Stonehenge Hostel Reader

Christopher Kelly k1000740 Studio 3.2 Stonehenge Hostel

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Contents

Introduction Stonehenge and Wiltshire Site Development, Precedent Studies and Research Portable Spire Thesis Technical Drawings Development

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The following document supports a portfolio that proposes a Hostel and associated buildings including a Community Hall, Cottage, Stables and Farrier Enclosure located in Stonehenge. The buildings are located 800m east of Stonehenge along an existing footpath/bridleway.

Thesis: Stonehenge was most likely built by farmers and herders who would have had a strong reliance on animals especially horses.

My thesis is based on the theme of encouraging interaction between humans and horses, relating back to the ancient agricultural lifestyle of the Neolithic community.

I am proposing a hostel library to educate guests about the ancient landscape and motivate them to explore the wider context, rather than just Stonehenge it self.

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Architectural Intention Pitched roofs are a common site in Wiltshire. In this proposal I have explored the articulation of pitched roofs which give the sense of a small village or community. The roof structure is formed of Oak trusses which are revealed internally. The oak trusses sit onto brick walls which are also revealed internally. Thin cast iron columns support the span of the trusses.

Externally the building is clad with wide oak panels which give the building organic qualities which allow it to exist without disturbing the natural context. The fixed windows sit between horizontal bands of locally sourced flint stones set into mortar.

Copper is a dominating material used throughout the proposal. It is used as a roof cladding as it provides an economical, long-term roofing solution. Its low life cycle costs are attributable to the low maintenance, long life and salvage value of copper. Through its natural weathering process, the warm bronze colour turns to an elegant green finish.

Copper is also used on the door furniture and other internal finishes, this is due to its antiseptic qualities. As this proposal is based around the human relationship with horses, there does not want to be an issue with bacteria and germs.

The existing footpath/bridleway is lined by a dry clunch wall. Clunch stone is locally found in the Stonehenge area. This wall continues to form the boundary for the paddock and then continues again to form the farrier enclosure.

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British Isles

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Wiltshire

In term Stonehe pl neolith of s includes m structure for tem calenda

In terms of archaeological importance, Stonehenge is one of the most important places in the world for studying the neolithic period. The world heritage site of Stonehenge and surrounding sites includes many examples of well preserved structures and landscapes that were used for temples, burial grounds, landmarks, calendars, defenses and with some uses still currently unknown.

Stone years of co to wo of st and 150 sophist

Stonehenge itself represents over 800 years of construction from a defensive ditch to wooden structure to an assemblage of stones sourced from both 19 miles and 150 miles away. It demonstrates the sophistication, ambition and foresight of iron and bronze age man.

The surrou hectare different s

The surrounding world heritage site of 2600 hectares contains innumerable cases of different sites also important to this period.

Š Crown copyright/database right 2012. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

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Nov 21, 2012 01:58

Stonehenge World Heritage Site

Christopher Kelly Kingston University

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These two ancient sites are over 15 miles away from each other. It is very likely that they would have been related to each other thousands of years ago.

But gradually the connection has dwindled and there is no clear route connecting them. This is probably due to their decreasing insignificance.

Avebury WHS

Marlborough White Horse

As it stands they are partly separated by a large area of MOD land which is not very accessible. None the less, it seems wrong not to connect these sites as part of my wider landscape proposal. This has already been attempted by a group called the Friends of the Ridgeway who have planned a long walk from Avebury to Stonehenge.

Alton Barnes White Horse

I came to notice many bridleways on an ordinance survey map of the area.

I also discovered when travelling between the two world heritage sites a large white chalk horse on a hill in Pewsey.

Pewsey White Horse

There is a clear love of horses in Wiltshire, therefore an appropriate way to connect the sites would be a planned bridleway bypassing all three white chalk horses (as indicated on the map).

Marlborough White Horse

Alton Barnes White Horse

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Pewsey White Horse

West Kennet Long Barrow I have sketched ancient sites in Wiltshire in order to understand the wider context of the site.

West Kennet Long Barrow is a Neolithic tomb, it is built from stone and split into chambers. It is formed underneath a mount of earth. I sketched it in plan and section by pacing out the approximate measurements.

In section it formed a very interesting cut into the ground. The interior was lined with dry stone. The plan seems to me to have adopted the shape of something organic growing from the ground. Perhaps this interesting concept could feed into my spire proposal project.

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I undertook a small light study inside Salisbury Cathedral. I drew an elevation and section of a niche at 2:00pm. This analysis has helped me develop my project and gain an understanding of natural light and the effect it has on crevices and the atmosphere of spaces.

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Ground Conditions - Avebury Sketching in detail, interesting ground condition transformations in the town of Avebury WHS. The granite setts have a rough texture and they weather very well. Changes in ground conditions define boundaries.

In my proposal I have used different ground conditions which provide different experiences when walked on.

Therefore define the activity that takes place on it.

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Phenomenon Sketching - Hogsmill River Here I was interested in timing precise moment, focusing on a detail of a droplet of water falling into the river.

I found this particular element interesting because I found the beauty in something ordinary.

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1:59:09:11 - Droplet of water begins to fall...

1:59:09:46 - Droplet splashes into the river...

Location: A section of the Hogsmill River next to Kingston Universities Middle Mill Halls of Reesidence.

Natural Phenominom: A droplet of water falling 200mm from a water pipe into Hogsmill River at 1:59 2 October 2012 recurring every 2 seconds.

Time taken for phenominom to take place - 30 milliseconds Distance of change of phenominom - 200mm

Section A - The distance the droplet falls Scale: 1:5

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Natural Phenominom: A droplet of water falling 200mm from a water pipe into Hogsmill River at 1:59 2 October 2012 Maximum span of the footprint of the droplet - 843mm

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Flow of river

N Plan B - The footprint of the droplet Scale: 1:5

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Flow of river

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1:59:09:11 - Droplet of water begins to fall...

1:59:09:46 - Droplet splashes into the river...

1:59:09:11 - Droplet of water begins to fall...

1:59:09:46 - Droplet splashes into the river...

Location: A section of the Hogsmill River next to Kingston Universities Middle Mill Halls of Reesidence.

Natural Phenominom: A droplet of water falling 200mm from a water pipe into Hogsmill River at 1:59 2 October 2012 recurring every 2 seconds.

Time taken for phenominom to take place - 30 milliseconds Distance of change of phenominom - 200mm

Christopher Kelly Axonometric Scale: 1:5

Location: A section of the Hogsmill River next to Kingston Universities Middle Mill Halls of Reesidence.

Natural Phenominom: A droplet of water falling 200mm from a water pipe into Hogsmill River at 1:59 2 October 2012 recurring every 2 seconds.

Time taken for phenominom to take place - 30 milliseconds Distance of change of phenominom - 200mm

Axonometric Scale: 1:5

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The Site

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1. The Lesser Cursus

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1. The Lesser Cu

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2. The Cursus

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3. The Cursus Barrows

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4. Stonehenge

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3. The Cursus Ba 4. Stonehenge

5. New King Barrows

5. New King Barr

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6. The Avenue

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7. Winterbourne Stoke Crossroads Barrows

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8. Normanton Down Barrows

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9. Woodhenge

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Key Stonehenge + The Avenue

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Barrow Cursus

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Historical Monuments 1:15000

Historical

The Avenue leads from the main entrance of Stonehenge and tracks the original path of the transportation of the stones. Little trace remains, but the site is still of archaeological importance. When approaching stonehenge from the avenue the view is partially hidden leading to a dramatic reveal.

Woodhenge and Durrington Walls are sited north east from Stonehenge. The concrete posts represent the posts of a tall henge the was used as a sacred space.

The land surrounding leads to a huge defensive mound called Durrington walls which protected the henge from intrusion.

Stonehenge itself is cut off from it’s landscape by the A303 road. The car park it leads to and the road itself is very busy and detached from the soft sloping landscape of the site.

A cursus is a long earthwork surrounded by a shallow ditch that sits in the landscape.

A rare monument, its function is unknown but has been attributed in the past to Roman chariot racing because of its long track like appearance.

The barrows contain the remains of the great and rich from the iron and bronze ages. Items of gold and pottery were found buried with the remains.

Photographic Study of Stonehenge surroundings

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Stonehenge

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Historical Maps 1880, 1900, 1920, 1970 It is noticeable that the landscape has not changed much in over 100 years.

This may be due to the fact that it is hard to get planning regulation in such a historic landscape.

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Historical Maps 1880, 1900, 1920, 1970 Nov 21, 2012 01:31

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Nov 21, 2012 01:29

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Stonehenge Long King Barrows

The landscape is formed of gentle undulating hills. The lowest point is a 25m deep valley between Stonehenge and the long king barrows.

Existing Site Plan - Contours Scale 1:2500

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Stonehenge

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Long King Barrows

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Site Model

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Development, Precedent Studies and Research

Left: Inspiration A precedent study for this proposal is a Victorian warehouse in Shropshire. The rough brick interior has a beautiful rawness about it. It seems to be weathered, almost as if the building has been turned inside out.

The rich timber roof is lightly sitting on the thick solid brick wall. Thin cast iron columns seem to be pinning the light roof structure down instead of holding it up. This abstract view is explored in this proposal.

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Development Roof Model Experimenting with the articulation of pitched roofs in 28

multiple directions.

Development Roof Model Modelling the Victorian warehouse structure

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Within a 10 mile radius from Stonehenge there are over 12 communities that are involved with horses.

Stonehenge 1. Pewsay Vale Riding Centre 2. Manor Farm Livery Yard 3. Pegasus Riding School 4. Amport Riding School 5. Hill Top Equestrian 6. Greenacres Riding School 7. Tate S E Riding School 8. Grovely Riding Center 9. Clarendon Stud Riding School 10. White Horse Trekking Riding School 11. God Unlimited Riding 12. West Lavington Equestrian

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Farriers

The forge is used by the farrier to heat a metal horse shoe so it becomes malleable in order to shape it to the particular horse.

A horseshoe is normally made of metal and is designed to protect a horse's hoof from wear.

A forge typically uses bituminous coal, industrial coke or charcoal as the fuel to heat metal.

It is a fire that can be controlled be a particular balance of air, fuel, and shape of the fuel/fire.

Features of a forge: Tuyere — a pipe through which air can be forced into the fire Bellows or blower — a means for forcing air into the tuyere Hearth — a place where the burning fuel can be contained over or against the tuyere opening.

Pincers

The most common horseshoe materials are steel and aluminium, but specialized shoes may include use of rubber, plastic, magnesium, titanium, or copper.

During operation, fuel is placed in or on the hearth and ignited. A source of moving air, such as a fan or bellows, introduces additional air into the fire through the tuyere.

Burning Coal

Hearth

The fitting of horseshoes is a professional occupation, conducted by a farrier, who specializes in the preparation of feet, assessing potential lameness issues, and fitting appropriate shoes. In the United Kingdom, horseshoeing is illegal to perform without specific qualifications and experience.

The Process of Shoeing: Rasp

- Old shoes are removed using pincers - The hoof walls are trimmed to the desired length with nippers - The sole of the hoof with is shaped with a hoof knife

Hoof Knife

Moving Air

- Shoes are then measured to the foot and bent to the correct shape by placing the metal in a forge before bending it on an anvil. This method gives a better fit - The hot shoes are put into water to cool - The shoes are nailed into the hoof wall at the white line of the hoof.

- Sharp points of the nailed are cut using a clinch cutter

Ash Out Clinch Cutter

Source of air

- A rasp is used to smooth the edge where it meets the shoe and eliminate any sharp edges left from cutting off the nails.

Dry Stone Walls Dry stone walls are constructed from stones without any mortar to bind them together. Dry stone structures are stable because of their heavy weight and carefully selected interlocking stones. The wall/fence that surround horses need to be at least 1450mm high.

Capstone

Forge

Anvil and Hammer

Larger stones span both rows to increase strength

Two rows of stones

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Kizhi Pogost - Investigation I have investigated a landmark wooden structure - Kizhi Pogost Russian Church. Specifically looking at the construction techniques and showing them in models and drawings.

The Kizhi Pogost Russian church is made from logs that are interjoined. The building transforms from a cruciform shape in plan to an octagonal shape.

Kizhi Pogost Structural Model

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Kizhi Pogost

Other inspirational models from the studio

Kizhi Pogost Onion Dome Structure

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Kizhi Pogost Plan 1:200

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Kizhi Pogost Section 1:200

Red Lion Hotel, Salisbury External Space Study Courtyard Area : 588 sq m Scale: 1:1500

This courtyard is an obvious example of an external room. The area is lined by high walls on all sides. Here you feel safe and protected from the elements. Tables and chairs clutter the floor space and plants grow up the walls. The vast amount of plants and bushes make the space feel more organic.

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Tithe Barn, Bradford Upon Avon Hall Space Study Internal Area: 566 sq m Scale: 1:1000

I have looked at the Tithe Barn not just a study of a community hall but as an arrangement of buildings.

The buildings are very spread out but they all seem to be surrounding and feeding the view towards the Tithe Barn.

The size of the Tithe barn is a lot larger than an acceptable size for Stonehenge.

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Tithe Barn Elevations 1:200

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Tithe Barn Plan 1:200

Tithe Barn Roof Plan 1:200

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Milford Hill House Youth Hostel, Salisbury Hostel and associated building area study Total Area: 670 sq m Scale: 1:1500

The main focus of this arrangement of buildings is the very old large tree. The image gives the sense of a peaceful, natural environment.

Adding trees and other greenery to create boundaries is an issue I have thought about in my proposal.

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The development of site massing models

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Development model exploring internal spaces.

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Final Building Arrangement 1:500 42

My proposal starts with a long dry clunch wall which runs along an existing footpath/bridleway from the main road. This wall eventually forms a cluster of buildings. The wall forms the boundary for the horse paddock and also forms the farrier enclosure and forge.

The hostel has views down the valley and onto Stonehenge.

Proposed Site Plan 1:5000 43

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Stables Farrier Enclosure Horse Paddock 2 Person Bedroom 4 Person Bedroom 4 Person Bedroom 4 Person Bedroom 2 Person Bedroom Common Room Reception Library Plant Room + Riser Disabled Toilet Female Toilet/Washroom Male Toilet/Washroom 4 Person Bedroom 4 Person Bedroom 2 Person Bedroom Community Hall Toilets Kitchenette Open Plan Cottage Single Bedroom 6 Person Bedroom 2 Person Bedroom Library First Floor Female Toilet Male Toilet Dining/Viewing Area Staff Kitchen/Catering Area Shared Kitchen

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Floor Plans 1:500

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I have explored a series of pitched roofs at different levels .

These roofs are clad in copper sheeting. Copper was thought of as a very precious new material in the Neolithic Era. The buildings are orientated in such a way to direct the view and flow of people and horses towards the open landscape encouraging exploration.

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Ground Floor Plan 1:200 46

First Floor Plan 1:200 47

Second Floor Plan 1:200 48

Portable Spire

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Portable Spire : 9m High replica of Salisbury Cathedral Spire Inside Salisbury’s stone spire, there is a complex medieval timber frame structure which allows ongoing maintenance of the stone work from the inside.

The original design had to be reworked so that the spire can stand without the outer stone covering and to incorporate a means of taking it apart so it could be split into smaller units when being transported. It is made from wood sustainably sourced in Scotland.

The spire was constructed primarily for temporary installations, with the view that it could be assembled in many places, many times.

An A-frame was constructed to raise the spire after lots of discussions on deciding the appropriate lifting method. We wanted to celebrate the action of lifting.

Salisbury Cathedral Spire Drawing Ref. Amanpreet Buluar

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Salisbury Cathedral Spire

1:50 Plan and Section

Construction of the A-Frame Lifting Device

Spire Construction

Lifting Inspiration

Preparing for the lift

Lifting the Spire

Lifting Inspiration

Spire Displayed at Ecobuild

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Thesis

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Axonometric of Proposal 1:200

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West Facing Elevation 1:200

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North Facing Elevation 1:100

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East Facing Elevation 1:100

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This drawing ties in with the ground condition study at Avebury mentioned earlier in this document.

Ground Condition Drawing 1:200

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Internal artificial lighting comes from hanging lights made from copper.

The hanging lights give the effect of lowering the tall ceiling to make the spaces feel more intimate.

In some spaces like the kitchens or bathrooms, LED spot lights are used. These lights use very little energy, give off a lot of light and last a long time.

The south facing court takes advantage of natural sunlight throughout the say.

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1. Trench is 300mm deep and 3 inches wider than the stones, it is filed with gravel 2. The interlocking stones sit on the gravel to make up the walls 3. Interlocking wooden beams fit into the walls to support the spire.

4. Spire is made in 3 sections with male and female connections 5. Copper sheeting is nailed to battens, each sheet over lapping the next to keep water out 6. The spire is crane lifted onto the drystone walls and fixed onto the wooden beams.

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Farrier Enclosure Construction Sequence

Farrier Enclosure Elevation and Section 1:50

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We were fortunate to be able to get a tour of a working Bath Stone quarry in Wiltshire. We were taken underground to see the digging and the machinery used to mine the stone.

I have used this locally sourced stone as part of my roof structure of my community hall by proposing a bespoke joint. It rests on top of the columns and joins into the timber beam supporting the roof.

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Second Floor Viewing/Dining Area Interior Model

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Hostel Main Lobby Area Interior Model

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Buildings in context

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Buildings in Context

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Technical Drawings

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Oak Roof Structure Brick Wall Structure Horizontal and Vertical Battens for Timber Panels Copper Sheeting Larch Spire Structure Dry Clunch Wall Oak Roof Structure Copper Sheeting Cast Iron Column Flints Set into Mortar Oak Panels Clunch Wall

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The cladding is made from vertical modules of 430mm timber boards (3 x 145mm). There is a 20mm spacing between each module.

The size timber board modules including the 20mm spacings are in sync with the bricks. This is necessary to have the windows, bricks and timber board aligning in the same way on every part of the building.

The modules are attached to the primary structure with horizontal and vertical battens.

Plan showing the relationship between the sequence of brick and the sequence of timber board modules. 1:20

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75 x 75 Oak 3 x 145 Oak members Horrizontal Battens Vertical Battens 13mm Timbervent Board Insulation Bricks in English Bond Oak Window Frame Cast Iron Columns

75 x 75 Oak 3 x 145 Oak members Horrizontal Battens Vertical Battens 13mm Timbervent Board Insulation Bricks in English Bond Oak Window Frame Cast Iron Columns

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Section Cut

Construction Plan 1:20 Community Hall

Construction Plan 1:50

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1. Copper sheeting with standing seams 2. Separating layer 3. 25 x 150 Timber boards 4. 25 x 50 Timber battens at 450 centres 5. 25 x 50 Counter-battens at 450 centres 6. 25 150 Timber Boards 7. Water/Wind proof layer 8. Rigid Insulation 9. Vapour Barrier 10. 3 Layer roofing felt gutters 11. Stainless steel gutter/flint bracket 12. 20mm Oak Panels 13. Horizontal Battens 14. Vertical Battens 15. 13 mm Timbervent board 16. Rigid Insulation 17. Stainless steel wall ties 18. Flit stones set into mortar 19. Bracket hooks 20. Stainless steel bracket 21. Bath stone 22. Load-bearing insulation blocks to prevent Cold bridging, eg Marmox Thermoblock 23. Concrete foundations 24. 75mm floating sand/cement screed with heating pipes and nominal reinforcement 25. Polythene separating layer 26. 200mm Rigid Insulation 27. Damp proof membrane 28. 175mm Concrete slab 29. Sand Blinding 30. 150mm Hardcore 31. Bath stone 32. 100 x 50 Softwood Rafters at 450 centres 33. 150 x 75 Purlins 34. Oak Principle Rafters 35. Oak Lintel 36. Oak window frame and sill.

Copper sheeting with standing seams Separating layer 25 x 150 Timber boards 25 x 50 Timber battens at 450 centres 25 x 50 Counter-battens at 450 centres 25 150 Timber Boards Water/Wind proof layer Rigid Insulation Vapour Barrier 3 Layer roofing felt gutters Stainless steel gutter/flint bracket 20mm Oak Panels Horrizontal Battens Vertical Battens 13 mm Timbervent board Rigid Insulation Stainless steel wall ties Flit stones set into mortar Bracket hooks Stainless steel bracket Bath stone Loadbearing insulation blocks to prevent cold bridging, eg Marmox Thermoblock Concrete foundations 75mm floating sand/cement screed with heating pipes and nominal reinforcement Polythene separating layer 200mm Rigid Insulation Damp proof membrane 175mm Concrete slab Sand Blinding 150mm Hardcore Bath stone 100 x 50 Softwood Rafters at 450 centres 150 x 75 Purlins Oak Principle Rafters Oak Lintel Oak window frame and sill.

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Construction Section 1:20 Community Hall

Construction Section 1:50

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Roof Structure The secondary roof structure consists of Purlins and battens which will be revealed internally.

The roof structure is as follows: Copper sheeting with standing seams Separating layer 25 x 150 Timber boards 25 x 50 Timber battens at 450 centres 25 x 50 Counter-battens at 450 centres 25 150 Timber Boards Water/Wind proof layer Rigid Insulation Vapor Barrier 100 x 50 Softwood Rafters at 450 centres 150 x 75 Purlins Oak Principle Rafters

Community Hall and Hostel 1:200

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Community Hall Structural Model 86