COVER STORY 封面故事

Have you ever wondered where Hong Kong’s original shorelines lie? Discover

how reclamation has led and represented the city’s development over the centuries, with fun and fascinating facts.

你是否好奇香港原本的海岸線在哪裡?不妨來了解一下香港的填海造地 歷史，有很多趣味故事，借此還可以了解香港近百年來的發展史。

Filled to the Hilt Hong Kong’s Fascinating

Reclamation History 香港填海工程史

Since the earliest days of the British colony, geographically and economically, Hong Kong has been substantially built on land reclaimed from the sea. Compared with the city’s coastline two hundred years ago, when Hong Kong was still a collection of hamlets and fishing villages, today’s landform is almost unrecognisable.

Expanding territory into the sea has been a human endeavour for hundreds of years, undertaken by countries and cities around the world. The Dutch have extensively reclaimed low-lying areas since the 13th century. In Hong Kong, the infilling of nearby shallow waters has played a pivotal role on the city’s development. In all, more than 6.3%, or around 70 square kilometres, of the city’s total area of 1,106 square kilometres has been reclaimed. But this vital new land accounts for more than 27% of the city’s residential area and supports 70% of its commercial activity.

The city’s eagerness to make its own land was led by its natural geography. Most of Hong Kong Kong’s original coastline was rugged and largely uninhabitable, with villages clinging to slivers of flat space between the mountains and the sea. So when the area around you is mostly level, it is likely the work of man, not nature.

Take a walk with us back through time to explore how reclamation projects have shaped and transformed Hong Kong. By visualising the original geography, we can appreciate the city’s remarkable transformation from remote outpost to one of the world’s great cities.

毫不誇張，無論從地理上還是從經濟上來 說，香港不少的地區都是在填海土地上建 造的。把現在和200年前（當時香港還是都是村莊和 漁村）的城市海岸線做比較，截然不同，幾乎認不出 來。

數百年來，全世界很多國家和地區一直在努力地 圍海造地。荷蘭人在13世紀開始在低窪地區進行大規 模的填海。填海造地在香港的發展歷史上發揮了巨大 作用。在全港1106平方公里的總面積中，有6.3%以 上（約70平方公里）是填海造地而來。但是開墾土地 27％以上是用於居住，其商業活動佔據70％以上。

考慮到香港的自然地理，大規模填海工程不足為 奇。香港原有海岸線大部分崎嶇不平，不適合居住發 展，村莊坐落在在山海之間面積狹小的平坦土地上。 如今，你在海岸邊所踩着的平地都是人類的傑作，而 不是來自於大自然。 讓我們回顧過去，探索香港較為著名的填海工 程，看看它是如何塑造香港的？你可以重新認識這座 城市，欣賞這座城市從偏遠地區轉變為世界偉大城市 之一的過程，感受這多麼非凡的成就。

Hong Kong Island

港岛

Practically all of Hong Kong Island’s northern shore, stretching from Kennedy Town to Shau Kei Wan, stands on land pulled out of Victoria Harbour, its development literally the foundation of the city’s growth over the years. Some notable projects include:

從堅尼地城到筲箕灣的整個港島北岸都是從填海造地而來； 這些年來，其發展成為這座城市的歷史中舉足輕重，重點項目包括：

Connaught Road in Central in the 1920s. In the foreground is Blake Pier 1920年代的中環幹諾道中。前面是卜公碼頭

Central Praya Reclamation Schemes 海旁填海计划

from 由 1850s 年代 to 至 1910s 年代

The first road the British built upon taking possession was Queen’s Road, along the shoreline between Sai Wan and Wanchai. The very first reclamation scheme was undertaken in 1851 after a large fire destroyed much of Sheung Wan below Queen’s Road, where the Chinese merchants operated. Using the residual debris plus other rubble, the waterfront line was pushed out from Jervois Street, between Wellington Street and Morrison Street, to a new Bonham Strand, a generous 50 feet wide. Shortly thereafter, the waterfront in adjacent Central was also extended northward, from Queen’s Road to what is now Des Voeux Road Central. In phases over subsequent decades, the sea wall between Central and Sai Ying Pun shifted still further out into the waters of Victoria Harbour, with Connaught Road becoming the new waterfront. Many of today’s landmark buildings in the district, including the Court of Final Appeal building (formerly the Old Supreme Court), Prince’s Building and the Hong Kong Club, then looked out across the harbour.

英國人佔領香港後興建的第一條道路是沿西灣與灣仔之間的皇后大道。 第一次填海計劃是在1851年開始的，當時一場大火燒毀了皇后大道中 國商人經營的上環地區。政府以廢石及其他填充物為基礎，在蘇杭街、 惠靈頓街和皇后大道的交界處至蘇杭街與摩利臣街的交界處再往西鋪設 一條新路——這條50英尺寬的新道路就是文咸街。此後不久，中環的海 濱也從皇后大道向北延伸到現在的德輔道中。

在此後數十年間，海岸線在中環和西港島之間進一步延伸，由德輔道延 伸至乾諾道，成為新的海岸線。這座城市的許多標誌性建築，如現在的 高等法院（原最高法院、太子大廈、香港會等），都在新海濱一帶。

The harbourfront on Connaught Road around 1920s. Besides shops, quite a number of inns were opened in the area providing accommodation for foreign businessmen visiting in Hong Kong. 1920年左右的干諾道海濱。除商店外，這裡還開設了許多旅館，為香港的外國 商人提供住宿。

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Connaught Road in Central in the 1920s. In the foreground is the Duke of Connaught statue set opposite Pedder Street. 1920年代的中環幹諾道中， 前面是康諾特公爵雕像，位於畢打街對面。

Wanchai / Causeway Bay 湾仔/铜锣湾

Simply put, much of where you travel in Wanchai and Causeway Bay is reclaimed. To trace the original shoreline, we begin hard up against the hillside, far inland. The first roads built were Queen’s Road East and part of Johnston Road, in front of the small rise where now stands the Ruttonjee Hospital. A jagged headland called East Point reached to where the World Trade Centre now stands, in Causeway Bay. Swampy wetlands formed the shores off today’s Happy Valley and Tai Hang, with a causeway built along the now Causeway Road to keep seawater from flooding the muddy inlet.

Various reclamation schemes from the late 1800s relentlessly extended the coastline, making Hennessy Road the new waterfront. Further works in the 1950s then laid claim out to the line of Gloucester Road, a stone’s throw from Kellett Island, location of the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club. In the 1970s, the Wanchai North area was carved out, to be occupied by the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition, several large commercial complexes and key government buildings. The latest Central and Wanchai Reclamation project created the HKCEC Extension, Bauhinia Square and the infrastructure for the Sha Tin Link and Central-Wanchai Bypass tunnel. For glimpses of the old shoreline, take a walk along Queen’s Road East – for instance, check out Hing Shing Temple and the old Wanchai Post Office.

一句話概括，灣仔和銅鑼灣的大部分地方都由填海建成。你可以通過觀察 山丘起點來追溯最初的海岸線。填海修建的第一條道路是皇后大道東和莊 士敦道的一部分，莊士敦道正對着小山坡上的律敦治醫院。銅鑼灣的東點 成鋸齒狀，現在是世界貿易中心所在地。現時的跑馬地和大坑道原是一片 沼澤濕地，而高士威道旁建有一條堤道，防止海水淹沒泥濘的海岸。早在 19世紀末，各種填海計劃開始不斷擴大土地面積。十九世紀後期進行的大 規模填海工程將軒尼詩路建成了海濱新區；隨後1950年代的填海工程將其 擴展到告士打道，距離香港遊艇會所在地的奇力島僅一步之遙。 1970年 代左右，香港又一次大規模的填海造就了灣仔北地區，也就是香港會展中 心，目前是幾個大型商業綜合體和政府大樓所在地。最新一期中環及灣仔 填海工程包括香港會展中心、紫荊廣場，以及沙田至中環線隧道的基礎設 施建設。

沿着皇后大道東漫步，看看您是否能瞥見昔日的海岸線，還可以參觀皇后 大道東的洪聖廟和舊灣仔郵政局。

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Spring Gardens, Wan Chai, 1846 1846年，灣仔，春天花園景色

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Aerial view of Wanchai and Causeway Bay from the Peak around 1925. Landfill works were in progress in Wanchai. 1925年左右，從山頂俯瞰灣仔和銅鑼灣。填海工程進行中。

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East harbourfront in Wanchai - around 1910 灣仔東海旁-1910年左右

Old Kai Tak Airport / Kowloon Bay / Kwun Tong 旧启德机场/九龙湾/观塘

Back in the 1800s, the foothills of Lion Rock Mountain, Kowloon Peak (Fei Ngo Shan) and others comprised of villages built along the shallow shores and mangrove wetlands, with Kowloon Bay forming a natural shelter. Due to rapid growth of refuges from Qing Dynasty China in the early 20th century, plans were drawn to reclaim much of the shallow foreshore and wetlands to create a large residential area. In fits and starts the effort progressed over the decades until the British leased the land for an airfield, eventually expanding into a Royal Air Force Airbase at the now old Kai Tak Airport. The wartime occupying Japanese administration expanded the airport and in the early 1950s, the Hong Kong Government built out a three-kilometre modern runway over the waters of Kowloon Bay and formed a large apron to create a full-fledged civilian airport. At the same time, land was formed from the waters off Kwun Tong to create an industrial area of godowns, shipyards and factories, with more residential areas above. Reclamation off Ngau Tau Kok came next, making way for the current Telford Garden areas south of the foothills. Today, a new reclaimed harbourfront stretching from Kwun Tung to Kowloon Bay is lined with gleaming office buildings and a scenic boulevard. The old airport is well on the way to becoming a major destination, headlined by the Kai Tak Cruise Terminal and a large sports complex being built. But the sleepy bay that once was there is unrecognisable.

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Kwun Tong Industrial Zone 1966 1966年的觀塘工業區

早在十九世紀，獅子山、九龍山頂（飛鵝山）和其他山麓的海岸線， 就被開發為紅樹林濕和村落，九龍灣則是一個天然的庇護所。 20世紀 初清朝時期來自內地的難民快速增長，人們計劃開墾大部分淺灘和濕 地，創建新的大型居住區。這項工程經過了幾十年的努力，部分完成 後擱置，直到英國租用這裡作為機場，最終在現在的舊啟德機場興建 了皇家空軍基地。

日本佔領香港期間擴建了機場。 20世紀50年代初，香港政府在九龍灣 水域上修建了一條3公里長的現代化跑道和一個大型停機坪，打造出功 能齊全的民用機場。與此同時，填海工程開始在觀塘沿岸開墾土地， 並修建了倉庫、造船廠、工廠和住宅於一體的工業區。接下來是牛頭 角海域的填海工程，現時山麓以南的德福花園地區同樣是填海工程所 得。

時至今日，從觀塘至九龍灣的新海旁已填海興建起來，兩旁是閃閃發 光的辦公大樓和風景優美的林蔭大道。舊機場已經逐漸成為香港最新 的聚會場所，啟德郵輪碼頭和正在建造的大型體育館都足以吸人眼 球。但是曾經昏昏欲睡的海灣已不復存在。

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Kwun Tong, early 1960s with Kowloon Bay and the Kai Tak runway in the background 1960年代初的九龍灣觀塘，以九龍灣和啟德跑道為背景

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Kai Tak at its busiest, in the 1970s 1970年代最繁忙的啟德機場

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1960s Ngau Tau Kok and Kwun Tong 1960年代牛頭角及觀塘

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1998 West Kowloon Reclamation viewed from the Peak 1998年山頂俯瞰的西九龍填海區

West Kowloon Reclamation 西九龙填海区

Under the Airport Core Programme of the early 1990s, the West Kowloon Reclamation took out a 3.4-square-kilometre swathe of western Victoria Harbour off Jordan and Tai Kok Tsui. Today, the Western Harbour Tunnel runs through the area, which is also home to the Airport Express Station, the city’s largest mixed-used development, comprised of its tallest office building (ICC), hotels (Ritz Carlton and W Hotel), shopping mall (Elements), a transport exchange (Airport Express and MTR), and swanky high-rise residences. Once the vast West Kowloon Cultural District is completed, the area is set to become the city’s cultural hub. Already well worth visiting, the area includes a scenic promenade, the Xiqu Centre, the Art Park and Free Space.

西九龍填海工程是1990年代初期實施的機場核心計劃的一個組成部分，它 把維多利亞港西部——佐敦及大角咀一帶的水域填海。總共有超過3.4平方 公里的土地被填海，大部分已完成。如今，西區海底隧道貫穿西九龍，這 裡擁有機場快線車站，以及最大的混合用途開發項目，包括香港最高的辦 公樓——環球貿易廣場，麗思卡爾頓和 W 酒店，圓方購物中心，機場快 線和地鐵等交通樞紐，以及高端高層住宅建築。廣闊的西九龍文化區建成 後，這裡已經成為文化中心。此外這裡有很多值得遊覽的地方，包括風景 秀麗的長廊，戲曲中心，藝術公園和 Free Space。

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West Kowloon, 1995 1995年的西九龍

New Territories – New Town Development 新界—— 新市镇发展

Sha Tin 沙田

With rapid population growth from the 1950s to the 1970s, consisting largely of arrivals from China and their burgeoning families, the government looked to the New Territories to create satellite towns. When the flat agricultural lands surrounding the villages proved difficult to acquire and consolidate, plans were made to reclaim coastal areas. First came Sha Tin, rising from swampy land beside the Shing Mun River and now home to more than 700,000 people – Hong Kong’s largest satellite town. The creation of other New Territories new towns including Tai Po, Tuen Mun and Ma On Shan also relied largely on reclaimed land.

為配合六十年代至九十年代人口的快速增長，政府在新界興建衛星 城。然而，鄉村周圍平坦的農地很難取得和鞏固，於是開始計劃在新界多 處填海興建新市鎮。第一個是沙田，城門河沿岸的沼澤地經填海開設為新 市鎮。今天的沙田是香港最大的衛星城，人口超過70萬。其他新市鎮包括 大埔、屯門和馬鞍山，這些新市鎮大部分是在填海土地上發展起來的。

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Sha Tin New Town Reclamation, circa 1974 1974年左右的沙田新市鎮

Tseung Kwan O 将军澳

The most recent large satellite development is Tseung Kwan O, an ambitious reclamation project that took in over half of Junk Bay and subsumed shoreline villages including Hang Hau and Rennie’s Mill (Tiu Keng Leng), former home of refugee Kuomintang loyalists. Most of the new town’s 10 square kilometres came from the bay and it now serves as the gateway to the beautiful Sai Kung District hills, scenic beaches and coastline.

將軍澳是最後一個大規模填海工程得來的大型衛星城。將軍澳 填海工程是一項規模巨大的工程，佛頭灣大部分區域被填。新城鎮 建起來後取代了沿岸散落村莊，包括坑口和調景嶺，這裡容納了大 量逃過來的國民黨擁護者。新市鎮總面積超過10平方公里，大部分 建在填海土地上。這裡是通往美麗西貢的門戶，香港最美海灘和海 岸線都在這裡。

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Tseung Kwan O New Town 將軍澳新市鎮

Lantau

1Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok Reclamation Circa 1990s 1990年代香港國際機場赤鱲角填海工程

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Tung Chung New Town Reclamation 1990s 1990年代東涌新市鎮填海工程

大屿山

Hong Kong International Airport / Tung Chung 香港国际机场/东涌

The crown jewel of Hong Kong’s illustrious reclamation projects is surely the 12-square-kilometre Hong Kong International Airport, along with the adjacent Tung Chung new town. The small island of Chek Lap Kok Island, off northwest Lantau island, was levelled and the sea bottom dredged and filled to make space for the new airport. A small hill of Chek Lap Kok was preserved as a sound barrier for the new town of Tung Chung – also reclaimed from the shores and mangrove wetlands of famously hilly Lantau. In the past decade, more reclamation helped create the entry point for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge, another engineering marvel in its own right. It is best viewed from the Ngong Ping 360 Cable Car out of Tung Chung and up to the Big Buddha. Other attractions in the area include Sunset Peak and Lantau Peak and the fishing village of Tai O.

可以說香港國際機場項目及週邊的東湧新市鎮是香港填海工程中 最傑出的代表，這是個奇蹟。機場的一部分建在大嶼山西北海岸的赤 鱲島。整個島被改成平地，被海底沙子填滿，形成了12平方公里的新 機場。赤鱲角的一座小山被保留下來，作為新市鎮東湧的隔音屏障， 東湧新市鎮亦是從多山的大嶼山海濱及紅樹林濕地填海而來。

過去10年裡，香港進行了很多填海工程，而港珠澳大橋是另一個 工程奇蹟，為香港創建了新的入港口。推薦您參觀東湧及其周圍的自 然景點，比如昂坪 360、天壇大佛、大東山、大嶼山以及大澳漁村。