ISTD 20 Jan

Sedating

Candy Mind-Altering

Creamy Cheeriness Fun

Poppy

Joy Playful

Girly

Lust

PINK SEDATION EMASCULATION, MANIPULATION

Controllin Nostalgia Happy

AND EMOTIONAL CONTROL

Starburst 10.02.22 - 04.05.22 1

Persuasive Happy

Manipulative

Love

Pink Sedation

Published in 2022 by Plus Print

Unit 44b Moyle Rd

Dublin Industrial Estate Dublin, D11 V268 (01) 830 3477

Email: john@plusprint.ie www.plusprint.ie

Copyright © 2022 Cillian Carroll Designed in Institute of Art, Design and Technology All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

including photocopy, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

4

Introduction

PINK SEDATION EMASCULATION, MANIPULATION AND EMOTIONAL CONTROL

10.02.22 - 04.05.22

5

Pink Sedation

Opening Quote Pablo Picasso

“Colors, like features, follow the changes of the emotions”

6

Introduction

Preface Colour psychology is a topic which people are generally familiar

with, we all understand that some colours have certain associations surrounding them. For example, pink for girl and blue for boy, something which is widely accepted and prescribed in the

western world. Throughout this publication we will explore a

more niche and unusual study of colour psychology, whereby

colour is being used specifically to control the behaviour and

emotions of individuals. This publication focuses on the colour pink, specifically Baker-Miller pink and it’s sedative effect.

Editors Notes This publication seeks to anaylise the effects of Baker-Miller Pink #FF91AF and discover the history of colour psychology and the origins and roots of the studies surrounding the shade of pink.

Through the publication I have explored the idea of a pink utopia whereby the colour is used more widely and is accepted as a popular tactic to tackle widespread feelings of anxiety and discomfort. Throughout my research and surveying I have

found that the colour is widely liked and the concept of using

it for environments which I have suggested in the book seems feasible and practice for day to day living.

7

Editor Cillian Carroll

Chapter 02

Contents

Chapter 03

Chapter 01

Pink Sedation

8

Colour and The Human

Physical Responses to

Psyche

Colour and Therapeutic

01.3

01.2

01.1

Contents

Colour Associations

Potential

What is #FF91AF?

Baker-Miller Pink,

Pg. 16

02.3

Pg. 14

02.2

02.1

Pg. 12

Interviews

Aggression and Prison System Pg. 34

03.3

Pg. 26

03.2

03.1

Pg. 21

Proposal

Modern Uses

References

Pg. 42

Pg. 56

Pg. 68

9

Pink Sedation

Chapter 01: Colour Psychology

Subsections:

Colour and The Human Psyche

Physical Responses to Colour and Therapeutic Potential

Colour Associations

Topics Explored:

Colour Behaviour and the Human Experience Chromotherapy Physics of Light

Contributers:

Faber Birren Colour Matters Pr. Jill Morton

10

Introduction

Opening Statement

Colour is a powerful communication tool and can be used to signal action, influence mood, and even influence physiological reactions.

11

Pink Sedation

01.1 Colour and The Human Psyche Artists and interior designers have long believed that colour can dramatically affect moods, feelings, and emotions.

Colours, like features, follow the changes of the emotions

the artist Pablo Picasso once remarked. Colour is a powerful

communication tool and can be used to signal action, influence

mood, and even influence physiological reactions. Certain colours have been associated with increased blood pressure, increased metabolism, and eyestrain. So how exactly does colour work?

How is colour believed to impact mood and behaviour?

Several ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and Chinese, practiced chromotherapy, or the use of colours to heal.

Chromotherapy is sometimes referred to as light therapy or

colourology. Colourology is still used today as a holistic or alternative treatment. Though medical science may eschew the idea of colour therapy for any direct biological action upon the human body, it

does admit actions and influences in the realm of the psychic. Thus while “colour therapy” is not a venerated term in medical literature, references to psychotherapy are becoming quite common. One

would indeed be an iconoclast to reject colour entirely. Its role in

all forms of life is too evident to be either denied or ignored. Many researchers in the field of psychiatry have pointed out certain interesting and basic facts about human likes and dislikes for colour. In the well-known Rorschach test, for example, an

emotionally responsive person will react quite freely to colour

in general. An emotionally inhibited person may be shocked or embarrassed by the intrusion of colour into his inner life.

12

Chapter 1 Birren, Faber. Color Psychology and Color Therapy: A Factual Study of the Influence of Color On Human Life. 1961. Print.

The rigid, emotionally indifferent type may remain

unaffected. In the main, it may be said that normal persons who are or attempt to be well adjusted to the world, and hence “outwardly

integrated,” like colour in general and warm colours in particular. To

the right is a diagram of the emotional dimension which is described on two axes. The vertical axis corresponds to a continuum of basic emotions – from joy to despair. The following remarks by Dr. Maria Rickers-Ovsiankina may be read to good profit by those seeking

an understanding of the emotional significance of colour. “Finally

Jaensch, quite independently, again reached the same dichotomy of red yellow versus blue green. He finds that all people can be

grouped in a way similar to red-green colour blind subjects, namely

into those more sensitive to the warm end of the spectrum and those more sensitive to the cold end. The warm colour dominant subjects are characterized by an intimate relation to the visually perceptible

world. They are receptive and open to outside influences. They seem to submerge themselves rather readily in their social environment.

Their emotional life is characterized by warm feelings, suggestibility, and strong affects. All mental functions are rapid and highly

integrated with each other. In the subject-object relationship, the emphasis is on the object. “The cold colour dominant subjects

in the Jaensch experiments have a detached ‘split-off’ attitude

to the outside world. They find it difficult to adapt themselves to

new circumstances and to express themselves freely. Emotionally they are cold and reserved. In the subject-object relationship, the emphasis is on the subject. In short, the warm colour dominant subject is Jaensch’s outwardly integrated type, the cold colour dominant his inwardly integrated type.”

“Can Colour Affect Your Mood and Behavior?” Verywell Mind, 2020, www.verywellmind.com/colorpsychology-2795824.

As to the so-called psychology of colour, there is much to

be said. J. P. Guilford writes, “I think that it is more than a figure of

speech to say that living tissue, particularly brain tissue, generates

colours and pleasantness or unpleasantness just as other collections of matter generate the phenomenon of heat, or magnetism, or electricity.” Light striking the eye sets up reactions that spread

throughout the organism. There may be excitation or depression, a quickening of nervous response or an effect of tranquility.

Impressions of pleasure or displeasure may be less associated

with spiritual and aesthetic qualities than with the reaction of the

brain and, indeed, the entire organism. It is well known today that

inhibitions and repressions may lead to afflictions and may actually cause adverse pathological conditions within the body. Mental

conflicts may impair certain physical functions and lead to afflictions and may actually cause adverse pathological conditions in the body.

13

Pink Sedation

J. P. Guilford writes,

“I think that a figure of spee living tissue, p tissue, generate pleasantness or just as other co matter generate magnetism, or el

14

Chapter 1

t it is more than ech to say that particularly brain es colours and unpleasantness ollections of the phenomenon of lectricity.”

15

Pink Sedation

01.2 Physical Responses to Colour and Therapeutic Potential

Mental conflicts may impair certain physical functions and lead to

specific illness. Stomach ulcers are a case in point. In the first state,

the digestive process may be impaired. If this continues long enough, an ulcer may develop. David Dietz writes, “Thus the bridge between a mental cause and a physical result has been crossed. Under the old point of view, the physician had only the stomach ulcer to deal

with. But psychosomatic medicine teaches that he must deal with the emotions as well.” A person who struggles against odds to maintain an equable disposition may develop high blood pressure. Other

mental sufferings may bring on colitis or asthma. Patients with broken bones may have become accident-prone through a disturbed mind.

One doctor has attributed over half of all human ills to unhappiness.

There is no doubt that mental and physical health

are closely related. However, the reader should be skeptical of

sensational stories. One may hear of a person attempting suicide because the colours on his or her living-room walls were ugly, of

divorces and broken homes caused by inharmonious surroundings.

Most of such “lore” is mere fabrication. When tracked down, the incident invariably turns out to be one that has happened to

someone else. Many notions about the effect of colour on the human mind are mere absurdities. There are persons obsessed with the

belief that red is a furious and deadly colour. One author writes: “Lady Duff-Gordon has an antipathy—which, I confess, I share—to red, the

most powerful colour we have, and the one which drives people mad quicker than any other. She reminded me of that prison in which

colour is used as torture; a man placed where he can see nothing

but red goes mad in twenty-four hours and dies. It takes purple half

as long again to produce the same result.” All this is fiction, of course, and the red torture chamber referred to is a mere invention of some

febrile imagination. When people dislike a certain hue they often vent their rage in this way. The painter Wassily Kandinsky showed a similar disgust for yellow: “Yellow is the typically earthly colour. It can never have profound meaning. An inter mixture of blue makes it a sickly

colour. It may be paralleled in human nature with madness, not with

melancholy or hypochondriacal mania, but rather with violent, raving lunacy.” This being said, there have been incidents where this effect of colour has been proven by psychological experiments, which

will be discussed later in this book. To give the reader a “feeling” of

colour—to check against his own psychological reactions—here are a few general notes. In the main, the colours of the spectrum are to be associated with two moods, the warm, active, and exciting qualities of red and its analogous hues, and the cool, passive, and calming qualities of blue, violet, and green.

16

Chapter 1 Birren, Faber. Color Psychology and Color Therapy: A Factual Study of the Influence of Color On Human Life. 1961. Print.

Areas of these hues tend to enliven the mood or to quiet

it. Likewise light colours are active, while deep colours are likely to

be passive. Beyond the feeling of warmth or coolness, brightness or

dimness, the exact choice of a hue or tone is a fairly optional matter, and its power to arouse pleasure or displeasure may depend on

individual predilections. Pure colours, however, are likely to be severe.

Too much “harping” on any particular colour may prove distressing.

Even more pronounced in “moods” are chromatic lights, greens and

blues that turn the lips black and give the flesh a cadaverous aspect.

Here the mere sight of a person’s face may be revolting. For example, Green light has been thrown on criminals in a mirrored room to help

force a confession. A few psychologists have carried out research to

determine the moods which people associate with the colours of the spectrum. N. A. Wells found that deep orange has the most exciting influence, then scarlet and yellow-orange. The most tranquillizing colour is yellow-green, then green. Violet has the most subduing

influence, purple next. Dr. Robert R. Ross of Stanford University has endeavoured to ally colours with dramatic intensity and emotion.

Grey, blue, and purple are best associated with tragedy; red, orange, and yellow with comedy. William A. Wellmann of California has likewise worked out a “theatrical” palette, Yellow the colour of warmth and joy, green of abundance and health, blue of spirituality and thought, brown of melancholy, grey of old age and white of zest and awareness.

Not many writers on the subject, however, seem to be

aware of the fact that a colour may have contradictory qualities,

depending on the particular viewpoint of the observer. Green is an

excellent case in point. As seen objectively, it is cool, fresh, clear, and altogether pleasing. But green illumination shining on the human

flesh causes a subjective viewpoint that instantly makes the colour repulsive. Thus no list of colour associations is adequate unless it takes into consideration these subjective as well as objective

aspects. For reactions will differ as a person associates colour

with the outside world or with themselves. While warm colours are

not greatly different objectively and subjectively, cool hues may be antithetical. Red, however, may seem far more intense as applied

to one’s self than it does as applied to external objects. Blues and greens which appear peaceful in one aspect may be terrifying in

another. Thus the moods conveyed by colour may be rather diverse.

A number of modern associations are presented in a separate

tabulation. Here the major colours are described in their general appearance, their mental associations, direct associations, objective and subjective impressions.

17

Pink Sedation

01.3 Colour Associations

This simple diagram will cover the most basic emotions that interact with human cognition.

Keeping it as simple as practicable, the basic emotional universe would look like this:

18

Chapter 1 “Diagrams” Sonic Asymmetry, Sonic Asymmetry, 18 Aug. 2008, sonicasymmetry.org/ diagrams/. ‌

HAPPY

BLISS

ECSTASY TENDERNESS

ELATION

EUPHORIA JOY CALM*

CONTROL

FAST

FURY

SLOW

ANXIETY DISTRESS

ANGER*

GRIEF ANGUISH

DEPRESSION FEAR HYSTERIA

SAD * Take note of where these emotions lie on the scale 19

Pink Sedation

01.3 Colour Associations

Research on the psychological aspects of colour is difficult for the mere reason that human emotions are none too stable and the

psychic make-up of human beings varies from person to person.

However, there are a number of general and universal reactions to

colour which seem to be noted in most persons. Gilbert Brighouse in measuring human reactions under coloured lights tested muscular

responses among several hundred college students. He found that

reactions were 12 per cent quicker than normal under red light, while green light retarded the response.

Birren, Faber. Color Psychology and Color Therapy: A Factual Study of the Influence of Color On Human Life. 1961. Print.

It is perhaps even more true that the human organism is

likely to be quickened under bright light than under dim light. The

amount of illumination appears to be more significant than the hue.

D. B. Harmon has observed that most living things tend to orient

themselves toward light or toward brightness. Also, as the energy

of stimulation goes up, response tendency goes with it. In his opinion, therefore, bright environments will condition the organism for what he calls avoidant (big-muscle) activity. On the other hand, brilliance may hinder more sedentary tasks (mental activity). This would suggest

a number of conclusions. Activities of a muscular nature are better performed in bright light and amid bright surroundings. Exacting

mental and visual tasks are better performed with softer and deeper colours in the environment (though with ample illumination over the task).One of the most stimulating and prolific writers on the

psychological aspects of colour is Kurt Goldstein. “Life is a condition alternating between excitation, destruction, and unbalance, and

reorganisation, equilibrium, and rest. In the course of life colours

play their role. Each colour has a special importance and all colours

together help to guarantee normal life.” Studies have also shown that certain colours can have an impact on performance. No one likes to

see a graded test covered in red ink, but one study found that seeing the colour red before taking an exam actually hurt test performance.

While the colour red is often described as threatening, arousing or

exciting, many previous studies on the impact of the colour red have been largely inconclusive. The study found, however, that exposing

students to the colour red prior to an exam has been shown to have a negative impact on test performance.

In the first of the six experiments described in the study,

71 U.S. colleges students were presented with a participant number

coloured either red, green or black prior to taking a five-minute test.

The results revealed that students who were presented with the red number before taking the test scored more than 20% lower than those presented with the green and black numbers.

20

Chapter 1

“Life is a condition alternating between excitation, destruction, and unbalance, and reorganisation, equilibrium, and rest. In the course of life colours play their role. Each colour has a special importance and all colours together help to guarantee normal life.”

“Can Colour Affect Your Mood and Behaviour?” Verywell Mind, 2020, www.verywellmind.com/ color-psychology-2795824.

21

Pink Sedation

This chart presents colour assosiations from the

01.3

Western world. Other areas of the world would

Colour Associations

show different results.

Colour

BLUE YELLOW RED GREEN PINK BLACK

WHITE 22

Chapter 1

Emotion Importance Love

Faith

Inspiration Greed

Cowardice Serenity

Sweetness Sadness Evil

Wisdom Fear

Health Lust

Danger

Reliability Jealously Health

Stability

Innocence Youth

Fertility Love Joy

Death

Nature

Healing

Good Luck Softness Calm

Depression Grief

Happiness Passion

“Color || Symbolism.”

Colormatters.com, 2021, www. colormatters.com/colorsymbolism. Accessed 2 Jan. 2022. ‌ 23

Pink Sedation

Chapter 02: Baker-Miller Pink

Subsections

What is #FF91AF?

Baker-Miller Pink, Aggression and Prison System

Kendell Jenner and Other Modern Uses

Topics Explored

Pink Manipulation Control Insituation

Contributers

Adam Alter Alexander Schauss David W. Rainey James E. Gilliam

24

Chapter 2

Opening Statement

Pink has many positive associations. It is a calming, non-threatening color. It is linked to innocence, hope and optimism. It also represents positive aspects of traditional femininity like nurture.

Its negative sides are that it can seem weak, vulnerable and silly. It is also linked to shallowness and not seeing reality. How does this impact us?

25

Pink Sedation

02.1

Plastic Millennial

#91FFE1

#FF91AF #FFAA91 #FF91E6

TONES

Bubble Gum

COMPLIMENTS

Femininity

ANALOGOUS

ASSOCIATIONS

What is #FF91AF?

#FFA7BF #FFB2C7 #FFBDCF #FFC8D7 #FFD3DF

26

27

P-618

CMYK

Baker-Miller Pink

3015 [Light Pink]

SIDE-EFFECTS

Schauss Pink

(0%,43%,31%,0%)

Strength Reduction

THIS

Drunk Tank Pink

RGB

PAN-TONE

183 C

(255,145,175)

RAL

HEX

#FF91AF

NAMES

Chapter 2

IS BAKER-MILLER

Appetite Reduction Calmness Tranquilisation

PINK

Pink Sedation

How does this colour make you feel?

28

Chapter 2

How does this colour make you feel?

29

Pink Sedation

02.1 What is #FF91AF? The academic journal Orthomolecular Psychiatry began its final

issue of 1979 with a classic paper that kindled the imaginations of prison wardens, football coaches, and exasperated parents. The

paper’s author, Professor Alexander Schauss, described a simple experiment featuring 153 healthy young men, a researcher, two large pieces of colored cardboard, and a well- lit lab room.

One by one the men filed into the room to participate in an unusual test of strength.

The experiment began when the men stared at one of

the pieces of cardboard. For half the men the cardboard was deep blue in colour, while for the remaining half it was bright pink. After a full minute passed, the researcher asked the men to raise their

arms in front of their bodies, while he applied just enough downward pressure to force their arms back down to their sides. While the men recovered their strength, the researcher jotted a few brief

notes before repeating the experiment, first asking the men to stare at the other piece of cardboard and then repeating the strength

test. The results were strikingly consistent. All but two of the men

were dramatically weaker after staring at the pink cardboard, barely

resisting the researcher’s application of downward force. In contrast, the blue cardboard left their strength intact, regardless of whether it came before the first or second strength test. The colour pink

appeared to leave the men temporarily depleted. To prove the effect wasn’t a fluke, Schauss conducted a second experiment. This time

he used a more accurate measure of strength, asking the thirty-eight male participants to squeeze a measurement device known as a dynamometer. Without fail, one after another, all thirty-eight men

squeezed the device more weakly after staring at the pink cardboard.

Schauss began describing the miraculous tranquillisation power of bright pink in public lectures across the United States.

30

Chapter 2 Alter, Adam. Drunk Tank Pink: And Other Unexpected Forces That Shape How We Think, Feel, and Behave. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 2014. Print.

At one appearance, filmed for TV, a muscle-bound Mr.

California performed several effortless biceps curls but struggled to perform a single curl after staring at the pink cardboard. Given the colour’s power, Schauss suggested that corrections officers should consider detaining rowdy prisoners in pink cells, and two commanding officers at the U.S. Naval Correctional Centre in

Seattle, Washington, repainted one of their holding cells bright pink. For seven months, Chief Warrant Officer Gene Baker and

facility commander Captain Ron Miller watched as newly arrived

inmates entered the pink cell angry and agitated but emerged calmer fifteen minutes later. New prisoners are traditionally aggressive, but the officers reported not a single violent incident during the sevenmonth trial period. Admirers honoured the enterprising officers by

calling the colour Baker- Miller Pink, and other facilities around the country painted special holding cells the same bubblegum hue.

At a detention centre in San Jose, California, some of the younger

inmates were so weakened by the pink cell that their exposure had to be limited to just a few minutes a day. When smaller county jails

began tossing violent drunks into pink holding cells, the colour was unofficially christened Drunk Tank Pink.

Baker-Miller Pink, also known as P-618, Schauss pink, or Drunk-Tank Pink is a tone of pink which has been observed to reduce hostile, violent or aggressive behavior.

In the early 1980s, Drunk Tank Pink became a minor

popular culture sensation. Schauss discovered that frazzled

psychiatrists, dentists, doctors, teachers, and parents were painting their walls bright pink. Public housing estates painted their interiors pink and reported a sharp decline in violent behaviour, and bus companies quashed vandalism by installing bright pink seats.

Football coaches at Colorado State and the University of Iowa

painted their visitors’ locker rooms pink in an attempt to pacify

their opponents, until local athletics conferences decreed that the

home and visitors’ locker rooms had to be identical. Tex Schramm,

longtime coach of the Dallas Cowboys football team, called Schauss and asked whether his team should adopt the same strategy.

Underdogs in the boxing ring began wearing pink trunks and

sometimes even beat their heavily favoured opponents. The colour

attracted a frenzy of academic interest late into the 1990s, and while some researchers found weaker evidence for the original effect,

scattered demonstrations persisted. Schauss still calls Drunk Tank Pink a “non-drug anaesthetic,” and he continues to field dozens

of inquiries each year, more than three decades since Drunk Tank

Pink’s dramatic rise. Schauss still calls Drunk Tank Pink a “non-drug

anaesthetic,” and he continues to field dozens of inquiries each year, more than three decades since Drunk Tank Pink’s dramatic rise.

31

Pink Sedation

02.1 What is #FF91AF?

Candy

Cheeriness

Poppy Joy Make-up Fun Playful

Lust

Creamy

Fun

WORDS USED TO DESCRIBE BAKER-MILLER PINK 32

Chapter 2 Answers taken from a survey conducted via social media by the editor, Cillian Carroll.

Hunger

Nostalgia Happy

Starburst Blush

Strawberry Milkshake Bubblegum Happy Childlike

Love

Food

33

Pink Sedation

02.2 Baker-Miller Pink, Aggression and Prison Systems

Reports from corrections facilities have suggested that the colour Baker-Miller Pink has a calming effect on aggressive behaviour

(Shauss, 1981). Formal studies have not provided consistent support for these observations. For example, Pellegrini and Schauss (1980) and Pellegrini, Schauss, and Birk (1980) reported that subjects

performed poorer on strength measures (hand dynamometer and

quadriceps extension tasks, respectively) when viewing pink cards than when viewing blue cards. But Pellegrini, Shauss, Birk, and Ah

You (1981) report no difference in strength on a hand dynamometer for subjects viewing pink and blue cards. Also, Green, et al. (1982) reported that subjects were weaker after viewing a pink wall than

a blue wall, but those colours had no effect on motor precision as

measured by a pursuit rotor task. The present study examined the

effects of Baker-Miller Pink and red on state anxiety, grip strength,

and motor precision. Red was chosen as a contrast colour because indications are that it has at1 arousing effect (Biren, 1950; Green,

et al., 1982). It was hypothesised that subjects exposed to a room painted Baker-Miller Pink would have lower state-anxiety scores.

Poorer grip strength, and better motor precision than subjects exposed to a room painted red.

Effects of Baker-Miller Pink and Red on State Anxiety, grip Strength, and Motor Precision Pamela J. Profusek and David W. Rainey.

Seven male and 39 female undergraduates were

alternately assigned to two rooms in which walls had been painted

Baker-Miller Pink or red. Both rooms measured 8 ft. by 6 ft., 4 in. and were illuminated by two 150-w incandescent bulbs. Subjects waited in their rooms for 5 min. and then completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, et al., 1983). The researcher measured, in counter balanced order, grip strength on a Lafayette hand

dynamometer (Model 78017) and motor precision with the Milton

Bradley game, “Operation”. In this game, subjects remove toy body pans from a body using metal tweezers. If the tweezers touch the

body, a loud buzzer is activated. The motor-precision score was the number of times the buzzer was activated.

State-Anxiety scores were significantly higher for subjects in the red room (M = 42.2, SD = 14.0) and those in the Baker-Miller Pink room (M = 34.3, SD = 10.0; i r r = 2.23, P < .05).

There was no difference in grip strength scores between sub- jects in the red room (M = 30.48, SD = 8.89) and those in the pink room (M = 30.26, SD = 9.34; t d r = .08). There was also no significant difference in the number.

34

Chapter 2

Heart Rate levels of prisoners with exposure ot Baker-Miller Pink

0 Min Prisoner is startled by entering the room and has increased heart rate at the start

5 Min The effects of the colour begin to work and slowly the heart rate drops

15 Min It has been observed that the effects do lose their effect after some time

82 bpm

78 bpm 74 bpm 70 bpm

65 bpm

0 mins

35

15 mins

Pink Sedation

02.2 Baker-Miller Pink, Aggression and Prison Systems

1985

SWITZER LAND

1979

SEATTLE, USA

This timeline shows the usage of

Baker-Miller Pink across the globe and when each country began to adopt the hypothesis

36

Chapter 2

1986

UNITED KINGDOM 1987

POLAND 1988

BELGIUM

1984

AUSTRIA

37

Pink Sedation

02.2 Baker-Miller Pink, Aggression and Prison Systems

I would like to report on a significant use of colour to reduce potential or actual aggression. It has been discovered that the use of a

specific shade of pink can have a moderating effect on subjects

experiencing feelings of anger or agitation. The calming effect of

pink, if appropriately applied, relaxes hostile or agitated behaviour in approximately ten to fifteen minutes. In 1978, Glen Wylie of

Santa Ana, California, showed John N. Ott, noted photo-biologist, a Kinesoid experiment utilising the colours pink and blue. If a two

foot by three foot piece of bright pink construction paper is placed in front of a subject’s eyes, the response is a significant loss of

muscular strength. In the experiment, the subject stretches his

arm straight out in front of his body, thereby creating a 90° angle. The experimenter’s goal is to bring the subject’s arm down to the hips.

The subject attempts to resist this effort by exercising maximum resistance at the agreed upon command. It is essential that the experimenter and subject be of comparable strength.

To establish the subject’s baseline strength, press down

on the subject’s arm, at the agreed upon command, for three

seconds. The subject should be able to resist the experimenter’s efforts, if they are of comparable strength. (Wrist watches which

keep time by utilising an oscillating system or emit any radiation,

even from the digital read-out, reduce subject’s strength and must be removed before testing. Similarly, too much clothing made of synthetic blends has a weakening effect.) Next, place the pink

construction paper about 15 inches in front of the subject’s eyes.

Repeat the resistance test. The subject experiences a significant

loss of muscular strength Finally, place a blue construction paper at a similar distance from the subject’s eyes. Strength returns and the subject shows no evidence of the earlier loss of muscular strength.

This experiment has been tried with 153 subjects. Using the Kinesoid method, only two subjects failed to demonstrate a loss of strength

to the pink colour (.01 percent). Experiments with 38 subjects using an ad- justable dynamometer show similar results All 38 subjects exhibited losses of strength, when exposed to the pink colour,

ranging from six to 23 percent. As early as 1932, research has shown that visible wavelengths of light reach the pineal and pituitary glands through neurochemical channels independent of the optic system

(Krieg, 1932). This suggests that colours can have a direct effect on

the entire endocrine system. Recent research supports this premise.

(Wurtman and Axelrod, 1956; Shipley, 1964; Hague, 1964; Kerenyi,

1977; Wurtman, 1975; Valenzeno and Pooler, 1979). The importance

of these independent neurochemical channels as it relates to health

and behaviour has been given considerable attention by John N. Ott. (Mayron, Ott, Nations, and Mayron, 1974; Ott, 1974; Treichel, 1974).

38

Chapter 2

Human response to colour and light has been studied by Faber

Birren (1979) and Max Luscher (1969). In animal experiments, some behavioural and morphological changes were recently reported by

Tranquillising Effect of Colour Reduces Aggressive Behaviour and Potential Violence Alexander G. Schauss

Salterelli and Coppola (1979) when mice were exposed to pink light

(45.7 cm fluorescent lamps (F15T8, 15W, General Electric); 550-700 nm, 620 peak). Pink light, they reported, increased the weight of

the adrenals compared to all other light conditions (p<0.05) when the mice were exposed for 12 hours each day for a total of 30

days. However, the relationship between pink colour and human aggressive behaviour has not previously been reported.

Next, place the pink construction paper about 15 inches in front of the subject’s eyes. Repeat the resistance test. The subject experiences a significant loss of strength.

Finally, place a blue construction paper at a similar distance from the subject’s eyes.

Strength returns and the subject shows no evidence of the earlier loss of muscular strength.

39

Pink Sedation

02.2 Baker-Miller Pink, Aggression and Prison Systems

The Effects of Baker-Miller Pink on Biological, Physical and Cognitive Behaviour James E. Gilliam, Ph.D.1 and David Unruh, Ph.D.2

This experiment has been tried with 153 subjects.

Systolic

failed to demonstrate a loss of strength to the pink

Dystolic

Using the Kinesoid method, only two subjects colour (.01 percent).

Pulse Strength Blood Pressure

Little systematic attention has been given to

E.D*

Pulse

pink on emotionally disturbed students, and

E.D*

Strength

examining the effects of the color Baker-Miller research has yielded con flicting results. In this study two groups of students (14 emotionally

Pulse

students) were exposed to two experimental

Strength

disturbed students and 16 regular education

conditions with different visual stimuli — white and Baker-Miller pink. Group One was exposed to the white condition followed by the pink condition.

40

Chapter 2 The Effects of BakerMiller Pink on Physiological and Cognitive Behavior of Emotionally Disturbed and Regular Education Students, James E. Gilliam,November 1991.

30

20

10

0

10

20

30

Pink White

* Emotionally Disturbed 41

Pink Sedation

02.2 Baker-Miller Pink, Aggression and Prison Systems

Concentration Colour Processing* Creativity

FRONTAL LOBE

Emotions* Pain Hunger*

TEMPORAL LOBE

42

Chapter 2

Sight Image Recognition Image Perception*

OCCIPITAL LOBE

Input and emotions* Combination of senses Conciousness

SENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA

Coordination Motor Function* Balance

CEREBELLUM This diagram showcases selected regions of the

brain and their different roles in seeing, (the effects regions highlighted in *white type) interpreting and making associations with colours in the environment.

43

Pink Sedation

02.2 Baker-Miller Pink, Aggression and Prison Systems

In 1978, I demonstrated the Kinesoid ex-periment, involving pink

colour, to a series of classes on innovative treatment techniques in corrections (Schauss, 1978). As a result of this provocative

demonstration, I had suggested that a pink holding cell might be useful as a “time- out” room for acting out confines. Two

commanding officers at the U.S. Naval Correctional Center in

Seattle, Washington, decided to try the pink holding cell in early

1979. On March 1, 1979, Chief Warrant Officer Gene Baker and facility commander Captain Ron Miller, ordered that a holding cell used

for initial confinement of new inmates be painted completely pink,

except for the floor. The cell selected housed new inmates for less than 15 minutes.

After 223 days of continuous use as a temporary holding

facility for new confinees, the results have been impressive. A

memorandum to the Bureau of Naval Per- sonnel, Law Enforcement and Corrections Division, Washington, D.C, written 156 days after

use of the pink holding cell stated: Since initiation of this procedure on March 1, 1979, there have been no incidents of erratic or hostile

behaviour during the initial phase of confinement. The memorandum went on to state that the new confinees only required a maximum of 15 minutes of exposure to en- sure that the potential for violent

or aggressive behaviour had been reduced. The effect continues for fully thirty minutes after release from the cell! This is enough time to process the new inmate to a permanent cell.

Newly confined inmates at intake are generally more prone toward violence than any other inmate. Before painting the experimental holding cell pink, duty intake officers remarked to the prison administrator CWO Baker that hostile behaviour by new inmates was daily a problem.

44

Chapter 2

According to Dr. Paul Boccumini, Director of Clinical

Services for the San Bernardino County Probation Department, similar results have been reported at their Kuiper Youth Center,

a co-educational residential facility for delinquents. Dr. Boccumini states that “the staff report excellent results, with the youngsters’

aggressive behaviour diminishing quite rapidly. In fact, it has worked so well that staff must limit their [delinquents’] exposure because

the youngsters become too weak.” Similar results have now also been reported by the Santa Clara County Jail in San Jose, California. The

County painted their large holding cell pink, at the recommendation

of the jail commander, Captain Miller. However results have not been as consistent because large holding cells, or “fish tanks,” hold many

confinees at one time. This situation reduces the pink colour’s effect because other colours are worn by the inmates. In fact, so aware are

the inmates in San Jose of the pink colour’s powerful effect that they have been scratching at the pink colour to remove it from the cell’s

walls. In discussions I have had with inmates at both the Seattle and San Jose facilities, all confirm the pink colour’s significant effect on their behaviour. The use of pink colour in reducing aggression and

causing muscular relaxation is humane and involves no medication or physical force. The phenomenon affects the endocrine system causing a tranquilising effect on the muscle system. The effect

can not be controlled by conscious or unconscious effort. This has been proven by experimenting with accomplished athletes in the

martial arts and yogas. It is similarly effective with the colour-blind.

In repeated experiments with adolescents and adults, the non-drug anesthetic effect occurs, on the average in 2.7 seconds. I would suggest the use of pink colour in any situation where sudden or uncontrollable aggression is likely.

Recent experiments with several middle aged males with

a history of violence suggest that imagery can be a valuable adjunct to treating such subjects. The subject is trained to concentrate his eyes on the pink construction paper while imagining a violence

provoking situation. Eventually a transference occurs so that the

subject can visualise the colour when provoked, thereby reducing this hostility. Further work in this area is proceeding. The use of colour in tranquillisation aggression and potential violence has

many implications and is opening up a new frontier of behavioural technology heretofore not seriously considered.

45

Tranquillising Effect of Colour Reduces Aggressive Behaviour and Potential Violence Alexander G. Schauss

Pink Sedation

02.2 Baker-Miller Pink, Aggression and Prison Systems

PRISONERS DEFENSE AND RETALIATION

1. Toothbrush

2. Electric water heater

3. Pen

4. Tattoo gun

5. Dice

6. Weight-lifting glove 46

Chapter 2

The use of Baker-Miller pink in prison systems can be seen as a defense mechanism by guards for

protection, here are some interesting examples of prisoners defense and retaliation to control.

7. Coffee kit 47

Kalman, Alex. “The Atlantic.”

The Atlantic, theatlantic, 11 Feb. 2020. ‌

Pink Sedation

02.3 Interviews

INTERVIEW

Tranquillising Effect of Colour Reduces Aggressive Behaviour and Potential Violence Alexander G. Schauss 48

Chapter 2

29/10/1979

SEATTLE, USA U.S. NAVAL CORRECTIONAL CENTRE

Austin Redman

38 Y/O

MALE 71 kgs 6’2

How was it when they first brought in the pink?

Before the big experiment all the walls

were painted a dull shade of yellow, I had never really thought about the colour and gave it much mind until they brought in the pink. When it first came in we all thought it was some sort of prank by the guards or maybe a punishment for contraband but no this was here to stay.

How did it make you feel at the time?

At first it gave me a headache because it

was so bright and vivid but over time I began to quite like the colour as it made the place a lot less dull. Myself and my bunkie noticed that over time the guys serving their time struggled to ‘act the tough guy’ while in their pink uniform and living in a pink quarters. It made sense to me then as to why they made such a fuss over getting as much of the paint they could get from home depo.

What do you think of the pink uniform?

I don’t really care if I’m being quite

honest, if anything it gives my girlfriend a good laugh when she comes to visit. It does bother some of the other guys for sure, one of the guys way back when even protested against it by refusing to wear anything but his trunks.

49

Pink Sedation

RESULTS

02.3 Interviews

29/10/1979

SEATTLE, USA U.S. NAVAL CORRECTIONAL CENTRE

Austin Redman

38 Y/O

MALE 71 kgs 6’2

50

Chapter 2

PRIOR TO EXPOSURE

Norepinephrine*

500 pg/mL

Cortisol

95/60mmHg

Adrenocorticotropic

48 mcg/dL

Hormone Norepinephrine

1700 pg/

Blood Pressure

mL

Beats Per Minute

120 85

AFTER EXPOSURE

Norepinephrine*

320 pg/mL

Cortisol

80/60mmHg

Adrenocorticotropic

40 mcg/dL

hormone

51

Norepinephrine

1600 pg/mL

Blood Pressure

110

Beats Per Minute

78

Pink Sedation

02.3 Interviews

INTERVIEW

Tranquillising Effect of Colour Reduces Aggressive Behaviour and Potential Violence Alexander G. Schauss 52

Chapter 2

02/11/1979

SEATTLE, USA U.S. NAVAL CORRECTIONAL CENTRE

Richard Balfe

32 Y/O

MALE 65 kgs 5’11

How was it when they first brought in the pink?

It was my first week in prison when

they brought it in so I never really knew much different really. I suppose it was a good thing because it made the place look clean and fresh at least for the first while anyways.

How did it make you feel at the time?

To me it felt weirdly clinical and knowing

that I was part of some experiment was a bit unsettling, it’s not the worst thing about being in prison thats for sure. The other inmates who had been in way before me definitely caused a fuss over the whole thing, complaining to guards that it wasn’t right and that they felt it was a mockery of them. I suppose I just wanted to serve my time without getting involved in any of the drama so it didn’t bother me.

What do you think of the pink uniform?

I suppose when you go into prison your

expecting the typical orange jumpsuit so it was definitely a bit of a surprise, at time I do feel like the guards are trying to get in our heads with it, like they’re making us feel like women and taking away our manliness

53

Pink Sedation

Chapter 03: Pink Utopia

Subsections

Proposal

Modern Uses

Conclusion

Topics Explored

Utopia Colour Globalisation

Contributers

Julie Irish Ferrier Morwenna Stinson Liz Hyland Tim

54

Chapter 3

Opening Statement

It has been proposed by scientists since the 1980s that Baker-Miller pink could be used more widely to counter daily scenarios of anxiety and turmoil, this chapter seeks to question how this would work and predict some consequences of it’s use.

55

Pink Sedation

03.1 Proposal Following the 1978 study on pinks effect on prisons it was suggested by several psychologist looking at the colour at the time that the

colour should be used widespread and that it could help in stressful

environments such as shopping centres, dentists offices, exam halls, airports and the list goes on. Yet pink toes a shaky line. Is it a benign means of subtle manipulation? A tool to humiliate? An outgrowth of

gender stereotyping? Or some combination of the three? Following the proposal of this idea of a pink utopia whereby societies have

been pacified globally we must look at how this could work and how

this had work on small scale projects that have taken place since the study in 1978. For example, Kendall Jenner Apparently Painted Her Walls Barbie Pink as an Appetite Suppressant. Vollebak’s Pink Hoodie Supposedly Calms You by Zipping Over Your Face.

56

Chapter 3

Irish, Julie. “Can Pink Really Pacify?” The Conversation, 27 Sept. 2018 ‌

57

Pink Sedation

01.1 Proposal

Dentists Offices

PINK UTOPIA? BAKER-MILLER WORLD? A CALM SOCIETY?

Panic Rooms

MORNING, EVENING AND NIGHT

58

Chapter 3

Within the study of Schauss in 1980 he suggests the idea of using the shade of pink more widely around the world. How would this work? What would the repercussions be? What would the benefits be?

Public Transport

Exam Halls

EVERYDAY, IN GLAMOROUS PINK?

Psyche Wards Drunk Tanks

A PINK COATED WORLD?

Prisons

Shopping Centres

Airports Hospitals

Offices

59

03.2 Modern Uses

EXAMPLES

Pink Sedation

60

61

Self-isolation and relaxation

FOOTBALL

Danger in disguise

appetite

VOLLEBAK

KENDELL J

Suppression of

WEAPONS

Chapter 3

Competitive tactics against opposing team

Pink Sedation

01.2 Modern Uses

KENDELL J

Ferrier, Morwenna. “This Colour Might Change Your Life: Kendall Jenner and Baker-Miller Pink.”

The Guardian, The Guardian, 10 Jan. 2017,

62

Chapter 3

02/10/2020

LOS ANGELES, USA

Kendall Jenner

26 Y/O

FEMALE 62 kgs 5’10

Why did you paint your room pink?

Baker-Miller Pink is the only color

scientifically proven to calm you AND suppress your appetite. I was like, “I NEED this color in my house!”

How did you hear about the hue?

It might seem a bonkers assertion, but

it’s not the first time this particular shade of pink has been linked to a certain behaviours. The designer Vollebak recently created a hoodie in Baker-Miller Pink designed for warm-ups and warmdowns, which when zipped up purports to reduce the wearer’s heart rate and slow their breathing by reducing oxygen intake.

Do you think the claims of the colour are true?

It’s only been a couple of weeks so it’s

hard to tell! I did loose a couple of pounds this week but whos to know, it could just be the diet that I’m on for Paris fashion week. I do LOVE the colour though, it soothes my soul!

63

Pink Sedation

01.2 Modern Uses

That debate aside, people have glommed onto the idea, in part

because it's alluring to think a color could change one's behavior or state of mind. It's particularly attractive to designers in the

sports world constantly seeking colors and materials that might

give athletes even the tiniest advantage. A new sportswear startup

called Vollebak uses Schauss's research as the basis for a complex hoodie called, appropriately, Miller-Baker Pink. It's defining feature is a mesh visor that casts everything in a soft pink hue, something

Vollebak claims provides an increased state of calm. Steve and Nick Tidball, twin brothers who are advertising creative directors and avid adventure sports athletes, started the company. After more than a decade competing in extreme sports, they say they've found few

brands using smart design to intelligently address the problems they often faced. “A lot of brands are obsessed with what’s the new green or what’s the latest material that athletes would like to wear,” says

Steve Tidball. “We approached it from what do I as an athlete need?”

Vollebak's Pink Hoodie Supposedly Calms You by Zipping Over Your Face

What they as athletes needed was a way of calming

their nerves the night before a big event. Tidball says they began

by studying the parasympathetic nervous system, a division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for promoting states of

rest in the body. The hoodie borders on obsessive in its dedication to designing for relaxation. The brothers knew they wanted to

incorporate Schauss’ color theory to reduce heart rate, so they designed a hoodie with a mesh visor that gives a pink tint to

everything you look at. (Relaxation bonus: The hoodie is like your

own personal cave; you can see out at 80 percent visibility, but no

one can see in.) But that’s only one part of the problem. “We started to think, how can design influence the way you breathe?” Tidball

recalls. They designed the mesh visor so it naturally encouraged

athletes to breath through the nose (there are small holes around the mouth to let air out), which ultimately slows down the rate of

respiration. And they retooled the hoodie’s pockets so that when

an athlete sticks his or her arms into the holes, they’re cradled like

a broken arm in a sling. “Essentially it’s like wearing a straight jacket,”

he says. The idea is to discourage the wearer from exerting any more energy than absolutely necessary. There’s no doubt the hoodie was an intensely considered design challenge, and at $330, that effort shows. The price may be worth it if you’re the type who routinely

climbs mountains or runs endurance races, but we think it sounds like a pretty good accessory for taking an afternoon nap, too.

64

Chapter 3

A new sportswear startup called Vollebak uses Schauss’s research as the basis for a complex hoodie called, appropriately, Miller-Baker Pink.

It’s defining feature is a mesh visor that casts everything in a soft pink hue, something Vollebak claims provides an increased state of calm.

65

Pink Sedation

01.2 Modern Uses

Hood zips over face

Atheletic Enhancement

66

Chapter 3 Stinson, Liz. “Vollebak’s Pink Hoodie Supposedly Calms You by Zipping over Your Face.” Wired, WIRED, 22 Nov. 2015. ‌

Pink mesh over face

67

Pink Sedation

The visitor’s locker room at Kinnick is painted pink. The walls are pink. The floors are pink. The toilets are pink. It is pink everywhere. The locker room is beloved and controversial.

68

Chapter 3 Hyland, Tim. “Why Does Iowa State’s Kinnick Stadium Have a Pink Locker Room?” LiveAbout, 2019. ‌

Visiting teams that come to Iowa’s Kinnick Stadium face the

formidable University of Iowa Hawkeyes and their fans, seasonal weather that can sometimes range from bad to miserable and a

unique characteristic that screams of Iowa tradition: a pink locker

room. The visitor’s locker room at Kinnick is painted pink. The walls

are pink. The floors are pink. The toilets are pink. It is pink everywhere.

The locker room is beloved and controversial. And at least according to one Iowa coaching legend, it is a big key to Iowa’s home-field

success. The pink locker room was the brainchild of legendary Iowa coach Hayden Fry, who was the coach for the Hawkeyes from 1979 to 1998. Fry had graduated with a psychology degree from Baylor

University. He claims that he once read that the color pink can have a calming effect on people. So after he arrived at Iowa, Fry ordered

the color pink for Kinnick’s visiting locker room. Some say Fry actually believed the color would calm his team’s opponents. Others believe he wanted to psychologically beat the opposing team before they stepped out on the field.

Among the coaches who were annoyed by the pink locker

room was University of Michigan’s Bo Schembechler, head coach of

the Wolverines from 1969 to 1989. By most accounts, Schembechler absolutely hated the locker room, going so far as to have his staff

bring paper to cover the walls when the Wolverines played there. His wall covering efforts did not always have the desired effect, under

Schembechler, Michigan was 2-2-1 at Kinnick Stadium. As part of a

massive renovation of Kinnick Stadium in 2004, the pink locker room got even pinker, as pink lockers, toilets and showers were installed to go along with the pink walls. The locker room redo didn’t sit well

with some Iowa law professors and students, who in 2005 protested that the locker room reinforced stereotypes of pink being attributed to women and the gay community, and the underlying psychology

was to make the other team seem weak or “sissy.” They charged that by having the pink locker room, Iowa was endorsing discrimination

of women and the LGBT community. The protests caused a stir, but

public opinion strongly turned in favor of the tradition. As Washington Post columnist Sally Jenkins wrote that year, “I’m sure I should be more upset about the pink decor in the visitors’ dressing room at Iowa. But as it happens, my violent knee-jerk reaction is that it’s

merely funny. If the armies of feminism want to change my thinking on that, they’re going to have to slap electrodes to my pretty little forehead and zap me until I stop giggling.”

69

Pink Sedation

01.2 Modern Uses

5. Protest T-Shirt (Save the Locker Room)

2. Urinal

4. Clothing Hanger 70

Chapter 3

1. American Football Helmet

71

Pink Sedation

01.2 Modern Uses

Maybe one set of South Carolina parents was at a movie

late last Friday. Maybe they were getting dinner at a local restaurant or drinking at a local bar. Maybe they hurried to change clothes,

quickly scanning the bedroom before rushing back out for groceries.

Wherever they were, the parents of 3-year-old boy Tmorej Smith

and his 7-year old sister weren’t on hand to stop the kids from finding a bright pink handgun left unsecured in a bedroom. The pistol was

loaded and without a trigger lock. And it wasn’t long until the 3-year-

old boy and his 7-year-old sister picked the pistol up and played with it, as kids will do. The gun fired, and the bullet hit Tmorej in the head

and killed him. Amid all the firearm discourse and legislative debate, this story from WYFF in Greenville, S.C. struck me differently. Maybe

a pistol with attachments to hold a stuffed animal, or side chambers

for dum-dum lollipop bouquets would be more appealing to kids than a pretty-pink-pistol, but not by much. Kids like toys because they’re fun to play with, so don’t make pistols that look like toys. I’m not

saying the number of children killed by unsecured hand guns would

instantly and dramatically drop with a “Pink Pistol” ban, but it couldn’t

hurt. According to a 2012 Children’s Defense Gun report nearly 6,000 American kids were killed from ‘08 to ‘09 by guns. That’s nearly the number of Afghan and Iraq U.S. combat deaths from ‘01.

Not quite 200 of those dead kids were under 5 years old.

If one of them died because someone thought a pink pistol was a toy, that at least seems an easy fix. Retailers that market weapons

in colors of all spectrums might be outraged, but could take solace

in their sales of pink AR-15s, as well as sherbet, lime, and sunburstcolored assault rifles. What’s more challenging is getting people

who own firearms to secure them. Shooting is a process: choose a weapon, fill out the forms, buy the bullets, load the bullets, pull the trigger, methodically clean the weapon, apply some oil. Can’t be

that tough to include another step like replacing the trigger guard,

or locking it up. Unfortunately carelessness and disregard are even more common among Americans than firearms; so it’s too bad there’s no legislation that can change that.

72

Chapter 3

Kids like toys because they’re fun to play with, so don’t make pistols that look like toys.

According to a 2012 Children’s Defense Gun report nearly 6,000 American kids were killed from ‘08 to ‘09 by guns.

Johnson, Robert. Business Insider, Insider, 6 Feb. 2013, www.businessinsider.com/thisis-what-happens-when-you-sellpink-guns-that-look-like-toys2013-2?r=US&IR=T. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022. ‌ 73

Pink Sedation

01.1 Proposal

1. Pink coated gun

PERCEPTION OF DANGER Lethal Combination of a pink hue and a deadly weapon

74

Chapter 3

DEADLY RELATION TO KIDS TOYS Having weapons be coated pink causes them to be perceived as toys

75

Articles

Bibliography

Journals

Books

Pink Sedation

76

Chapter 3 Birren, Faber. Color Psychology and Color Therapy: A Factual Study of the Influence of Color On Human Life. 1961. Print.

Alter, Adam. Drunk Tank Pink: And Other Unexpected Forces That Shape How We Think, Feel, and Behave. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 2014. Print.

The Effects of Baker-Miller Pink on Biological, Physical and Cognitive Behaviour James E. Gilliam, Ph.D.1 and David Unruh, Ph.D.2

Effects of Baker-Miller Pink and Red on State Anxiety, grip Strength, and Motor Precision Pamela J. Profusek and David W. Rainey.

The Effects of BakerMiller Pink on Physiological and Cognitive Behavior of Emotionally Disturbed and Regular Education Students, James E. Gilliam,November 1991.

Tranquillising Effect of Colour Reduces Aggressive Behaviour and Potential Violence Alexander G. Schauss

Hyland, Tim. “Why Does Iowa State’s Kinnick Stadium Have a Pink Locker Room?” LiveAbout, 2019.

“Diagrams.” Sonic Asymmetry, Sonic Asymmetry, 18 Aug. 2008. ‌

Irish, Julie. “Can Pink Really Pacify?” The Conversation, 27 Sept. 2018 ‌

‌

Ferrier, Morwenna. “This Colour Might Change Your Life: Kendall Jenner and Baker-Miller Pink.”

The Guardian, The Guardian, 10 Jan. 2017,

Johnson, Robert. Business Insider, Insider, 6 Feb. 2013, This is what happens when you sell guns that look like toys Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Kalman, Alex. “The Atlantic.”

The Atlantic, theatlantic, 11 Feb. 2020. ‌

‌ Stinson, Liz. “Vollebak’s Pink Hoodie Supposedly Calms You by Zipping over Your Face.” Wired, WIRED, 22 Nov. 2015.

“Can Colour Affect Your Mood and Behaviour?” Verywell Mind, 2020, www.verywellmind.com/ color-psychology-2795824.

“Color || Symbolism.”

Colormatters.com, 2021, www. colormatters.com/colorsymbolism. Accessed 2 Jan. 2022.

‌ ‌ 77

Sedating

Candy Mind-Altering Creamy

Cheeriness Fun

layful

Poppy

Joy

Girly

Lust Controlling Nostalgia Happy

Starburst

80

Persuasive Happy

Manipulative

Love