One example of elderly accommo-

dation from England and another from the Netherland’s. Namely, Patel Taylor’s Court-

yard Housing for the Elderly, London, England (3) and EGM’s Humanitas Housing Mod-

el, Bergweg, the Netherlands (2). The third is in a Scottish context, Smith Scott Mullan’s Fortune Place, Edinburgh (1). Each case study was selected as they were considered to

be exemplar models of housing for older people off of the back of each government’s

housings strategy for the elderly. In order to validate the success of English, Dutch and Scottish housing policy, in regards to social exclusion, a framework was developed as a

backbone for analysis, outlined in Table 2. The case studies are described with emphasis on these metrics and comparisons are made.

Table 02: Framework for analysis 73

Fig. 18: Patel Taylorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Courtyard Housing for the Elderly

Chapter Four 4.1 Patel Taylor’s Courtyard Housing for the Elderly, England 4.1.1 Project Details and Architects Brief Type: Social housing

Date of Completion: July 2014

Client: London Burgh of Barking and Dagenham Construction Cost: £7,312, 903 Gross Internal Floor Area

One-bedroom, two person bungalow: 72m2

Two-bedroom, four person bungalow: 88m2 Accommodation: 27 homes Location: Barking, London (Young, E, 2015)

Marcia Kirlew, principal regeneration officer for the borough explained, that the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham commissioned architects Patel Taylor in August

2012 (Kirlew, M, 2015: p29). The architects were tasked with the challenge of devel-

oping a purpose built housing typology specifically to meets the needs of people aged

65+ (Mairs, J, 2015). It was said to be critical by the borough, that the scheme set a high standard as it was one of the first capital funded local authority elderly persons’ housing schemes being built for over a generation and was intended to become an exempla-

ry model (Kirlew, M, 2015: p29). The architects brief was to design affordable housing, both one and two bedroom homes (Hill, S, C, 2013). The dwellings were required to be fully wheelchair accessible and designed to comply with local and current national

planning policy guidance. Namely, the Local Development Framework, Lifetime Homes, and Homes and Communities Agency Design Quality Standards (Kirlew, M, 2015: p29). 75

Fig. 19: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shaped spacial strategy, site plan

Fig. 20: Saw tooth pithed roof form 76

Chapter Four 4.1.2 Key Design Principles and Project Description The principle objective was to enable an older person to maintain quality of family life at home. Placing the emphasis on this all of the properties where to be devised to ac-

commodate the older tenant’s future needs (Inform, 2015: p30-32). They were to be

designed to give the residents full use of their home through every stage of their life (Kirlew, M, 2015: p29).

The architects proposed an intimate two single-storey “settlements” of mono-pitched bungalows (Pritchard, O, 2015: p27-38). The plan arrangement takes precedent from the traditional English almshouses spatial strategy, shown in figure 19, each dwelling

wrapped in an ‘L’ shape, is centred on a private courtyard in addition to sharing an open communal garden (Taylor, P, 2014). Each house is read as an individual dwelling owing

to the pitched roofs saw-tooth rhythm, that can be seen in figure 20. This was a deliber-

ate move by the architects following client consultations. The residents had expressed a desire to be able to identify each house as their own (Pritchard, O, 2015: p27-38).

Likewise the chimneys (see figure 20) enhance the legibility of each singular dwelling in addition to reinforcing the sense of ‘domesticity’, aided by the developments scale, massing, and brick materiality (Inform, 2015: p30-32). 4.1.3 Design Appraisal 4.1.3a Adaptability and Flexibility The design allows the properties to be adaptable to each individual’s needs. The flex77

Fig. 21: Flexible configuration of space, exploded axonometric 78

Chapter Four ible pattern of space (refer to figure 21) in each unit means the configuration can be

manipulated, “flipped and turned”, to exploit southern sunlight and to take advantage of the shared landscape. The plan was formed with an emphasis on “future proofing” the homes. The objective, to ensure the occupants have the maximum use of their accom-

modation, and improve their quality of life (Pritchard, O, 2015: p27-38). Taking into account age related decline, and the prospect of using a wheelchair, the flexible configuration of space removes barriers within the home enabling the occupants to maintain their lifestyle and partake in day-to-day domestic tasks. 4.1.3b Cross Generational Exchange Young described the brief as “very clear”, she states that both the English government and housing associations primary motivation was to alleviate the “under occupation”

of households (2015). The purpose of the development was to encourage those above working age in the area, whose families are “long gone”, and could profit from a user friendly home, as a result “making way for an overcrowded family” (Young, E, 2015).

The familiar setting of the scheme for many of the residence will evoke feelings of home. However, as identified the development is intended for those whose family has “long gone”. The housing is restricted to the elderly. Therefore, the age segregated nature of

the development limits the potential benefit from cross generational relationships that could be gained from alternative sources to family and friends.

TREES

IM PE

Fig. 22: Screening methods

EA BL EB OU

ND AR Y

L WA

N DE AR G D

Chapter Four 4.1.3c Relationship with Neighbours Each dwelling wrapped in an ‘L’ shape is centred on a private courtyard in addition to

sharing an open communal garden (Inform, 2015: p30-32). By adopting the courtyard layout and layering the private and communal spaces the architecture enables the resi-

dents to preserve a degree of privacy. The open shared garden and common landscaping then becomes a collective space that encourages engagement and interaction between

the individual residents and their neighbours. The south facing courtyards are pene-

trated by vertical timber louvres, offering a visual relationship between the internal space and external landscape whilst preserving privacy (Pritchard, O, 2015: p27-38).

The scheme challenges stereotypes of sheltered housing for the elderly, moving away from the mundane traditional architecture. However, there is little consideration given to social settings out with each individual unit. Other than the external landscape there

is no neutral territory for the residents to come together as a community. The capacity

to form relationships with neighbours is entirely dependent on the occupants being

proactive. Various ‘screening’ methods, shown in figure 22, have been utilised throughout the development. Although they are described as tools for “preserving privacy” they

also form barriers between individuals with restricted mobility in the home and day-today life out with its confines.

4.1.3d Community Integration The site is bounded by a security gate, controlling entry to the homes. The dwellings 81

Fig. 23: Impermeable and robust external elevation

Fig. 24: Introverted courtyard 82

Chapter Four face away from a road that wraps the perimeter of the site, instead facing inwards towards the courtyards. The purpose of this move was to heighten the sense of security.

Pritchard explains that the sense of security is reinforced by the hard external façade,

that can be seen in figure 23. Simultaneously “dissolving physical boundaries” throughout the site to stimulated the perception of community (2015).

The fort like nature of the site has the potential to limit ingress and egress of both the

wider community into the site and the occupants out of the site. This is further ob-

structed by the courtyard typology, which focusses on the internal environment (refer to figure 24). The introverted, impermeable, site plan limits elderly participation with the external community. Consequently, those who dwell within are less lightly to suc-

cessfully maintain a notion of self and identity relative to their surrounding community.

Table 03: Patel Taylor’s Courtyard Housing for the Elderly: responses to loneliness, isolation & social exclusion (in bold)

Fig. 25: EGMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Humanitas Housing Model

Chapter Four 4.2 EGM’s Humanitas Housing Model, the Netherlands 4.2.1 Project Details and Architects Brief Type: Sheltered housing

Date of Completion: 1995

Client: Dutch Government

Construction Cost: Unknown

Gross Internal Floor Area: 72m2-300m2 Accommodation: 195 Units

Location: Bergweg, Rotterdam (Regnier, V, 2002: p159)

The architects were provided with the brief to design a “life proof” sheltered housing facility on the site of the demolished Bergweg Hospital (Regnier, V, 2002: p160). Following the ‘Humanitas Apartments for Life’ concept, developed by Dr Hans Becker in 1995,

the development was designed as an alternative to traditional specialised housing (Ijeh, I, 2013). Humanitas was a result of care policies directed at relaxing practice in the

housing and care system. The rudimentary intention was to provide a housing system

that supports older peoples evolving needs in a “conventional” dwelling (Nicholson, R, 2014).

4.2.2 Key Design Principles and Project Description The principle objective of the ‘Apartments for Life’ was to enable an older person to

live independently, “exercise control, and live communally”. The housing model places emphasis on the well-being of its residents, stressing that the dwellings are “age proof”, 85

Fig. 26: Axonometric section showing dual â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shaped residential structures divided by large indoor atrium

Chapter Four inclusive of all ages, affirming that the residence is a “multi-generational community” (Ijeh, I, 2013).

The prominent building comprises of dual ‘L’ shaped residential structures divided by a large indoor atrium, illustrated in figure 26. The housing blocks vary in scale, one is

a tower that is twelve storeys at its peak descending to 4 storeys. The second is a “single-loaded” corridor consisting of four floors (Regnier, V, 2002: p159). The atrium is a communal space shared by the surrounding community. It contains a bar, restaurant,

and lounge. The atrium begins on the second storey, above a grocery store, and it rises

to three floors in height. The ground floor has a strong street presence, in addition to housing a grocery store there are various medical professionals (doctors and therapists) and a hair salon (Rotterdam Woont, 2016). 4.2.3 Design Appraisal 4.2.3a Adaptability and Flexibility The “life proof” dwellings are conceived so that there are no boundaries. The openings are wider than required by assessable building regulations, many are sliding, unre-

stricted to wheelchair users and the use of stretchers. There are no “thresholds”, and anything that needs to be operated at wheelchair level is mechanically controlled. Like

the doorways the bathrooms are considerably sized, they have the capacity to accom-

modate both a wheelchair and stretcher (Architectuur in Rotterdam, 2007). The individual units are flexible the intention was that they can be adapted as the occupant’s age 87

Second Floor Level

First Floor Level

Fig. 27: Flexible configuration of space, Bergweg floor plans 88

Ground Floor Level

Chapter Four and require additional support, allowing them to “age in place” (Regnier, V, 2002: p159). Comparable to England’s ‘Lifetime Homes’, the simple plan facilitates a flexible config-

uration of space, shown in figure 27 (units highlighted in green). It removes barriers within the home enabling the occupants to maintain their lifestyle and partake in day-

to-day domestic tasks. Enabling the residents to “age in place” means they will not be confronted with the prospect of reconsidering their living arrangements, avoiding a potentially distressing situation.

4.2.3b Cross Generational Exchange Becker explained that there are three categories of inhabitants evenly distributed throughout the development as an alternative to age segregated floors or areas (Ijeh, I,

2013). The cross generational aspect was a deliberate move to encourage the residents

to “actively participate” with their neighbours and extend “engage in an extended family

dynamic”. The objective of this was to “empower” its residents opposed to marginalising them (Ijeh, I, 2013).

The shared support aspect has the ability to ease the impact of limited mobility and

overcome propensities towards isolation. The ‘younger’ residents can also benefit from intergenerational exchanges through rich knowledge share and fulfilment of an otherwise absent senior role.

Fig. 28: Collective living, Bergweg atrium floor plan

Fig. 29: Collective living, residence occupying neutral territory 90

Chapter Four 4.2.3c Relationship with Neighbours The building is organised around a series of neutral spaces on each floor. Every level

encompasses a living area (lounge), kitchen, “hobby-room”, and laundry room. The use of the communal areas is promoted, and the occupants are allowed to eat their meals in these universal areas as well as the restaurant (Regnier, V, 2002: p160). The single-load-

ed corridors that wrap around the atrium are scattered with chairs and tables in addition to the tenant’s mail boxes (Access Health International, 2015: p13).

The configuration of spaces (refer to figure 28) encourages collective living, they enable

the residence to come together as a community. This provides the opportunity for older

people with physical limitations, who have no remaining family or friends to benefit for informal exchanges or “over the fence” liaisons at their mail box, in communal spaces

(see figure 29), or in the laundry room. Notionally, relieving social exclusion for those who otherwise would be physically isolated and suffer from feelings of loneliness. 4.2.3d Community Integration Bergweg was devised as a community centre with associated housing (Regnier, V, 2002: p159). Humanitas recognises the importance of fostering relationships between its res-

idents and the wider community (Nicholson, R, 2014). Accordingly, the architecture is shaped around the formation of a central public space (seen figure 30), the enclosed ground floor “village square”. The village square (atrium) is public, where both the res-

idence of Bergweg and the surrounding community are welcomed. The surrounding 91

Fig. 30: Central public space, atruim

Fig. 31: Market taking place in Bergweg â&#x20AC;&#x153;village squareâ&#x20AC;? 92

Chapter Four neighbourhood is encouraged to make use of buildings square where all the shared community resources converge, such as the lounge, bar, gardens and restaurant (Regnier, V, 2002: p160).

The Humanitas concept brings the external community to its residents (see figure 31). It is essentially designed as a neighbourhood itself. Its on-site facilities mean that the occupants are readily able to participate in every day errands, such as grocery shopping. Placed directly on the street front the inward facing plan lures the community

in with its permeable street presence. Bergweg acts as a satellite, giving even its most

physically debilitated residence the opportunity to observe activity in the community. The community interaction has the ability to provide mutual support across generations from both the neighbourhood and neighbours.

Table 04: EGMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Humanitas Housing Model: responses to loneliness, isolation & social exclusion (in bold)

Fig. 32: Smith Scott Mullanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fortune Place

Chapter Four 4.3 Age Friendly Design in Scotland: Smith Scott Mullan’s Fortune Place 4.3.1 Project Details and Architects Brief Type: Sheltered housing

Date of Completion: 2015 Client: Places for People

Construction Cost: £6, 000, 000

Gross Internal Floor Area: Unknown Accommodation: 54 Flats

Location: Moredun, Edinburgh (Smith Scott Mullan, 2015)

The architects were tasked with designing 54 affordable flats for south Edinburgh’s population aged 60 years and over. The project was to replace two care homes that once occupied an adjacent site (Smith Scott Mullan, 2015).

4.3.2 Key Design Principles and Project Description The primary objective was to provide independent living that addressed the challenge

of developing new typologies of housing for older people set out by the Scottish Government in ‘Age, Home and Community’ (City of Edinburgh Council, 2015).

Fortune Place consists four and two storey brick “tenement style” blocks, shown in figure 32, that are said to resemble student accommodation (Mullan, E, 2015). The individual flats are organised around two gardens of varying scales. The bigger garden houses a kitchen and general purpose room. Additionally, each flat has either a balcony 95

Com

Balcony

Living Room

Balcony

Bed.

Living Room

Balcony

Bed.

Living Room

Balcony

Bed.

Living Room

nal

a ir St

Bed.

W.C. Kitch. W.C.

Kitch. W.C.

Kitch.

Fig. 33: Flexible configuration of space, Fortune Place floor plan diagram 96

Chapter Four or external patio depending on its location. The dwellings face outward towards the adjacent street and park (Smith Scott Mullan, 2015). 4.3.3 Design Appraisal 4.3.3a Adaptability and Flexibility Each level of housing blocks is accessed by a lift, as a result fully accessible flats are not constrained to the ground floor (Castle Rock Edinvar, 2016). There are generous

stairwells, or ‘closes’, that integrate storage space for automated mobility scooters. The flats are larger than required by space standards in order to provide sufficient room

for occupants in wheel chairs and care giving. The homes were configured with older people in mind and as a result, the plan is flexible and intended to adapt over time. With

immediate access to the accessible bathroom from the master bedroom for ease of use (Smith Scott Mullan, 2015).

Comparable to both the Dutch ‘age proof’ model and the English ‘Lifetime Home’ the housing takes into account age related decline, and the prospect of using a wheelchair.

The simple floor plan, illustrated in figure 33, allows for a flexible configuration of space

within the confines of each individual dwelling. Removing barriers within the home, enabling the occupants to maintain their lifestyle and partake in day-to-day domestic

tasks. However, the development is specifically for people aged 60 and over. Thus the Humanitas ‘ageing in place’ strategy does not apply. Its residents are force to relocate to Fortune Place when their previous family home is no longer fit for purpose.

Fig. 34: Multi-purpose room

Fig. 35: Communal stairwell 98

Chapter Four 4.3.3b Cross Generational Exchange The housing was purpose built for those aged 60 years and over, and is restricted to that age profile (Castle Rock Edinvar, 2015). Subsequently, intergenerational relation-

ships are limited to contact with family, friends and care providers. Conflicting with the Humanitas Model the one dimensional age profile of Fortune Place limits the potential

benefit from cross generational exchanges that could be gained from alternative sources to family, friends, and medical professionals. 4.3.3c Relationship with Neighbours The development has twin gardens exclusively for residence use. One contains a small

building (see figure 34) that houses a kitchen, and multi-purpose room for activities (Castle Rock Edinvar, 2016). The flats are serviced by generous communal stairwells (closes) that provide opportunity for neighbourly contact.

Nevertheless, with the absence of a stair lift as its residents mobility is hindered by age

the shared spaces between the occupants front door and stairs (refer to figure 35) are less effective as a social platform. Akin to the English model there is limited neutral ter-

ritory for the residents to come together as a community, excluding the shared kitchen and multi-purpose room. Almost identical to the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lifetime Homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the capacity to form

relationships with neighbours is entirely dependent on the occupants taking the initia-

tive. Unlike the Dutch solution this tactic does not combat tendencies of social exclusion that often causes an older person to retreat further from main stream society.

Fig. 36: Site plan: aerial view

Fig. 37: Enclosed garden 100

Chapter Four 4.3.3d Community Integration The enclosed gardens (see figure 36) are intended to provide a neutral setting for social-

ising and outdoor activities for the residents. The occupants have a visual connection to the surrounding neighbourhood through large glazed openings in the façade. The

building is said to shape “a new urban edge” to the green context, “opening up” pathways into the external environment (Smith Scott Mullan, 2015). However, the building forms an impermeable boundary to the site, that can be seen in figure 37. Additionally, the gardens are secure, restricted to the use of tenants. The plan draws parallels with Patel Taylor’s Courtyard Housing for the Elderly. The controlled site boundary generates

physical barriers between the wider community and the residence who dwell within.

Where the occupants have physical limitations their integration into the community is reliant on their family and friends, and care providers. There is little opportunity for informal exchanges with the surrounding neighbourhood.

Table 05: Smith Scott Mullan’s Fortune Place: responses to loneliness, isolation & social exclusion (in bold)

101

Chapter Four

Table 06: Comparative table: case study responses to loneliness, isolation and social exclusion 102

Chapter Four

103

Chapter Four 4.4 Chapter Summary This chapter has clarified that social exclusion has been neglected in ‘Age, Home and Community’. Through a literary based analysis of three ‘exemplar’ models of elderly ac-

commodation that were the outcome of Scottish, English and Dutch housing strategies for older people. There is merit in the methods employed in Scotland and in England. Both approaches improve the accessibility of elderly accommodation though flexible

and adaptable space configurations. In spite of that social inclusion has been impaired as a consequence of strategic design moves to provide private and secure living environments. The research has revealed that the Dutch ‘age proof’ model does have the capac-

ity to challenge social exclusion in elderly accommodation in Scotland through the use of neutral territory and intergenerational approaches. In order to validate the findings thus far it is necessary to gain personal insight from members of the older population. The next chapter discusses the results of two semi-structured interviews.

104

5 Interviews This chapter presents the outcomes of two semi-structured interviews, carried out fol-

lowing literary research (refer to appendix B for interview questions). The interviews

were conducted by the author in order to gain personal insight and opinion, of the older population, on forms of housing available to them in the Scotland. As discussed in chapter two, a qualitative approach was believed to be the most appropriate research

method. It is acknowledged that this method restricts the number of participants involved but material gathered will be more in depth. Conversely, the participants are not

representative of their demographic and as a result no generalisations can be made. The responses were compared against each other and common themes materialised. Lastly, the responses were reflected upon in the context of findings in previous chapters and conclusions drawn.

5.1 Discussion of Findings 5.1.1 Supporting People to Remain Independently at Home This section discusses the participantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s accommodation at present. When asked about

their home both were happy with their current living situation, validating empirical

research conducted by the Scottish Government. However, when asked about barriers there dwellings may present, should their mobility become compromised, both iden105

Chapter Five tified physical elements in their homes that would restrict their ability to partake in day-to-day domestic tasks:

“I have difficulty getting in and out of the bath and accessing high cupboards.” (Participant 1) “The bathroom is upstairs, and there is a high step into the garden.” (Participant 2)

When asked specifically about whether they would be able to maintain relationships with family and friends if they were limited to the confines of their home the participants opinions vary depending on their living arrangements:

“I live alone, and my son lives far away so if I can’t get out it’s is difficult, the weather doesn’t help.” (Participant 1) “Yes, I live with family and my neighbours are friendly so it wouldn’t be a problem. Getting peace and quiet is.” (Participant 2)

Participant 2 who, as noted in chapter 2, shares their home with three family members has identified that they are less lightly to suffer from feelings of loneliness as they are surrounded by an informal support network. Whereas, the response of participant 1,

who lives alone, has affirmed that a remaining independently at home would jeopardises their ability to uphold social connections. The value of informal support networks

was identified in the previous literature, as was their diminishing availability. As sin106

Chapter Five gle-person households increase participant 1’s response substantiates that supporting people to remain independently at home, unaccompanied, impairs an older person’s capacity to sustain a social life. 5.1.2 Housing Adaptations The subsequent section of the interview focussed on the subject of housing adaptations.

To aid the participants the author described the forms of housing adaptation outlined in ‘Age, Home and Community’. Both respondents firstly commented on the benefits of adaptations. Remarking that they would aid household activities:

“They might help, but I think they would get in the way, and are ugly. I have no space for them.” (Participant 1) “Yes, they would make household tasks easier but wouldn’t make socialising any easier. I’m OK though because I live with my daughter and two grand kids.” (Participant 2)

However, in the context of the previous questions participant 2 acknowledged that de-

spite the fact that housing adaptations would ease domestic life, without the support of their family, adaptations would not facilitate social inclusion – confirming the results of

the literary research. Moreover, participant 1’s retort highlights the feasibility of adapt-

ing existing housing stock. Space standards and conventional construction methods

have evolved over the decades. The flexibility of traditional, or vernacular, housing is

less certain. This calls into question the viability of modifying existing housing stock to 107

Chapter Five meet the needs of the older generation. 5.1.3 Specialised Housing Regardless of the common opinion about the increased demand for specialised housing, it was clear that this form of accommodation was unpopular between the participants.

When asked if they considered specialised housing as a housing option, their response

was a resounding “no”. Consequently, the participants were invited to express their opinion on specialised housing. When asked what they considered the positive aspects

of specialised housing, companionship and security were distinguished as the principle advantages:

“More company. However, I would not like to go into specialised housing, they are for old people, and I would rather have my own independence.” (Participant 1) “Being in a secure environment and having someone always there, but I do not care for going into specialised housing, not to many good ones about.” (Participant 2)

The participants were then asked to identify the elements in specialised housing that triggered their negative reaction. The first theme that materialised was the stigma at-

tached to specialised accommodation. Both participants related their adverse reactions to discouraging news coverage in recent years, which had drawn attention to the ill

treatment of the elderly in such facilities. The second premise, was the one dimensional

age profile. Sharon Kaufman performed qualitative analysis of older people’s subjective 108

Chapter Five experiences of ageing. Kaufman’s research identified that regardless of an individual’s transforming physical and social “functioning”, most had a resilient internal attitude that was not impacted by their age. Her study established that many of her participants

had an “ageless self”. They were inclined to consider themselves as “doing better than

their peers”, regarding themselves as an “exception” to decline that is associated with

ageing. They did not believe that they belonged in the elderly age category (Kaufman, SR. 1986). In many ways ‘specialised housing’ removes the notion of self and identity

that is obtained through socially constructed roles and independence, resulting in the pessimistic attitude “it’s for old people”. 5.2 Chapter Summary Chapter 5 has confirmed findings of the literature review. Although ‘Age, Home and Community’ may address the housing shortage is does not challenge social exclusion. Through the analysis of the semi-structured interviews it was found that the participants

held their relationships with family and friends in high regards. A fact supported by lit-

erary research, which identified informal support networks as a fundamental element

in maintaining social inclusion and a healthy well-being. Individually they agreed that without a suitable informal support network they would suffer from social exclusion.

Once more, confirming earlier findings. The participants identified the positive aspects of housing adaptations, noting that they would ease day-to-day domestic task. However,

like critics of housing adaptations and case study results they verified that they would not prevent social exclusion. Both participants acknowledged that specialised housing 109

Chapter Five would provide a social environment that could alleviate tendencies towards isolation.

Reiterating the beliefs of supporters of specialised housing. Nevertheless, their cynical perception of specialised housing and its one dimensional age profile had excluded it as a viable option, affirming the research hypothesis. The responses provide valuable

insight into the attitudes of older people, concerning their housing options, in Scotland.

The next chapter reviews the aims and objectives of the research questions. Followed by a discussion of what an appropriate architecture might be for an exemplary housing for the elderly.

110

6 Conclusion: Towards Intergenerational Living in Scotland The primary aim of this dissertation was to analysis the relationship between Scot-

land’s housing strategy for older people and social exclusion. The government policies disregard of social exclusion was exposed through a literature review of the three main

objectives on which the governments places its emphasis. Namely, supporting an indi-

vidual to remain at home; housing adaptations; and specialised housing. ‘Age, Home

and Community: A Strategy for Housing Scotland’s Older People: 2011-2021’ provides insufficient guidance concerning social exclusion, or inclusion, in regards to social relationships. As a result there are severe social implications. The current housing ‘solu-

tions’ compromise social inclusion, to the detriment of their inhabitants. A redemptive housing strategy for Scotland’s ageing population is dependent on primary principles that depart from traditional housing typologies. Principles that promote innovative

models of elderly accommodation that expand social relationships. An exploration of

alternative housing policy’s identified that impending need in England and the Netherlands resulted in the delivery of housing strategies that have social inclusion at their heart. England, through the implementation of flexible and adaptable housing; and the Netherlands, by means of an intergenerational approach.

The second objective was to investigate how housing for the elderly either promotes 111

Chapter Six of prohibits social inclusion. Adaptability and flexibility; cross generational exchange; relationship with neighbours, social settings; and community integration are elements in the built environment could potentially alleviate social exclusion. However, taking ad-

vantage of individual, cross generational, and community exchanges can be constrained

by a number of different domestic situations that elderly people are found in. Strategic design approaches in Scotland and in England are user-friendly, owing to their accommodating spacial arrangements. Nevertheless, the ability of the occupant to maintain social relationships is compromised for a secure and private home.

Lastly, the third objective was to determine what design strategies could be applied to

elderly accommodation to relieve social exclusion. Specialised housing will continue to

provide essential support for older people with convoluted support needs. However, with increasing reliance on family and friends, and a rising percentage of multiple gen-

erations living under the same roof. What is an inevitable situation for many of Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s older generation, is a preference for others who acknowledge the positive impact

intergenerational living can bring. Through an analysis of findings there is sufficient

evidence to suggest that the Dutch intergenerational, ageing in place, design approach to elderly accommodation could alleviate social exclusion and the cynical perception of

specialised housing. The Humanitas housing model presents comprehensive evidence for this.

Humanitas creates the prospect of informal exchanges, otherwise reserved for those 112

Chapter Six with full mobility, or surrounded by family and friends. Theoretically, relieving physical

isolation, social exclusion, and feelings of loneliness. Moving towards an intergenera-

tional approach to housing Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greying population could forge a positive interde-

pendence, and respond to the changing demographic. Intergenerational living facilities are designed to provide a social setting that supports senior integration into their community by maximising the opportunity for informal exchanges. The study suggests that

a constructive functional mix has the capacity to ease the impact of limited mobility as

a result of age related decline, in turn overcoming tendencies towards isolation. Moreover, a shrewdly devised building plan that supports communal living through provision

of neutral territory and clever configuration of spaces may encourage the inhabitants to come together as a community.

With community at its centre the Dutch model in essence brings the surrounding society to its residents. Architecture that cultivates an accommodating intergenerational

community environment has the potential to provide support for older people. It could

be argued that conceiving elderly accommodation as a satellite for its neighbouring community, by means of on-site amenities may support even the most physically impeded tenants to participate in day-today-life. Enabling independent living through preventative measures that deter loneliness, isolation, and social exclusion.

In an academic context, the study affords an understanding of the implications of the

Scottish Governments housing strategy for older people, in regards to social exclusion. 113

Chapter Six The research provides comparisons between Scottish, English, and Dutch housing pol-

icy - identifying each countries response to social exclusion throughout their housing

strategy. Principally, it assesses each countries policy not only from a strategic perspective but also from a design standpoint. Through the theoretical analysis of three rep-

resentative case studies in respects of: adaptability and flexibility; cross generational

exchange; relationship with neighbours, social settings; and community integration. It

raises the question of intergenerational living in Scotland in response to the negative attitudes towards the age segregated nature of specialised housing and how it affects the decisions of older people on where to live.

Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greying population require a number of options that reflect their aspirations

as they age. Taking into consideration their diversity, a one size-fits all approach to delivering housing choice will not suffice. As the government pushes for more elder-

ly accommodation to be built intergenerational living is not the sole solution to social exclusion but it could have a positive impact. The concept of intergenerational living,

if applied appropriately, might be one of a number of measures in alleviating social ex-

clusion of older people in Scotland. Due to a lack of research conducted in the area of intergenerational living and its influence on social exclusion there is significant opportunities for future research. It is essential that decisions concerning the future housing

of older people are informed by a vast range of opinion. Therefore, due to restricted nature of the study conducted a wider quantitative research into user perception would

be valuable. A range of comprehensive approaches to elderly living have been explored 114

Chapter Six throughout Europe, which are sensitive to social exclusion. For further research a com-

parative study of intergenerational living in the Netherlands and the â&#x20AC;&#x153;From Here to Eternityâ&#x20AC;? co-housing model in Denmark could be conducted.

115

116

Appendix A 117

118 Appendix B

Appendix B 119

120 Appendix C

Appendix C 121

122

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