CO NFER EN CE P ROCEEDINGS
PEOPLE 2012 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions In Horizon 2020
UNIVERSITY OF CYPRUS 5-6 November 2012 Nicosia - Cyprus
ISBN 978-9963-700-62-2
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Preface During a period of economic crisis and at the beginning of the next framework programme for research and innovation, HORIZON 2020, the discussion of mobility of researchers acquires greater importance than ever before. The Marie SkĹ‚odowska Curie Actions is supporting the mobility of researchers, which in sequence is directly linked to innovation and becomes the catalyst for transforming the EU knowledge base into the development of new products and solutions. Access to ďŹ nance for research and innovation in Europe is the fuel to ensure that innovative ideas can be turned into products and services that create growth and jobs. The Research and International Relations Service of the University of Cyprus is pleased in having the opportunity to organize the Marie-Curie PEOPLE 2012 conference with the support of the European Commission and the Cyprus presidency of the Council of the European Union. A good number of Poster Presentations took place during PEOPLE 2012 conference in addition to the rich programme of plenary and parallel sessions. The conference participants had the opportunity to discover what Marie Curie Fellows are producing and had a taste of the wealth of ideas and innovation produced by the research funding provided by the European Commission. I would like to thank the presenters who submitted their contribution to the publication of these proceedings. Dr Gregory Makrides Project PEOPLE 2012 Coordinator Director of Research and International Relations Service University of Cyprus
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Table of Contents Speakers Papers Marie Curie International Fellowships under the 7th RTD Framework Programme Francois Willekens STRAVAL Title: Studies, Training, Socio-Economical Valorization and Management of Natural, Cultural and Monumental Property for the Promotion of the Local Societies of Latin America(Argentina, Brazil and Mexico) Jose Luis Brianso and all STRAVAL team
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Poster Papers Reform not Revolution. Smooth Transition from the Ottoman to the Latin Script in Beatrice Hendrich Reversible Phase Exchange of Gold Nanoparticles using a Switchable Surfactant Triggered by Co2 and N2 Maria Gonzalez-Bejar, Salvador Pocovi-Martinez, Laura Frances-Soriano, Elena Zaballos and Julia Perez-Prieto
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A Study of Materials used in the Production of Wall Mosaics from early-Christian Cypriot Basilicas: Preliminary Results Olivier Bonnerot
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Archaeometric Research on Glassy Materials used in Mosaics from Delos (Greece) Francesca Licenziati
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Techniques and Materials used in Wall paintings from the Classical to the Roman Period, in the Eastern Mediterranean L.Avlonitou
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Active and Passive Microwaves for Security and Subsurface Imaging (AMISS) L.Crocco, E. Slob, A.S. Turk, I. Catapano, F.Soldovieri
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Towards a Green Future of Aeronautics and Wind Energy Generation through Innovative Research and Training C.A Dan
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Commercial Local Urban Districts Program (CLUDS) Carmelina Bevilacqua, Bruno Monardo, Claudia Trillo, Jusy Calabr, Pasquale Pizzimenti
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Transition to Coherent Turbulence Takeshi Akinaga, Gregory Cartland Glover, Kaoru Fujimura, John Fletcher, Tomoaki Itano and Sotos Generalis
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MATSIQEL: Models for Ageing and Technological Solutions for Improving and Enhancing the Quality of Life M. Angelova, P.M. Holloway, H. Gibson, A. Ben- Halim, J. Easton, A. St Clair Gibson, G. Cook, L. Rauch, E. Lambert, B. Klein “SMARTSocket” Intelligent Amputee Sockets Employing Real Time Advanced Photonic Sensors for Optimum Fit and Pressure Relief through Active Controls George J. Konnis Optimization of An MS-Based Immunoassay for Early Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease Alexandros D. Petropoulos, Jeronyme Zoidakis, Joost P. Schanstra, Harald Mischak and Antonia Vlahou SocialRobot: Elderly Home Care and Socialization Christophoros Christophorou
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Diagnostically Robust Ultrasound Video Transmission over Emerging Wireless Networks Andreas Panayides
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Improvement of Home Appliances Efficiency by means of Advanced EnergyManagement Solutions Joaquin Capablo, Nelson Garcia- Polanco, John Doyle
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Conclusions Introduction
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Plenary Session I, “How Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions in Horizon 2020 can contribute to the Europe 2020 objectives”
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Plenary Session II, “Strengthening the Excellence of Human Potential in Research in small EU member states”
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Plenary Session III, “EU Funding for Research and Mobility under the researchers’ scope”
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Plenary Session IV, “Quality in Mobility”
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Session A, “How Marie Curie Actions contribute to solving societal challenges faced by regions in Europe”
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Parallel Session B, “The international dimension of Marie-Curie Actions” 165
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COMMERCIAL LOCAL URBAN DISTRICTS PROGRAM (CLUDS) Carmelina Bevilacqua*, Bruno Monardo**, Claudia Trillo***, JusyCalabr*, Pasquale Pizzimenti* *Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria (IT), ** “Sapienza” Università di Roma (IT), *** University of Salford Manchester (UK).
ABSTRACT The CLUDs project intends to explore the potential of a new tool for renovating degraded public spaces improving the attractiveness and accessibility of deprived urban areas by focusing on the high potential of local commercial activities. The implementation is based on a networking of EU universities (Reggio Calabria, Salford, Aalto, Rome) and US universities (Boston, San Diego). The core of this network activity regards Joint research and training activities on two main topics: public/private partnership and urban regeneration. Thanks to the CLUDs project, it has been possible to activate a specific measure of the Operational Program 2007-2013 of the Calabria Region financed by the European Social Fund concerning the empowerment of international research network through the international doctorate “Urban regeneration and Economic development”.
Introduction Local Economic Development issues are capturing growing interest within the international policy agenda, thus encouraging the change towards a more flexible management of local resources. According with the European Commission (2010) document about “Regional Policy contributing to smart growth in Europe 2020”, the development of smart specialisation strategies is crucial “to maximize the impact of Regional Policy in combination with other Union policies”. Smart specialization strategies are a key factor to stimulate private investment and “they should be integrated into regional development strategies in order to ensure an effective partnership between civil society, businesses and public authorities at regional, national and European levels”. Cities played an important role within the reform process of cohesion policy that took place in order to build up operational programme for 2007-2013 period (Hubner, 2000), and for the future programming period their role is strictly connected with smart specialization strategies (Europe 2020). Urban regeneration gained a powerful role in the empowering the future role of cities in the globalization era: it can be considered a sort of public action in a market governed by different powers -the new powers of globalisation age- and triggered a more strategic approach in the contemporary urban planning theory and practice. This implied an
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increase in the importance of urban management tools in shaping the cities. This kind of approach produced a strong political impact within urban affairs, both in Europe and US. The CLUDs project, financed within 7FP Marie Curie IRSES program 2010, intends to explore the potential of a new tool for renovating degraded public spaces and improving the attractiveness and accessibility of deprived urban areas by focusing on the high potential of local commercial activities. The exploration is oriented to the implementation of an innovative tool: CLUDs, Commercial Local Urban Districts, aimed at emphasizing the strategic role of small retails -handcraft and typical food- in reinforcing the sense of community, reducing transportation costs and contributing to the creation of attractive urban environment, thus triggering an increase of private investments. The implementation of the CLUDs project is based on a networking of four EU universities (Universities Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, of Salford, Aalto and La Sapienza of Rome) and two USA universities (the Notheastern University of Boston and the San Diego State), which all hold leading positions in planning education, training and research in their countries. Partners are exchanging staff members, early stage and Experienced researchers, around yearly seminars/meetings, workshops, and a final international symposium. The core of this network activity regards Joint research and training activities on the two main topics of public/private partnership (PPP) and urban regeneration. The theoretical hypothesis of the CLUDs project is the concept that in order to increase sustainability in urban regeneration it is important to create a network of producersretailers, concentrated in urban regeneration areas considered as “competitiveness platforms”, but at the same time strictly linked to the surrounding territory, and capable to exploit the potential of territorial milieu both by acting on transportation costs reduction through economic logistic and by emphasizing aspects of place branding and place marketing in promoting the territory as a whole.
Urban Regeneration issues: a synthetic framework Going back at least to the fifties of the previous century, the term "regeneration" applied to urban transformation policies, implies a surprisingly wide range of cultural interpretations, already set up and implemented or still in progress in the advanced and emerging economies. It is a complex and multifaceted season, starting with the “urban renewal” approach and developing through the second part of the XX century in favour of the maturation of specific models labelled by different definitions (Berg, Braun, Meer 1998), going from the so called "urban revitalization", mainly connected to the North American domain (Sutton 2008), to the properly called “urban regeneration” policies, mostly referred by relevant contributions in the disciplinary literature to the European context, despite its deep inner cultural diversity. Escaping slippery epistemological interpretations, the evolutionary path from the “renewal” rationale to the “regeneration” dimension can be identified in the transition from "placeoriented" to "people-oriented" strategies in which, through the strengthening of the social vector, the idea of physical, economic, environmental regeneration is enriched by new opportunities in order to pursue an authentic holistic dimension of the city and its enlarged community.
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In the different styles of success regeneration policies and actions, the common DNA can be identified in the integration concept: programs and projects show virtuous mix of activities, services, infrastructures, financing, and - "last but not least" - forms of governance with flexible partnerships among actors as representative as possible of the richness and vitality of the urban communities. The issue of innovative partnerships within the contemporary crisis has become critical for governments, called to promote and implement effective transformations of urban and natural contexts through a virtuous cooperative vision, involving not only the traditional privileged subjects of the private domain, but also the small businesses, the non-profit world, the community associations and the molecular, recessive stakeholders. Hence the emphasis on participatory democracy issue, one of the rising imperatives of inclusionary urban policies. Compelled cooperation or convinced alliance towards a "loyal exchange"? It depends on the "control" style and game rules. Public administration with a "pilot" role, as it usually occurs in Civil law countries or with a "referee" role, as in the Common law domain? Or multifaceted hybridization forms in a variable geometry context, as it is widespreading on both sides of the Atlantic? The crucial issue seems to look for a shared "vision" by leveraging on the system resources and vocations of urban and rural integrated context, build cohesion through community planning strategies, human capital, networks, promote "people-oriented local action” plans with new forms of urbanity and social solidarity within local cultural diversities.
Research Framework The aim of the CLUDs project is to construct an innovative urban management tool for achieving sustainable local urban development by enlarging the relevant territory to which development policies are applied. The premise is that sustainable local development in the 21st century is best served by tools that stimulate growth of new and existing businesses across territories and includes urban and rural spaces. We argue that it is important to redefine the concept of "local" in ways that include the rural areas surrounding urban centers in order to reach a sustainable local development. Starting from the concept of “territorial milieu” (Dematteis, 1994) as an evolution from the ordinary environmental and physical dimension to the complex social networks of urbanrural territories and incorporating it into our interpretation of urban management tools, it is possible to offer a richer concept of sustainability, properly defined as the interaction among environmental, social and economic factors (Governa, 1998). Envisioning CLUDs as an alternative to the development strategy of globalization, which often sacrifices local differences in order to standardize commercial practices, the long term objective of CLUDs is to strengthen local retail and business activities by preserving the diversity of local territories by enhancing commercial and cultural link between urban centers and their rural neighbours, promoting the consumption of local foods and the products of small scale local manufacturers and retailers.
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In order to activate competitiveness inside the “territorial milieu”, CLUDs are designed to foster the growth of competitive urban platforms that can serve as “windows” through which global markets can view the economic and cultural products of their territory. So that the innovation at the heart of CLUDs is to provide a more creative role for the public sector by combining the private-led approach, still underpinned in the majority of current urban regeneration tools, with sustainability. In terms of urban management, the new suggested tools are designated areas, reflecting the rationale of Economic Opportunity Zones, in which local authorities deliver integrated packages of services, aimed to foster investments and entrepreneurship, ranging from subsidies for investors to public investments for upgrading premises, and from training schemes for specific groups to consulting for local entrepreneurs. Following this rationale, CLUDs aim to provide critical mass to targeted urban areas, through the connection with a broader network of local producers, fostering the concentration of services (urban competitiveness) by connecting them to the production of goods in the wider territorial milieu (urban-rural balance). The CLUDs model indeed is expected to be structured according with a rural/urban view of regeneration process. Purpose technically to be reached by using a structure of indicators for testing urban-rural areas and, at the same time, by using identification criteria to classify them according to national and European statistics. The project area sample takes place from the combination of integrated indicator and spatial indicators. Spatial indicators deal with the taxonomy of urban/rural areas, the accessibility level, the attractive index and the export zone. Moreover the combination of integrated and spatial indicators sets the rationale of territorial milieu. According to the research framework, the architecture of the program is divided in three Work Packages: Urban Management Tool, Territorial milieu, CLUDs' Local Action Plan. The first important phase of the research activity has been the construction of an analytical frame to understand how Public Private Partnerships can be both marketable and social sustainable.
Methodology The methodological approach used to set up the model comes from the wide family of urban marketing techniques, based on the evaluation of business local initiatives by connecting entrepreneurial return of scale with local welfare empowerment (Bradley, Hall, Harrison, 2002). Referring to the main and specific goals of the CLUDs project, the research object suggests a holistic and comprehensive approach aimed to “capture” complexity. The research methodology was designed for the empirical investigation, approaching issues not just for theory testing but also to explore new hypothesis potentially emerging during the process itself. The Ground Base Theory (Glaser, Strauss, 1967) has been considered the most appropriate approach for the construction of the CLUDs model and for the conduction of the empirical analysis. The main advantage is GBT’s capability to encompass the object complexity and the high
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potential to trigger an inductive process for the incremental adjustment of the research hypothesis. Thus the case study methodology as the most appropriate for the conduction of empirical analysis. It is well known that the “Case study approach” is an appropriate way of learning and discussing innovative ideas through the experience (Johansson, 2003, Yin 2008). The investigation construction is focused both on tools to be implemented and selection criteria of the case studies; the latter results crucial for the reliability of the whole research design method and plays a crucial role in order to study urban environment matters (Flyvbjerg, 2006). The research activities within the first year of the CLUDs project have been articulated with respect to the following main features: PPP rules and land use, economic and financial indicators to assess self sustaining urban districts, capacity building of non-profit organizations in urban neighborhoods, labor market in urban neighborhoods, business start-up in urban neighborhoods. The above mentioned features compose the frame for analyzing the factors of success and unsuccess affecting PPP initiatives, in order to accomplish the first objective of the research. This latter refers to the setting up of an analytical process to understand how Public Private Partnership can be both marketable and social sustainable by highlighting integrated approaches related to Credit access, local resources promotion, job creation, social activation. The selection of the case studies started with the construction of a list of potential cases, located in the Massachusetts area. This list was prepared by local experts and included all the potential cases they considered important to the research, i.e. 66 cases covering a broad range of topics and goals. A number of 12 case studies was considered by the research team adequate to investigate the WP1 topic, and viable with respect to the available resources.
The Public Private Partnership opportunity for innovating regeneration tools A wide review on the disciplinary contributions shows that although the literature on Public–Private Partnership (PPP) is extremely wide, yet it remains confused. The reasons for that are: conceptual vagueness, multiplicity of definitions, ideologically based advocacy (both pro and vs), and disparate research traditions (Wettenhall 2003; Weihe, 2006; Hodge and Greve 2008). One of the most common definition of PPP, useful to the general framework of our research can be “cooperation between the public and private sectors, usually based on formal agreements, sometimes informal as well, to work together towards specific urban development objectives. Public-private partnerships can be understood analogous to business partnerships with profit and risk sharing, general partners and limited partners, and different roles and different objectives for those that are responsible for developing strategies and those responsible for implementing it.”(Reuschke 2001).
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The academic debate has addressed the term “Partnership” within a variety of perspectives mainly including references to “Partnerships as contracting-out” (Johnston and Romzek, 2005), “NGO-government alliances” (Brinkerhoff and Brinkerhoff, 2002), and “Community local government cooperation” (Krishna 2003, Brinkerhoff 2011). The huge family of approaches in defining PPP promoting the economic initiative within urban regeneration process has led to distinguish two main categories with their multifaceted hybridization forms. The first is based on the initial formal or informal agreement among Public and Private partners, on the involvement of the public sector regarding financing of specific partnership projects, provision of financial or not primarily financial incentives in order to attract private and on the dominant thread concerning infrastructure financing, construction, operation, and maintenance. Some schools of through stress this interpretation, defining PPP as “a form of structured cooperation between public and private partners in the planning/construction and/or exploitation of infrastructural facilities in which they share or reallocate risks, costs, benefits, resources and responsibilities”(Koppenjan 2005) or “arrangements whereby private parties participate in, or provide support for, the provision of infrastructure”(Grimsey, Lewis 2007). The second family is based on a general pursuing to establish a partnership based on community development principles dealing with the involvement of citizens, local companies and professionals to improve various aspects of local communities; its legal entity is a non-profit organization, which allows to participate to a set of advantages, such as tax relieves, special national trust for grant and so on. In such a scenario the dominant thread is concerned in providing services and programs and engage in activities that support communities. Concerning the two above different categories, we can argue that in general the former considers the definition of PPP in its strictly meaning (business led), the latter in a broader sense (non-profit led), without forgetting that the most intriguing effects are to be discovered in the wide panel of their hybridization typologies. In the first working package of the CLUDs research project, the case studies selected within the Greater Boston area have been organized following the mentioned main categories and their hybridization forms within at least three specific clusters: Public-Private formal agreements (for instance BIDs), Community Development Corporations, Main Streets. This initial rather simple taxonomy could represent a driver to better understand which could be the more suitable model for Integrated Local Business Districts (more than Commercial Local Urban Districts) connected with local production. In a very generally way, we can argue that, in Europe, Non-profit organizations seem to play a role more connected with social purposes (see for example the EU programs under Structural Funds), while Business PPPs play a major role in urban regeneration process as driver to enhance competiveness.
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Urban management tools: lessons from the Greater Boston area As widely recognized, Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) initiatives rely on flexible forms of urban governance; partnerships are usually designed to bring together public, private and civic actors to achieve comprehensive community goals in primary business and mixed used areas. In general, as many authors stress (Hoyt 2004, Hoyt, Gopal-Agge 2007), BIDs are organizations publicly authorized and privately promoted, started-up and directed. The ordinary management is in charge of non-profit organizations (greater communities) or mixed ones (smaller communities). However, the Downtown Boston BID is an interesting exception, as the City of Boston was practically forced to assume the role of primary engine, promoter and supporter of the initiative after 15 years of failing attempts. In fact, the Mayor Menino’s administration could not risk to lose political consensus after having declared commitment for inverting the decline trend of the nineties. In this particular condition, it is evident the changing role of the local government: it is more a driver than a referee of the long process of implementation of the initiative. This situation is very different from what is happening in some Mediterranean European contexts concerning the hybridization of the public administration. While the pilot role of the City of Boston is positive on one hand, it is also negative on another one, because of the weakness showed by the City of Boston in terms of lack of control and engagement rules on private investors, as for the “Filene affair”, the delicate rehabilitation of an abandoned historical Department store in the core of the city. Community Development Corporations (CDCs) propose a sophisticated form of partnership; officially non-profit organizations, “de facto” sort of developers, they put together social and economic development applied to low income, deprived, disadvantaged communities, with a placebased approach. Generally they operate tackling the failures or the lack of priorities of the governmental institutions. CDCs limit is the lack of resources and expertise in finance, real estate, planning (defined “limits to comprehensiveness”). An interesting exception is the case of Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative (DSNI) which is not, by choice, a real CDC; it is a “variable geometry” non-profit organization, a particular hub which identifies from time to time different partners for implementing single projects. A sort of horizontal platform with a stimulating role for endogenous and exogenous stakeholders and agencies. The Main Street approach is an interesting response to the urban revitalization (today regeneration) policies and a significant contribution for “integrated area-based PPP”. Managed through the Main Street Inc. (non-profit organization), they implement the general (National Trust of Historic Preservation) and local (Boston Main Street) Programmes, being allowed to receive public grants and tax exemptions. Their effectiveness is closely linked to the critical mass of available budget as two opposite case studies demonstrate (Washington Gateway and East Boston MS).The Public sector can be generally seen in a mutating role from a “resource provider” to a “resource broker”, a facilitator of investments and general involvement of plenty of actors potentially interested in the regeneration process. In this sense, MS projects cannot do without the direct and active involvement and cooperation of the whole local community in a flexible context of regeneration strategies.
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Urban-rural interactions for enhancing local urban regeneration initiatives Investigations already conducted in the Work Package 1 can help to define the ways to transform urban externalities in a competitive advantage for local business activities, particularly handicraft and retail trade. Among the findings of the first year it is clear that, in general, firms can get possession of the externalities produced from the qualities of urban legacy if the public actor should increase, in an appropriate way, the "total" quality of public spaces and services. This involves the redevelopment, on one hand, of urban centralities (recovery of urban spaces, street furnishings, lighting, restoration of buildings and facades, etc.) for supporting the life quality of residents and attracting more visitors; on the other hand it implies the redevelopment of urban services (mobility, parking, security, etc.) in support of usability of public spaces and for increasing the demand of the activities located in those centres. Moreover, private actors should improve the quality and composition of commercial and handicraft offers together with consumer services; more specifically they have to make consistent their supply quality with the cultural and environmental values of urban centres and outer neighborhood poles, increasing the quality of products and services for the consumer (local products, quality labels, shop signs and windows, e-commerce, etc.). Finally, the two main actors should, in a cooperative and integrated approach, jointly promote all the products and the resources of the urban centre (museums, exhibitions, fairs, shows, etc..) to increase the allure and the "global" quality of a town and its territory. In the last months, the research groups are going to join the results of the work package 1 (in terms of innovating urban management tools through peculiar “partnership architectures”), with the WP2, in which they have been studying the possibility of introducing new forms of sustainable regeneration (on a physical, social and environmental level) through an inclusive approach of the already mentioned “territorial milieu”. This means exploiting the potential of grass-rooted community-driven initiatives by incorporating urban-rural interactions into urban management tools. In Europe there is a tendency to identify the rural municipalities (where most people live with the income generated, directly or indirectly, by the agricultural sector) with the small towns. This identification is accepted by the most of the economic literature and it is the basis of policy intervention (European Commission).The "rurality" is not, for many reasons, the only discriminating criterion because it is "not homogeneous". The urban areas at the "service" of the countryside are, in fact, significantly diversified in terms of functions and activities. The lack of homogeneity tends to increase in Europe as a result of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which enriches functions, not immediately agricultural, both the industry and the territory."Christaller's approach" is the basis of identification among different urban categories for the reason that cities are seen as the "central places" that offer services and "essential goods" to rural areas. New determinations introduced in the analysis and the relationship with the countryside will modify if this interpretative model is changed and the analysis moves towards a systemic or "networking" approach, where the centres are also linked with each other on the basis of relations of complementarity and affinity. The relationship becomes a “biunique” correspondence and specificity of agricultural
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production can become an opportunity to change profoundly the functions and the positioning of urban municipalities. The result of this change of vision could have an effect on the strategies of revitalization of small towns and on the CLUD project. If the CLUD were based on their specialization as "markets" of the local products, the urban area could take ownership of the externalities produced by agriculture and viceversa. The use of this strategy (where the relationship between town and countryside is not of hierarchical kind) will increase the rank of the offers of smaller centres, widening the target market and "lengthening" the territorial radius of attraction. For these reasons, the case studies to be analyzed in San Diego area and the Orange County will be selected and studied on the basis of the relationships among the urban patterns, the rurban (rural-urban) surroundings and the outer countryside where agriculture is dominant. In the comparative survey between USA and European experiences, particular attention will be placed on the possible innovative approach of the American revitalization projects connected to the urban-rural nexus, the new European Union agricultural policies and the potential impact of integrated local business activities (the CLUDs model) on regeneration strategies.
References Berg van den, L., Braun, E., Meer, J. van der (1998), National Urban Policies in the European Union, Ashgate, Aldershot, UK Bradley A., Hall T., Harrison M., Selling cities: Promoting New Images for Meetings Tourism’ Cities, vol.19. 2002. Brinkerhoff, D. W. and Brinkerhoff, J. M., Public–private partnerships: Perspectives on purposes, publicness, and good governance. Public Admin. Dev., 31: 2–14. doi: 10.1002/pad.584, 2011. Bult-Spiering M. Strategic Issues in Public Private Partnerships. An alternative perspective. Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Dematteis G. “Nodi e reti nello sviluppo locale”, in: Magnaghi A. (ed.), Il territorio dell’abitare. Lo sviluppo locale come alternativa strategica, Milano, Franco Angeli, 1994, pp 249-268. Flyvbjerg B., FiveMisunderstandingsAbout Case-StudyResearch , Volume 12 Number 2 April 2006 219-245 © Sage Publications 2004. Grimsey D., Lewis M., Public Private Partnerships: the worldwide revolution in infrastructure provision and project finance, Edward Elgar Publishing 2007. Governa F., “Il milieu come insieme di beni culturali e ambientali”, Rivista della Società Geografica, Vol. 105, 85 — 93, 1998 Glaser, Barney G & Strauss, Anselm L., The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company 1967. Hall D., PPPs in the EU, Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), Business School, University of Greenwich 2008. Hodge G. A., C. Greve, PPPs: The passage of time permits a sober reflection, Journal compilation Institute of Economic Affairs Published by Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2009, pp. 33-39.
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Hoyt L., “The Business Improvement District: An Internationally Diffused Approach for Revitalization.”, Washington, D.C.: International Downtown Association, 2004. Hoyt L. and Gopal-Agge D., “ The Business Improvement District Model: A Balanced Review of Contemporary Debates”, in Geography Compass, 1(4), 2007, pp. 946-958. Johnston B.S., J.M. Romzek,, Network, stability, management and performance: learning from social welfare contracts, University of Southern California, 2005. Koppenjan J.F. M., The formation of PPPs: lessons for nine transport infrastructure projects in the Netherlands: Public Administration, Vol. 83, No. 1 2005, pp. 135–157. Krishna, A. Partnerships between local governments and community-based organisations: exploring the scope for synergy. Public Admin. Dev., 23, 2003,pp 361-371. Reuschke D., Public- Private Partnerships in Urban Development in the United States, NEURUS- Network of European and US Regional and Urban Studies, 2001. Sutton S.A. Urban Revitalization in the United States: Policies and Practices, Columbia University, US Urban Revitalization Research Project (USURRP), 2008. Van Boxmeer B., Van Beckhoven E., Public-Private Partnership in Urban Regeneration: A Comparison of Dutch and Spanish PPPs. European Journal of Housing Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2005, pp. 1-16. Weihe, Guri, "Public-Private Partnerships: Addressing a Nebulous Concept", Paper for Tenth International Research Symposium on Public Management, Glasgow, 10-12 April 2006. Wettenhall, Roger, “The Rhetoric and Reality of Public- Private Partnerships”, Public Organization Review: A global Journal, 3, pp. 77 – 107. Yin, R., Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publishing, 2008
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