الإمارات الثقافية issue 46 r

Page 1


f£ :¡D* f0b~zD* ¯ ¤ D*H ¯b jD* *v+(°* yP R 0 ¶( N * É<(°*H fAb j D vJ*5 + b ~6 yCxE ¤ N ~6 4b:* ¯ E x D*H É<( °*H fAb jD* i°b¸ ¯ ,y£ gO´* f£ D* lbp+&°* bc g~6* ¯ NgcN =R 4N OyCx´* O P R JO f£+x D*H P Í~|gs´* E £ « O JxA bGxT P JO &* v + bGx~{ D fC4b~{´* ¯ Íc=*xD* ebg O D*H Í D'¡´* N 0 O O JO x~{ D* ¡ O N ~{R JN ¤ JxE&* M4°H2 7000h 5000 Í+ rH*ÆJ b£DbE bK cR E lbp+& °* ebp~8& * 9¡ N O }J¡ gD* N N O´ f /ÆD*H f<bc D*H D'D'¡´*H yCx´* Í+ P ÄN R O´* R vP R N D* tJ4b- E i*¡ ´*H y M N ~6 N zP R 1 ,v

:‫اﻟﺸﺮوط‬ 200 150

μ

μ

μ t μ t μ

t

μ

t

μ 200

μ μ

μ μ

t t t

w w w.c m c . a e ½fkG* £*§¡ G* ¨ < ~F|º* E§H u - ¨/|M p§tgG*K mf 6*4zG* 8§ I f 64(¶


μ

õ«cQÉe Qɪ°ùe ¢ü«°üÑdG ¬∏dGóÑY ÖFPh Ñ*vc D x~{ D f£+x D* 4*vD* < ,42b~|D* "d)wD* :" fJ*H4 *K x1'¡E i&*xB ¡ - ,ÌcC fEb~zg+*H fJ*HxD* h£ F&* hJ¡ D* E x<b~7H d-bC |£~|cD* ¤g ~7 Í+ b g­&* Ñ* H ¤ /H *K x1'¡E -&*xB bE C ¤ ~{Gv- f£+x< fJ*H4 &*xB* &* cB J¡: hBH ¢~}E f£<b g/* ibJ*H4 ¯ f j g´* f£ £-HxD* ¡: Iv gJ ° +b~{gE A ¯ 4HvJ E oxs- ° ¤gD* ibc£³*H 4&bjD*H ibFb£³*H d²* < lvpg- f +b~{gE ¯ Ég1°* b £~8b - pF b g+ ¤gD* f£m£ ³* iÉ~z ~z´* ,b~6&bE e¡. - bK ~}J&* dg D* ¡~6 b + q J ¤gD* dg D* &*¡~6&* EH A b g+bgC f Jx: d-b D « &* Hv+ ¡s£~{-H ¡DHb+ jE Í£´b< ebg D ¢ + ,v ´* dg D* ,$*xB ¯ gBH f<b~9(* ¢ < bK cDb= x~zpg- mJ HM b1 v£ - x AH g ~|+ cB E bK /ÆE -&*xB ebg D f £ ~9 fs~zF *v@@+(°* 2¡/¡+ @@E&°* · v£ gD f£AbC hFbC d)wD* : jE f@@J*H4 D bG4b~|g1*H b F¡ J °H JÌjC bG22xJ ¤gD* - f+bg D* ¯ fDb~8&°*H &* gJ*H4 ~64 ¯ ÉK £~8&* ¡ - &* g c0 -b£~|s~7 g~|B x gc- &* oxs- D ,x D* ¡ - &* EbE&* bE d-bC v£ - ,x A ¡ - &* H2 dg bK Eb­ A b C b g~{G2 Eb + pF bGb g D b cg - hF&*H +b~8&* Í+ E f £ ±* b .*v0&*H gJ*H4 ¯ |£~|cD* jE $b£~7&°* E ÌjC fJH*xD* ¯ ¤GbcgF* h D kJ2b0&* v0&* ¯ |£~|cD* Ñ*vc D ¤ 1*2 ¯ ~8&* ¤ / y£C4bE 4b ~zE Hv+ fJ*HxD* ¯ *K 4b ~zE xCw- ° &* ´* E bB fJ*HxD* ib£ A < y£C4bE fJ*HxD* l*v0&* ¯ 4H2 4b ~z´* *w D ¡ J &* DH d)wD* fj± f B¡g´* Ì=H f_/b ´* fJ*HxD* fJb F ¯ y£C4bE 4b ~zE 5x+ ¤<*v+(°* e2&°b+ ¡ g ´* &*x J &* dmJ |F *wG &° £ < f~{GvD* v~zA&* b C ¡ ~zgc-H y£C4bE 4b ~z§ ¡ ~z g~6 ,Ì@@1&°* fp ~|D* ¯ ¤ £ ²* b§4 h A D b Db /H ¤+2&°* b £B4 =x+ hJ¡ D* ¯ h E fJ*HxD* &* xCwDb+ xJv/ fJ*HxD* ¯ b J&*4 ¥wD* b ±* Ì= x1%* bK _£~7 Ix- d£BxD* f ~6 b§4


Úà°üb ∫hCG ‘ ,áfiÉL ΩÓMCGh §£bh RÉL »eÉchQÉe »chQÉ¡d

¢ < ,ÌcD* ex~7 ~} J "3x±*" ¢ ~zJ d~} D* Jx~6 A B*¡D*H £ D*H 4*H2&°* °2bcgJ £~|D* É1 ebgC 0 8¡~| D* É1 ~z F 3x±* x/xmJ b £cA ·bJx~6 ~{+ i*3 f~}Eb= ,&*xE* f Ax+ £Db£D ¤~} ¥H*xD* (bA f £ jD* f s£D* ÉC&bJH f£ £c D* ¡ D* ¯ b~{Bb gJ +b~8&* f +4&* f£~9b´* b -bBÉ< ÉE&bgJH ¡@@c@ @ £@ c@ D* fc D" f@@£@ Fb@@j@ D* f@@~@ |@ @ D* z~6'¡E ¡@@ 0 4Hv@@ - Pinball 1973 H2 b´* E Ìj D* ¤ mJ f /x- fCx~7 D3 @@EH < ¢ E @@< $b~zgJ &* 2b~|J y D* jE $*4H bK jG° ¢ cJ H&* Ä£ A d D f £CbE i*4b@@c@D* v@@0&* ¯ w + bK ~6H¡ E qc~|J bK £mJ4v-H ¡c £+ f ~} ´* g £CbE ¤ gs- &* ¶(* fc D* " J&*4 < d-b D* Ä J `/b E ~{+ ¡c £cD* fc D E c~zC  $¤~7 ° ¹ « ¤gD* f£ BxD* fm£g D* I¡~6 "$bJÄ D* bgcJx D* bgJ¡g ´* bg~| D* b@@-b@@G ¤c¹ eb@@m@<(* v£C&bgDb+ °b@@ @- ¡~6 ¡~6 b F(* 3(* f 0ÉD* ¤CH4bG b <&* E&bJ bC bE A ¢ < ,Ì~|cD* p ­ v <H f £ D* g + £D(* ¡~8¡D* ¯ f£Db£³*

121

46

2016

v0&* ¯ ¤CH4bG z / ¤~9b´* x D* E ib £ c~zD* fJ*v+ ¯ H&°* ¡~{D* dB*xJ ,Ì+ fc < E ¡c~z£cD* d E ib/4vE ¤0H £ < cG +x~}§ ,x D* Íc<ÉD* v0&* ex~9 bEv <H f~|B dg J ¡~6 `/b E dg J ·b£ D* x ~6 ÉK ~6 J µ D3 &* v + b £A Æ<* bC ¥wD* 5b±* ¢ E ¯ ¤ ~}´* D* =x+ ,x1&bgE i*Æ D +4&° D* Jx: < D b´* /H g/H5 E pggA* vB 0 « &* ¶(* ¡£D* ¯ i*ÆA f+bg D* x1%* 0 JvD 4b~8 %°*H |~|B c~|J bE ¡G µb²*H }Eb D* ¤0¡D* E ¡ D* *wG vJv±* +bgC fEv E ¯ f.2b²* wG xCwJ ¡GH ¤EbCH4bE 1978 b< b cgC Íg~|B H&* ¢ < ¥¡gpJ ¥wD* < ,4bc< Hear the wind sing "¤ J qJxD* ~6*" ¶H&°* ¥H*x@@D* ibcjD* v@@<H Ì gD* < f p~}EH fcJx= iÉE&b £~|D* ~|A $b~} D -v + ¶(* ¡£C¡: ¯ g Eb/ E 2¡ J ~{1 ¥x. bK Eb­ D }Bb E /xD bK Jv~8 qc~|J f<x~z+H


"á©FGôdG »à≤jó°U" áÑJÉμ∏d »àfGÒa Éæ«∏jEG Í£Db J(°* eb@@g@ @D* @@~@}@A&* @@E ,v@@ 0*H ¤@@G ¤@@g@F*Ì@@A b £ J(* b ~6* x F ° ÍD¡ m´* ebg D* ÈC&* E bK ~}J&*H Jx~8b ´* b )b~64H fJxJxpgD* b -É+b E } + E x< bE ¤ £ ²* bK £Db0 f/HygE Ì=H &* b F&*H ·¡+bF ¯ i&b~{F b F&* ,4¡~{ ´* bGx~7bF ¶(* hEv - Í0 $¤~7 C *wG - /Æ- 64v b F&b+ -Ä1&* vJÄD* Jx: < " E d0" b D f@@J*H4 H&b@ + fJxJx« °(* iÉ+b E H&* ib<b g/* H&* ib~{Bb § 4b~{- D f@@J*Hx@@D* hcgC ¤ F&* ¤ J" hp E (* y)*¡/ f@@J&* c - @@DH E £ <&b~6 x~{ D* 4*vD fc~z Db+ f C B&°* fc-b D* ¡C&b~6 "¥4¡~}0 A b ~z F fJb 0 ¡G dc~zD* &* 4v@@- b -bJ*H4 &*x - Í0 @@+4&* b D v/¡J *K v@@/ f~8b1 ib@@A*Æ@@<* f+bj§ ¤G b -bJ*H4 "¤ sgD* bJ&*" " E d0" fJy£ ½(ÉD f /ÆE ib@@J*H4 "f )*xD* ¤g Jv~8 ",vJv±* fJ*HxD* *K Ì1&*H "f )b~}D* f +°*" ·¡+bF ¯ b g G*xEH b -b£0 ¡ Jx= b £ J(* fJH*xD* xCwg- k£0 fE¡E&°* É D* f+w ´* f D* ,b£0 ¶(* *K 4*x -H *K 4*xE 2¡ -H z ±* E ´*H eb½°* ¯ fc=xD* v< ¯ H&°* ~|D* ¯ ¡ JÌ~6 É£D f£CwD* b g Jv~8 b £ J(* ¤ g Fb~8 f +* É£D bK £c~zF ,Ì D* x~6&°* E bg D* f~64v´* 3¡pg~z- ¢ £D fJv cD* 4*2 ¯ °K b 0 J b £ J(* ¡+&* b £+ fJw0&* bEv < bs- °H f Jx~6 f£~{0H b F¡ D b £D(* ebm<(* ¢ < bE&* 22Æ+ D3 - b F(bA b£c~|D* ¢ < 4bm0&°* b £ J(* ¤Ex *3 b E bsJ £ ±* E £ ~|g+ D3 - b F(bA ¢ £D bCH fjDbjD* ~6 w E ,$*x D* b ~z F h < b F¡ + ¢ £D h£~8 ¢ £D 1 bGyCx§ - &* ~|D* ¯ ,bgA ¢C3&* b £ J(* ¢ < bC4v- b-bg D* hFbCH 4b~{D* ¯ &* ~|D* ¯ $*¡~6 ,x c´* fAb jD* Jx: < ¡G b D¡~8&* E eHx D* ¯ b E&* &* bG*v<b~6 b G&* &° x D* g¸ E oHx³* f~8xA b £ J&° rbg DwD *¡~}A4 ¢ £D G&* bE&* f ~6¡g´* f~64v´b+ b BbpgD* ¢ < ¤ g - b cD* +* E oHyg-H f_£cD* - f £m~6 ¢ c- b F(bA ,v0*H b £ J(* dB*x- ¢ £D b £+ @@A&°* dB*x- b £ J(b+ f~| D* -bp ~8 1*2 h m~6 ,v0*HH ebg D* 1 bE x -

46 2016

120


GOhÒf ƒ∏HÉH ô©°T ¿CG »æ©j Gògh ,™«HôdG ¬fEG AGƒ¡dG ‘ íÑ°ùj £< x - ° bK ½ Db G &* ,x~|gs´* ibAb~z´* Ä< xAb~6 P f +P *xD*H 2¡ g- µ G¡/H f )*xD* fDy D* ¢ < ¤ D* $b~} D* ¯ h / ¤gD* $b£~7&°* E ,v@@0*H F&* *w G bK +¡c¹ *2HÌ@@F E £~9*¡E ¯ f )*4 v)b~|B dgC f £c D*H ¡@@ @ D* @@j@E f@@ @£@B2 ¯ bK ~}J&* v@@+&* D fJx~{cD* v)b~|B dgC f£-b£²* 4¡@@E&°* oH5H w@@ £@ @c@ @ @ @D*H @@:b@@ @ @ @ D &* 4v@@ Fb@@ = ¡@@ @ J e4*¡@@ @ @±* hD*H x ~{+ *K ÌjC x.&b- *2HÌ@@F b gJH x ~7 ¯ ¥ÌGb ±* z²* (*" ¯ v½H ÌcC Ì.&b- D b gJH dgC @@E Ìj D* *2HÌ@@F fcg E "eb~{<&*H *4H&*" jE b gJH ¯ 9¡sgD $b~} D* E y - ebg D* ¯ Ix@@1&°* v)b~| D* g EH g/HyD *2HÌF d0 jE fJ¡£FvD* £~9*¡´* E vJy´* ,*v EH vJ s+ f+¡g E f£DbgD* ,v£~| D* b£-H4H&* *v £-bE ib g E wG b D *Ì D* ÆsF 94&°* ¢ < E *K v£0H *K v+&* ¡C&* ° xm D* ~6 < kpcF ib+b D* ¯ E *K v£0H *K v+&* ¡C&* ° ¤~6b D* Í D* £+xD* d p:H h~zD P ¤0b C ¯ E b -Æ1* ¤gD* ,v0*¡D* ,v£0¡D* +

119

46

2016

-b C ¢~z J &* £ g~zJ E ,Ì ~{D* J b jE + P A&* &* vJ4&*" "5x D* ,xm~{+ £+xD* ¡ £ D* b@@ C 2014 b@@ < ¯ ¡E¡ J ib;¡ p´* ~zB ¢ < bEv < *2HÌ@@F ib E £~{ g+ } + ¢@@ @ < @@ @ @Jv@@ J&* h@@ @ @BH cB E x~{ - µ ¤gD* b <&°* E i*2¡@@~@z@´*H ib+bg D* w@@G y)b²* ¤ £~{gD* x<b~{D* cB x~{ - ¡~6 +¡F ,y@@)b@@/ ¢ < E H&°* ¯ fJy£ ½(°* f Db+ *¡ + ¡JbE *2HÌ@@ @ F b@@ Gv@@ @ @+ ,2¡ D*" Then come back " )b~}D* the lost Neruda

4¡~z£AHÄD* 4v@@Fb@@= h~zJ4¡A JwD* v@@0&*H H*x@@+ f Eb/ ¯ 4¡j Db+ b~{gC°* *wG c~{J fJy£ ½(°* ¶(* 4b ~7&* *¡ /x ¡ ½&* Jb´ ,vJv±* ibE¡~6xD* E y C ¢ < 2b«ÉD -4bJ5 É1 E bGb0¡g~6* v)b~| D* E ,v@@0*H $b D D d-4 ¤~9b´* x D* E ib£ £g~zD* )*H&* ¯ ¤g£A¡~zD* $b~} D* iÉ04 < ,v£~|B dgCH h££A¡~zD* $b~} D* 2*Hx+ b E g E *wG · x sJ K *wF%* bjJv0 bC $¡~}D* &*


k gCG" É«dƒL IQƒ°üª∏d "∫ÉZOC’G ‘ Ó øJÉH ¿ƒJÒdƒa E bK £ B /b - eb)wD* E f<¡ ¸ b cgJ 6b~z g+ ¡J4 J2 ¥4*x+ ¯ }Cx-H +4&* ¢ < Ì~z- fJ4b< ,bgA 1845 b D* ¯ v + "f~{0¡g´* d)wD* ,bg D*" < kp+ fBxA £ ~{- ® ¢g0 J¡: hBH } µH £~{ D* ¯ 4b DbC ix~{gF* fJij* y<b´* x.&* ¥&* Æ- &* H2 £ D* $b .&* ex -H bG2¡£B - &* h<b g~6* b D b £ < }c D* ® bJ&* f.É. CbE&* ¯ 2008 ¢g0H 1845 b< w E tJ4bgD* Ä< x - w C ,ÌjC |~|B b£³* Í+ rH*Æ- |~|B ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* ¶(* b£~6H4 ¶(* bJ2¡c C E rH*Æ k£0 E ibJx1&°* E +b~{g- D3 EH ,vJxA f~|B b E ,v0*H C f £ ²*H fJÄD* ¯ H&* Hy E b E ¯ < ¤ sgD* ® H&* b~9 : < lvpg- b F&* x + b Dy E E h 1 ¤gD* b§b~{- b J4bE f~|B i&*xB Í0 ix.&b- ,4¡~|´* E f£~{0H ,b£0 h~7b A bJ2¡c C ¯ f+b= ¯ bK £ C ,v£0H hCx- . i*¡ ~6 5 ,4¡~|´* iy 0 f~| D* wG bG3b F(* ® &* ¶(* Í~{-¡+b D* 2HxB E f<¡ ¸ b~|-* ¥&* H&* fAb . H&* f D É+ ¥4*ÄD* b :&* < f .b» |~|B f +bgE ¢ < x~{cD* E " G¡CÆJ H&* Db :&* *¡ £~}J &* G&ÉD £C fD¡GwE h C &bC bF&* b£D¡/ ¡ Hx D*H fDy D* wG ¯ b :&°* bGx ;&* ¤gD* f<bm~{D* ÈC&* ¤ g G3&* . ¢ < $b cD*H 2¡ ~|D* *¡<b g~6* £C 9x´*H ¡±*H z D* k£0 E f_£~zD* D* 2Hv0 ¢ sgJ $¤~7 F(* "f~{0¡g´* ibF*¡£²* fcp~|+ ,b£²* v£B b g Jx: ¢ < 4¡~|Db+ |~| D* wG E f~|B 15 2x~6 v£ - &* b£D¡/ i4xB z £/ b~z£FbA ¶(* h.v« b C Í +b~zD* Í£~{0¡D* b£g D* E f.É. h +bB b§b~{- b J4bE ebgC ¯ fC4b~{´* fc-b D* ib£ ³* + hEbB ¤gD* ¤@@GH Eb Db+ f ~|E b -x~{F ¤gD* 4¡~|D* Í~{0¡g´* b£g D* 4Hv+ *¡E¡ £D cJ4v-H Í j ´* 2bmJ(*H f~|B D f )É´* b + AxE |s E E b :&°* $°'¡G ibJb 0 ib£ ³*H i*4¡ JvDb+ ¥Hx-H f~|B D i4¡ F*xAH b JxE&* ¯ h~7b< f£Fb´&* ,4¡~|E 1970 -b+ ¡-ÌD¡A b£D¡/ 2007 b< xJ¡~|g D HSBC ,y)b/ hDbF b£Fb Jx+H

46 2016

118


Ωƒ°SQ ÜÉàc I,Galeleo "ƒ«∏«dÉZ ,ÉfCG" ø°ùæà°ùjôc ʃH áeÉ°SôdGh áÑJÉμ∏d ~64&bA vD*H B&* bE bK cG*4 qc~|J &* 4xB x~{< fJ2b²* ¯ ¢~}E&*H ,2b ~7 Hv+ f£c D* f~64v´* x- f£c: f~64vE ¶(* $*x/(b+ vD*H E ¡ J h£cD* ¯ ¤-*wD* gD* ¯ gBH f£ + ib£~9bJxDb+ b £~6¡´* +x- ¤gD* f~{Gv´* f£ D* e4bmgD* gCb ~6H -v~7 x-¡D* ¡: E Eb gDb+ gJ bE ¯ f~8b1 f gº ibJ¡g~z§ ib F obgF(° ¥v«H v£Db gD* ~}Ax+ bK AHx E bC Jx~{ D*H f~zEb³* ¯ (* ÉK jE ¡ ~64&* ¡ J $bJy£ D* ¯ f~6v ´* ¡ ~64&* ÍF*¡B v ~|A f £ ³* $b£~7&°* E x~6&* ~z- f £ jD* $b£~7&°* ¤g gº Íg£Fv E Í-xC ¢ D&*H )b´* *y£+ ox+ ¡£ £Db/ b ~z F f<x~zDb+ bg ~6 b F&* £C 6b D* vGb~7H 5¡D* zJ4vgD* E EH fEb D* g J µ ¤ D* bGÄD* =x+H *y£+ f Eb/ ¯ &* h Gx+ f£ D* -b 0ÉE yCx´* ¤@@G @@ 94&°* ° z ~{D* d@@C*¡@@ @ D* @@D¡@@0 4Hv@@ @- ¥w@@ @D* µ @@Ab@@~@{@g@C* ,4¡@@ @ 1 d@@c@~@z@+H ¯ i*¡ ~6 c~zD < q~| J ¢ < Eb gG* yC4 $b .&°* wG e¡ ~6Hx £´* *Æ1* f@@Jb@@ @ @ D* ¯ x@@~@@{@@F b@@ Ev@@ @ @< d~} D @@9x@@ @ - @@-b@@Ab@@~@ {@ g@ C* É- ¯ m~6H {£g gD* f ¹ ÉK @ /4 ¯¡@@- k£0 "¤-Ì~7&*" ¡@@ @D* f £ 0 v@@Gb@@~@7 *K 5¡@@m@ < b -x F v+&°* ¶(* 4b A&* iÌ=H ¡ D* ¶(* dgC ,v< b D ~z g~zJxC Á¡+ D* v)*4" f~|B b E ¡~64 +* ib£~9bJxD* µb< ¤~64b D* "b £~6 pioneering Persian astronomer and polymath Ibn Sina

117

46

2016

ib<b~6 £A v/¡J ° µb< ¯ ¤ £Db= ¡£ £Db= vDH 1564 b< ¤G 94&°* &* E'¡J µb< ib+¡ ~6Hx JbE H&* ib+¡ ~z£ £- °H bEv < ¡m D* f£ +H x D*H D¡0 z ~{D* 4Hv- ¡ D* yCxE 4HwcD* h@@<45 vB 4b A&* hFbC f ~6 Í c~6H c~6 v + ¯¡ ,Ìj´* f£ D* -bAb~{gC* fJx~{cD* tJ4b- ¯ f£ < ,4¡. G&° i2bCH f£ JvD* v)b D* E bK FHxB iv« ¤gD* f D*H vm D -b£0 - &* ¤ D* *wG ,b£0 ~z g~zJxC u4'¡- "¡£ £Db= bF&*" b +bgC ¯ ,b£² ,Ì~6 2&* bK E h mA ¡~z £ D*H ¤)bJy£ D* 6v ´* ¡~64 E ¡ Db+ ¤ gpJ b :&* ebgC ~}A&*H f£ < fF¡ J&* © k£0 ¡£ £Db/ x~|< E ~z g~zJxC b g0¡g~6* f £ / pg D ¤ D* e¡ ~6&°*H ib£)*4v-b D ¡ ´* ob/yD* É/(b+ fÂv D*


øY Ó«à°S IõFÉéH RƒØJ Ohh äƒdQÉ°T AÉ«°TCÓd »©«Ñ£dG ≥jô£dG "É¡HÉàc

" μ ,

"

, 1965 Animal people " 2013

"

My beautiful " 2013

" career

2000

,Six

Bedrooms Hope

,Farm A Few Days in the Country: And Other ,Stories Small Acts of Disappearance The World Without

" "

, , 10

μ μ

46 2016

116


Ék ≤jƒ°ûJ ÌcC’G ÖàμdG www buzzfeed com

¡g~zF¡/ £gD Descent fDÉ~6 f 04 É@@1 f£0bc~8 fD¡/ ¯ bcGwJ Í -bC g1&*H ¡~7 f )b D* - °H v0H 2¡ J ¡~7 D ¤CHxD* bc/ ¯ f£ )b< ~|0 *3bE ¤-4bJ4¡E b£D The husband’s secret oHyD* x~6 &*  x~6 ¢ < ¥¡g« -bAH v + g/HyD fDb~64 ÆJ /4 b -b£0 xEvJ

115

46

2016

&* ÍCÆ~{´* £ / E www buzzfeed com B¡E d : Db+H E C bG&*xB ¤gD* bK J¡~{- ÈC&°* dg D* *HxCwJ bGx~{ + bB ¤gD* fp)ÉD* wG ¢ < ~|p D £ ±* eHb© ¤~9b´* Jx+(* 16 ¡J y £C¡G °¡cD The girl on the train 4b D* ¯ ,bg D* ¤ gs- b g£+ dFbm+ ¡J C bG4b B x ,&*xE* dB*x- £~7*4 y D* 0 £~7*4 4x gA ,&*x´* Before I go to sleep ¡ D* ¶(* dG3&* &* cB ¡~z-*H o 6(* E xCwg- &* H2 ¡J C £g~z- 6bC¡D Íg~zJxC bGÄsJ ¥w@@D*H b cFbm+ b J ¥w@@D* |s~{D* ¡G i*xCwE Æ@@A2 ~{g - " +" b /H5 @@F&* bK )*2 " +"@+ ¤ j- ° ib C lÉ. £A b Db bEÌDbE 7¡± Bird Box 4¡ ~| D* Hv ~8 f£F¡C ex0 E Í/b D* 24b J ¡ ¸ ¡ º ¶(* |s~{D* 2¡ - &* ¤ - E ,v@@0*H ,x F b £ :H ¥4¡@@Db@@E ¢ < %°*H ¡@@ @ ±*H D* Ì ~8 e4b@@B ¯ x D* Ä< Jx: *¡ ~{J &* A @@ @@F*3%* *v@@s@ g@ ~@ 6*H Í@@ @<&°* ¤+¡~| E G2¡ gD ¤= b~zCHxD untamed state f¹b/ fDb0 e*w@@< ¶(* f£GbAxD* ,b£0 @@E ¥*Ì@@E g f £ < f+b~|< vJ ¢ < ¤c~zD*H ³* ¡g~{JxC Jb´ sphere ,xC ib@@B¡@@ @ºH f£)b~}A f £ ~6 b@@~@{@g@C* @@g@J Bb <&* ¯H £p´* 94&* ¢ < f£)b~}A 6¡D4b D Shadow of the wind qJxD* ; ¡A*5 yJH4 K f£~z ´* dg D* ,Ä E E b+bgC 4bgsJ eb~7 HbpJ E Db G &* i*¡ ~6 v + ~{g J D'¡´* *w D dg D* C É-(* And then v@@0&* b G v J µ bGv +H ¤g~zJxC b-b/%° there were none f~}Eb= ,xJy/ ¶(* ¡<vJ $b+x= ,x~{< ¥&*  &* H2 x1%°* ¡ - v0*¡D* ¡ g JH G2¡/H dc~6 ¢ < £D2 ¥&* E v@@0*H -¡<2H


ájGhQ ôNBG "ôØ°U ºbQ" ƒμjEG ƒJÈeC’ ¡~6 ~{ - &* f £ p D HvJxJ ° JwD* f~6b£~zD*H b´* ¡~6 +b ´* ¯H f £p~|D* J ¤ D ibCx £A ¢ < ¡ ~}J f ~z D ¤ 1*vD* x²* ¶(* ¡1vDb+ D ¡p ~zJ ¡£~7H2b=*x+ xJxpgD* JxA ¯ Jx1%°* $b~}<&°* bFH4¡C +b J yC*xE ¯ ~6*x´* bJÄEbC q)b~}A f ¸ ¯ J bC ¥wD* i*x+bs´* 5b / ¯ J b@@§4 ¥w@@D* ¥v£~6¡D f:x~{D* 4xp´* *yFbg~6¡C f :b g´* ib D* ¯ |~|sg´* ¡ £-°b+ ÌGb~{´* < f ¸ ¯ h < ¤gD* bJyJxA bJbE *K Ì1&*H v<b~z´* C ¯ i*xE*'¡´* IxJ eb£-4°* ,v + eb~|E ¡£~7H2b=*x+  ¤ £D¡~6¡E < f~|B ¯ pJ F&* bF¡D¡C ÄsJ b E (* ¡ - gJx F "*K v=" f £p~|D f )bG ib £cE « &* f£´b D* exp D ,Ì1&°* bJ&°* É1 g D* E b½ ¤ £D¡~6¡E ¯ h < ¤gD* fj±* (*H f£FbjD* ¤ £D¡~6¡E JvcD hFbC ¡FÉ£E cB @@E *K v£ + ¤@@ @1&* ¤ £ ²* ,Ì1&°* -*¡ ~6 ¢~}E&*H f~z£ D* *4v/ 1 b§4H Íg /4&°* ¯ eÉ@@ @ F* 4b@@ @ g@ Fb@@+ b@@ @ £@ -b@@ @ D* f ~zD* ¶(* v£ J ¤g~z£~7bA ¡@@0 h@@m@~@z@F f@@@J*Hx@@@D* ,v@@ @ < b@@ @J&°* w@@ @ E h@@ @ +b@@g@ - l*v@@ @ @0&* ¢g0 f@@£@Fb@@j@D* ex@@p@ @D ,Ì@@ @1&°* b@@ @D* ¯ f@@£@ +b@@G4(°* ib@@ @m@ @D* vJv D* ¶(* ,4b@@~@7(°* E 1970 Í c~zD* @@E ib£~|s~{D* @@E b£Db J(* tJ4b- E f£~9b´* f ~6 $b~6'H4H $b~6'H4 4b~|F&*H Í£~7bA ib E ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ fE¡ 0 ¤~zD*H $*x ²* fJ¡D&°* jE fJx~6 J(* ¥%*

d-b D ,Ì@@1&°*H f +b~zD* f@@J*Hx@@D* ¤G ¶H&°* gJ*H4 v + ·b J(°* ¡~z £ D*H D*H °K H&* ix~{F ",xGyD* ~6* ",Ì ~{D* {D* xJb J ¯ f£Db J(°* f Db+ -bAH cB cB fJy£ ½(°* ¶(* h /x- . 2015 x@@1b@@~@6 v@@ @ F @@~@ z@ @ F b@@ @ @D* ¯ fAbp~|D fJ¡£²b+ E 3°H ¯ b@@ @ .*v@@0&* @@ @- v@@J¡@@ @ +b@@g@ D* 1992 b£Db J(* ¤ p~8 b@@FH4¡@@C ¡@@G ¥H*x@@ D* E Í@@~@z@ @³* ¯ 4¡@@/&b@@E vBb gJ @@~@ 7b@@A ¡@@ GH x@@ @ < @@ @ @ @D ¤@@ @ £@ ~@ 6 @@ @@E ¢@@ @ ~@ z@ - f@@ @@£@@p@@~@@8 ¯ 4v~|- D ¤gD*H "*K v=" @@D¡@@Â Hx@@~@@{@@´* *K v@@ @ @ +&* ibCx £A 4¡@@-*v@@ @E¡@@ @D* ,b@@ @ @B @@ @ @g@ @Â ¥w@@ @ @ @ D* E f<¡ ¸H f£F¡Jy E f ~z ~6 xJvJH iÉm´* f0*xD* i¡£+H 2b D* ,vJxm D ´* v@@ @D* < f £ ²* ~{C ¤@@G f £ ²* D $¤@@~@7 @@C x@@ @1%* b@@ @@E ¯ @@ @ @ B4 ¤cJxmgD* 4*v~8(°bA E &*x@@ @@J ¡@@~@ 6 x@@ @~@8 ¡@@/H @@E JÌj D* cB µb@@< f@@ @ B ¯ f@@ @ @ ~@ z@ D*

46 2016

114


f£ JxE&°* b £~zD* tJ4b- ¯ ,xE H&° ¥¡+HbC jE ¥wD* n jD* c/ ¤G fJx~| DbA 2¡~zDb+ b gG°* *wG =4 ~{- µ b JxE&* &b+ bEb+H&* Æ<* vBH b JxE&* f £ ~6 2v J ,4¡~8 ~9H < - b JxE&* ¤G bGH v + fJx~| D* E i*wDb+ ¤p~8 ¤<H ibEÉ< wG 4°HvD* ¢ < fF¡ E ,&*xE* Ì£ gD*" bÂxA b=4¡E Ìc D* j ´* "vJbg~zE&*" + rx~8H fJx~| D* &* ¡G b@@Eb@@+H&* ebsgF* v + ~|0 ¥w@@D* v£0¡D* b £~zD* ¯ bE&* gm´*H f~6b£~zD* ¯ *wG "fp~9*H i4b~8 ibJb F ¯ $b£0&* 2¡~zD* ¢ cJ bE *K 42bF" F(* bÂxA ¡ £A 0 x J E b JxE&* ¯ *K 3(* b G *5b@@E "2¡£D¡G É@@A&* f~7b~{D* ¯H B*¡D* ¯ ,b£²* ¯ 2¡~zD*

113

46

2016

f A2 ¤~9b´* 2b A }£+&* ¤:x~7 vJ ¢ < 2¡~6&* y<&* G*xE ¡Ax~|gJ z£D¡cD* &* q~}-* b JxE&* ib~7b~7 ¶(* ,v@@0*H ¡£F¡J ¯H 2¡~zD* bc~{D* E Eb - ¯ f:x~{C ° 2¡ mC f~z£ C ¯ 8bs~7&* f ~z- $b~}£+ ,x~{+ ¥3 |s~7 gB 2015 f£ JxA(°* ¡~8&°* ¥H3 E Í£ JxE&°b+ f~8b1 f£sJ4b <b - fEÉ< @@EH ¤@@ @Jx@@E&°* e¡ ±* ¯ *w@@G C ~|0 2¡~zD* i4¡~8 ¤gD* ÉA&°* iÈC ¤ JxE&°* B*¡D*H b £~zD* É@@A&°* - @@EH f~6b)xD* ¶(* b@@Eb@@+H&* *4b@@+ ¡~8H w E E 3¡1&bE ¡GH J¡CbE £g~zD "fJ2¡c< f ~6 ,x~{< bg .*" £A b c:H 2012 ¯ 4b ~6H&* ¢ < ~|0H f£ £ 0 ,Ì~6 b~6xA dCxJ 2¡~6&* ÉK /4 4¡Q ~8 £AH ¡ £gF*x- ÍgF¡ D "¡ Fb/"


b@@~@ |@ @ F°* ex@@ 0 ib@@Ev@@ @ E h@@Fb@@C (b@A *w@@ @GH ib@@ @ A*x@@´* ¯ ,x~9b0 Ä £c~6 £ D ,4w+ ¡G vJbg~zE&* £A fA2b~|E z£DH " D¡ £D" 2b D* @@+b@@~@6 ¤@@ @@Jx@@E&* @@z@ £@ )4 ¶¡@@g@@J &* ¢ + v@@BH f@@B4b@@A&°* qDb~|D f A*x´* E d : &b+ bAvD* ¯ g£m£-*Æ~6* ¤ pJ &* ¤ £~6 ¤@@ @Jx@@A(°* @@/x@@D* f p´* £D g~|B *vsg~6° 2¡£D¡G f ~8H ~{g F b G xCwgD* q ~zJ ibc.(ÉD fmpC 2x~zD* < ib@@E¡@@ @ @´* b g~6b+ ox g D b G ¶(* ib£~|s~{D* h ~8H £C E ¤ £~6 @@ @g@1* @@£@C ~{g J b0 ~{g J b£ JxA(* ex= ¯ gJxB E wG hFbC ~6É~zD*H vD* k£0 m~zD* f £ ~zD* HvcJH Ä £c~6 É@@A&* ¯ ,42b@@ @ D* b@@+ 7É D* ib D "4Hw/" f@@J*H4 ¯ ¤g £C bgF¡C ,Ì~6 g~z- ib D* &* f~6bs D* tJ4b- < ¤ /xE |F ¤GH ¤ £G z £D&° Roots fJ2¡c D*H f£.ÉjD* bGx~9bp+ b JxE&* ¤~9bE Ä £c~6 +xJ ÌCwgD* *w + gB 2014 z ~z=&* ¤ A ¤ JxE&°* gm´* ,%*xE b £~zDbA

1834 Â Gv0&* b@@CH @@G$*x@@. z - *K 4¡~|B v£c D*

bC f~6b£~zD* ¢:b gJH $Éc D* E ~z F Äg J bCH *K vc< g D*H dJxsgD*H eHx Db+ ¡EHb J v£c D* fJ2¡c D* ¡0 ¤ JxE&°* b~z F°* f £G4 v£c D* ~9H 4b~8 f E °K H&* *x@@:&* f@@ @+4&* ¤~9b D* b@@E&* f Cbp´* ¥x@@© f £ ~zD* b+4 bK £Fb.H b D E fB4bA&°* &b+ f .*¡D* b£Fbc~6(* E sJ µH v£c D* IÆ~7* F&* <yJ 6bsF b~8xB ¡GH b JxE&* ¯ b E¡~|1H fJ2¡c D* 4b~|F&* bK +*4H bK jDb. b£ JxA(*

46 2016

112


x g~7* ¥wD*H ¤ £~6 4H2 ¯ ¡~zF¡G ¡ £/2 Ìc D* ¤ £ £cD* H24bF¡£D E blood diamond " vD* f~6bE" £A ¯ 4Hv+ ¡Jx+b J2 K *vc< ¡ +4&*H f +4&* b £A f £ ~6 f p E < vJbg~zE&* ¤ pJ ÍCb ~zDb+ 2¡~zD* -b J 2x­ f ² ¯ $b : }£cD*H *K v£ E I¡ D* J5*¡E ¯ 1 b G 2b cDb+ }£cD* -b J b £+ *¡ ~8H vBH ¡£D*Ì~6 E v£c D* - f£Fbc~6(°* f £ ~zD* hFbC ¡GH Ì+ bA -4bE EbjD* ¤ JxE&°* z£)xD* v < ¯ b JxE&* ÉE $b~9Æ~6* obgpJH f£+bsgF* f 0 ¯ ¡1vD* ~7H ¢ < ¤ JxE&°* e¡ ±* ¯ v£c D* ¯ x~{< ~6bgD*H zEb³* ÍFx D* Í+ v£c D* ,4b© hcc~z E ÈC&* E ibE ¤ JxA(* ¡£ E x~{< f +4&* E ÈC&* £0x D*H 9x´*H ¡±* dc~z+ xpcD* 9x< ¯ ÍF¡£ E b £ Db´ ,Hx. v£c D* bC b GH b JxE&° v£c D* f £ ~6 h ~8H 54&°*H cg D /b E ¶(* b JxE&* f£ ~} D* gBb: hD¡0 vBH ¡ DbE ¢ + vBH v£c D* . 2*5 obgF(°* 2*5 b CH D*H

111

46

2016

v£c D* ¤Bb+ w £D v£~6 vc D* gB £ D* *wG ¯ v£c D* x<H xAb;&b+ ~8É1 ¢ < vJbg~zE&* + ¤ £~6 ~|0 fB4b E 4b Db+ ~8É1 ¢ < b@@/ ~|0 b £+ £c/ b £+ ´* dc~z+ xpg - &* – ¤ ~zgJH h£C – 5H4 ¥¡ - Ix1&* wD*H ¡±*H D* dc~z+ b +*H f gs´* f£ JxA(°* xpg b JxE&* D j­ E Í+ Íg 0xD b~}Bb gE *4b~zE *wG x< E _DH&* f£GbA4 (* fJ2¡c D* D j­ EH fJx²* $°'¡G 2H £A ¯ IÄ@@C f0b~zE b D |~|sF D £Fbg£- ¡Ax oxº z£DH bK <Hx~{E pJ Ä £c~6 &* x J vJbg~zE&* £A ¯ b C *K x cE fJ2¡c Db+ gG* vBH A fJ4b© ÉA&* " D¡ D"h The Color Purple 1985 "Á*¡/4&°* ¡ D*" £AH Í £ D* Í+ v D* f ~6*H ¡GH vJbg~z£E&* b c:H 2012 y £ +¡G Á¡gF&* b A ¤ E £g~6bC ¢ < Ä £c~6 v g<* 4H2 ¯ bÂxA b=4¡EH 62b~zD* ¤ JxE&°* z£)xD* 4H2 ¯ j ´* b GH v£c D* xJx« < A*vJH *K x0 4b~8 ¥wD* vc D*


-*Ì1 ix g0*H µb D* ¢ < h £G ¤gD* fJ4¡jD* fJ5*¡/ÄD*H ¡Jx+b J2 H24b £D – b/ &* ¢g0 b )*x A ¢g0 i2bA&bA ¤B*xD* gm´* e*¡+&* D qg -H fD¡ cD* 64b gc£c0 w J *wD µ&ÉD ·¡ cD* v£m gD* ¢ cgJ ¤~zFbEH4 b/ E fJx~|< fs~zF 5H4H b/ d²* /&* E *K v£ ~7 i¡ÂH " b/ E 5H4 h - *3bE h££D¡/H ¡£EH4 ixAH ¤gD* f£<b g/°* b g c: ¢ < ~|c- &* E h c/ dc~z+ ÉK J¡: D3 vJ µ A b ~z D 3b F(°* )b~6H 1917 ¯ 6HxD* ,4¡. v cA µb D* Ì -H £Fbg£- hBx= n jD* f£Db ~6&*xD* h £G&* 1929 fE5&* v +H f£ /4 fJ5*¡/ÄD* i4b~8 f£+x D* f ~z D* v D*H ~{D* f<yF iy=H cB f ~6 22 1839 f ~6 "vJbg~zE&*" £A l*v@@0&* ¥x@@© ¡GH fJ2¡c D f£Db ~{D* ibJ°¡D* $b D(* dc~z+ b~| F°* x0 " D¡ D" £A ¯ Ä £c~6 £g~6 £D(* 2b< ¥wD* ¡~9¡´* f£ JxE&°* b £~zD* ¯ 2¡~z D fAx~{E ,4¡~8 oxs´* v J ¤Bb+ eb~z0 ¢ < 2b£~6&* fEv1 ¢ < vc D* 8xpJ ,2b A

E ib/x g´*H ¡/x g´* ox1 £Fbg£- £A ,vGb~{E v + / v D *K x.&b- Í + ib+b~{D* } + Ím gcE b £~zD* f<bB £+ ebm<(* E E*y- F&° f<b~zD* ¡~9¡E d²* E £ D* fBÉ< iygG* b £0 ¤ ~z J¡D b £F¡E f+b~{D* ,4¡ g+ ¡g £ C f0Hx¸ ¡g £ C *2H4 ¥4É£G µb D* vGb~7H /xDb+ ,&*x´* ¤~9b´* E eb~z²* ¥¡~z- %°* ¤GH b /H5 ib~64b» dc~z+ f~6b)xD* ib+bsgF* ¯ Ìc D* b Ev g+ lv¹H f~z E f Jx< ,x~6& * Í+ ,xGb~|E £Fbg£- ¯ ~{g F R x ~z+ ib0¡D b D ¥Æ~{J g/H5 x g« d£±* $¡ » f F *wG ¡~6b £+ ¡ +b+ ib~{+x³ *K xJv - z£DH b D $b~94(* -xE fJ2b´* E f£+H4H&°* b£ D* ib c D* B¡E ib£ © E v0*H f 0 f£Fb´&°* fA¡~z £ D* d~z0 vJv±* µb D* b ~zD f£B¡~zD*H ivF4&* Jx~{ D* x D* fJ*v+ ¢g0 ex D* f D *yE4 £Fbg£- hFbC rb½ fEÉ< f £ ~zD* Av- ¤gD* ib £+4¡gD* fEbs~9 hFbC $b+y D* f£Db ~6&*xD* v¸ x~|< D3 bC f£<b ~|D* ,4¡jD*

46 2016

110


fย ยฃย ~6 ย ~6* ย ย pJ bย Gร C bย JxE&ยฐ 4ยกcย D* ย < ย bย ย ยฃA ย *wG eยกย ~{ย D ย @@Dยฐ3(* q~}ย - Ix@@1&*H exย D* fย ย < ย jยญ ,v@@0*H ย )bBH ย E ย b~zcgย E bย GH bย ย Jx~|< rH4 ย bย ย ยฃย D* zย ย J vJbg~zE&* v~|ย -H bย JxE&* ย bย ~7 ย ยฃFbgยฃ- v~|ย - fยฃsJ4b ย ยกย c~6 ย ~|ย - bK ยฃsJ4b- ร @@D*H ย ย ย D* ย ยกย 0 kยฃ0 bย +ยกย / ยขย =H 1997 ยฏ bK ย E *4v~8 ร ย ย ยฃย D* ย ย D ร .vยฒ* ร + fย ~6 ยกG ย ร ย ยฃc~6 ย ย ยฃg~zD vJbg~zE&* ย ย ยฃA x@@1%ยฐ* ยขย < bย Gv0&* 4ยกc<H vยฃcย D* 4ยกc< IxF bย G ย Hร EbC zย ยฃยฑ ย ยฃFbgยฃ- }ยฃย F *ยกย pJ ยตH ย ย ย ยด* fย ยฃย ~zD* xย B ยฏ $*xย ย D* ย ย ย J ย ย ยฃย ย g~zE kยฃ0 fย ย D* ยฏ $bยฃย =&ยฐ* ย ย pJ bย ย ยฃ+ fย ยฃย B ibย ย ย + ยฐ(* ย ย ยฃย D* ยฏ exB ย < *ร Ebย D* ย ย -4ยก~8 vBH ibFยกDb~|D*H $*ยกย D*H 4ยกย D* ย Jx.'ยกE *K 4bcC *Hxย ย ยฃD

109

46

2016


ójÉà°ù«eCGh ∂«fÉà«J ÉμjôeCG ¤EG ¿É°†bÉæàe ¿GQÉ°ùe

, μ

μ

46 2016

108


i*42b@@ @D* - xJ¡~|- b@@C @@D3 E ¢ < xp~zD* *w + x gD b£A¡~8 f Jv´ d)*x³*H É@@:&°* 4b~{gF* E =xD* b <4*¡~7 ¢A £ D* x~8b < @@G&* E b £~6¡´* v ¥vJ¡~zD* 4b £~6¡´* b £D&bg+ bB ¤gD*H b £~6¡E d@@0b@@~@8 " *H ¡@@+ ¡/" xJH bJ4bE ¥vJ¡~zD* ¤~z£D¡cD* ~z ~z´* hDbF b <&* E Ì=H fg~zD* )*y/&b+ b+H4H&*H vJ¡~zD* ¯ ,x ~7 É@@A&°* @@E f£Bx~7 eb@@ @D&* £A v J b ~9x< rbgJ ° ¤gD* ,v£±* f£c /&°* g gJ b´ f E&°* E ~6*H I¡g~zE ¢ < kp+ ¯ f@@B2b@@~@ 8 f@@£@Fb@@~@z@F(* ibp + gJ¡G @@< e*Æ@@=°b@@+ @@Jx@@<b@@~@{@D* d0 J µ (*H d²* < Jv£0¡D*H F¡ +b J E C d0 + /4H ,&*xE* $b g0°* ¢ < @@£@D2 ¡@@GH ,b@@£@ ²* ¯ l*v0&* É1 E f£Fb~zF(°* x<b~{´b+ s+ dgC ¥w@@D* $*v@@G(°* *w@@G £ D* £ D* $*vG(b+ fJb D* i*Æ- ¯ }Jx< ¥wD* ¡g~zJxC ¡g~zJxC cD* rH4 ¶(* £ D* 9x< E b< cB ¯¡-

107

46

2016

¶(* Jx: ¯ b /H5H b g +* « &* v + ¡c ~6(* ¶(* Jv)b< 4b ´* fAv~|D* lvpgA $b ~{ D e&°* .b­ E bK <x~zE ¤/4¡/ 4Hx@@E ¢A f£FbjD* ,&bmA &°* B¡ggD f )b D* ,4b£~6 bE&* zGv- &* i2b@@C b F&* &b 1 fC4*vgE H2 E b -4b£~6 bE&* ,&bmA xE bK +b~7 £ < x gJ H&* £ < x g- &* vB v A f£/*x1(°* f£0b D* E b@@E&* xJ¡~|- ¯ v@@ @ < b@@E @@~@}@A&* @@£@Db@@C 2vp´* hB¡D* E pg~z- b§ vGb~{´* v - f£DbggE vGb~{E ,v< *v< b )*2&° b £D(* ¡~8¡D* b: ¤gD* fJb D *K v£ ­ ~}- µ ¤gD* l*v0&°* E Jx: < 1.23 £ D* ,v@@E hFbC v A Ìj D* @@D3 @@E ¡@@:&* Hvc- b DH f £B2 f£ D* i*42b D* i*4b£g1* D d~zpJ £ D* cD ib@@0¡@@D b@@ @F&b@CH b@@ @-(b@+ £~8b g+ Eb gG* @@< ÉK ~}A ~z F f D @@j@E v@@Gb@@~@{@´* `@@/b@@ @- f£cFb/ z © $*x ~7 f : H&* 5¡m< ¡~zg´ ib0¡D b C b -vD*H dFbm+ ,$*x+ ¯ G&°*H ,4¡~| D Ìj D* hAb~9&* f£Db /

/xD* /H ¢ < b + ¥¡ J f £ . ,H*x + ¥¡g« ° f ~6*¡D* f Jv´* (bA ¤CÆD* lvpgD b ~zD* @@E £ B 2v@@< ¢ < - ixE *3(*H w C f )bG fA2b~|E h.v0 ¤gD* Ix1&°* x­ A fA2b~|´* $b .&* f 02y´* 4Hx´* i*4b~7(* Iv0(* ¢A b -4b£~zD ¤CÆD* /xD* f@@/H5 ,2b£B


ยขA ย ยกpย ย D ร C&ยฐ* u&ยฐ* ย bE2(*H ย 4*ยก~{D* ยกย s- ยฐ hFbC ย (*H ,vยฃ/ fยฃE*42 fย c0 ยฅ2bย D* vGb~{ย ย D fp~9*H i*xย . ย E ย bB ยคgD* ย bยฃg=ยฐ* fDHbยน hยฃBยก- ย jE ย ย ยฃย ~7 4HxE ย E fย E*ygE ยค/4ยก/ bย + ยฏ ย @@ย @/H ยขย < bK @ย @)b@@G ยกg~zJ(* ย b@@ย @ย @D* bK ย ~zยป ย A2b~|ยฃD fยฃย ย ยณ* ย 4*ยก@@~@{@D*

ย EbC o*x@@1(ยฐ*H ยกJ4bย ยฃ~zD* f+bgย + ย bB ย E ,xย ~7 ย b@@F ยฅw@@D* oxsยด* ย ยฃDbC hย ~|0 ยคgD* fย +b~zD* ย Dbย <&* ย ร @@1 fยฃยดb< ibFb/xย E ย E ,v< y)*ยก/ ยขย < ย Ebย D* 5*x@@@+(* ยขย < ย ยฃDbC y@@C4 vย A ย E fJยกย D* ยฅv@@Bb@@A ย bย +&ร D ยค~zย ย D* ib+b~|ย D ย G*xยด* u&ยฐ* ย bย ~}F* ย ร 1

ย /ร < ,ร A ยคย s- ยฏ ย -v<b~zยง bย D ยฐ ยฅwD* ยค~6bย D* ย vcยด* |s~{D* ยกg~zJ(* ย pย D* ย ย B ย < ยฐH ย ยกpย D* ย < ยขย sgJ kpcJ ย ย C ร K ยฃD fย Jvยด* ย 4*ยก~7 4Hv@@J bK 0bc~8 ย Dyย E ยถ(* 2ยกย ยฃD ย xย J ยฐ bย < ย ยกย D ย ย ~zg~zJ ย . ย -b0ยกD v0&* ย ~6xJH ย Jยก:

46 2016

106


i2bC f£CÆD* ,bg D*H ¥4b cD* b D* bGvD*H 9*Æ<* $*x/ ~{ Db+ o¡g- &* ¡g~zJ(* Í@@+H b £+ 4Hv@@J b < vJv~{D* ebm<(* i*x FH f£cFb/ ib.2b¹ E fD2bcgE K b/É< ¡g~zJ(* ¢ gJ x1%°* dFb±* ¢ < Í£~z D* $bc:&°* v0&* vJ ¢ < bK g E FbE2(* f@@E5&* E 4Hx@@´* ¯ -v<b~z´ )b ~7 v + b E2&* ¤gD* ib£D¡p D £ g~zJ ° b A i*4vs´* bE2(* E O * {£ D* < B¡gJ µ vmgA *K 4vº °( £ D* l*v@@0&* *¡@@: 4¡ ³* x© eb@@~@{@D* f£~|s~7 ¯ ¡@@g@~@z@J(* x@@ @ @J x J &* @@F&b@~@7 @@E ¥w@@D* ·b@@c@EÉ@@D* ¯ Dy E e*¡+&* JH f +b~zD* g Jv~8 q ~zJ &* $b/x+ ¤ c- ¤G b £A b /H

105

46

2016


É1 E lv0 bEH 1908 ¯ i*¡ ~z+ d : k£0 f£Bx~7 eb D&* £A l*v0&* ¤/4¡/ @@E 4*¡@@~@{@D* f+b~|< £<5 g )b<H $b@@/ ¤Cx- @@/4 g + b£ D* f £ ±* @@g@ @ +*H @@g@ /H5 @@E f@@F¡@@ @ ´* ¢g D* ¢ - ¡~zC(* i2b ~6 £~{J(* < ngF b» *K 22Æ@@ E f£ ~|gD* x@@E&* f+b~8(* b < hmgF f g E Ì= f£ < f ~6*¡+ ¢ ~{g~z´* ¶(* F . /xD* ¡g~zJxC ¡g~zJ(* ¡<v´* ¤/4¡/ £ ~7 EvE ¤ £ ~{gD* b@@ @ @D* ¡g~zJxC fÂx±* ~{g J ¥w@@ D* ib£D¡p D* f£ ³* 4*¡@@~@ {@ D* v@@ 0&* ¯ f@@ @ B*¡@@D* ¶(* v@@D*¡@@D* F ¯ f )b D* v<b~z£A EH b ~6(* f+x< d + ¢ ~{g~z´* Í+ f £pg~zE c~7 d0 f~|B &*vc- b G

x - µ &*H y ´* <¡/xD c~zE + bK £)b F £ D* l*v@@0&* É@@1 E 4v~|g- ¤@@g@D* ¤@@G v@@ D*H f Jv~8 (* ¯ - b DH f£DH'¡~z´*H v ~{´* bGÄg J ¤gD* ¤Âx²* ÌA*¡ D* f E b@@G3b@@s@-* @@< I&b@ @ FH f@@m@ A ¤@@/4¡@@/ *K 4vB b D J &* b g~6* ¢g0 H&* ,HvB ¶(* ¤/4¡/ mgJ *Æ0°* E ÉK £_~9 g g~6* ¤gD* 4*¡~{D* ib+b~|< Jx: b E D* b@@ @<&* } + b@@­(* ¯ d -xJ µ $¥x@@+ |s~7 E b gF°* b§4 f£~z ±* ¤Cx- F&* *v< dF3 ¥&* e¡ B ¯ hs~6x- ¤gD* ,H*v D* /x É g~6* ¶(* *x@@-&°* v~9 ÍJ4b cD* b< w E f£Fb j D* ,4bE(°* < bJ4b + bGv + f g~zE f » b FÉ<(*H 1878

∫ƒM çGóMC’G QhóJ ¢ù«fÉahCG/»LQƒL ≥gGôŸG ÖdÉ£dG ¿É«°ShôJ ó©H ™μ°ùàdG iƒ¡j …òdG •ÉÑME’G øe ádÉëH ¬àHÉ°UEG çGóMC’G AGôL »©ªàéŸG ,ᣫëŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ¿Gó≤a ádÉM ‘ êQóàj ¬YÉæàeG øe ájƒ¡dG á°SQóª∏d ÜÉgòdG øY ¬à∏FÉY ≈∏Y ÜòμdGh

46 2016

104


~6xD fJ*v+ < ,4bc< f ±* hFbC £ D* ¯ f£DbgD* l*v@@0&É@ D 4¡~| ¤gD* fgEb~|D* v@@Gb@@~@{@´* &* f@@~@8b@@1 i*x~{F E ib D b cB E h~9x< rb C l*v@@0&° bggE M 9x<H fJ4bc1(* $b gF* v + b@@E ,Æ@@A ¯ bJ4b + d ~7 ,24bcD* ex²* z£FbAH&* ¤/4¡/ ¡0 l*v0&°* 4Hv I¡ J ¥wD* G*x´* dDb D* b£~6Hx bc0(°* E fDbp+ g+b~8(* v + ~zgD* f£~6b£~zD* l*v@@ 0&°* $*x@@/ ¤ gm´* fJ¡ D* *v A fDb0 ¯ o4vgJ f £p´* f~64v D eb@@Gw@@D* @@< <b gE* @@E e&* @@E fF¡ ´* g )b< ¢ < ew@@ @ D*H b A&°* B&° +* x J ¥v£ - 5¡m< 2v@@¹ v@@<¡@@E @@< Ì@@1&b@ g@ Db@@C *K 4x@@~@@9

103

46

2016


á«bô°T ÜÉ©dCG º∏«a

ô°ùùjo Úeôf jô Ú

ô

ô ,

°ù " ôô°° ôe ° ô

° °ù °ùe e °

ô "

j °ù

"

ô f

"

j° °

ô

°

° ° °ù °ù ° ôe e ô ôe Ú °ô

°

°

°ù ô °

°ù ôe e

46 2016

102


bG&b~{ย E ย &* ยขย < bย -bEร <H bย Dbย ~7&* hD2H ย B zยญ ยต bย F&bC ยคGH @@62H4H 6ยกCH z~zA*H ย ยกEbCร + ยคG `A*xE fย +4&* fยฃ~zยฃ)xD* fย ยฃย ~zD* ร E ยขย < iv/H ยคgD* bย -*3 ย *ยกF&ยฐ* ย ~6ยก- ยฏ 4b.%ยฐ* ย < fFbย gD* ยทbย D* ยฅxpcD* dยฃย ย gD* ibFbย E(* ย (* ย @@J2Hy@@ยด* ร ~8*ยกย D* 4Hv@@ย @ยง ib@@+ vย A ย J2xย E 2*v@@g@ E*H ยถ(* ย ยก~8ยกD* iยก~6ยก~zC* ibEยกย ย EH 2vmgยด* zย ย gD* ,yย /&b+ qย ~6 hยซ lยกย ยด*H ย *v@@B&ยฐ* ib_E ย ย c- fBยกc~zE ร = 4*ยก=&* ย E ,ร ~zE fยฃDb~zF(* ib+x< ย bย E(b+ 4b~8 ย DwC ib<b~6 $bยด* ย ย A zยฃD d<ยกg~z- ย &* bย ~zย ย + fย ย g~zE ย ยกย ย D fยธร E H&* ย ย ~6 fยฃย B4 *K 4ยก~8 ย ย gย - ย &*H fย +xE ยฐK b@@ยฃ@E&* ย + fย +xE i*24b@@J @@{@ F(ยฐ* 4ยก@@~@z@C ยถ(* ยคย gย - 2b@@ย @ - f@@Bv@@D* ย @@E f@@ยฃ@Db@@< f@@/4v@@+ ย ยฃย ~{- ย E ย cย g~zยด* ยฏ ย ยกย ~{ย g~zยด* ย ย ย gJ bยง4H f~8ยกcD*

fย Gb+ ย 4*H5 dย ย g- ยฐ $b@@ยด* hยซ fย EbC fยฃDb~zF(* ibย ยน ย ~6x+ ย jย g- $bย ย ย D* qEbย E ร C&* ย ย DH ย ย < ย B*ยก:H ย ย jD* ย ย ~zD* ย ยฐ%* ย ยฃย ~|-H ย gEx+ ย ~6ยกgยด* xpcD* ย bย D fย Jx1 i*4b~|cg~6*H I'H4 xAยกJ ย &* ย D3 ย &b~7 ย E 3(* fB4bย D* dC*xยด*H 4ยก~|ย D* ร < ibAbย jD* ย ย gsยด fย ยฃย <

101

46

2016

bK ~}J&* ย ยก~8*ยกย D* ย ~{gF* vBH ย Bยกยด* ยฏ *4ยกย ย E ย *5 bE ร vB ย ~|FH bK EvB e4bย J ย bย -4b+ nยฃ~}ย D* ย b~|ย ~|D* ย E bK ย Jx+(* fย ย 0 ย DwC *Hv/HH xย ยณ* ร vย gD ย ย ย g~zJ ย bC bยง4H ย vย D* ร gยฃย J5 ร gย ย 0 ยถ(* fAb~9(* fย ยฃย ~zD* ย bc0 ย +xD fJyFHx+ ย ยก~8*ยกย D* bย ย ~{gF* vย A ,ร ย ~|D* i*H2&ยฐ* bE&* ร bEH4 xJx~zD b@@E&*H 2ยกย ~|D* fย 04 $bย .&* ย ย JvJ&b+ bGยกย ย 0 6bยฃC&* ย ย ~9 fpย ~zE dยฃ+bF&* bย Db~{gFยฐ *Hws-* vย A f+xยฒbC bย ย E ,ร cย D* ย E $*ยกย Db+ bGH'ยกย EH ย ย ย E bGยกย ย 0 vB *ยกFbC $*ยกย D* ย E f=xย E ยถ(* bGยกย A4 ย . i*H2&ยฐ* ยขย < bGยกย +4H zย ย gD* ibF*y1 v0&* kpcD* dCxE ยถ(* ยฐK ยก~8H ย Ax+ H&* *K v@@JH4 bย ร ยกย g+ qย ~zD* qย ~zDb+ ยคย ย ย D* 600 vย + ยขย < ย bC ย bย gGร D ,4b@@.(* ibAb~{gCยฐ* ร C&* ย &* vยฃ+ ย ; kยฃ0 ยค~zยฃ)xD* ย bย ยฒ* ย E fยฃAbC fAb~zE ยขย < ย v@@B ,xpcE hFbC bยง4 fยฃFb. fย ยฃย ~6 ยขย < *Hร < ย ย F&* ย ยก~8*ยกย D* eยกcF&* ย E fย ย BH fยฃFb. ,b~6xE *ยกย ~{gC* ย bย GH ยถH&ยฐ* ย E The dCxยด* fย / xย B fs~}E ย E $y/ ย F&* ย ย gpJ 8b~84 iv+ 4*x@@ยฑ* ย E fc-xE f<ยกย ยธH vessel S' bilge pump


¡Jv£ Db+ xJ¡~|-H D3 £.¡g+ *¡EbBH fB4b= ~6 x~{< F&* gpJ bE ¢ < bJ&* ,v< ¡~}= f£)bE f+x< ¤GH 6¡JÌ~6 ¤<v- fJv£+4¡: fDb~zF(* É:(b+ $b D* bB *ÈJb £gF&* ,xJy/ ¯H k£0H b D* ¶(* b Jx: vmgD bK ~6 b D ¡~6xE nEbFx+ AH f g~zE - £/¡gD* f£-*3 fJ5*¡gE f A2 40 4v~|E *vB&* ,x~{ + fB4b D* f £ ~zD* B¡E ¡A J < ¶(* h~8b= E&*H f£Eb~zm´* b -*ÌEb D b D* Ì - ,x-*¡gE f :b1 $*¡~9&* b Jx: ¯ f EH f 1*vgE 4b D* Ãv D* b ²* < f EbC ,4¡~8 J¡ - f£+¡~6b²* ib±b ´* É1 E b / h « vB fB4b D* ~zD* E f£c~{³* $*y/&°* ¡ - &* ¤ £c D* E f ~6 ¤ D&* 4Hx§ xm« ~} +H ib+b~6xD*H bExD* ¯ A2 vB b 1*v+ fJHv£D* ib<¡ ~|´* d =&* ¡ J &*H v DH ,ÌcC $b~}£+ 4¡s~|C HvcJ 4b~8 k£p+ bGÌ=H ¡£~zDb D* ibF¡+xC E f c + ¢~zgCbA ¡ A x0b~zD* b~|< ~7 ¯ c~{J ¡GH $b´* h« g~zJ bK £Fv E bK Ab~{ E ¡j0bcD* vsg~6* m~6 bE *wGH bK £Fv E bK ~z/ 2b~8 *3(* bK £ : 94&°* ¢ < b C $b´* q ~6 h« 4v~|J y£­ ibEÉ< ¡ gD x ~8&°* ¡ Db+ h£ : *K 4bm0&* bG4¡ ; ~9*¡E ¯ *¡gc. k£0H ¡~8*¡ D* hBH ¯ f ´* :b ´* wG ¯ ¡j0bcD* d F f 0ÉD* lbp+&ÉD f_:¡- f 1b~zD* cD* b 0x:H f£ £ D* f+b~6xD* ~{D f~8b1 £:*x1 b g~6*H vJ2b1&* x p+ *¡<x~7H 0° < ~{ gD JvJ&b+ ¤ D* E $*y@@/&* f@@0*5(* ¡~8*¡ D* b g~6* Db+H x1%* b E ¯ &* E .&* f+x²* &* $b D* q/xJH *vB&* c~6 ·b /(°* b D¡: fF¡~|E f £ ~6 f+x0 e4bp´ s~9 ¥yFHx+ bj­ f~}cB ¯ bK E¡J hFbC b F(* ¡ D* Hx.'¡JH f£+x0 *2&* ¡ -

,áæ°S »ØdCG Qhôà ¿CG »©«Ñ£dG øe AGõLC’G ¿ƒμJ øe á«Ñ°ûÿG ábQɨdG øØ°ùdG ,É¡∏L â∏∏– ób Ö∏ZCG ¿ƒμj ¿CGh äÉYƒæ°üŸG ájhó«dG ób É¡∏NGóH ∫ÉeôdG ‘ øaO äÉHÉ°SôdGh ôé– ¬°†©Hh

46 2016

100


fB4b D* f £ ~zD* E Eb gD* h0b-&* ¤gD* fc~6¡p´* z gD* gº < eb D* *¡ ~{C k£0 Íg<b~6 ¢ < vJy- ° ,v´ f£Ay1 4*x@@/ @@E f£ J5 ,x~{ + f ~8x´* b@@~@z@/&°* *¡@@ F&* v +H *vB&* c~6 ¡ + fJyFHx+ f+x0 ¶(* }c ´* f/H2yE ¢<v- f.v¹ 8¡= i°v+ *vsg~6b+ ,vJv< 8¡= iÉ04 ,v< $b@@´* h« Í~8*¡ D* $b c+ hp ~6 ¤gD*H i¡~6¡~zC&* ¢ < ¥&* v@@B 200 < ¢g0 ¡ ~{ g~z´* 8b= ib<b~6 fB4b D* f £ ~zD* B¡E E bK Eb­ f+x E b £B E f EbC :b ´ )*x1 ~9H fjJv²* ib£ gD* q£g f<¡ ¸ b g~6b+ D3H f£c~zF f<x~z+ 4¡ D* f £ D* 4bpcD* fD¡G&b´* Ì= £/¡gD* f£-*wD* f£Db~zF(°* ib+x D* E ,Ì ~8 ¡j0bcD* £A x~7 b@@E *w@@GH $b@@´* q ~6 h@@« - ¤gD* hJxC ,xJy/ Í+ bE fmJ(* xp+ Eb D f Jx1 ~9H 9x + *K x» hFbC f ´* &* ¶(* x Db+H ÁbF¡£D* ¤~z£)xD* ÄD*H k£0 f ~6 5000 w E fJxpcD* fCx²* £A ~{ - bK 02yE $b£~7&°* E ,xAH ~{C E fJ4bF¡~zD* i°b~zF(°* Db+ h ­ ¯ ¡ ~{ g~z´* È< e4bmgD* Iv0(* ¤ A fD¡ ~z+ b D* ¯

99

46

2016

bK cCxE n ~6(°* v£~8 ¡ g ¡~8*¡= v~84 1900 b D* ¯ bK EvB 165 < ¢ < ~6¡g´* }£+&°* xpcD* x B ¯ bK £Db+ *ÈJb £gF&* ,xJy/ b£§ hFbC f£FbEH4 f £ ~zD dCx´* *wG (* f£sJ4bgD* 42b~|´* ¡ f£-b< f ~8b D h~9x - b< ¤ D&* cB xpcD* ebc< xs­ ¢ < 4vpgD* vJv~7 ¥xs~8 4*vm+ -ÆD rbJxD* b gA3b gA « b§ hBx A *ÈJb £gF&* ,xJy/ E ·b ~{D* x D* f£cG3 i*xG¡¸H fJv F ibC¡ ~zE E z)b FH 5¡ C E fJyFHÄD*H fJxEx´* £.b gD* i*x~{<H f£ D* f£Ab~{ g~6°* iÉ ²* ¶H&* h F* 1976 b D* ¯H h« z g D f£)b´* f)xD* iv g<* vB z D* f£ - hFbCH E ­ z = ib£ < Í~8*¡ D rb@@-&* b» $b´* q ~6 -bE¡ E i$bmA f £ B )bB2 ~}+ xpcD* bB ¯ $b cD* ¯ 24H bE ¶(* f £ ~zD* b 0 fc~zF ,vC'¡E A¡~{C n)bgFH ,xA*H Ì= b D¡0 4b ´* h ; D f£sJ4bgD* )b.¡D* ~{+ ¥xpcD* ¥x.&°* d£ gD* fJ*v+ hFbC 2014 b D* ¯H F 2v±* ¡ ~{ g~z´* ¡~8*¡ D* vsg~6* bEv < <bA


GÌjÉμ«àfCG ‘ ábQɨdG á«fÉehôdG øØ°ùdG °

μ

°

°ù

e

jô e

e , e , ° ° ô μ ô°ù jô j e °ù ° e e j ô

e

j e , ù Ú °ù °

j °

°ù °

,

j ô

e , j

, ° j μ f ôj

e

° e f

°μ° ôe

e j

fe ô

46 2016

°

jô e °ù

98


b DÉ g~6* x: bFv gF*H K K $K *x g~6*H b ~8HH bsJ4&b- ¤ £~6¡´* v ~{´* g J b G EH Ì~z-H ¤ £c gDb+ ¥x D* ¥&* ¤ Db+ ¤ D* Dw+ Eb g£A Q Q E d / ¶(* bK c / b£/¡D¡ J5¡´* f£ £~6¡´* ¡ D* Dw+ ¡ D*H f£Fb~z D* ¡ D*H f£<b g/°* ¡ D* ¯ ib~6*4vD* ¤Bb+ Eb gE ¥x A rx~8 1*2 fAx ´* $b + ¯ Gb~zgA f£~9bJxD* q£cg~z£A b E ~8&°* ¯ ¤GH f )b D* - o4b1 ¢ c- °H &*  bEH *v/¡D* n § *K x.Q &bgE Gb/ C b < É D* ¤ D* Ì gD* o4b1 ,4Hx~9 ¡ - ib<bc F* E £D(* pJ $¤~7 ¯ D* E ¤G bEH f+4b ´*" Q &* ¥v D* 1v´* *wG fJb F ¯ vCQ '¡F b FQ (bA ·bgDb+H H&* hFbC f£-*4bE(* f£+x D* b £~6¡´* f£Q GbE q£~9¡g+ f £ D* ¤+x D* bm´ ¯ b D x@@1%* jQ ­ ¥&* H&* fJx~|E H&* f£~zF¡ ÉK <H bK £Q /¡D¡ J5¡E *K Ì - ,42b D* f+4b ´* ¤G ¤EÉ~6(°* ¯b jD*H Áb@@EyQ @D* ~8*¡gD* ibJ¡g~zE gº f~6*42 ¢ < b -b£ /xEH b £¹ Í@@+H b £+ Á*v@@/¡@@D*H ¤<b g/°*H fJx~}0 f£Q ~6¡g´*H f£ JxA( °*H f£+4b ´*H f£+x D* fJ¡~} D* Q ib_£cD* E bGÌ=H fJH*xp~8H f£ c/H f£ 0b~6H f£ J4H v£Db gD* ,4¡ + ¯ ,x@@.'¡@´* fJ4b~}²*H fJx~{cD*H f£ £c D* " g´*" b -bF¡Q E Q + b ~8*¡gD f Eb~}D*H b + f Q g´* bGÌ=H "¥ÌGb ±*"h "¤ ~6xQ D*"h "¤c ~{D*"h

97

46

2016

I¡g~z´* ¯ Q gDb+ °Q (* £ « f£ < g - ÉA x ~{D*H e2&°* ¢ ~zEO h« ex D* v < ,xA¡gE ¤@@GH ¤=ÉcD*H ·°Qv@@D* ,$*xB" E pF ¢~{sF *3b A "b £~6¡´* b£/¡D¡£ £~6" ·bgDb+ vs A f gs´* f£ £~6¡´* b -b+b 1 ¯ "f£=É+ g~zF &* Â b§ f£+x D* b £~6¡ D ¤sJ4&bgD* dFb±* "f£c ~{D*" f£ £~6¡´* ib~64b ´b+ ÉK jE f ~|g E i*4b~7(* E "bGÌ=H "fJv£ gD*"h o*x1(*H "f£ £~6¡´* f £.¡D*" ¢ < ebc F°b+ °Q (* ¡ J ° *wG Q C ~8¡D*H ib<bc F°* 4b:(* E fB¡ ´* H&* f+¡g ´* b ~8¡~|F ,xGb D ¤p ~zD* ~8¡D* H&* q£c D*H £ m D Á*v@@/¡@@D* ib~64b» ¡0 ebQg O D* } + QÆmJ b§ $b gC°* H&* f£ £~6¡´* bK AH bK sJ4&b- f £Q E f£ £~6¡E ebQg O D* d =&* bGwcQ pJ ¤gD* d-b ´* x- ¡G D3 ¯ v<b~zJ bEH LE MUSICOLOGUE ¤ £~6¡´* k0bcDb+ £ J ° *wGH b§ LE TERRAIN *v£´*" f~6*42 ¯ 4bp+(°* + 4vmJ ¥wD* f£-°%°* H&* f£)b D* ib~64b ´* gs´ 2x±*H q~z D b¸ ¡G ¤ c/H ¤ 0b~6H ¥Hv+H ¥x~}0 Í+ Jx - H2 Í E gm´ Q b E £D Á¡A¡E¡G H&* Á¡AHÌg£GH ¤c ~7H ¥v£ -H ib+3bmgDb+ b gBÉ< ¯ f£ £~6¡´* i*Ìc gD* - f~6*4vD ¡GH f~6H4v´* f D fJv)b D*H fJ2b~|gB°*H f£Ab jD* b £D(* bFx~7&* ¤gD* fjJv²* ib£ gD* £;¡g+ dDb EO D3 ¯


μ p ÚH á«Hô©dG É≤«°SƒŸG p ∏©dG » » n u p∏ªn ©dGh u ªr °ù ô THE MUSICOLOGY

ô

° °

"

μj

°

° " °ùjo e ô

ô e

°

μj °

° °ù

ô oô

μ

° e e

f f °ù ° ô e e e e ° ° ô ° ° μ° μ °

- ib£)y±* wGH ¥v£ gD* ¯¡~|D* ¤c ~{D* b E Q f£~9bJxD* g £BH @@-*5*y@@g@G*H i¡~|D* Q ib@@+w@@+3 f~8b1 Q f£ £~6¡´* ~6&ÉD DH fAx~|D* f Q £Q /¡D¡ J5¡£´* f£0b D* E f Q E ¤GH ¯ ¡£D* qc~8&* ¥wD* ¤ D* ¤ £~6¡´* bm´* b E v£ g~zJ ° f<b ~|D* E d / ¶( * bK c / Ì~z- f£ £~6¡E ¡ < ¶(* f/b0 Q b -b£~8¡~|1H b -*4b EH f£ £~6¡´* ib£¸x+ E oHx@@J bE ¶(* Ì~{F &* 4b@@:(°* *wG ¯ ¤ JH ¯ ¤GH PRAATh MATLAB jE 9x D* *wG ¯ fjJv0 ¤ £~6¡´* i¡~|Db+ b gBÉ< ¯ f£~9bJ4 )b~zE - f £ ²* Q ¢ < A*v- ¤gD* x D* ib /H E Q F 4b:(°* *wG ¯ b ~zDH f £Q B " )b 0" o*xsg~6* ¢ < b -4vBH ib£¸ÄD* wG f £B °Q (*H f£~9bJxD* d~z D* o*xsg~6*H ¤-¡~|D* £ pgD* I¡g~zE ¯ *w + ¡ g~6 "¥¡E4&°*"h "b £~6 +*"h "¤+*4b D*" b <&* Q (bA b D f £B ° i*Q2¡~zE 2xQ ¸ ¢ ´* / ¢ < ib£D%°* w D f£ D* ,4v ´* < $b~zgF b DH Q g- ÉA ¤/b D* b /x+ o4b@@1 qc~z- f£ £~6¡´* ¡ D* ¶(* dGw- + bK £Q ~9bJ4 b £ «H f£ £~6¡´* ,Q2b@@´* ~8¡+ £ pgD* ib£Fb E(* ¢ < qg - k£p+ Ìj + D3 E v +&* bE b§ -b~64b» ¡Q g+ ¤+x D* ¤ £~6¡´* eb s D ¥¡ D* f D ¶(* bK Fb£0&* exB&* ¤G f£ £~6¡E x~8b < E £ < ¥¡gpJ

e

LA MUSICOLOGIE

° e, °

° j e ô ô

,Q2b D b g~6°*H ,$*x D*H ¤ £~6¡´* £ pQgD* 0*xE Q &* b C dDb D* ¯ ~|gJ bK m EH bK Jx: b ~} + iv/H f£ £~6¡´* É1 E fE*x~|Db+ DwC ¤@@G ~|g- ¤@@g@D*H f gs´* b£/¡D¡ J5¡£´* ib@@£@D%* f@@£@ Fb@@~@ z@ F(°* ¡@@ @ @ D* @@< f@@ @j@c@ @E Ix@@ @ 1&* ib@@~@8b@@~@|@g@1b@@+ fAb jD* b@@£@/¡@@D¡@@+HÆ@@F&*H b£/¡D¡£~6¡~zD*H b£/¡D¡£ £~zD*

-$*xB £ - ¯ ¤ £~6¡´* k0bcD* v<b~z- t@@D(* tJ4bgD*H f£ £~6¡´* ib~64b D f£ £~6¡´* f~64b ´* ¡ - bEv < Á*v£´* D* ib£ - b ~8*¡- ~}- f£Gb ~7 f£~8¡~|1 i*3 f£ A ,Q2b§ f ~|gE f D* ib£~8¡~|1H $b D* x: Ok£0 E rx JO xE&* ¡GH b + ,b£²*H r*x@@A&°* ibc~6b EH DbC f £Q E x:&* ¯ y D*H tD(* f£E¡£D* bE&* ,̲* E fDb0 ¯ b£/¡D¡ J5¡£´* ¢ c- D3 =x+ b <&* ¯ kpcD* < bK Fb£0&* bGym< f£Fb E(* hE*2bE b ~z F f£ £ « ib£D%*H ib£Q - 2¡/H Q ; ¯ ,24*H ¤ £~6¡´* D* bK +*x~6 °Q (* h~z£D f £ ²* ¯ ¤GH $bE %b D* b J fjJv0 b £c -H ib£D%°* wG É g~6* ¯ ¡£+H4H&°* q½ bE 4v cA 2xQ ¸ bFv < b F&* °Q (* b m)bgF E ,2b g~6°*H Gb £~6¡E ¢ < f £ E ib£)y/ ¯ x D f²b~8 ¡ gD b £ < ~z g D f Jx: Q f~8b1H Jx - H2 bGx:& *H b -bc ~{- gs§ bFb £~6¡E E Q

46 2016

96


° ¤~6bE¡- d£~6¡= ¡DÌ/° ¢ ~6 ~zG bEÌG ¥*¡ G x g+ £DH h~zJH £ Cb~6 bg£A b£A*4¡E ¡-ÌcD&* ¤-¡D Ì£+ 6bE¡- ÉJ2H zg£J " ¡cg J *¡FbC J&*" ibp ~8 ¯ fJb 0 C (* ¡ D*  b ´* E fBÉ D* ¯ ¥x D* $*È@@D* E bK ~6*H bK ´b< v g /*¡EH ibc-b D*H ebg D* $°'¡G {£< f Jx: ¯ bEyD*H i*¡ ~6 {Jb< E } cD* &* f~8b1 fc ~|D* ,b£²* Hx; v + E b gF°* ¶(* x ~9*H f£FbjD* H&* ¶H&°* f£´b D* ex²* H&* @@G&°* ,4b~z1H v D* E ~zB ¢Fb< b £A x@@1%* ¶(* fBÉ< f . i°b²* C ¯ D bE2(°* H&* 9x´* H&* Jx~{D* r*xA&°* C ¢ < v ~{J ¥wD* b ´* ~8¡+ h£cD* E f £ 0 bK £ / b -*¡£0 ¯ r*x-&°*H

95

46

2016

j

e

f£:¡ D* z)b D*H ¢ ~6¡D* D v JH s D* h£cD* *wG ¯ A¡£~9 c g~zJ J¡- bC i*xEb EH f Jx: ibJb 0 f£ ~{D* $b~{ D* ibc/H dFb/ ¶(* x ~zD* x g~zJ b@@C ,2b@@<H b < ~6 H&* D h.v0 fcJx= b cFbm+ h ~9H ¤gD* ,&bAv´* bE&* $b~{ D* v + ,vJv< ib<b~zD f s~9 ,&bAvE BH 1891 b< ¤ A g - µ h£cD* *w + J¡- ,2b ~6 D ÆJ &* bGx.(* ¢ < x ~9* ,ÌcC f£DbE f )b~}+ J¡- 4bE D bK ~9*¡gE °K y E ~zJH b+H4H&* ¶(* 0xJH Ì ~|D* x~|B -b£0 ¯ f ² x1%* ¢g0 ~6&*4 ¯ ¡pJ ; x~|B qc~7 zF4¡D ¥H2 ¡D4bC E D i¡£cD* ibJb 0 bK ~}J&* ebg D* ~}J h~zF4&* ¡~zEbG h £C ¡F¡£/ b@@/ ÊC¡A £DH @@J4H2


e

ô &* 2bg<* v A ¤c~z£~z£´* ¤-*¡ p+ d D ¥wD* J¡- 4bE bE&* wG -É04 É1 EH ¤c~z£~z£´* ¯ ,x1b+ ÇE ¢ < xpcJ fEÉ D* ¥&* " J¡- 4bE" + Hx ´* ¤+2&°* ~6* c g~6* b <&* ¥xpgD ,x1bcD* fD%* D b £ - ,4b~7(* ¤GH "f/H2y´* ¯ g£+ J¡- ¢ + 0b~zD* E ,x1bcD* e*Æ@@B* v < x D* g/H5 &°H f£ JxE&°* h£ £gF¡C fJ°H ¯ 24¡ -4bG f JvE v££~{- ¢ < 8x0 v A *K ÌjC b c0&* F&°H fJx. ,x~6&* E hFbC b £0 f£ p´* fAbp~|D* £ < h :&* ¢g0 b + £ J h£+ < ,4bc< h£cD* bC "f ´* ¯ f+*x= ÈC&°* h£cD*" f ~8 b ~7&b+ ~8xEH x 0&°* x/%°* xm0 E ¡ ~|E ¤ J4 x~|B fpg E ibAx~7H ,ÌcC o*x+&b+ h£cD* 4b E <2H f£~6v G 4¡~| D* f~6v G E bK £ 1 £ ~|- b@@C f E Ix@@1&*H

g Jv0 E fJH*5 ¯ xm0 ¢ < bK ~7¡ E 4b ~64¡J hJx=4bE 5b ´* x)b~6 < *ÌjC gsJ y ´* *wG J µ b £04 v + F¡C ¯ °(* f£ JxE&°* ·¡ £- ,xJy/ ¯ ,x~{g ´*H ,4Hbm´* f£Â2bC&°* h 12 ,&*x@@E* H&*H ,Ì ~7 fc-bC ibJxCwD bK Fb E =4 b 0H4 E Ìj D* y ´* *wG ¢ < h ~9&* v A f£~zFx D* ¢ < J F&* ¡G y£Â bE &* °(* f £~zcD*H f ~9*¡g´* -&b£G fc-b D* h ~6 Ix1&* f / E xpcD* ¢ <H f / E f+b D* < B¡g- µ b D zJx= b g Jv~8 @@E h£cD* *w@@G ¯ < B¡g- - µ b~zFxA e¡ /H 8ÄBH b+H4H&* ¶(* x ~zD* ¯ H&* v A fAx= ¯ H&* b Dy E ¯ fDHb D* ¢ < $*¡~6 f+bg D* E 6b D* qc~8&*H ,vJv< y)*¡m+ 4b ~64¡J i5bA 4b B f+x< f£)b D* b -xJy/ ¯ b -4bJ5 ¢ < H22ÆJ b+H4H&*H 4¡J¡£F

46 2016

94


°ùf

f f:b£1 ¯ - f£ £ ²* ¤gcG¡E &* h ~{gC* f+bg D*H DHH ,b£0 ¯ fc£GxD* ,bFb ´* b@@E&* ",Ì ~|D* v£/bm~zD* k£0 b g G*xE i*¡ ~6 w E b ~z- ¤gD* i*¡~8&°* - hFb A b +¡£/ jO- &* ¶(* b A2 bE *wGH fc£G4 ,bFb E bK £~z F hFb< fDb~64 fC4b- bBx= i¡ gD x D* $bE ¶(* y -H ,4bm²b+ Áb E(b+ v J µ i*¡~8&°* - ~6&* i&*v+" b £A ¡ - b /HyD D f JvE ¤ F&* ¡G D D¡B&* &* vJ4&* bE fEHb ´* H&* y£CÆD* "¤-b£0 f £: b + h£ 0 ¤gD* ,2b ~zD* + f£~zFx D* fc-b D* y@@ @E Ì ~|D* y@@ @g@´* @@~@6* *y@@ J °

93

46

2016

Äg J É£F*2 g/H5H 7ÊJbG ¡ D* f Jv0 DH ~{D* +xE bK J2b< h£cD* i*4¡ J2 1*2 E k c - D ,ÌcC ¡Fb£+ £A b@@CH f£ A i°°2 h£cD* f ´*H ,Ìj´* dg Db+ f_£ E fcg EH Äg<*H ¡@@ DH&°* b ~zD* b Cx- ¤gD* £ < Ì1 &bA *wG ¡£FHyF*2 f )bB b g£+ ~|- DHH b £/ÌA hcgC i°b F°* - xCw-&* &* ¤  °" f £: ¤~z F ¯ h£cD* *wG bGvDH ¤gD* x ~7 ¶(* ,4bc D* w@@G 2¡ - "¤-b£0 E h£cD* iÆ~7* Í0 1919 b< ¡£D¡J y E F(* 2*yE ¯ DHH 24bF¡£D b /H5 ~6H x@@ /%°*H xm²b+ v£~{E £~z+ ÉgD* E A&* ¢ < JH f E f Jv0 b<x~6H f)2b D* ib+b D*H i*4vp ´*H f +b~{g´* Ax + h£cD* *wG qc~8&* bE ,b£0 ¯ f £F&b D*H $Hv D &bAxEH &bm E f£/b/5 f Jv0 fc-b D* hj.&* fc-b D* Ì ~8 ¤c~{1 u¡C ¯ dg - &* i2bg<*H i2bg<* $*x~}³* fDb~|D* ¯H f Jv²* 4*v@@/ ¢ < ` gE ¢ < b D ib Jv~8 E ,&bAv´* 4*¡m+ ¥b~{D* ex~{- &* fc-b D* ix g~6* b -bJ*H4 i*2*x@@J(* É1 EH Ê=bA b £~6¡E BH f ~6 ¯H ,b£²* b~9H&* Í~z«H b g£+ x= k£.&bg+ b £/ÌA D $b+x Db+ b g£+ iy /H o*¡@@E&°* b gJ*H4 ix~{F 1931 fcG¡E < iÄ< b F&* DHH b £/ÌA ¶(* fc~z Db+ ex@@=&°* ,$*x D* ¯ g£~}E&* J¡: h@@BH v +" f )bB b JvD Ix@@1&*


μ o 䃫H ᪡∏ŸG ÜÉàμdG ô μo

e, ,

ôj

μj

ôj e j ô jô μj e , ° , j , , ô ô ° , μ j e ô °ù f , ° μ ô e °ùe ° ° f ° , j ° ° , ° e ô μ°ù °ùf ô e μ ° , e ô , , jô e °ùfô μ μ fô ° μ e jE" :"2¡/¡D* f+¡ ~8" +bgC ¯ ¡ J b£´* ¤B*¡~6H f £j D*H ¯ ~6&* &* d0&* bF&*H 4*x g~6°* 6¡G ¥vD bC Í ~zg´* C *4v/ ¢ < b G$¡~9 b~z J z ~{D*H x D* $bE (* fJx D* f Jv0 1vE v < v/¡J "xEx´* E ib0¡D b ~6xJH ¤gAx= E vJv D* v/¡- fDb~|D* ¯H ¡ D* ¤+&° bj­ ¡gC¡C h£+ *wGH x 0&°* ¡ D* 4¡~}0 0ÉF b C ib0¡ D*H pgD* rx~z´* ¶(* ebGwD* gD¡ : w E 2bg<* ¡gC¡C &° /xE ¡ D* *wG *x= ¯ B¡A JvD*H f Ax+ bJx+b= ·b@@ @J(°* d-b D* dm<O&* ,x)b D* £ « $b .&* ¯ b £A h£+ $*x~7 4xBH eɳ* b Db / G3&* fJx + ¡JyF¡F*2 v0&* fAv~8 i¡£cD* v0&* 12H fJx D /¡- Í0 A bE *wGH u4'¡@´ b@@C h£cD* *3 ¥v@@+&°* g£+ qc~|£~6 ¥w@@D* i¡£cD*

" f@@J*H4 f D'¡E ¡~z £ + J4bC f£C4b £F*vD* fc-b D* h~7b< v ~7H x~{< 62b~zD* x D* ¯ ¤ +O h£+ ¯ "b£ JxA&* o4b1 b £+&* ¢ < b Fy0H b gD¡ : r*xA&*H b -¡EH b -2°H h£cD* *wG h£cD* *wG ¶(* i2b< b F&* °(* b£ JxA(* ¶(* b £04 =4 xpg ´* ¯ h ~9HH fDy D*H E&bgD*H f+bg D* /&* E fAx= i4bg1*H Jx+(* x ~7 E ¡J ¯H b £ < y gD f£ £~6¡E fD%* E fJH*5 f Jv²* ¯ ,xm~7 h« h A2H fc-b D* i&b F* 1962 2b D* x= ¯ {£ D* ~} J bC ¡gC¡C b/ ¤~zFx D* d-b D* BH 1947 b< ¯ F&* °(* fcJx=H ,2x¸ $b£~7&* bGÄg J ¤gD* f ~6bcD* 4bm~7&°b+ b¹ F&° ¶H&°* f G¡D* E Dy E *x= ¯

46 2016

92


eÆ@@B* ¥w@@ D* f£ cD* s~9 ¥4¡@@ @ D* HvcJ D bK @ Eb@@< Íg~zD* 2Hv@@0 @@E f 0xE 5Hbmg- ° f£ D* @@-*4v@@B &* ¡ - &* "bJ4bE" ¢ < b@@CH fD¡ D* ~z F vmJ 3(* e2&°* ,2bE ¯ -3bg~6&* ¡~|A ¤ sg+ bK @Ey@@ @E ~zD* *w@@G ¯ ¢g0 f£+bg D* g£E&* ¡p´ fE¡ ²* b D* f~64b ´ ,2¡ D* E gJ v~7&* @@E ¡Fb£-b/ f£~|s~7 ¡@@ @- b@@§4 ¯ f@@£@Fb@@~@z@F(°* b gAbG4 ¯ ib£~|s~{D* 2b F ° *K v@@/ f£~{EbG ¤ A f@@J*Hx@@D* w@@G ~z F h@@B¡@@D* ¯ fp~9bA b D @@B*¡@@D* ¯ b@@G2¡@@/H p F gD c~{- Æg~zE b / E fJx~{cD* z D* 1*2 ¯ b < f~| D* A x gcE– " ¡s£~{-" b ~6xJ bC ¤gD* 8¡s~{D* DwD 19 * x@@ @D* @@E ,x@@1&b@g@E f 0xE ¯ ,Ì~| D* °K H&* ¤ A 8b1 ¡F E fBÉ< fJb ²* f + bJ4b§ gBÉ A i¡´* ,bBÉ´ vD¡- ¤gD* b g : "b JxJ(*"@D 6¡ ´* o3¡ D* *wG ¯ x ~}E ¡Fb£-b/ b £+ ,2°¡ D ¢ ~{g~z§ fFb~}0 ¯ d« bE 4vB ¢ < bJ4bE &° bK £Fb.H vJv/ E vD¡J &° ~zD* ,xE5 GH w£EÉgD* f£ cD b gc¹ E ÈC&* |s~{D* *wG &° ¡p J JwD* Í DbcD* fBb<(°* ¥vpgEH Jx/b ´* E ~6x- &* Hb« hB¡D* z F ¯ b D ,vJv/ ,b£0 *'HvcJ bGb sgJ &* D* ¡Fb£-b± Â ° ¤gD* 2Hv²* E *K 4vB b E "É J4b+ bJÌDbA" fc-b D* b £A © ¤gD* i*x D* Hvc- b§4 D* v£<*¡E v + H&* ¤~6*4vD* ~| D* ¯ ¡Fb£-b/H bJ4bE Í+ -3bg~6&* fc=b~{E ¯ d=xJ w£ gC b E ¢~{ gJ &* HbpJ ¡GH f £ 1 ¥v£E¡C £A ¯ vGb~{ C bK Eb< Jx~{ + x ~|- ¤gD* z ~6 @@~@{@CH f@@J¡@@B f@@J4¡@@ @~@7 f@@ @Av@@+ f ¹ b D @@ @D* bG*xF &* d ~|JH {Eb D* ¢ < z © ¤gD* ib£~|s~{ D b D ~| - *w GH ",x/b ´* "*yJ¡D" b -w£ - E - DwC ibBÉ D* E Ix1&* f<¡ m´ fAb~9(°b+ &°*H e&°* f£~|s~7 ibBÉ< ¤GH wG ,Ì~| D* b gJ*H4 É1 b D b ~9x - ¤gD* ¤~}´b+ ~{g F b D bF4b F&* h - ° f/4vD bK JxGb; f)2bG 1*vD* E bK Eb­ f+x ~}E b F&* ,$*x D* ¯

91

46

2016

E £ gD* ¯ Fb­ ° f Fb1 &* Ix1&°*H b£Db J(* ¯ f£~7b D* f Db+ ¤GH f~| D* fJ*v+ E b Db - ¤gD* bJ4bEH ~9¡D* *wG bp+ ~| - ° ¤gD* f~8b³* f£~z D* b Cb~{E « bG*xF b gD¡ : < ° b D ,&*x´* bJb~} D 5b£pF°b+H fJ¡~z D* a2bc´b+ f c~{E ¤GH bEH B*¡D* 94&* ¢ < f£<b g/* f£ <bA ib /¡gD* w D v½ ÍJ4¡CwD* b© - d~} D* fBb: EbC /¡- b F&* ¡G lvpJ °K v+H $b jg~6* H2 b/xD* C ¶(* e&°* o3¡¿ ¯ Í j g´* < bAvD* ¯ q£p~|D* bG4b~zE fBb D* wG w1&b- &* E vD¡gJH f£~|s~{D* b -b£0 ÌEv- ¶(* Av - ,&*x@@´* ¡ 0 &* F&b~7 E b -b£0 2*vgE* ¢ < b E5ÉJ ¡~6 bE 6*¡~6H w C f£~|s~7H v + b £A f£ :b D* b -b:bc-4* C ~{ J E&°* I¡~6 b D ¢ cgJ ° f£ £c: ,b£0 b£« &* ¯ E&°* v bGv½ &* ex g~z´* Ì= A DwD bK E&* ¡ - &* ¡GH Ì1&°* ex~{D*H C&°* D3 ¯ b§ $¤~7 ¥&* < $b g~6ÉD ,v g~zE b A b g +* b £A ~}g« ¤gD* f p D* - +b E ¯ z ±*H "i¡´* E ,x 0 b ~7 ¢ < vD¡- ,x g ´* b g +*H b Db+ }Jx gD* H&* qJx~|gD* ¶(* wG b gJ2x~6 ¯ fc-b D* v g - ° f Db+ fE¡ F ¯ b £D(* b - + ib£~|s~{ D f£~z D* v Db+ µb Db+ bK Eb­ £c~{D* g~z´* b ´b< ~|- ¢g0 ¤ ²* Ä< b~{gC* ¢ < 42bB Ìc1 a4bB ¶(* obgpJ ¥wD*H ¤ £ ²* f~zcg ´* b g +*H &°* fBÉ< rx~{+ ¤ g - °H 4¡ ~zD* $*4H bE b D ~z F 4b@@:(°* E fBÉ< ¶(* bK ~}J&* b £« + w@@G )b~6 "¡Fb£-bm+ "e bJ4bE" fBÉ< ¤GH ,x´* wG f~6¡ E


¢ûeÉ¡dG ≈∏Y 䃟G z¢VÉ«ÑdÉH ⁄É©dG í°ûàj ÉeóæY ° fj j

" e "

j

μ " ô "ô " ô

° je " j j ° " °ù° e e " j e j

*¡ gJ ¢g0 f£+bg D* g£E&* ¡p´ ¡~|A 5b£g/* ¢ < *HÄ/O&* fD¡ : Í+H Gx~6&* fJb<4H Db <&* f~64b ´ ,2¡ D* E f£ :b< ibBÉ<H f DbcD* f cD* ¢ < f£c ~zD* bG4b.%b+ q~} x g - d@@²*H ,b@@£@²* @@< fG¡~{E x F ib@@ @ /HH f ~7bA H2 i¡´* ¶(* ebGwD* H&* ,b£²* ¶(* o¡D¡D* f +°* "b JxJ(*" ,v0*H ,x´ ¡DH fFb~}²* fAx= E oHx³* f~8xA b - &* b +b gJ ¢g0 b ~} + E b+Æ J i¡´*H ,b£²*– b GÉ A *4v/ }£+&°* ¡ D* ¯ 4b= ¢ ~{g~zE ¡GH b ´* *wG ¯ *wG 9b£cD* z F b D ,x~6&*H Í~9x ´*H $bc:&ÉD f@@J24&*H ° @@D3 E =xDb+– b D *K v@@/ q~9*¡D* ~8b D* ¡ D* i¡ D H&* ,b£p D bK F¡D bC (* 2vpF &* £ g~zF E bK £.K *4H g - Á&bC bK c ~8 bK _£~7 b JxJ(° ¤ 0 J µ" ix ~7 v A Ì - H2 xE&°* ¯ x A&* &* H2H bE x: ¥vD ¡ - D F&*H f£Fb. { Db+ H&* ¡±b+ z0&* D ¤ F&* ¢ +&* &* 2*v g~6* ¢ < h C ¤ F&*H z ±* f~64b ´ f/b0 v + ¤ F&* E b1&* &* H2 bK Eb< x~{< f~z 1 f p D* wG 1*2 "hB¡D* h £~9 vB &°* "bJ4bE" Ä - É D* *wG j§ b g : b£0 vJv±* bG4¡ ~7 < + 6&b+ ° bK :¡~7 i5b@@g@/* &* v + 4b£ F°* ¢ < b~7H(°*H dBÆD* E f £c: B*H E b G 4ÄE 4b£ F* ¡GH fc-b D* b ~6x- ¤gD* f£~|s~{D* fE¡E&°* ,yJx= B*H E ° "bJ4bE"@D fD¡ + ixE ¤gD* bJ4b A bGv0H ¥4¡C3 ~zgE b Gv0&* J¡+&* Í+ fE¡ ²* ,vFb~zE E ÃvB tJ4b- D

bK Fb~zpg~6* hB° ¤gD* wG b gJ*H4 ¯ É J4b+ bJÌDbA v J¡: ¤)*H4 £A ¶(* b J¡« ®H b£Db J(* ¯ 2b D* cB E f £~|0 f£+x D* f D b g /x- g- &* cB ~z F ~6°* pJ ,bFb E ¡ pJ ÍJ2b< 8bs~7&° f£ 1*vD* µ*¡ D* E ,y£ gE b D fD¡ cD* < ,v£ + ,b£²* b@@© f+4b~}gE x<b~{EH D 9x gF b» dF*¡/ < £BvD*H <b D* ~{ Db+ « Ég1* ¢ < ,Ì~| D* bF4b <&* É@@1 bK £ / + x ~{F H&* f£Ab jD* H&* f£A*x ±* b -*$b gF*H b -b /¡ f JvE ¯ ¤~9b´* x D* ib £ c~6 ¯ fJ*HxD* l*v@@0&* 4Hv@@ ¯ ,v£~zD f £~z+ fJb 0 É1 EH "f£Db J(°* "·¡+bF" ¤gD* b g +* oHx@@1 x g - "bJ4bE" ¢<v- Í +4&°* ~|g E Iv0(b+ fFb~}0 ¯ b@@ @g@<2H&*H bGv<¡E @@< *K x cE b -vDH < b g0Hx:&* "É J4b+ bJÌDbA" v - ,2°¡@@D* ib£ ~{g~zE ¢ < ¶H&°* f p D* E $*x C b =x- ¤GH i¡@@´*H ,b£²* f cD* f +* bG5bg© ¤gD* ,x~z g´* oHx@@³* fDb0 f +bgE wG 4b gF°* ib ² b gD* ¶(* v -H ,b£²* ¶(* "b JxJ(*" b £s~}- ¢ < -H bK @ @´b@@ < b@@ @@ @@E @@ @ m@ g@ D E £ g~z- ÉK @ @g@ @E tJ4*¡- b/Æ~6* DÉ1 -bFb EH ib£~|s~{D* ¡~9b gJ Í E Í+ bE f@@ @ @~@ @9*¡@@ g@ @E d@@ @ @ @ @-*H4 ¡@@c@ BÆ@@J @@Jx@@/b@@ @ EH @@G2É@@+ ¶(* £0x Í+ b@@ @ @E *H'Hb@@ @ / ¤@@g@ D* Í ~zEH Ix@@1&*H f ²

46 2016

90


¡~{£ J JwD* 6b D*H x~9b²* E v g~6* ,xm~{D* *4H&* $Ég1°* E s- ° bK ~}J&* fDy D* ib p + g g~6* E &* *K v@@+&*  ° F&° f G*xD* f p Db+ g g~6*H ~z + "Ix1&* ,xE £~6 xm D* bC bE *3(* Í £D* /H ¢ < x v¸ < kp+ H&* ,x cE x.%bE < *K 2x~6 z£D ebg D* *wG fJb 0 f:b~zc+ F(* " Í ~6b£D* nJ4&*" ¯ fc-b D* c - ¤+2&* f 04 D3 x - &* H2 E xAb~z- ,Ì ~8 $*x 0 f/*42 b .*x- ÌEv- cBH Í£Fv´* q+*wE cB bJ4¡~6 x < ¯ E =xD* ¢ <H fm + ÈC&* f 0xD* hFbC" Jx D* ¯b jD* ,2v g´* b <&°* dc~z+ b£0&°* } + ¯ £m~{gD* v< ¶(* b g 04 fc-b D* ¥Hx- fJ4*2(°* d<bg´*H z D* ibc -H bF¡£D*H b£Cx- ¶(* ~{E2 E 2011 b< £+4 ¯ bJ4¡~6 ,ÌcC fcp§H r¡g E d + y£+ ¥2 4¡- ° *K Ì@@1&*H b£Db J(*H ex ´* ¯ f£ E fEbB(* $b .&* b g - b F&* fc-b D* Æ Áb gE*H ¤c0 < ¤ 0&* &* i24&*H x~{D*H ex D* hcc0&*" *wG b A fcp´*H rx´*H fm cD* Í+ mJ ebgC É1 E D :¡g~zE ¡G b C 0*H4&* ¶(* gJ &* d0&* ¥wD* nJ4&°* "¤0HxD Í-y)b/ ¢ < ~|0 ebg D* &* J¡ gD* E v+ ° Ì1&°* ¯H " -4¡C H2 z£mJ4" f~z~6'¡E ,y)b/ b@@ @D* *w@@G Íg E "y£+ ¥2 4¡- °" f Jv´ ¥¡~z D* b pg~6°* ,y)b/H

89

46

2016

vB f£ BxD* 2Hv@@²* hFbC (* f£A*x ±* 2Hv²* D i4b F* f£A*x ±* 2H ¥&*& @@E È@ È @C&C&* @@~@6&É@D h@@D*5 b@@E "fcB*xEH f<b E ÈC&* ¢~}E hBH f g~{´* ex²* ib£<*v- E Áb - f ´* &*H bK ~8¡~|1 fEv1 bK Eb­ 4b J &* x~{ D vJx- ,vcg~zE ex0 *x D* ¯ vg ´* É~6(°*H f£:*xB¡ÂvD*H fJx²* ¡~|1 i*v /&° f £~6H h g~6* fc-b D* &* f 0xD* wG É1 b ~9ÆA* *3(* « D v£C&bgDb+ b F(bA $*x ²* b g/*42 Ì= Ix1&* hFbC b A*4 ¥wD* 4b cF°b+ z« DH b g~7b< ¤gD* i*$b D* ¢ < bG4bc/(° bj´* £c~6 ¢ < bK cc~6 f£ £Fb £´* b <&°* Í gº 6b D fJ2b D* ,b£²* < vJy´* fAx EH B¡gD* -bE5&* ; ¯ b -v<b~z§ *¡EbB v A D3 =x+H *K v@@/ b <vD b cFb/ ¶(* ¡ J ¡J4¡~zD* b@@C f£<b g/°* Ì D* E 'Hb -H fm£ + rHx+ b g 04 Ì~z£-H f+bg D* $b .&* jc - ¤~9b´* ibJxC3 E £~6 2x~zD* *wG sgJ E ib g EH ¥4¡~zD* £ D* E fj c ´* Í ~6b£D* fp)*xC hBH ¯ hcgC ¤gD* - H&* bK ~6 hcgC ¤gD* bGx ~6 i*xCwE ¯ fCx²*H {£ D*H D* Áv<b~6 v D" f 0xD* E 0° "fDb0 D f )*yD* f£E¡£D* f £c D* A ¢ < *v cD* ,b£²* Ì gD D* *wG < f_~7b D* f£~|s~{D* i*4bcg<°* ,vDb³* f ²* ¯ j g- b D*H5H g g~6* 2¡ ±* f+*3(b+ g g~6* fFvG f ² ¡G $b~zE C" *¡@@D&b@+ +bm<(* @@< Ä@@< -b£0H g )b<H )bBv~8&b+


…Qƒ°ùdG π«∏dG ‘ Úª°SÉ«dG èjQCG eô ô° ° ° , °ùe

e °ù ô °ù ô μe

j

°

ô °ùf μ ô °ù ° ôe e e ô °ù e , f e μe e e

¤ ~8&°* bGv + *x~zJ¡~6 ¯ bK £F¡FbB bG2¡ - &* g v c D f£<b g/°* *x@@ @<&°* @@C b@@ @g@F* 2v~|+ h C" "¥x~zJ¡~zD* ¡Fb Db+ x~|gD* h ~8*H ¤ DH £~}´* H&°* b ~{E bC v A x@@1%* $¤~7 B*¡D*H $¤~7 f£<x~{D* b JvD z£DH ib/*4vD* E ¡ D* *wG fBb£~6 ¢ < b -4vB v< /*¡- hB¡D* *¡: hFbC ib<x~zD* Ì£ - f£ £C < ,x A ¥&* &* £ ±* E ~z- hFbC fGb D* E Ìj + iÉ ~{´* wG bK ~6 v - µ b F&*H f~8b1 £pg~z´* E bK +x~9 ¡ g~6 b g 04 °K ¡~8H bF¡£D* . ¡c ~6(* ¶(* d 0 E b g 0xD bK º ¥2 4¡- ° fJx~zJ¡~zD* b g JvE *Ì@@1&*H f£Bv cD*H ¥4b+ ¶(* ° bF&* "f 0xD* wG x g~zg~6 bK E¡J C " fc-b D* ¡ - y£+ fJ&* ¥vD - µ "ÉK £D B¡-&b~6 J&* °H "dG3&b~6 J&* x<&* GPS ¢g0 °H Jx D £D2 H&* f£A*x / f:4b1 fJ&* °H ,x A "bK Eb­ ¥¡Fb. F&bCH · *K v+ D3 C DH ¯ ixE ,x ³* f 0xD* wG bK ~z0 =xD* ¢ < x1%* ¶(* x: E fJb F f~z 1 f£ £Fb £´* ib+¡ ~|D* E 6b£ E ,4¡~z E f ~z ~6 e¡@@ @. ib+¡ ~|D* t@@ D(* d@@@)*3 h@@Jy@@D* 2ÄD* d g´* z D* – f£1b ´* f£Db D* @@ Cb@@ E&°*H $*x@@p@ ~@ |@ D* ¯ f ~7&* H&* bF¡£D* ¯ ,xJy D* 4b E&°*H E ib+¡ ~|D*H – fB4b²* z ~{D* 2Hv@@²* 4¡@@c@< $b@@ @ .&* – 4b@@ @ ±* b£/¡D¡ gD* @@E5 z£D" f<¡ ´* ¢g0H t@@J4b@@g@D* @@E5 ¡@@G fjJv²*

j

ô °

° ,Ú e

fc-b D "¥4¡~zD* @@£@ @D* ¯ Í ~6b£D* x <" eb@@g@ C ¯ ,y£ gE f 04 f~|B ¤ « z £FH24b~7 ,4b~6 fJx~zJ¡~zD* x ~7&* ,x~{< c~}Db+ hE*2 f 0xD* x~{D* ¶(* b + hEbB $b gF*H b£Db J(*H bF¡£D*H b£Cx-H bJ4¡~6 Í+ bE fc-b D* b g~}E&* µ b§4 fc-b D* h<x<x- k£0 *x~zJ¡~6 ¯ "y£+ ¥2 4¡- °"@+ ¥2b´* ¤~|s~{D* bGx ~6 ¡« &* fJ*vcD* ¯ b g£F ¯ J D 4¡ <H x~{D* xp~zD f ~7b< fJx<b~7H f£0H4 f 04 ¶(* fBb~{D* ibBx D* b ~9¡1 É1 bK £)b - h ~|0 ibc£-ÆD* i°b²* ¯ fJxs~z D bGy£«H 2b D*H ,x+bj´* b 0É~6 bC i*$b D n~z D 6b D* ¢ < fJ¡ + b DbcB(*H *K v@@/ f m ´* µb D bG4¡ EH bGÌ -H b £<H h =&* f£)b jg~6* bC ¡@@D " v D* {£ F b F(bA ,&*x@@m@ + 42b@@c@F ° bEv <" bF2xmJ F&° -bB F(* Hv< &*¡~6&* ¡G x~{D* *wG " ¥v < "x~9b²* E Eb gF b D x~{D* Áb F pF ,2*4(°* E w@@ @ + f@@c@ -b@@ @ D* h@@ Eb@@ B f@@Ab@@~@z@E i*3 f@@ @ 0x@@D* ÆE¡ £C °%* f@@g@~@z@D* fJ4bF f@@/*42 ÇE ¢ < b@@J4¡@@~@ 6 ¯ b@@ @ -Æ@@~@ 7* f@@ @Jv@@E ¯ @@c@ ~@ }@ Db@@+H &* J ° k£0 fBxD* ¡ D* *w + ,&*x@@E* ¡ b@@ C iÉ@@ @ 0x@@ @ D* @@ @E 125cm3 bG4b£g1* f@@J4b@@F f@@ @/*42 ¢@@ @< ¥&* ¤C ¥¡@@ B x@@¹ i*3

46 2016

88


ÉA&* 4b£g1b+ ¢ - f£ A ,xGb - ¤GH :Ú ô ô ° ° f Í£)b £~6 ¤/xº f£ / cB E f£)b £~6 ¤gD* f£)b £~zD* i°b~|D* E f<¡ ¸ ¤GH : ° cE A2 É1 E EÉA&° Í<5¡´*H Ímg ´* J¡~zg+ ¢ H&* ¤ D* *¡g~zE < x D* } + £ D* 9x< +b E ·bE 2¡/H f~8x D bK Eb g=* b/x ´* 9x< ,ÆA É1 ¥v D* Í£´b D* Í£)b £~zD* Í g ´* E ÌcC 2v< É@@A&°* 9x + CxD* *wG g JH : ° ¢ < 6b~6&* ~{+ yCxJH µb D* $bpF&* £ / E ,Ì~| D* ¯ ,vGb~{´* b@@± 4b£g1* E bG2b cg~6* ® ¤gD* É@@A&°* ib£ ~|gD* 0*xE o3b¿ 4b£g1b+ ¢ - fJ¡ ~6 ,xGb - ¤@@GH : ° bK £)b £~6 ,4¡ ~{´* Ì= Hv@@D* Iv@@0(* b £~6 E ,y£» Í£)b £~zD* Í g ´* 4¡ ± b EÉA&* 9x<H ÌjC f£)b £~6 9Hx<H ib£Db A E xC3 c~6 bE ¶(* b~}J ,ÆA É1 b/x ´* d0b~|- ¤gD* f£)b £~zD* ib£Db D* E µb D* ¡0 5x+&°* ¤)b £~zD* 6x D* ,4*vm+H mJ bE gEbB(* b< C Ä~|D* 4b + b £~zD* 4¡ / x g J ¥wD*H

87

46

2016

É1 bC f JvE ¯ ~|pJ b C v0*H hBH ¯ µb D* $bpF&* b/x ´* f£ D* ib/¡´* fcC*¡E ¢ < ,4v D*H vJvmgDb+ y£ gJ F&* b C fBH4&*H b/x ´* 04 ¯ b 1 b§4H b <2H + ,vJv±* fEb ´* i*4HvD* E x@@1%° b< E y)*¡/ ¡ g+ DwC b/x ´* y£ gJ b C ¤GH b/x D f£ ~8&°* y)*¡±* 4*x g~6* ,4HvD* ¯ £A ~}A&° ,y)b±* wG q ­H : °ù 4H2 x~|g J °H £ pgD* f ± ££ - d~zp+ É@@:(°* ¢ < É@@A&°* 9x<H fAb~}g~6* ¢ < ¤)b £~zD* b@@C b/x E E vJv D gEbB(* É1 E Ìj + D3 5HbmgJ + fp~7x´* 9x< ~}- ¤gD*H b< C ,vJ*yg´* f£)b £~zD* ib£Db D* ,v< i*xGb - É1 E f£)b £~zD* ÉA&°* E ÌcC 2v< bG5x+&* E ÉA&* 5x@@+&* 4b£g1b+ ¢ - f£ A ,xGb - ¡GH : ° b ~9x<H f £ E 2b F f£ / É1 E f£)b £~zD* f ~zD* Í£)b £~zD* Í g D f~8x D* f0b-(° b/x ´* ,ÆA É1 b -vGb~{´


fJ4¡ ~6&*H f£DH2 ,x ~7 gp E ¤~9b´* x D* E ib£ £~z ³* ¯ b/x ´* f£c ~7 i2*5 vBH J4¡D b£A¡~8 6É=H2 ÌC jE ÌGb~{E 4¡~}0 ~} + ¡DH2 °&*H 4vJb ~7 ¤EH4 hF*x= ¥4bC H24b@@+ h£mJx+ *5° b/x ´* *wG *v£mJx+ ¡D¡D b £/H J4¡£ £~6 ¡ £~6 E ix~}0 bEv < H24b+ h£mJÄ+ E ÌGb~{EH 2*H4 xCwJ ¥4¡CÌE b £ £E fFb D*H 1956 b< ,&*x´* Ñ* 1H b £A b=4¡E £~{£EH 1959 b< v0&°* *K v+&* Ì ~{D* b £A ¯ °K ¡~8H HxDbE J4vF&* ¶(* f ~{´* f p~}D* Ì ~{D* b £A ¯ £A < Ì ~{D* oxs´* ¤ £ £A b DbF ¤gD* f£cGwD* f ~z D 1960 b< bg£A ¤~{-HvD*

,Ì ~{D* 2b D* ¯ b -b ~|+ hCx-H ix@@E ,ÌcC $b ~6&* 1912 b< ¤ + ¥wD*H ,x ~7H fB*x<H fEbsA ÈC&° ¡gD4b D* f£~6HxD* fJ5*¡/ÄD*H b=H2 zFÄD* bc g~6° ¤gD* f s D* bJ*xEH fJxEx´* -v <&*H Ìc D* F¡Db~8 ¤~{J E vJv D* £A i4¡~8 ¥w@@D*H gEbsAH b ´* fB*x< 5Ä ÍFb D*H $*xE&°*H $bJx.&°*H ÌGb~{´* E 2*H4 &b+ ÉA&°* JbEH ¡@@J24b@@c@J4 4*Ì@@ /H ¡@@ FH2 @@Jx@@-b@@C jE ÌGb~{´* Jx1%*H ¡~zCb/ exB f Jv´* {£F4¡C ¢ < Ãv D* ibFb/x ´* x~|B J ¡ A gB*x<H b/x ´* tJ4b- ¢ < vGb~{C y£ £-4b´* v A É~} E bFb E ¡£D* ¢g0 *5 °H b/x ´* ibJ*v+ v ~7 ¥wD* C £A v J k£0 f£F¡Jy -H f£)b £~6H f£Ab . ib£Db D ebc~{D*H b :&°* nE*ÄD ·HvD* ¡Jy gD* b/x E ¯ b< b D* IvE ¢ < f£ A f ~{F&*H 94b E v ~{JH h£J5*HxC° 4b~7 ¯ +ÆJ ¥wD* Ìc D* ibFb/x ´* x~|B bE&* f£m£-*Æ~6* fFb E gpJH b@@C n£ 1 0b~6 ¢ < Ì ~{D* fAb~}g~6* £A g£A Ì ~{D* bC ¡ J5bC exB {£F4¡ D* ¢ < 1vE ¤ - ¤gD* $*x ²* ,2bm~zD* ¢ < Ì~zJH bC b/x E g /*H ¢ < - b C µb D* Áb A x ~7&* f ~6*¡D* g0b~6H ,4bgs´* b/x ´* i*4¡~7Hx+ b/x ´* *wG ¯ - f s~}D* f£´b D* ÉA&°* x ~7&* DH y£ gJH f£)b £~zD* i°b~|D* ¶(* v + b £A b Jx: w1&bgD ¡ g´*H Ìc D* ¤)b £~zD* 4¡~}²b+ ¤)b £~zD* bC b/x E £ / E Í£)b £~zD* E D* *wG ¤ g J ÉA A*xJ ¥wD*

j lv0 fEbB(b+ d=xJ bC ¥wD* ¥*5 ¡/ f £ ±* ¡ D*H ¤)b £~zD* f£Bv cD* b/x E zAb J b~zFxA ¯ ·H2 ¯b . Ì= Ì£E¡D ¥¡D f~6b)x+ 1939 f ~6 0bggA* 4x ´* E bC f£+x0 fCx E hc~{F Í0 ix1&b- b/x D ¶H&°* ,4HvD* &* bE Ix1&* f / E b£Fb´&* Í+H f / E b£Fb Jx+H b~zFxA Í+ 2¡ £D ¢ ~zE Ì= /&* ¶(* £ -H b/x ´* £/&b- ¶(* I2&* 1946 b< ~|g E ¯ vJv/ E 4¡ D b/x ´* bGv + ¤)b £~zD* bC b/x ´ f£ £ ²* fBÉ F°* ~{J ¥wD* C E 4bJ&* ¡JbE x ~7 ¯ )*2 ~{+ J 1952 b< w EH b< ¤ s´* gm D b.v0 b/x D ¶H&°* i*4Hv@@D* h jEH &* Ì= fJxJv - y)*¡m+ ¢ « bK cJx - É@@A&°* C hFbCH _:HH µb D* $bpF&* gº E ÌGb~{´*H ¡m D* Hv@@B f£Eb g´* f£EÉ<(°* f ²* ¢ < ,HÉ< £A $*x ²* ,2bm~zD*

46 2016

86


ÉA&°* < IÄ D* f£FÉ<(°* ib0¡ D* 9x D f /*H qc~|J f£´b D* ¶(* f@@ @Jv@@´* ¡pg- ·Hv@@ D* b £~zD* b@@/x@@ @E fc~6b §H i*xG¡¸H $b@@J5&* E f£´b D* ~zD* .&*H /&° f JÆA f£´b D* ib@@C4b@@´* xsA&* E 4¡ <H £ © i*x~}pg~zEH É<(°* ¶(* fc~6b ´* wG ,Ì ~{D* ibC4b´* } + g~z- k£0 f Jx: f Jx + b ~6 < μ 4H5*2 i¡ D* `:*¡~7 ¢ < +Æ- ¤gD* bC f£ s´* f Jv´* hF¡EH £JbA*4 b~6H z£F ¥24H5É@@D* `:b~{D* vE exB ¤gD* <b ´*H b £Gb EH b _:*¡~7 xp~z+ ,4¡ ~{´* ¡D4bC f m D* ¤G fJxpcD* bc:(°* xsA&b+ b A¡£~9 ew/ ¯ Ë g $bJ5&°* f JvE b F(* ¡gC¡C ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* bGb ~6&* b C f£²* 4¡ D* 94b EH μ ¶(* ~z£~6&b- /xJ Jx D* ¤´b D* ¤)b £~zD* b/x ´* *wG bC f JvE ¯ ¡JbE x ~7 ¯ ,2b< b< C b J 1946 f ~6 f ~zD* ,y)b/ b G&* y)*¡/ ,v< 5¡@@JH b~zFxA e¡ / ¯ 4b~7 ¯ ibFb/x ´* x~|B ¯ ¤)b £~6 £A ~}A&° f£cGwD* fJ24H5ÉD* bC n£ 1 0*¡~6 ¢ < Ì ~{D* h£J5*HxC° b D* £ gD* xJ5H E ,42bc§ ·HvD* b £~zD* b/x E z~6&b-

85

46

2016

DwCH ¥v@@+&* 64b0 b F&bCH bG¡ < E f Jv´* ¢ < x~{ fJv cD* x~|B jE b gB*x + xCw- ¤gD* fJx.&°* f£ +&°* } + ¥wD* Ãv D* i*x­'¡´* x~|BH ¡ J5b D*H ¡gD4b D* v AH ,x1bA 4¡ < fp)*4 xpcD* ¢ < f ´* Ax=H F*4v/ « ib£ £ c~zD*H ib£ £g~zD* cB bE E5 E ibFb A E ÌGb~{´ x - f gD f B ¢ <&* ¯ J ¥wD* Æ~6bC ° ¥2 pgE &* b C f<¡ ¸ ¢ < ¥¡gpJ Jx D* pg´* *w@@GH h£C¡~6 ~6b+ fK Ab~9(* f £ D* f£ D* ib0¡ D*H £.b gD*H pgD* E ,ÌcC f£ £~6¡´* i*H2&°* < ÉK ~}A *K v@@/ f £ jD* f£ D* D £ / E f m´* f sA i*H2&* H&* fJHvJ i*H2&* E f<¡ ~|´*H µb D* $bpF&*

¤1Æ~z- D*H ,4bmgD*H b´* f JvE ¤G ¡£D* bC f JvE -x-H $*x~}³* ÉgD* b £« 4H5*2 i¡ D* `:b~7 ¢ < ,x1b D* 2b D*H i¡s£D* `@@A*x@@EH fjJv²* f£ +&°* b £A $bJ5&°* f~8b1H ,x1b D* ~z D oHx- ¤gD* fJ4bmgD* yC*x´*H f s~}D* i¡s£D* v ~{§ bK ~}J&* y£ g- f £ jD* i*xG¡m´*H ,x)b: b ~6¡g- ,x1bA i¡sJ $*xE&°*H $bJx.&°* b  ¤gD* wG v ~{- k£0 xpcD* 9x< ¯ b Fb E w1&b- Æ+¡C¡£ G D&b+ c~7&* ·b£DH i*x ~6 b £~zD* ibFb/x E ,ÆA i¡s£D* $*xE&*H b <&* b/4H $bJx.&*H ÌGb~{´*H ¡m D* 4¡~}p+ f £D i¡s£ D 8b³* &bAx´* ¯ fEbsAH f +&b+ +Æ- i¡sJ ¤GH ¥wD* i*x­'¡´* x~|B ¢ cEH Ì ~{D* ¡ J5b D* 1 n£ 1 ¯


b _:*¡~{+H b F¡ AH bG4*¡F&b+ f_£~}´* ,x0b~zD* f Jv´* wG ew© ¡£D* hpc~8&* fA4*¡D* b )*v0H b Dbc/H f £ ±* i*xGb gD* E vJv Db+ b< C ¤ g«H µb D* $bJx.&* b £D(* fJ2b~|gB°*H f£ D*H f£0b£~zD* f JvE ¶(* J2b£~| D f £~z+ fJxB E hD¡« f Jv´* wG f~7b~7H f0b£~zD*H ¡ D f JvEH $*x@@E&°*H ¡ ´*H $bJx.&°* ,x ~{D* f+*¡+H µb D* ·b²* ¡JbE x ~7 E x~{< ¥2b²* ¯ v ~{g~6 bC f JvEH ¤)b £~zD* bC b/x E E Íg~zD*H f ~6bgD* ,4HvD* 2b F* ox@@s@´* b@@ @ D* *w@@G b £ « f@@ @± @@6&*Æ@@J ¤@@g@ D* ·Hv@@@D* x £E o4¡/ ·*Æ~6&°*

e

μ b ~6&°* ¥2b£~|D fJxB I¡~6 1834 b< ¢g0 bC f JvE - µ b F&* Í14'¡´* } + xCwJH JÌD 4ym+ b sJ4b- c-4* k£0 bGxE2 bcGxD*H J2b£~| D ,Ì ~8 f JvE < ,4bc< hFbC bK <*x~8 f ´* hAx< 1635 b< ¯H 1850 b< ¯ bEHxD* v < ¯H 1637 b< ¢g0 *2 bc~6(°*H Í£~zFx D* Í+ bK p ~zE hFb~6 ,xJy/ ¢ < f£ E f B v££~{- ® ¡£ £~{J4 b J24b D* pgE *yJ °H m~6 ¶(* f D* hD¡« . EH hJx=4bE xCwJH x~9b²* hB¡D* ¢g0 m~zD* ~6É~z+ gpJ f Jv´* ¡D *¡/ n£ 1 ¯ yFH e%* ,xJy/ E exG ¡£ +bF &* tJ4bgD* ÍEb-H ¡£ +bF y< E *¡ ­ HÌEbC v)b D* 6x0 D b+ ,b£0 f Jv D ¢ <&* Í@@²* @@D3 w EH zJ4b+ ¶(* +HxG cB E b Ax - µ f£0b£~6 HxB ¶(* vg­ b F&* =x+ fD¡ ¸ hD*5bE f Jv´* wG 4Hw/H &* ¶(* ~6¡g´* `:b~7 ¢ < f£~z E f JvE hFbC k£0 f J¡: bC bEv < 1834 b< b =Hx+ ¥y£ ½(°* 24¡ D* b ~{gC* *ÌD¡ D* 9xE 4b~{gF* x.(* b£Db J(* ¶(* Jx: ¯ bGÄ J ub ´b+ dm<&* fJx<b~{D* ~z£~6b0&b+ y£ g´* 24¡@@ @D* *w@@G xpcD* Í+ © ¤gD* f £c D* b /H $bB4yD* $b ~zD*H vg ´* $bg~{D* b@@J&* £A ¤~} £D *K x~|B ¤ cJ &* 4x A b@@c@±*H $b + /&* E d£ £A zJ¡D ´* f A*¡E d + 24¡ D* bB vBH ÌcC 2v< D3 v + c- vBH fÂv D* f Jv´* 4*¡m+ x~|B wG hD¡« ,Ì~|B ,vE ¯H y£ ½(°* Í£:*x g~64&°* E µb D* $bJx.&* v~| J ¤0b£~6 mg E ¶(* f Jv´* fÂv D* f ´* I¡~6 f Jv´* tJ4b- vG*¡~7 E cgJ µ ¡£D* b g ~84&*H ¡ £ D* xG5H Í ~6b£D* fp)*4 « *y- ° ¤gD* ¤gD* f£sJ4bgD* b g BH f £~}D* b gB5&*H f £g D* fJxm²*

j

°ù

ô

f

μ°

46 2016

84


μ

á«°ùfôØdG ¿Éc áæjóe ájÉμM j , ° °ù ° °ù ô °ù ô ° ô °ù ° e j

83

46 2016

, °ùfô

ô° °ù μ

ô°ùe °ù °

ô

° j

°

ô je j j

e

°

° jô °

°

°ùfô je e ô° e j f j e j ô ° ," ô e" e ° e e j je °ùfô ô ° ° e ô °ùfô


46 2016

82


IGƒæq dG Ö£Y -4 o

(êGôHC’G) ¿ƒHôμdG ó«°ùchCG ÊÉK - 3

bG*x- ° NhF&* b cT « NhF&* fJS Ìc~z ~{D* fN ±* P$b ccDbC O22xQ ¢ <&* d²* xO ~{-H f£ :b D* Áb=&°b+ bGv + ÀÆ-H S Q &° 7¡0¡D* A E g JvE fEb~6H b/Æ~6* ¯ f p E M Q fM c=x+ P P O f+bp~6 £D&°* <b D* bGx+H fK R EO } g - b£±bg~6¡ D* b FQ (* N bg~zJxC ¯ fM ;¡ ¹ ,M xG¡mC Hvc- ¤gD*H fP Jv´* ¶(* «K O ¯b~|D* EyD* N fP ©x´* +b~8& * Í+ ,N x@@G¡@@±* g Q N N N L § £ - &* E d J b £A ©xE L )bC J2b £A O N N ¡ D* d B ¶( * ¡1v D ¡<vJ yc³*H P $b´* } + d JH P P K O c~{J b £A b E bEv g- ´* x1% P °* dFb±* ¯ ÉK £ B P y g D P O fP )É´* ¡ ~8 fp ~6& °* N J2b ~8 O « fL £Q cG3 L b + ²* N O ~zD* b £~{D* ,x Q ´* 0É N b~| B £s- ¡£A&°* ¡ 0 ¯ P Q ,O x~6b ~zD* G¡D* eb~{<& q ´* P P b+ $N *x D* nDb - O P i*Ìp+ ¯ P HxC d~6b ´* x ~zDb+ ÃN v D* ¥Hb ~zD* N yc³* N ¡ £cJ S O U z+b£D* N Q @E fL £Q p~9 fP g D {0bA ,M 5xsC 2ÉQ @ ±* < M M £D P E ,°v@ ,O 4bm²* ,P 4bmp D QGÆ´* D* ¯ 4L ¡~{¹ 2ÉQ ±* $bB45 P N M4b B&* fO 1¡s£~7 /xDb+ 4b~{gD i2 R ¡Q @~@6b@@A bK ~}£+P hFbC R P O O $b 0 2*x~6H dJ3b¸ ¢ ~{E i°% * H ib+¡ ~z - f D¡ :H M M O b£±bg~6¡ D* bEQ &* ,xG¡±* < *K v gcE }Cx-H bK <x~zE oxsO K K K ¯ b£~9bE 9bE < b~}J&* *'P ¡~zDb+H $b Db+ ,xGbE qc~|gA M O Q fP +bgCH c g~z´*H x~9b²* ¯ ÌP Ab~| D* ub@ @ s @ A * & f P <b ~8 P f -b D* ibJQ ¡ D*

¢ < v D* P P 5¡/ 4N b . ¤ O- fL D ¤1Æ~z- @P @D&°* +b D* ¯ P ¢ < N2Hx@@ @D* ¡ J @@G4Hv@@+ JwD* ¢@@F2&°* +b D* bP Q ~6 £ J EH 4N bm~7&°* ¡ JO $°'¡@GH ¢@@F2&°* +b D* bP Q ~6 fL £Q ¿ ,L 4¡~8 fN Q . *w GH P4b jQ D* P ~}´ fN JQ ¡ D* N b ~6&°* ¤ JO ¤ O- P4bm~7&°* ¢ < O2Hx D* dB*x´* D* ¡£< ¯ ,L v@@0*H P P P ÌO ~{J +b~zD* P 5¡/ 4N b . P °* ¶(* v D* P Q anime@D* £A S D ~6& K Q Q T bP ~6 < xN D* } - b F&° b~}J&* $N b£ < O ¡ - vB fN D* S &* ¶(* ¶(* xJv~| D* 4¡+ fK S E N )*x²* N ¡ JO GH U¥¡ D* +b D* P P O N N °*H f£g D* Gbmg-H ~6& P EÉD* P 4¡Db+ N ¡c J GH b :& P °* xQ =&°* ¢g D* bEQ &* $¡m D* e4*¡BH f ~64v´* d)b 0 ¯ F¡ ~}JH P P P < z + ¯ P xJx~6 ¯ M -vD*H &O b~z£A Í~z ³* +b D* P £:*x³* O v ~|JH £ D* ¯ b Ab JH U¥¡ O D* +b D* ¤ :bB P P N fP BÉ D* $b£D¡~8b D* fN gcF b@@/ Ov ~|J b C fN s~}D* E fM £Db1 fM ~62 b£1 M fP c/¡+H )bF M bK E b£ p£A M {0¡+ N ¢Qg0 2¡ ~|Db+ xT g~z£A ex@ P$b gD* q ~6 P @²* P ¶(* ~|J 3% * H2 Ãv~zD* ¯ £~}JH dC*¡ D* P b´* ¡Ax £E i*2b~74( P P Q $¤~7 ¶(*

81

46

2016


áæjóª∏d »Fƒ°V Ö«côJ °ù

ΩGOΰùeG ∞ëàe π«ahQƒ∏c - 2

É°ù«eCG ¢ùª°T - 1

U N &* ¡@ O ¶(* ¡1v D ~|D* ¯ fK <b~6 P M @J Ni*3 lvpJH K O Nh C b C b@Eb@@­ ¡@@= b@@A pgE ¢ < ¡~|p D P P N O N )*w D* * lvpJ yc³* Ni*¡~8&* ~zgA £ £< } - & P P N b + E*v ~8* R < f£Q Db J(°* fP p)b~z D 4O wg -H bK )b1 }Cx $N *x ~8 $K b ~6 Ov~8x- Lib£ B4 ¤ £~6 Oib B° Li*ÌEbC O N *4 ¶(* ~6x-H 4N ¡~8 b E ~6& pg´* ¡A fK .b/ fK £Db -x+ P K b )b1 }Cx- O fP EQv ´* v´*H P $É~7&°*H fP £Q <b ±* q+*w´* P P b Db g0* 2P b~zA(* < fJQ v D¡ D* fP :*¡ D 4O wg - MvJv/ EH N b~z- *K xJx~9 N Q - ,P b£²b+ ¤ :¡D* < e*x g~6b+ D& M U b £ < Ov g~z- ¤gD* y@ 4¡~}0 P @²* b~|< ¤ sO- pg D P P Ix1&* z£+*¡C fN £~{1 fP BÉ D* ~6 x D* , b~7xA ¶( * O 1v-H P Q N P O « fM £c~8 exB O Í0 P4*wg<ÉD xT ~}- ° ,xQ ´* P wGH N - N fL E ¤GH fM ~|£14 M *¡D&* fN c <H ÌN ~|D* ¤~64v´* bGÆA2 S ,O 4¡~8 xO ~}pgA b EQ &bg- P 4¡@@D* ¶(* ¡= bA ib0¡D F ¯ P N OvJx- g JvE ¯ bK EQv E *K 4*v@@/ O ¡Q - ¤GH bGx < ¯ ,M bgA N MvJv/ E O4wg gA P4*v±* D3 ¶( * fP JQ v D¡ D* ,P bg D* N2b~74(* N Q xJx~}D* b~|< o*x1( P N * E ¡c J JwD* rbP £Q ~zD* i*x~{ D c~{- ¤gD* fP ~z+b£D* 6%°* b~|=& * E fP <¡ ~|´* y²* b~|< P P N ,4¡ ~{´* ¡= bA fP 0¡D ¯ 2P b~|²* +b ~6

Q fP JvE ¶(* ,P 2¡ Db+ 0& ¯ fP Dy D* P4b£g1*H z ~{D* O * OhD5 bE X ¤0b£~6 fJQ Hb ~zD*H f£Q ~94&°* bG5b -4* f F ¢ < E M v A X Q ¡ g gJ GH Íp)*xD*H J2b D* dB*4& N ° fAx~{D* ¢ < z /& O b~6 O E*¡±*H ebc D* O vD*¡g- DÉ; EH ,P 2b ~zD*H O Q fP £F&b Db+ O fO p)*xD* - bK ~}J&* £~z-H fO Âv D* Oi*4b@@²*H z)b D*H O O z~6' * vBH *v D* f p)*4 d£s- ° ¤gD* M ¡E M b E < dgC& O O $O b£~7&°* q ­ fK /b~9 ¤0H4 / P O Ok£0 HQ &°* ³* x~8b + Q Q b~{ D Q b -4N b + ¤ -42b+ fM JvE < dgC& O * vBH $*x ~{D*H K *K vJxA bB¡: b E Oh ~|A S @@±* @P @J2H 2¡~zD* P Q 4bm²b+ bGÌ:b~6&* ¯ ÌN j D* dgC& P ¢ < O Og ~9H O * vBH fP +bg D* < xO J G d²* S &O b~6&* ¤ Q D ,K 4¡ ~6&* b / ¯ O ~{A&* vBH Ov~|B&* bK ~}J&* pF b Eb.%* E ,K x Q E bG*4&bA "b -*$¡~6 b D ¥H3H ¤<*v+( fc£ D*H f/*w~zD* P Q ¥H3 bG$b +&* U °* ¡ ±*H £A ÄJ ° L £ < L &b~7 *wGH ¢ A&°* v / Jx - ¯ ~{ D* P b F2Hx J ¤gD* P$b~}£cD* J2b § fP £Q F*4¡ D* fP Q /&°* fP 0 I¡~6 Q v~z± ¤~z£:b E ÍM F4 ,N 4¡~8 S DH dJ3bm´bC 4*¡~{D* ¯ X R O fP D%* i*$b < b- P M M$Ém+ x O- )*w D* gc . ¥wD* f Jv´* Q rbJ O xQ D* Av- fN <¡ ´* b D¡J3 O 0É- ¤GH fP Âv D* z ~{D* O bE fJb ²*H fP Âv D* fP Jv´* fP <b~6 exB b D* b EbE&* O N O Q Okp+& {Q g A& * H 2 ¡~{²* Í+ < b ~6 J w D* f ~|BbF *y e¡£±* P P N | J °* ¯ dO Q F&*H Oi*x ±* b « ¤gD* P$*2¡~zD* 6b£C& O Q N ¤C L @J3 ,N $b D* Q @@D(° gc ¤ ~| - MvJv/ E z ~{D* fL ~z AH L < O ~| J bE O JwQ D* | JH JN wQ D* Nv/&° fL Ax~7 O q+wD* IHbg + Lv)*5 ¤<Q2&* b C ¡GH

46 2016

80


O * ,b£²* ¤G " °w³*H ¡ ³* ¶(* h ~zg~6* *3(* *3(bA v ± ÉK £c~z ~6 bK +w< Q J 2¡/¡D* ¡G *K 4¡j E $bcG hFbC h ~6 ¤G *3(* /*yE x Q gJH ~6&bJH eH4QvD* i*$*¡gD* =x+ eb~zF* bE &* p « r¡ ±* ,b£²* ,x E ¥wG 2¡CxQ D ~zg~6* bE 2bE4 h« E k cF*H ¢ ³* ox~6&* E Ì= ¤ cCxJ D ¡ J ° H&* vJxE xQ 0 b~zF(°* Q &b+ E%*H *Æ0°* bK g0 ¤ Q D "H2¡=" x gF&* D bF&* "h£ £+ J¡Eb~8" *K 4w@@< Q c~zpA ¥È g- °H ¤ c-x- ° ¢ ³* b g JQ &* b£A £D(* dG3&b~6 Q Jx D* Í ~|- FQ &*

79

46

2016

Q i*3 DÉ; ¤ ´H b 1 ¤/x~6&* ~|F D b@@FQ (* f p´* ¤ c)Q Q yD* hB¡D* *4v@@/ ¢ < $b D* f~|B4 ¯ f:xs ´* Jv Q ­ Q D i*$b pF°*H b -*$*¡gDb+ qg - eH4Qv@D* ¥wG °%* b 1 E Q sgg~6 Hx@@1%* v + bGÄ £A b -*$¡gF <b~{´* }E¡g~6 B¡- n QG¡- EH *¡F¡ £D Á¡ A ¢ ³* f<b g~6°* ¡ - ¡QgD* 4v + *¡:&°* x~z -H D*¡²* g ¯yF*H ¢ ³* ¥QvE ¤cF D& * k c £~6 4*x~8(* ,¡ ~6 EH Q IHv/ b A b£ D* ~8&Q bg£D ,v+b ´* eH42 ¢ < B*Æ0* bJb + ,2*4(°* IHv/ bEH 4b~|²* ¶(* -*3 hFb g~6* *3(* ,b£²*


e

Gk QòY zâ«μ«H πjƒeÉ°U{ ô¶àfCG ød ÉfCG zhOƒZ{

&* i*ym ´* x~| D bC bEH J µ &b@C Ä £D °Q (* bC bE bK £c Q 1 bK GH ÍEHx- qCxQ D* bE&* B*Æ0* Í c- °( N * 2¡ J " ¡£ D* f 0 g gD* bE b<x~6H £B%bE ¯ f ² n QG¡ p - vBH hB¡D* ¢04 d B E h+ÆB* b A 4b gF°* °( P N * ¶(* JÄ -H Á¡ - µ &bC Í~} gA v D* 6*x~9&* Í0 v + 2bExQ D* ebcG Ì= ¢ c£~6 E x.&* °H x+b D* hB¡DbC ¡ m´* ",4bm²* f m / QÆmJ Iv~|D* 2*v-4*H Q ~8*H&* D "H2¡=" x gF&* D b@@F&* "h£ £+ J¡Eb~8" *K ¡ < ¯ }+x- bK <¡ ~7 b£A ¡@@ @ ³* rb@@~@7H 1&b~6H *Æ@@ 0°*

"H2¡=" i&bJ µH 4bg~zD* v~6& *H f£Q 0x~z´* h gF* v D ¥v£Q ~6 Q Í+ E É DbC exQ ~zg´* 6bcgD°b+ b@@EH2 +x~zg´* @@D3 Q ¤gD* ,vEb D* ¡ ~{D* bG3& * ¯ +b D* D3 i*wQ @D* i*$¡gF N Hx g ´* 42b=H x g ´* i& bJ µ qCxQ D* bE&* b B*Æ0* ~8*¡ e*x~6 E f~{ C Ì + bGb-&* bEH ,2Qv g´* -*¡F&* ¶(* Q C d~{ J rx+ bE -bs´* ¢ ´* D3H ¥v£Q ~6 bJ f£Q 0x~z´* h gF* Q E hDb1 b Q C b £<H ° ¯H fBÆp´* ¡ ~{D* ¤<H ¯ cDbº E h~zF&bg~6* b Q CH £~{ D* ¯ )*x²* b C E d~7 Q bK Cb A yF *3b´ 9¡ D* ¡Q g<H ,̲* < ¯ *K 42bG Qv-4* bK F¡ ~6 I4*¡- *3b´ " bGH&°* y£Q 0 E v + oxs- µ f £ ²*H 4bg~zD* Q Q fBÆp´* ¡ ~{D* b~z - *3b´ "Í £D* ¢ Q mgJ &* cB b g0°* 4v- µ *3b´ "$¤mJ ° bE 4b gF* ¢ < xQ ~|-H f p Q D* JyD Q Ì~zEH fc gE fBQ b~7 f 04 + f ¹ A z£D 4b gF°* Q &b+ Q b gJQ &* " J¡: rx~z´* b@@J*H5 ¯ b B*Æ0b+ f£~9*xQ D* ¡ ~{D* Q Jx g ´* 0x- ° ,x<¡D* x D* w A *Æ@ @0°* < ¤ Q C ,xQ E Q C ¯ b C 4bg~zD* v~z£~6 *x Db+ tJ4bQ gD* q ~zJ DH Q K £~}g~6H 4*xB b D z£D ,¡Q G fpg C b ~6*H bA hB¡D* qg £~6H *¡~6 b A *K 4b gF* b C ¶H&°* -b1x~8 Ãv~zD* ¡/ ¯ Q

46 2016

78


d J 3(* 45&°* $¡~}D*

b@@ Q @@²* @@1v@@J &* @@ @ E ¢g0 @@ @7Hv@@ @D* q@@g@ @ JH ¢g0 $b@@´* d@@B*x@@JH x@@ 1%* rbc~|D* K b_£~7 N N- ¤C $b´* dB*4" %°* ¢g0 v@@0&* J µ $b´* d@@B*4 Ì£ gD* ¢<vJ " ¡ ±* gD - 12 ,2b@@ @ ´* eb@@ £@ @= *x@@ @ @ @ @D* @@Jw@@D* $°'¡@ @ G @@ @+b@@£@=H 6Ì+ ¡/ b~6 ~8H ¡CÆJ ¡cGwJ 3(* " F&b+ "H " Ab 1&* bExD* ¢ < ° ¤gD* ²* eH42 ¡pg J "b E ,2¡< - 13 JH&bg D ~zSgJ $L b~}AN *x N D* *Ì D*H $b ~zD*H @@94&°* Í+ S (*" *K 4¡@@ @ @ @E&* ¡@@@£@ @~@ @7*4¡@@@G b@@ @J @@ @« b@@ @» Ì@ Q @j@ @ + È@@ @@C&* b@@B b@@ @ C " g ~z A @@+ h EbG ¯ Ìc~z ~7 *¡ :* ¡@@ B&* b C H&* b N D* £A *x D

77

46

2016

Í £D* E b c B N xN A Q ²* Q ‫{~ َوأَ ْﺻ َﺒ َﺢ ُﻓ َﺆا ُد‬Db+ & ÉgE*H

‫ﻮﳻ َﻓﺎ ِرﻏﺎً إِن َﻛﺎد َْت‬ َ ‫ُأ ﱢم ُﻣ‬ ‫َﻟ ُﺘ ْﺒ ِﺪي ِﺑ ِﻪ َﻟ ْﻮ َﻻ أَن ﱠرﺑ َْﻄﻨَﺎ ﻋ َ​َﲆ‬ َ ‫َﻗ ْﻠ ِﺒﻬَﺎ ِﻟﺘ َُﻜ‬ ‫ﻮن ِﻣﻦَ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺆ ِﻣ ِﻨ َني‬

%*xB Q E f@@ @ Eb@ P @C f@@Bb@@: @@~@ {@ D* O * @Q @ N @ D*H @@ N @ N @ D*H y@@ @² N Í ²*H b£~zFP *x D* i°b@@ @0 ¯– b@@£@@~@@z@@ @@D* E f£Db1 ,x@@C*3 Ix@@1&* E f@@=4b@@A µ&°*H x D* qEb~zgDb+ f_ g» v ²* E f EbC fBb: qEb~zgD* f £F&b D*H rx D*H E&°* fcQ p´*H - 11 b =&* ¡D ¡ O ~6O *x@@ @D* EyD* f+bj§ 2¡/¡ D eb£= @@CH d@@~@z@0 @@ BÉ@@ @ @F° ¤@@ @<H f£F¡~z=ÄD* f@@ 0Hx@@ :&°* *x@@ @ @D* ,x@@ @ @ A @@£@ @ <H ,x A E ¢ =&* bK £ £;H @@Eb@@< 2¡@@ /¡@@ + $É@@@g@ @E°* EyD* Í~z0 xE&bJ ¥x+ ¡G b A ¯ @@ EQ &b@ @g@ @Db@@ + ¤@@ .¡@@ =Ä@@ D*

g J µ ¤g£E¡Cb£/ ¡-ÄD&* ¡pF eN ¡Q @ @~@ @8 @@ @ C *x@@ @ @D* g£p~9 bK @ C4b@@- @@ @A c B f £p D* f0¡ D* f-¡p ´*

*x D* 7*xA ¢ < x~}g« C @@E b@@ @ + @@£@p@J ¥w@@ @D* v~7&* *x D* Äg J 3(* dFb/ Nv N D*H f g D* E *K 4¡~}0 2¡@@/¡@@D* @@E *K 4¡~}0 È@@C&* ~8H ¥w@@D* x-4b~zD bK @ @AH b E ¯ 1964 b< g+x© M 2¡/¡D*" *¡ < N N 0 ¥v F " v D* Ix0&°b+ H&* *¡1 Ábc~6(°* b Q D* bEQ &* c D @@p@g@~@6* v@@ @A HÌ@@ E *x@@ @ @D*H ¡@@ @ D x@M @<b@@~@ {@ C ~9 D* 4x@@B &* v + @@ @D @@ @ @ E M4b g0*" bK £ sgE ¡ J b C " ~6xD* @@1H k@@Db@@j@ D* v@@ @ c@ D* @@< f0¡ D* ~z J ¥w@@D* @@A&°* ÍJx~|+ Í@@J¡@@g@~@z@E ¶(* *w G *x D *K y£Q 0 bK p~z E f£Q 0 :¡ 1H Db ~7&* x $b~}A ¯ ,4xQ pgEH f£Q D¡ :H ~6b~{D* f0¡ D* - 10 b£~zFP *x D* v@@<¡@@D* ¢@@~@ 6¡@@E &* h@@£@~@z@F


¬∏≤Kp πªn àn ëjo ’ …òdG ÍQg~6 ,b£²* $bE ÈFH fg£´* ÍQg~6 ,b£²* b :H ,x@@E x D* 2¡ J b G b £ < ,xE E $b ~zD* ¯ 4¡ D* ¶(* O M *x C vJv/ v + bK E¡J ` g b £ < ~}- "bFbF(*" Q &° ¡J $b .&* eb+ C v < g 1 bE bG2¡ ~8 N x N D* 4*¡:&* E ¥x O D* $¡~}D* f Q < *x D* -8 b@@ @£@~@6¡@@´* @@Db@@1 *x@@ @ @D* bGv£Q ~6H f£Q -¡~8 fF¡ J&bC b £~6¡´* *xA b Ey J Í E Q y£Q 0 ¯ 42bB fBQ v+ e¡~z¹H b@ M @C fAHy E i*22x- ,4¡ + ¢ < d²*" @@ j@ @E f@@ JHb@@ @ @~@ @6 Q 6¡ £F ÁbF¡£ D "¥xQ ~zD* Hv@@< d@Q @ @ ²* f@@c@ ~@ 6b@@ @ ´b@@+ *x D* -9 f EbC b£g=* fÂx/ ~6xD* *x D ¶(* f NgBN H&* f NgBN ¡Fb D* bE Xv0 ¥x~zJ¡~zD* ibp Q D*H b~6xD* Q

f

f Jv0 ¢ < Q @ @- f@@Ax@@~@7H b -bp ~8 ¡A $*x@@ @~@{@D* ,v@@ @0R HN *x@@ @ @D* ~6'¡+H

fA¡S ¸ NO bK ~}J&* f=4bAH f@@A¡S @¸ N O b@@F&* *4v@@ / v@@s@ g@ ~@ 6&* ¤ D bJ*x C ¤g£+

-7-

-4-

$L *xN < *x N N D* fK B fK B IxQ gJ 4vcD* ¥HwJ ¢Qg0 °K É@@G Ì~|£A bK =4bA fJQ xE¡~zD* ,4¡@@ @~@6&°* ¯H "bFbF(*" $b ~zD* f E IxQ g v < b@@ @g@ @J5H b@@ @+b@@£@. @@E µb D* e*¡@@ +&* @@E eb@@+ @@C e¡~8 c - ¤@@GH ¤ ~zD* b ~6&*4 @@< s- f D* 5b g- . ¡ ~zD* ob- °K H&* ¥24H5ÉD* b±¡~|D* < f@@J4b@@< @@j@­ ¢@@g@0 *w@@ @ GH b g1&* i¡@@@´* f E b@@@E&* xE&b- ¤gD* " bm£ ~{J4&*" ¶(* bGQv~7H fjQ / b J¡pg+ b +b- D @@6Hx@@ @E Mv@@-H ,v<b~z´* d J "4b+¡~{ F" lÉ. 4Hx@@E v + f D%°* E d £A M @£@ D Q b +b£= ¢ < b@ b@@£@ ´* @@ @ D(* b@@ @ -v@@½ ¶(* ~|J ¥wD* "¤ F(*" f+w D* bpgB* ¯ bp J ÍB¡ º f D%°* 3b F(° ¤ ~zD* µb D*

Í£)bJy£ D* "f.4bC" *x N D* O * $ÉgE°*H ,2b@@´* E ¡Q O ³ f£Q )b FÉD* f Eb D* fBb Db+ P 2¡/H $ÉgE°* *¡@@p@ g@ @ - ° – O *x@@ @@ @ @ @D* bK ~}J&* L2¡/H z£E*¡ D* E xN @@ @@EO Lv@ ~@N @z@ / i¡@ @ @´* N M bA $L ÉgE* v~z±* ,b£²* N M b+ L *xA rHxD* -5¥v~zN / N O N R1&* fK N R BP fK N R BP :b gD° ¤ pN FR &* °H P O ¤ pN R JN ° *x DbA £ . O *x D*

-1 f EbC b£g=* fÂx/ f+bNg D* P *x D y@@ P @ gN @ @ EO Lh@@ R @@~@@N 8 O *x@@ @ N @ @ D* })P bA $É@@g@ E°* É@@ @Db@@+ ,x.N x.N -2 &* 2¡/¡D* " *x D* ¢ E bE "$¤~7ÉD* &* $¤~{D* " v D* ¡g J(* ¥Ì- fJ'Hx+ Í g~6&* ÈC&°* *'¡~zD* &* v/H ¥wD* bE" *'¡@ @~@ @6 @@E f@@Jx@@G¡@@/ "$¤~{D* ,b@@ £@ @²* ¢@@ @ @E x~|²* £c~6 ¢ < N P ¡@@G $¤@@~@7 ¥&* v@@/¡@@J µ" ° @@E °K v@@+ É@@ :(°* ¢ < ""$¤~7 È@@ C&°* b@@ @ D*'¡@ ~@ z@ A @@£@ @ <H ¢ E bE" *'¡~6 E IHv/ ¡G "$¤~7ÉD* *x@@ @ @D* NP E °K v+ $¤~7 ° v/¡J µ" ""$¤~7

-6-

-3-

£~}g~z- $*x ~{D* @@JH*H2 lÉj+ bK g£+ D O2x -H *xN N D* Í@@Eb@@ Q @ 0H t@@c@ @ EH x@@ =

b@@ @ -¡@@£@ + *4v@@ @ @ @/ ¤@@ @ @ F fK Jb F 4¡~|D*H ib0¡ Db+ ib@@ @ )b@@C b@@ @ @F&° *x@@ @ @Db@@ +

46 2016

76


x~{D* + v D f Jv~8 ¶(* hD¡« ¤gD* ,Ì@@1&°* w@@G f £c D* ¡U pJO ¥wD* x~{D* *wG µb D* bp+ :b D* b~z D* ® EH Áb~zF(°* zp D b £A 2¡/H ° f £c: ¶(* f£Fb~zF(°* b´ *K x F c~6 b» ,v0 ÈC&* 2¡/¡D* E IHv±* *'¡~6 qc~8&* Áb~zF(°* Ì~|´b+ v¹ i¡E E ,b£²* 4¡g J i*wD* Í+ fJx~|c-H f£ E&b- ,4Hb¹ ~8&* ¯ x ~{D* z£D&* o3b~zD* D*H ,bCbp´* + v~| F° x~|cgD* *wG B*¡D*H ¤ :bcD* 4*¡²* D3 ¶(* + ¤ExF bE 4v + ¤ B*¡D* ¢ D ¤<¡D* ¯ Eb D* i*w@@D* ¡ E *42(* f£ + E ¤Gb g´* :b ´* x ~{D* xs *w G -*3 %°* ¯ ¤ ±*H ¥2x D* µb D fJx~zD* ibF¡ ´* ¯ @@E b < i¡ ~z´*H f£ ³* z£D fJv+&* fE¡Â2 ¯ x ~{D* mJ bE (* ¤<b ±*H ¥2x D* f£+¡ ~6&* ¢ + AH f£~z ´* :*¡cDb+ Ìc gD* b¿(*H f Db+ Ìc gD* xG¡/ J b GH ¤<¡~9¡EH ·b / ¡G bE Í+ m D ¢ ~z ° f£-*3 f£~z/xF ¯ 4b= x ~{D* &b+ ¡D¡ J JwDbA x ~{D* d g- ¤gD* f £ D* xG*¡/ A < Hym JH < ¡ J µ ¡£D* x ~{D* (* + b <&°* 4¡ g~z- ,Ì~|+H fjDb. b £< ¢ < *K 2x gE qc~8&* x1%* Ìc g+H ¤/4b³* i¡~|D* ÍG4 v J ¯ @@1*v@@D* i¡~8 ¶(* ¡@@« b@@¿(*H B*¡ D Iv~8 ¡ J &* x ~{D* tJ4bgA xE&°* *wG ¯ f+*x= °H B*¡D* E £~8&* =b ~|g E ¡G b < ¢ ~6&°* Ìc gD* ¯ gJx ~7 E Áb~zF(°* ¤-*wD*H ¥2¡/¡D* Db+ b£³* f + ,b£²* ~6b E $*2&° ,2bc< x ~{D* &* v g<&* 0 24b@@ @ J ¥w@@D* x~{D* f@@0*v@@A @@< Ìc gD*H É@@ @0&°*H ,2b<(* f£Fb~zF(°* £ g~z- +H i¡ ´* b / qc JH $*x ~{D* e*x³*H vDb+ ÉK +x~zE qc~8&* ¥wD* 2¡/¡ D b ±*H ,b£²* ,$b~9(* ¶(* $*x ~{D* ¢ ~zJ DwD £ D* v~9 x ~{DbA i¡´*H ¥Ìc gD*H ·¡@@ @ D* $b@@ @c@D* 4¡@@ @+ f@@J2¡@@/¡@@D* ib@@ @g@ @D* w@@G 4xpgD* ¶(* fB*¡gD* rHxD* Ä< b0ÆD*H ¥x D*H Á*v/¡D*H =¡EH {0¡gE µb< ¯ ¤ £ D* b pF°*H &b~zD* 2¡£B E v cD* < bA2 I¡~6 < ¯ ¡G bE x ~{D*H f£ £ cD* ¯ 2¡/¡D*H i*wD* ¯ Áb~zF(°*

75

46

2016

c g~z´* $*vF ¡G x ~{DbA fJx ~{D* f+xmgD* xJ¡j- ¯ f£Db A fJx ~7 f£~|F *v+(*  ÉA ¤~9b´* E n~7*¡- ¯ x~9bp D f ~}g¹H É~6&°* ¥4b¸ ¯ ,vg» £+b J E D* H2 ÉA fJ2¡/¡D* -°¡ p+ v D fAx~{g~zEH x~9b²* i¡~|D ¡ D* ¯ $*x@@E °H e&°* gB < kJv²* ¯ ¡£D* *v@@/ x<b~{DbA *v@@0*H ÉC ~{J ~8&* ¯ ¥x ~{D* *v@@+(°* (* E D v@@+° + *x@@A E vcJ &* £ < £pg~zJ x~8b ´* ¥x ~7 |F 1H £ ~{gD £<H °H £<H ¯ ~|« ib C*x f£Fb~zF(°* ,b£²* ¤ J b~}g0* ¢ < *42bB ¡ J ¥wD* ¡G ,b£²b+ £ ³* x ~{DbA ·b ±*H ¥2¡/¡D* bGv + ¯ f£Fb~zF(°* f :b D* fJx ~{D* f D* Ä< °(* ¢ mg- ° ,x<b~{D* i*wD* f £ 0 (* ,5Hbmg´*H ¤E¡£D* H*vgD* ¯ fA¡D&b´* f D* dm² fB4b³* ¡pF 2*vgE°*H x-¡gD*H £j gDb+ ~zg- f£ + ¶(* 2¡ ±* f£ cD ¶(* D¡pJ b» 4¡j-H ¥x ~{D* | D* d~|s- ,vJv< JH%b ¤gD* x<b~{ D f£-b£²* f+xmgD* E f m~z E fJx ~7 µ*¡< cpJ ¥x ~7 @@B*H ¶(* ¤~{£ ´* ¤ B*¡D* J¡« °(* ¤GbE ¤gD* I'HxD* < Ä J b£ A b£Db / b=¡~8 ,b£²* wG ¡~|JH D ~}s- ¥w@@D* ¥x ~{D* J¡pgD* ib£ < E ex~9 ¤G 4yJ ¥wD* 2*yD* ¤G f+xmgDbA f+x© C ¯ fJx ~{D* f£ D* £ ~{gD* ¯ b £ < x pJ b£³* mJH £sg´* ¯ ,b£²* ¤<HÉD* E ,b g~z´* 4¡~|Db+ f13bcD* µ*¡ D* gD f D* Ä< ¥2¡/¡D* D f £ 0 f=b£~8 ¯ ¤ ±*H ¤-*wD* £ «H Ãv - E f£+x D* fJx ~{D* Ax - bE ¯ E&bg´*H v+° fJx ~{D* e4bmgD* ¡C < ¥¡B Ìc - ¥x ~{D* ym D ib£ ³*H I'Hx@@D*H i*4¡~|gD* ¯ Ég1°b+ ~|g- &* ¤gD* ,b£²* f £c: E *wGH fJx ~{D*H fJx D*H f£Ab jD* *wG ¡pgD* 6¡Eb D ~}s- Ix@@1&°* ¤G + fg+b. ¢ c- ° Áb~zF(°* *v+(°* fJ4*x g~6*H x ~{D* ,b£0 ¢ < £D2 ¢ ´* lvpJ b» ³* e¡~8 r¡ ±* 4¡~| D* Ä< x< ¥wD* ~|g- ¢g0 ¤ ±* ¤@@<¡@@D*H fJx D* ¢ cD* ¯ f s ³* ,b£²b+ ,b£²* ¡ E ¯ 8¡ D xGb D* x1 ¡pF b£S E P vP gP ¹ ¯ x ~{D*H R N b@@A%* ¢ < fpg ´*H f~}Eb D* -bGbgE ¯ x ~zD*H ¡ D* fJHb D* ¯ fJv+&* fEbB(* DwCH ¤)b FÉD* ¯ ,2Hv@@¹ Ì= ,b£²* T « g:b~6¡+ i*wD* £ g~z- ¢g0 i*w D f£ :bcD*


QGƒZC’G ¢SGôM AGô©°ûdG ..ô©°ûdG áÑfi ‘ »æjÈ Èd ídÉ°U »°UÉ

É

ô É ° ùj ô É ° d d d ,» É f d e É fÉ e f æ ô ° d ° ùdd » d e d dÉ , d e °ùæ Éæ f »° ô ° f , ôd jôô ° ° ô d ÉjÉÉ æ É ° É É °U ô É° d ù d , μ d ° Ée É É e ô ° dÉÉ , d e , ô É É ° ÉjjÉ ° É e ô ° e É » æ É Ée É É É É ô e ° ,É æ e » ° μj , ô d e » É j

fEbB(*ÉD*H Í+b´* ¯ fEbB(°* E&bgD*H £gD* k£0 fJx ~zD* fJHb D* ¢ < }c D* fDHb¹H ¤Gb gEÉD*H 2Hv¹ÉD* ¯ ¯ fEbB(°* 4b£g1* ¯ f¹b±* fc=xD*H *v@@+(°*H f+bg D* ¯ E k c ´* ¤ £ ²* x ~{ D f £ D* ib ~zD* E £p±* f -b D*H ,Ìp´*H f )b~{D* f _~6&°b+ f ´* f+bg D* fBx0 ¥Ì gD* x D* zJ4bg§ ¡ ´* µb D f +x´*H f~{Gv´*H ´* D* ÍJ*x~7 ¯ vg ´* x gD* £D h« r5*x@@D*H ¡£D* x ~{D* ¤~9b´* ,2bc<H £ pgD* dD*¡B ¯ ¡~9¡´*H ¥wD* ¢ EÉD*H v D*H i¡´*H e*x³b+ $b g0ÉD $*vF /¡J v~z J bE C v~9 f £ + fDb~64 $*v D* *wG ¯H ,b£²* ~zJ ¢-¡´* kjm+ ÇF g~zE ¶(* ¡ D* ¡pJH ,b£²* ,b£0 ,x~8b EH @@E&°* f<b ~8 x ~{D* Ä< HbpJ ¥wD* $b£0&°*H ¤G x ~{D* ¯ i*w@@D* (* 2¡@@/¡@@D* f ; f_£~}´* 6¡ ~{D* b E*¡C ¯ f+Æ E b ~z F < fcJx= f )bG f )b- i*3 fB¡p» i*3 f£~6b D* f+x D* *Ì + fBƹ µb D* ¯H fJx~{cD* b £A © µ f£ D&* ¯ ¤´b D* x D f£Ev D* f ~z Db+ Ìm -H £0x-H £g - E l4*¡ D*H e¡ ³*H iÉJ¡D* Ì= f£sJ4bgD* f p D* wG ¯ f£Fb~zF(°* &bCH dJxs-H ,2b+(*H 6¡c + 2¡ - ,b£²* ,x~8b EH e*x³* £ - Í+ f ~8b D* ,2¡< ¥&* f~64b ´*H q ´* ¥¡+b D* bGv < ÃvB ¶(* ,vJv/ b~zF(°* ¶(* fg£ ´* f£F*¡£²* b <&°*H 4*¡@@=&°* 64b0 x<b~{D* Hv J fJx ~{D* f+bg D* ¯ ¶(* Íc~zg ´* JHb D* f £cB ¶(* rHx@@D* ¤@@0H ÉEb0 b£cFH ¯ Í +*x´* 2¡ ±* ,x+b D* ¤~8bB&°* $*vFH b ±* fc¹ ,Ì~6 < *v+(°*H ,b£²* ¯ ²* < ¡ A*vJ 2¡/¡D* ÉB f~zCb~{E ¯ c g~z´* e¡~8 qFb±* b£³b+ fmG¡g´* f D* i*3H ,x jE fJ4*¡0 ¯ ¤~9b D b g~6*H x~9bp D f £ <

$b@@´* ¥x~8b E @@E mJ ¥w@@D* $¤~{D* i¡@@´* Hv@@< x ~{D* d£ gD*H x ²* /&* E ¡ D*H i*wD* b£/¡D¡£/H $b ~zD*H 1*2H b£~zD* o4b1 x<b~{D* ®v/H (* f+*x= ÉA ,b£²* < i*w@@D* $*xp~8 ¡pF b0x- °(* ¡G bE x ~{D* (* ibF¡ ´* rHx±*H µ&°* ¤+x- iv= ¤gD* ,b£²*H b ±* $b´ f_Eb D* ¶(* $*v D* v+ dJxsgD*H 4bEvD* x~8b -H £ Db+ ¤ g«H b E*¡B ,vJv/ ,4b~}0 $b + ¶(* ,¡<vD*H 4¡ D* f<b~7(*H E&°* iv/H &* w E fJx~{cD* tJ4b- ¯ vg ´* b § b~zF(°* b G EbC x ~{D* $*v A ,b£²* ¶(* fB*¡gD* 94&°* wG ¢ < b~zF(°* ¯ Áb~zF(°* $b cD*H ¤0HxD* $b ~|D* ,v~7b E ¯ fcp´ v£~z© I¡~6 z£D ,x<b~{D* i*wDb+ $b g0°* *wG DH $*x ~{D* ; Áb~zF(°* x ~{D* tJ4b- *¡:H b~zF(°*H ,b£²* fAbG4H f£Fb~zF(* ÈC&* ¥x~{cD* )b D* E mJ bE C Hv~{ J 6Hx~9 ex² ¡£D* 9x gJ ¥wD* x ~{D* °¡ A bK ~6b~z0(*H Á*¡±* *v+(°* f £B ¢ < bGx+ Ì1 f£Fb~zF(°* $*v<&* vD E f £c D*H f~7b£±* :*¡ D*H b~zF(°*H d²b+ }+b D* zcg ´* < )*2H x g~zE kp+ ¤/¡D¡ F&°* < ¯ x ~{D* f£ D ÍgEb1 Í-2bE b G4bcg<* ¢ < ¡@@ @D*H i*w@@D* ¯ ° b FHv+H x<b~{ D fJx ~{D* fJ¡ D* ~{g- b +H f£<*v+(°* bc/ $*4H f£ sg´* ¥Hb ´* ¡pF 8¡=H ¥x ~{D* s D ¢ E fF¡ £ D* *'¡~6 rx J ¡C ¯ £-H i*w D ¢ ~zD* µ*¡ D* yAb²* pJ bE ¡G ¥v+&°* *'¡~zD* *wG ~}EH 4b0 ~{+ M -b=¡~zEH f£Db ±* -b£ © ¢ +&* ¯ ¡ D* f Fb ´ H&°*

46 2016

74


ájGhôdG øe ™£≤e

É°ù ô ƒ «f f ƒ « Ée ôH eÉ ÉeÉj É«d É Éæ d f ƒd É H ° o É ôd Éj e ¿Éæ° Éæ ° ÉH d É« ô « ° ° » »°ùf , ƒ° « d ¿ƒd ƒ° , ƒ° ÉH « °U dÉ « jo ¿ æμ « É dÉH j d : ° dÉH e ù f ¿ƒμ É ÉæH ¿É «dÉ d É ° e ƒæ° e Éæ°U ô° ƒ « É° «H ƒ° É Hô É É° ƒoe Éj ô « e « ,Éæ°ùμ ,¿ ƒ Éμ ô Ú °ùe ,Éf É° ° É f ¿ Éæ« ¿É æ° Éæ Éμ Ú° ƒæ ¿É« ° d É« d ƒ e ô° æ ÉH æ Éæe μ° É HÉ d Éæ ô Éææμ° , «eƒ«d d É« Ée , °U ƒ d Ú æ e ¿É jô e ƒd É ¿ƒμf ¿ jô ° e Éæ « e , ô° d μf Éæf É j ¿ « Éæ ô° ÉæfÉH Ú e , eÉ Éæ ƒ«° Éf É , ƒj É ô d ¿ ° j ƒfÉ « É°ù ƒd É ƒ μ ° Éæ ƒ ƒ e fÉ μ °ùd ¿É H Éæd ƒ ô° j » Éd d Ée Ú É°ù e « ° H « , É ° d É ° °U ƒ ° æf ¿ Éæ ° μ °ùd ° H °ù É «° ƒ d ¿ƒ °ùj H °ù jo ¿ »H É H » ƒe d É° , d ,ƒfÉ« d °ùdÉ æ j É d É ô f « Éæ , ƒ É°ùæ ôf f É H ô ¿ ° fo É° f Éæ f ôμf Éæ ÉjÉ ° Éf ô ƒ ô j ƒ j « °f É e Éf ô ùμ d Ú«μjôe e «eÉæ « d e » d É «° ƒ °U Ée ¿É ô° μd æ í ° ô° eô° e Éf , μ o É° ¿ƒ j Ée É μd ô ÉH ôe ƒ Ú ƒ ° d É °U É°ùæd É ôd ƒ ƒ°U æd ô É ææ°ùo ° ƒ ôH j e ¿É dÉH É °ùd ƒ e Ée ¿É ô° ô ° d

73

46 2016

e ô É e É d Éæ ° , É f É Éf ôj ô ô μd f f Éf æj d e , °ùd É Éæ » °UÉ ° d É É° d É ôμ d d É Éj °ùj æ É d É ôμ d ô É ô ° ôd f d É j ôj , dÉ° d É°ùdÉ d ô fÉ É° j o ôμ ùj É e °ùo °ù Éμ ôe É f , f °U : æ »ææμd ôj e μj » ôd d °ùædÉ ° d É É ô j μj æ° , d °UÉ d É ° fÉ f e É É e "¿É««H ¿ƒd" ô°ù ° æ É° e ¿ƒμj ¿ É ô , É«°ùe ," ƒfo É " ô ô æd È j d É °ù ¿ É °UÉ ƒ d e fÉ ƒ ° H æe « » , ƒ«æ e ƒæ° ƒ d ÉμdÉH ƒ » d ƒμd ° fÉ , É ° d É d É » É°ùd É ÉH ƒ Éf É ô ¿ƒ°ùdÉ É ôd j É æ«H ƒμd É æ ÉH ¿É ƒ ÉμdÉH fÉ » d É ƒ° ƒ » j d É É ° j d ° dÉH É fÉμe ¿ j ôÉ ° d fÉ H , ° d É dÉ É° d ¿É Ée æ , É °U °U ° ô «°ùæd ƒ d É° e ° ƒ « °ùj ¿É , eo , ôe É °U É dÉ ° » d d « H e Éæ j ° e d Ée ¿ƒμ ÉfÉ« É °ù » É É j °ùd e j æ Ú ôe ƒ d « ° H °UÉ d e fÉ É jôjô ÉH ° ô e ƒ j °U °o H É ô° o ƒ d ¿ ƒj «fÉ d ° æe É ° e , É° d " ô ° o " É j e Éæ « ƒæ ô jo » , ô° ° ƒ ƒ Éf Éf Ú«μjôe d


z hQ { »° É d Éæj :

x~z- hFbCH f£Eb¹ ¶(* E fc0b~8 E ´* gº v < B¡gD* hBH g~z- hFbC b F&* ¢g0 f+bg D hB¡D* ~}A /xJH f / H&* ,x A m< ¢ < HvgD 4Hx´* ,4b~7(* ¶(* f£´b< f D E ÈC&* ¶(* h /x- ¤gD* fJ*HxD* wG 4Hv~8 f+bg D x gD*H D* < B¡gD* ¢ < bGÄ/&* v A b /H5 £C hcgC vBH i*¡ ~6 w E b B4'¡- ¤gD* "fJb ²* wG" E b £~8b - ,v g~zEO Í +4&°* ~6 ¯ "Ì ~8 x F" ¥¡. b g )b<H ¤G b g~7b< f£ £ 0 )bBHH f£~|s~{D* b -b£0 x £~6 bEv < b g£A E *¡+xG ¡£ £ 0 6bF&*H F*Ì/H e4*¡B ¯ xpcD* Ä< *¡+xG vBH ¡ Jb~6 ¢ < ¡£<¡£~{D* bJy£DbE ¯ ib £º ¯ Í_/ÉD *¡D¡pg£D ,x 1 iÉ04 ¯ dJx D*H {Gv´* µb D* *wG c£ D* ¶(* *¡ ~8H b EH i*2b@@<H f D* E B&bg D Í_/ÉC -bFb E ~|- k£0 b g£A ¯ f +b~zD* -b£0 ibJxC3 Í+ f0H*xE gm´* ,v<b~z´* ; ¯ ,vJv±* -b£0H fpg gEH ,4vg E ,x~6&bC f~z 1 f : ¤GH f~64v´* *H2 v + b <H fJv D* fE¡ p D $b£D¡~8b D* B ¯ K K k£0 b£´b< b0b½ ¶H&°* ¥¡. £C fJ*H4 "Ì ~8 x F" h 0 ib D* i*x~{ D h /x-H f c: Í +4&* E ÈC&* b E i4v~8 b E ,vJv< y)*¡/ ¢ < b D¡~|0 ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ f£´b D* ¤+2&* < G&° $*x D* ,y)b/H e*2%ÉD *v C ,y)b/

ô

yCxE < i4v~8 J5¡gD*H x~{ D Á&*x@@B* 4*2 E Hb gDb+ f£+x D* f /ÆD* ¤c;¡+&* ¯ É<(°*H fAb j D vJ*5 + b ~6 f£Eb g£ D* fc-b D f£+x Db+ Ì ~8 x F ¥&* "H4" f@@J*Hx@@D ¥¡. £C fJv D* H'¡~{D* ,4*2(* x@@Jv@@E ¥4¡~| ´* v£ ~6 4¡~| E q@@~@ 9H&*H d0b~8 ,42bcE 4b@@:(* ¯H @@F&* yCx´* ¯ É@@<(°*H f£Ab jD* 0 " fDHvD* z£)4 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* E ib £/¡g+H ,$*x D bEb< 2016 b< |£~|sg+ " Ñ* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 j» b£ F %* vJ*5 + b ~6 t£~{D* ¡ ~6 + vDb1 4¡gCvD* t£~{D* f +bgEH yCx´* z£)4 fDHvD* z£)4 4v~8&* v A yCx´* b< xJvE z£)xD* d)bF b£ F %* b ~6 ¤c;¡+&* 9x E ¯ b + 4b~7 ,vJv/ i*4*v~8(* f +4&* yCx´* ¯ b :&ÉD f£~|~| D* f<¡~6¡´* ¤GH 26 -4H2 ¯ ebg D hEbB ¤gD* "H4" fJ*H4H ¤+x D* 2*5x ~7 fc-b D ÁbjD* b )y/ ¤@@+2&°* È D* ¯ ebgCH ¤~6bc D* 6b J(* f£+x D b g /Æ+ É<(°* ebgCH "*K x < Ì - f ~6" *¡ + ¥vJ¡~zD* fD¡³ ¤ < v 0&* v ¹ k0bc D É~6(°*H ¤+x D* c~6 E ÈC&* iv~|0 b F&* ¥4¡~| ´* q~9H&* "H4" fJ*H4 <H b D &*x - *v C f +b~z´ H&°* yCx´* bGx1%* bC f£´b< y)*¡/ 2015 ¯ h <H f£~zFx D* f Db+ ,x~7bcE ¥¡@@.O £C dg -H

46 2016

72


« d eÉ

¿ÉJÒ°üb ¿Éà°üb Üô◊G äÉ«eƒj øe

¬≤«∏– ∞°üf

IÉ«◊G ≈¡≤e

6b D*H h ~|D*H $*¡³* ~zJ 4b~{D*H Jy0 ¤²* *¡c B v A ¶H&°* rbc~|D* ib<b~6 E $*vg+* ¡ )bF bE&*H fg + Gw1&bJ °H -¡E *Hx@@J ¤ D x ~6 £D f£~9b´* f £ D* ,4b D* E ~6 ´ bEb E 4b~8 v A 4b D* _- ibCxp´bA 2bB $b~zE ¯ d -xE b-¡E 4b gF* ¯H x.(* $b~zE i*3 *¡ 04 H&* b Jv)bB ¥2b@@J&* h /H f )b/ ,4b= ,x)b: E h ~6 ¤gD* f<y D* 4HvD* )b 0 ¤G A ¡A xAx- b Jv + ¤²* zF'¡- b ²* %°* $b~z´* h ~8 HvpgJ JwD* ¤²* b :&* Db -H fB5&°* v0* Yf £ D*Z fc + ¡³* hFbCH b )bcg1* fB5&* v0&* ¯ nJ4&* < kpcJ ÉQ ~6 bC nJ4&* $*4H `cgs- *4v±* v0&* ¢ < - fEb ²* rb / Ax+ hFbC x ³* x ~{g~z- b ²* f £c + µ *xCb+ ¤²* `/b J uH4b~|+ ~|B ¶(* nJ4&* c nJ4&* 6&*4 ¢ < h ~zA fEb ²* £c - uH4b~|D*  £ « ~| + kpcJ ÉQ ~6 *5 bEH bK -¡EH b £F&* g ~8 bpg~6* ¤²* nJ4&* $bcg1* b E <

« ,4¡~8 ¯ £ £< bE&* H&°* uH4b~|D* xm J &bC f ~}+ A ÁbjD* £ JH 24b~zD f+¡ ´* bJ5bg D*

´* *wG x v ~{´*H ¥H*xD* Í+ 4bgE&°* i*x~{< yg - b £0 ¡ +bgE ~7 ¡ E D n<yE ~8b C *w D *4b g~6* ¢ ´* i°Hb: ¡0 JxJvg~z´* bgC&* x ´* d D* ¡ - i*4b@@m@ @F°* i*x~{< $b ~zD* b@@J*v@@G x g~z f~zEb³* f ±* J b G ¥H*xDbA z ³* ib ±* ~6 ¤G J¡ gD* x ~6 w E ¶H&°* i¡@@´* f / ¤ A bG*xJ b C i¡@@´* ¥2b@@J&* ¶vg- b EH @@+4&°* ib ±* h g J ° ¢ ´* 2*H4 } + h g1* vBH %°* 24b~zD* B 4b - ¥wD* 24b~zD* ¤ £< Ì= v0&* ¥2b@@J&°* gD 2bJ(* 2b JH b ~{D* i*3H Í £D* i*3 ¡~|J ¡GH %°* vg­ v0&b+ ¤~6¡ / f@@DHb@@: ¯ ¤@@-v@@0H +b J 24b@@~@z@D* b@@C f£E¡£D* ¤ E&b- f<b~6 ¯ h C f£cFb±* ¢ ´* i*x» 5*ygGb+ ¡ ~{E ¡G b £+ ,x:b D* £ D* ,xm~7 r¡A ¢ < ibEb~zE v J £c D* 24b~zD* Í +H ¤EbE&* ,¡ D* 6&bC b £A 6x J av~|D* 2H4bcD* 3*34H ¡ £~{g+b D* ,¡=4 x D* r¡+ b < eb= f £D ¯ $*2¡~zD* -Æ~6 £ D* v~zJ ib p~}D*H ib~z Db+ q~} J ¢ ´* *yJ bEH *v C E fJx D* ib@@_@ @D* ¥2v@@ @g@E 2*H4 @@E&b@ -&* i¡@@@´*H s- $b ~zD* $*¡~9&*H £ D* ~|gF* vB bG Í~z ±* Í~z<b D* b ~z)*xA 6'H'H4 ¢ < b Eb -4* Í0 4b~|+&°* b_A*2 ,b£²* ¢ E *yJ bEH

71

46

2016


iÒ◊G äÉgÉàŸG ≈∏Y π«dóà∏d "ôFÉ°üe" IOôØe ¿ƒgóŸG »FGhôdG Ò©à°ùj »æ«£°ù∏ØdG ¿É°ùfE’G á«©°Vƒd Ék °ü«î°ûJ ,äÉ«°üî°ûdG É¡«a â©°Vh »àdG

g~{J ¤@@)*Hx@@D* &* ¢ J b» Í@@ @D&*H ,x~{< f ~6 f£+x D* fJ'H4 m£~zF v~{- =b gE Hx~{EH Eb gE µb< ¢ < bK J2x~6 b j£0 ¤ £ ~z D* b~zF(°* bJb~} + x~|cgE ¤@@<HH f £ < bC 2É+ E f~6¡ E f 04 ¯ b G2 v£DH + ¡Gv´* 4¡~|J Í ~z A 2*v/&*H )b+%* 94* ¶(* *x < b £A 7b< ¤gD* xm ´* ,xC*w+ ÉK ¹H x1%°* ¢ < fpg E fJ¡ + b c~{E fc£ ~zD* µH &°* d£ 0 E b ~94 ¤gD* gAb .H :¡D* ¡0 fc~|1 f£~|s~{D* -b + gJH b 0y0yJ &* f+x D* $*¡G g~zJ f£ £ ~z D* v@@´* E ÌcC 2v@@< Í+ ibJx ²b+ f<¡D¡D* ¯ Á¡£ ~|D* d~8b D* gp´* v gmJ ¤gD* b ¹ÉE ¢m gJ b E d-b D*H ¥H*xD* f Ax+ v£DH 4v£A b J¡~{-H bG¡¹ b gJ4b EH v@@´* vGb~{E ¢ < &*x@@: ¥w@@D* Jv gD* m0 vJ¡ gD* f~6b£~6 hAb - b@@ E&* @@g@Ab@@ @.H d ~{D* i*2b@@@<H gJ¡GH ¤ £ ~z D* b~zF(°* b D 9x - ¤gD* ¤-bJ¡ D* t~z´*H x ´* qm J D3 E ÈC&* + EyD* E 2¡ < Ä< f£Ab jD* *x~8 ¶(* Í£ £ ~z D* Í+H £+ *x~|D* F ¯ Á¡£ ~|D* ·¡g~zJ ox gE 2x¸ ¡G ¢ c£D ~z F&* Í£ £ ~z D* Í+ bK £0 f£p~}D* 4H2 bK c<° i*4b~z1 H2 f BxD* ¢ < v0H ¤ £ ~z D* d ~{ D fp ~|´* vJxJ ¥wD* ̳* Jx D* 4H2H f£ D* g~6b£~zD ·HvD* gm´* <2H $bG2 *K x jg~zE x D* v F eb 1 ¤E*4vD* 2x~zE ib£: Í+ ¡Gv´* 4x B ¯ Ë gJH ¤ £ ~z D* b~zF(°b+ J ¥wD* Á¡£ ~|D* %°* ¯ ÌjEH £~z+H b ~7 e¡ ~6&b+ bp~9bA gJ¡G b£g=*H ~{+&b+ y D*H d£GÆD*H D*H f Db ´* ib~6b£~6 ~z F ¡ - ¤gD* ·Hv@@D* gm´* ~zEH I&*x@@E b@@E&*H 4¡~|D* < ¤ sgD*H ,xm D* ¶(* x ~}J ¥w@@D* ¤ £ ~z D* d ~{D* f£+x D* f@@E&°* ox - v g J b jE -b g»H ~94&*H gAb . xGb EH fc£G4 ,4¡~|+ ib :¡g~z´* ~6b - ¢ < f£EÉ~6(°* Hv D* E £c gD* f~6b£~6 ~{AH Á¡£ ~|D* x ´*H v³* fJ¡G t~zE Ä< fB4b ´* e¡ ~6&*H fJxs~zD* i*H2&* ÉK g~zE xGb E @@E ¤ D* gD*H f@@Cb@@Cx@@Db@@+ Ìc gD*H f@@ @ @D* b@@ @-*2b@@<H b gJ¡GH i*w@@ D* 4Hw@@/ @@< ¤ sgD*H eÉ@@g@~@6°* ex D* E ,vA*H f £mGH f1¡~z» qEÉE ,v)b D bGv£Db -H f c´* b g£/¡D¡JvJ&*H b -É +

*2v< 4Hy£A b _Av+ J µ F¡C E =xDb+ b ~{< l4H ¢ < ~z + £D fBxp´* pgEH f£ £ ~z D* v@@´* E f£ £ ~z D* fJ¡ D* qEÉE D h~9x - ¥wD* J¡~{gD* fEb~z/ ~64 ¶(* *K vGb/ ¢ ~zJH v£Db -H i*2b@@<H fAb .H *K 4b E É1 E b ~{g~zJ ¤gD* fD¡ ´* x)b~|´* < f£Db£1 ,4¡~8 ¥wD* tJ4bgD* x E *K x~}pg~zE bJbp~}D* ,x@@C*3 q ~| f<b~{cD *¡~9x - JwD* _DH&bA -*3 $b - E b gF°* v£ J ÈC&* H&* b -*3 f<b~{cD* *¡~64b £D *H2¡ J fJ5b D* fBxp´* b ~z - D f£Fb~zF(°* v~9 )*x/ ¯ ¤ £ ~z D* d ~{D* ¢ < bFb J(* f£ £E4&°* f +* "·¡/" g/H5 b~}J&*H tJ4bgD* iÉm~6 gcp~|+ ix/bGH bK £Fb Jx+ bK c£c: h/Hy- ¤gD* b£C24&* b . f ~6 Í ~z A ¡ ~6 b@@+(* ebc~}D* f JvE ¯ {£ D b g +* h~8H&* b /&* ¡Fv+ h~z0&* b´H D&*H f)b ~z-H Í +4&*H f gp´* 94&°* ¯ 4vD bG2bE4 E $y/ 0H b gj/ xp+ f£ ~8&°* f+ÆDb+ bc-4°* < Ìc gD* E ¡ C 6v D* H&* b + f£ :¡D* fJ¡ Db+ ~z gD*H

¢<v- fc-bC b D hc g~zJ fJ*H4 1*2 fJ*H4 ¡Gv´* x gcJH ¯ 2b@@ @g@/°* £c~6 ¢ < ,*H4H µ*¡@@< b D ~|JH Í@@ @/ 1*vg- x)b~|´* &* ¢ < £Dvg DH f / E ¤)*HxD* ¡~|D* ~9¡D* < kJv²* gJ b´ ib<b D* jE ~6b g- ibJ*HxD*H -*3 ¤)*HxD* p J ~z F 2v~|D* ¯H ·b²* ¤ £ ~z D* f£)*H4 f£~|s~7 ~8¡+ ¤~|s~{D* ~6b+ ¤)*HxD* µb D* ¯ < bK cJx= z£D £sg´* j ¥wD* µb D* &* ¢ < ,4b~7(bC b§ ¤ p´* v~zmJ ¥wD* :Ég´* D* *wG E $y/ ¡G + ¤)*HxD* x J 3(* f £sgE µ*¡@@<H ¤@@-*3 Ì~6 E £A f£~6bB ,2b ~{+ ·v£D f£C¡ ~{gG ,4¡~8 ¯ qJx~|D* ~6b+ z£D {£g gD*H y/*¡²* E ¤ £ ~z D* b~zF(°* ,bFb E ¡0 f£+x D* HvD* i*4b E ¯ + ¤c /&* H&* ¤ £)*x~6(* 4b E ¯ v Q Db+ ¡J4¡= + 4b E DwC b <&b+ fm£~7H E ÈC&* +x- ¤)*HxD* D* *w A ÌCwg DH - E ,v£~zD*" H&°* ¤)*HxD* < f~8b1 f +b~zD* d-b D* xC¡+ ,y)b± ,Ì~| D* f )b D q~7x- &* c~6 ¥wD* "d£+&*

46 2016

70


¢ < gJ*H4 eb 1 $b + ¯ ¡Gv´* ¤)*HxD* v g~6*H ¡-x~{F¡ D*"@+ gJ bE f~8b1 ¤ £~6¡´* b J(°* ~7 ~{g- fCx0 C "ibCx0 +4&* E ¡ ´* ¤ £~6¡´* ib£~|s~7 ¢ < xA¡g-H fJb FH fJ*v+ b D f~|B E bGy£­ f £ E f£~8¡~|s+ -H f c0H f E&*H bJxGb; b g£DÉ g~6b+ ¤0¡J b» b £ - ¤gD* < b ~} + ibCx²* p -H Eb g- B*¡D* ¯ b D eb ³b+ gJ b £A $*¡~6 v0*H ¥2x~6 n£~zF ¯ fJ'HxDb+ gJ bE H&* ¤ g´* ¶(* xJx­ ¯ e¡=x´* ¡~9¡´* |sJ b@@E H&* µb@@ @ @D f£m£-*Æ~6°* f£ £ ~z D* fc D* tJ4b- ±b - ¥wD* v0¡´* b c g~zEH bGx~9b0 b £~9bE

¢ < f Jb ~|D* x~6b© § ¤+*x~6 0 $*4H ¡ ~z£A B&°* ¢ < £/&b-H ¯b jD*H ¤sJ4bgD*H ¯*x ±* sJ4b ¤ £ ~z D* d ~{ D ¯b jD* v£~8xDb+ g - ¤gD* ¡p´* ,Ì-H ib /*¡D* C I¡g~zE ¢ < ¢ < £Dvg D "x)b~|E" ,2x@@ @E ¡@@Gv@@´* ¤@@)*Hx@@D* Ì g~zJ bK ~|£s~{- ib£~|s~{D* b £A h ~9H ¤gD* I̲* ibGbg´* tJ4b- < bFv g+* b C ¤gD* ¤ £ ~z D* b~zF(°* f£ ~9¡D + bK @ E5&b@ - i2*25*H iv - Í ~z A ¡@@ @~@6H fc D*  b~zF(°* 2b@@< bE b´b< p - ¤gD* f Jx~zD* i°¡pgD* v£DH ¤ F ib£~|s~{D* -bG Í+ EH ¢g0 -*3 bE5 £A bK c~{E 2*v/&* 94&* ¶(* f J¡: fc£= v + 2¡ J ¥wD* b G2 ¤gD* ~94&* < fÂvB ,4¡~|+ ÉK ¹H Ix1&* ibAb .H ib +

69

46

2016

¯ 2vpgJ ¥x D* *y EH | D* ,4'¡+ DH ,2v gE i*4¡ E E f£ £ ~z D* fJ¡ D* b ~7(* f /b~zE H&* Í£ £ ~z A ebg D f +b~6 ibJ*H4 gDHb - &* c~6 b ~} + ¤gD* - f~8bs+H ¡Gv´* fJ*H4 b + i2x - Ix1&*H ex< ¶(* v)b D* ¤ £ ~z D* b A2b~|J ¤gD* ibc£³* £~8b g+ g fJ¡ D*H f£Ab jD* ib£A*x ±* ¯ b£~}D* E x < v + ~94&* h ~|0 ¤gD* Jv gD* fAb~zE v~8ÌD f£_£cD*H f£<b g/°*H Á¡£ ~|D* x g~z´* E fDHb¹ ¯ ,4b D*H 6b D*H 94&ÉD ¡¹H ¤ £ ~z D* d ~{ D f£Ab jD* fJ¡ D* µb E z D nJ4vgDb+ b ¹ÉEH f E&°* ,xC*3 £ < G bE Í+ bK £-bJ¡G bK By­ f@@J*Hx@@D* ib£~|s~7 {£ ¥¡ D* B¡ E ~z - £D(* ¡p J bE Í+H b@@0 E -°b F*H ¤Bb£~zD* 6b ´* ¢ < f+w~{´* G*'H4H ex ~}´* ,4b < ¯ -xC*3 b + ¡ - ¤gD* ibJx ²* E fBHb~zg´* ¥wD* J¡~{gD* ¢ < exB < ¡ J GH f£ £ ~z D* v´* ,2x g´* b -4b <H b@@G$b@@£@0&*H v@@´* ,x@@C*3 ¡ JH b@@:


¿ƒ

» H »æ« °ù d μæd

° ƒ ƒdƒ d ƒ ô° fƒ :ô É° e

Ú«æ«£°ù∏Ø∏d IOó©àŸG IÉ°SCÉŸG ó°UQ

ô

« ôH

» ô d "ôFÉ°üe" j dÉ ¿ƒ » H »æ« °ù d «Hô d ô ƒ d FÉ H FÉ d É°üd , É °ùf É° d «Hô d °ù° ƒ μe ô° æd , »° , «æ« °ù d «° d j É æ eÉ ƒ É ô° °ùe ,¿ °ùμæd ° ƒd ,É É » É » ƒ dƒ μ « ° ù d ,» æ « ° ù d ¿É ° ù f d Ée ƒ° , É« ° ƒH , É ° d »«æ« °ù H , d »«æ« °ù ôH É « »«æ« °ù j , e » , «dÉ É °ü e μj j j d μ j ,É jô É ƒ H , dd ° jÉ « e eÉ° j É ° ƒd æ d É μ«μ ,É « »æ« °ù d

46 2016

68


ô©°T °É

ô°

É¡à¡ÑL Ap É¡HCG ‘ QƒædG ôaÉ°ùj o É`` ` ` o o ` °` ù` d ` ` ` É`` ` ƒ`` »`` ` »`` ` d ôo ` ` ` °` ù` d »`` ` ` d ƒ`` ` ` ` j É`` ` ` É`` ` e »`` ` ` ô`` `f ` ` ` ` ` ` e É` æ« É`` `fo É``°`ü` ôo ` æd æ° »`` ` ` o `«`Hô``d É`` ` °ù H É æ« ƒæd e ° ôo ` ` d ` ` ` É``°`` »`` ` É`` É`` `j É`` `æ`«` É``æ` `°`ù` ` `H É`` ` ` É`` ` æ` ƒ`` ` ` `e ¿É`` ` ` ô`` H ° o d o É``°` É``e `H ° É`e É`` ` æ` ` eÉ`` ` f ` ` ` `«` H É`` ` æ` ` j É`` ` æ` ô`` ` ` ôo ` ` `°`ù`d É`` ` `H ƒ`` ` ` `j É`` ` fÉ``jÉ``μ` ô`` ` °`` ` o ` ô``°` `e `ù` `°` `d ƒ`` ` ` É`` ` æ` H ƒ``H o ` É``j ƒ`` ` `°`ü`dÉ``H É`` `fƒ`` `°`U ` `e ` `«`æ`d ` `°`ù` , ` ` d ƒ`` `f ` `jô`` `H ƒ`` ` ` `f ôo ` ` ` ` ` d ô`` ` ` ` ` É`` ` æ` ` ` ` e »`` ` ` Éæ j ` ` ` ` É`` ` ` É`` f ` ` É`` ` ` ôo °ù ` ` »` ƒ É``j ù` ° d

67

46

2016 ô

©

É eo » d ƒfô o ô °o e o ôo d » °ùj É æe ƒ e æH É É H » o ƒ æ d ô É ° ù jo e ô d o μ°ùj ôo É É °ù H É æ« É « d o Fô e ƒfÉ e o d íeÉ° fÉ o É É e ô d o ƒ ° ô °o » ôo d ôo æj É Hô o HÉ «d » o e ôo ° d ô° ƒ° j °ù ° É Éæμ° » É « d Hô e ôo °ùd ùfÉ ° É É o HÉ°U É ° É μ e É o °üf » eo o ôo É`` ` `H ô`` ` °` »`` `«`°` : o ` ` o » ° ` ` »`` ` `j ` ` j ` ` `d É`` ` ` Ho É`` ` æ`` o o ` ` °` ` ` ` d É`` ` ` ` ` `Hô``°`` ` ôo `°` ` ` `j ¿É`


ìôŸG ƒg ô©°ûdG ƒ÷Gh AÉà°ûdG ,¿õ◊Gh .π«∏dGh QÉ¡ædG ,ƒë°üdG .IÉ«◊G ƒg ô©°ûdG ∑ÉL ∫ƒ≤j ɪch ƒg ô©°ûdG" :ÒØjôH ,iÈμdG á≤«≤◊G ÌcC’G IÉ«◊G Ö≤dh âeGO Ée ."ihóL ,áªFÉb IÉ«◊G ô©°ûdG ¿ƒμ«°S Qób ójóéàdGh ,Gô°VÉM ∞≤«°S øe .ô©°ûdG Éæà°ûgO OhóM óæY ,Éæà°TÉ°ûgh

d B x ; < « f£F5H £Db - 2x¸ E x ~{D* 4¡ gA ¤ D* ~{D* G4b A&* < Ìc gD* E $*x ~{D* b E gJ µ f£ F ÍF*¡B 2x¸ ¥&* – f+bg D*H *5H&°*H ¯*¡ D* < *K v£ + fJx²* Jx: hFb A -b£~8¡~|1H b ~8 dD*¡B ¯ *¡ 1vJ &* H2 v~|+ Ìc gD* D q£g- ,x0 f+bgC *ÈF ¾¡+ z£~zF*xA ¤~|s~{D* Gx A z - &* 9Hx ´* E ¤gD*H $bEv D* h<4b~zgA b E *2x gE b<*v+(* hFbC Ix1&°* ¤G ib£A*x £Db D* *ÈF dgC *K Ì1&*H f g~z´* 4¡~|D*H ib<¡~9¡´* I¡g~zE ¢ < ¥x ~{D* kJvpgD* f£ < f/¡´* wG "slam" 4¡ + ¥¡ ~{D* x ~{D* ,2b g~6* ¶(* 4¡ gD* ~8H bEv < ¡G x ~{D* (* v)b~| D b£ ~6 b/*x1(* ¤~}g - ¤gD* ,vJv±* f£ £~6¡´* ¢ < ,42b@@B ib@@J2x@@A v/¡- @@F&* *2 b@@E x<b~{´* @@< ¤~|s~{D* Ìc gD* ibJ2xAH ibFb E(b+ $*x ~7 b G ¡ £~6 x<b~{´b+ 6b~z0(°*H Ì gD* "x ~{D* q ~|J *3b´ *'¡~zD* rx F bEv A *vJv/ *x ~7 b -*3 ¯ pg~6 " -*3 °(* D vG ° x ~{D*" (* bB bEv < ÌD2¡+ b < d£mJ f £ ²bA ¡G x ~{D* £ D*H 4b D* ¡p~|D* ¡±*H $bg~{D* y@@²*H rx´* ¡G x ~{D* ,b£²* d DH IÄ D* f £ ²* ¡G x ~{D*" Ì Jx+ b/ ¡ J b CH ,b£²* vJvmgD*H *x~9b0 x ~{D* ¡ £~6 f )bB ,b£²* hE*2 bE "IHv/ ÈC&°* "b g ~8 dg £~6 E b g~7b~{GH b g~{G2 2Hv0 v < £~6 E x ~{D* 4vB 6*¡²* £ / £ - Áb F Jx~8b ´*– pF ¡cE*4 bB b C bK ~8¡~|1 2¡/H ¢ cJ B&°* ¢ < FQ (bA µb D* Ì£ - ¢ < *K 42bB x ~{D* J µ (*H ¢g0 Ì g~6&* " {0¡gE Q µb< ¯ f£C3 f£ ´&* f~64b»" jE bK £~6b~6&* bK J4Hx~9 /&* E Hb F &* ¡£D* ,4Hx~}D* ¤~}g -" £~9&° i4b+ °H4 f=b£~8 x ~{D* z£D " b~zF(°* ¡ 0" fE¡ E E *K $y/ ¡ J &* x ~{D* ¢ < x ~{D* "¥¡£0 ¤+É F* ¤+É F* FQ (* + bK ~8¡ F Q "f£ ~8&*" fEbB(° f0¡g E f£Fb E(* ¢ < 8x²*H w²* f~6*xp+ x ~{D* gJ f » µb D* ¯ fJx ~{D* fEbB(°* m+ D3H £E4°bE

ib£ Jv+ +4&* "" g£ G&* x ~{ D *yJ° G" gDb E ¯ ¡~|Fb+ 2¡ C ¡/ 2Qv0 b -x~8bp´ E fDHb¹ ¯ fJx ~{D* fEbB(°* w D ib )b D*H Hx D* £ / ¯ f E&°*H ib p D* ¯ b ~6*¡Q 0 xQ @« ¥4Hx~}D* ygºÉD* 6Qv C b £A v/¡J bE *42(* ¢ < bFv<b~zgA 2¡/¡D* x~7 2¡/¡D* 4¡@@¹ ¢~|B&°* fJb D* x<b~{E ¢ < b pg - hg~{g D ~9b1 Ì= ygs´* N O ¡ m´* ¡pF b O /U ¡S gA 6b£BÉD* b©* Í~6b~z0 b © Q ÌJb ´* E 6b£ Db+ ibBb ~{F*H 2xQ - E Jx1%°* pJ b´ h~| F b © ¡~zFb+ 2¡ C b/ ÉC ¢ gF* f £ ´* f£<b g/°* E f Jv²* *¡~6xpJ &* $*x ~{D* 4vBH 2¡p±* *wG Hb J &* x ~{D* 4vB f )b~{D* v<*¡B x ~{ A b E C ¯ )*x²* ~{J ¥wD* e*x³* *wG < ,2b@@<(*H µb D* $*¡g0* Hb« / Ä< v~z±* E k c - ¤gD* f +b~{g´*H x ~{D* b J&* <H4&* bE 2Hv0 ~64

46

2016 ô

©

66


,á«°†b ‘ •Gôîf’ÉH ¢SÉædG ´ÉæbEG ¬aóg Ωõà∏ŸG ô©°ûdG ô©°ûdG áWÉ°SƒH ÉgRÈj º«b øY ´ÉaódGh

$b~}£cD* fp ~|D* ¢ < f~{JxD* Dy - bEv <H x<b~{E x<b~{ D x ~{D* q ~zJ ibA*Æ<* 2*¡~z+ &Ég g~6 ¤gD* vB ¥wD* m1 =4 b _ :°*H °%°* E iÉ F°b+ d:bº b©* x<b~{E < Ìc gD* bE&* bK )b< ~{J sJ ¤C "iÉE&bgD*" ¯ ¡/¡G 4¡g A dgC x~7bcE ¤gD* Léopoldine JvD¡+¡£D g +* i¡E ,&b@ :H < ¡ D* *wG (* f ±* ¶(* ebGwD* b gBH Ì= ¯ h cg~6* ¥wD* v~|D* + *K Ì.&b- ÈC&°* bK E¡ < ¡G x ~{D* E + Ä J µb@@ @ ´*H @@6'¡@@c@@D*H eHx@@ @²* @@ @ @+ x@@<b@@~@ {@ D* 4x@@ @ J fEv1 ¯ x ~7 mJ &* f¹b~zgEÉD* ib£c~| D*H lv0 f £ 0 < ~{ D gG*yF g~zJ &*H bE f£~}B yg ´* x ~{Db+ £ ~zF bE *wG p~} J &* 2*4&* bE bAvD*H f£~}B ¯ *xsF°b+ 6b D* b@@ @B(* AvG x ~{D* *wG pJ ¤C x ~{D* f:b~6¡+ bG5ÄJ £B < ¡ D* *wG ¯ )4bB f£~6b~z0 ¯ x.'¡J &* £ < A*vG&* 6b D* < A*vJ b@@¹ ib D* qc~|- x ~{D* E f£~6b£~zD* i°bm´* ¯ $*¡~6 B¡ 0 ~} - bEv < ¯ ¡@@/¡@@G 4¡g A q~}A v D f@@£@ @Jv@@D*H f£<b g/°*H b C b :&°* £ ~{- "b£D¡s £Db´*"@+ fF¡ ´* -v£~|B v)b~|B E vJv D* ¯ "Ì ~|D* ¡£ +bF" v gF* F&* c J µ ibJ4¡-bg JvD* ~z-H eHx@@²* É@@1 b@@E&* x ~{D* E *¡ /H h ~|D* *ygD* $*x ~{D* E vJv D* -b£0 ¢ < x 1 E ~{J bE =4 FbG4 yg ´* É1 6¡ ~zJ2 Ì@@+H4 R Desnos x<b~{D* A b C -v£~| + *2&* v A ¡cE*4 x.4%* bE&* ¥5b D* Ég0°* ,&*x´* x ~{D* 5b J ex²* f£jc< Dormeur du val 4b~zggA b £D(* 22¡gJ &* vJxJ x ~{+ bK p ~zE x<b~{DbA ibpJx~|-H fJ4b g~6* ib+x~}+ ,x0b~zD* ib D* tJ4b- g+¡c¹ d B E x<b~{D* *wG g£~6 fc g E ¢g0 -É04 £ / ¯ A*4 b~zF(°* tJ4b- ¡G x ~{D* *wG < ~{ D ¢ j´* f £~6¡D* hFbC f+bg D* A (*

65

46

2016 ô

©

Q ¯ x ~{D* f£)Hx E 4b~zpF* x~| < F & * Â ° ²* vJHy- < x~{ D* 4H2 s-H ib £c´* /*x- ; c J ÌcC 4¡ / eb£= ¯ fJx ~7 JH*Hv+ ¯b jD* h Gb~6 fJ*HxD* &* b C bGv FH JH*HvD* ,$*xB ¢ < ¶(* ~9&* 2*v@@g@E*H x ~{D* ¡B f0b~zE |£ - ¯ rHxD f ~{E f£cG3 f £B E x ~{D* ¡ E ¡Q « D3 x ~7 ¶(* f£ £~6¡´*H fJ4¡ ~6&°* 4*H2&b+ gAb .H d ~7 f D* E wsg- fJ2xA x<b~{E < Ä J + ¤CbpJ ° Q bE 2xQ - £ « f£ + dJxmg D *K Ä E z Jx Â2 ¡@@ @J ¡@@ @±b@@+ x ~{D* t@@J4b@@- @@c@-4* " ¡ ±* E bE 4vB H2 $*x ~7 ¡ F &* Â °" f£ / x<b~7 C $*4H &* Hv g J *¡FbC ex D* (* + x~7b+ f£Fb~zF(°* i*4b~}²* Hy+ w A F¡ / 6x« 2¡/H £ gD 2Hv@@²* E )bG C v££~{- b~zF(°* H&* ÍF*¡B ~7 ¯ -b g» ¢ < b p DH -ÉEb -H b~zF(°* *wG ¡ / qc - &* g~z- µ f ;bF *x<&* v g~zJ Á¡ ±* D* *wG E b £ < 2x gD* ¯ ~{£:H f ´* fDbpg~6°* ,¡B + ~|£D ~zF E bK ~} + x ~{D* H&* f£ E i*xJÄ- b¿H2 2Hv@@²* b £A ~z - ¤gD* b C " -*3 °(* D vG ° x ~{D*" &* q£p~8 f£BÉ1&* eHx D fDHb¹ @@F(* + f E z£D ¡ A ÌD2¡+ bB a4b D* H&* x<b~{D* v < bE @@E&° k + b@@E m~6 E b £p/ ,b£²* qc~|- bEv < Db+ $*¡~zD* ¢ < l’évasion "eHx D*" f~8xA x ~{D* q£gJ b J ° dgC bEv < =b~9 B*¡D *v/ Ì~| D* EyD* b£~zFH parfum "f£c)*x= fp)*4" -v£~|B ÌD2¡+ x<b~{D* f£DbjE µ*¡@@< ¯ f 04 b E ~zgB* v A exotique ,v£~{E x;b ´ °(* 2¡/H ° f£E¡£D* ¡ D* < *v£ + ÄC&* E x ~{D* qc~|J bEv < ££sgD*H ib D* ,¡ + 4bc D* ¡´b²* G b )b+5 ~z0&* 4b ~6&°* i°bCH bEv < ¤~z F p C J bK /É< ¡ J &* x ~{ D Â c B h<5¡- vBH x<b~{D* 4*x~6&* f Eb0 ib D* qc~|-


°

?ô©°ûdG ihóL Ée ÊÉ¡dG øH ó«©°S É G « GódG Gƒ` °` U G ©H ô` Ú` ø`e ô d « ` fG ` H , `æ`e ó` , `æ`e ó` FÉ` ô©° dG GÈ` G ` É` É , ` ø` e , ` ` dG É` ` f æμ G ƒ` ` G ¿ƒ` eó` ` j Ú` «` ô` Ú`°`Só`æ`¡`e Ú`«`æ` ` SÉædG ƒ` ¿G ójô Gƒ°U G ¡H ÉæfÉ ` dG É f ô° e ÉæFÉ ƒ , ¡eeƒj ƒ » dÉ G μ dG ø` e ƒ` æ` dG G ` ¿G ` °` ` æ` jó` G ô`μ` `d » æ É°ü G ƒ©dG É` « °ù dG É É` G

46

2016 ô

©

64


ô©°T »°SÉ

É

´ƒ÷G É¡jCq G ∂æ«Y ábGôH q ƒ «°S G É Hƒ« ÉHô dG É ¿óe

5

ø

7

É « °SG ôG øe Úf ÉH e ÉHGô « Ú ƒ G « f μj »©HÉ°UG ÚH øe " ô¡f ô°ù j ôj " É°ü©dG

ø H æ°S ÉjÉ H ø G É« ô G É° G É¡ e É G Éμ G d ódÉH eƒ° ƒe ædG ø H øμj " « æ dG » ó °ùj Ée G »° É¡ ô ƒd É¡ « °S É ƒ G ° É É ô°üdÉH 6

jƒ É

63

46

2016 ô

ôeÉ °ùHÉ ƒ¡ dG »° É ©

Éj G G Ée ó Gƒ° ƒ ƒH ƒ°ùμ øeG

3

ƒ e Gƒ G ô ƒ G fô° øe ó°ù G É æj » j ôj ôjô©° æj ôj ƒ G É°ùμfÉH

¡fÉæ°SG ¿ ó j É ƒ© G » dG ¡ Gƒe Gƒ G e ¡fƒ H ó° e ô °U ¿ƒ©° j ¿É ÉH É©eG ó » É « ° ¿G G ƒj

2

»° 4

°SÉ«°ùdG É «°

G

d e d °ü© °SG É » G ƒ°UƒdG ô¡ ô°U ƒ ¡f øe í dG

¡

G É« G G ó Éeó©H ¡d jƒ¡dG ô


b £g~zJxC ~6¡J 4bpcD* ÌE&* ¤ Ab D* d-b D* &* 4v ~zA Í ´* vc< + b~{G f £c~7 fc D ¯ gC4b~{´ a4b@@ @ D* ¡@@<v@@J ibJb ²* b £A 1*vg- fGbgE fGbg´b+ f£A*x ±* ib£ ~z´*H ib£~|s~{D*H i*2x@@ @´* -H f£sJ4bgD* ibE¡ ´*H µH x~| D* D3 ¯ fEvsg~z´* f£ m ´* 2b/&* ¤gD* fJ2x~zD* b ~7&°b+ b £ < scJ gJb 0 b D v J C f£~|s~7 D b gpF x J ¤gD* fJH*yD* E 4HvJ b´ -*x F H&* ¥xmJ b´ b E f 0ÉE b  bFxC3 bE ¶(* fAb~9(*H ,¡~z Db+ fJ*HxD* l*v0&* q~} - ·bgD* b D ex - l*v0&°* - &bCH ÌEvgD*H £BH x~| D* D3 ¯ ib gm´* ,b£0 BÉ1&*H @@D3 ib@@£@~@|@s@~@{@D* i¡@@ E b@@ @~@z@g@~@6* ib£~|s~{D* i¡E CÆJ ¥w@@D* bc F°* 2¡/H v< bc F* 6x J bK ~}J&* f:b~zc+ bK £)*H4 b £+ hB¡D* D3 ¯ 2x D f £B } + 4*H2&* ¤Eb -H 4¡ - a4b D* x g J l*v@@0&* ¯ b B¡E f£ G&° ib£~|s~{D* bK <bc F* ÆJ bE b -¡§ &b/b £D fJ*HxD* 4¡ - ¢ ­ ¥wD* a4b D* f )*3 ¢ < bK £c ~6 H2 i¡§ b )b F(* z£DH ib£~|s~{D* fJ¡B ebc~6&* K K &* =ÄA b¹b/ °b£1 d-b D* g ib£~|s~{D* DwCH f£sJ4bgD* l*v@@0&°* ¤@@)*Hx@@D* ¢ < j- f£A*x ±* @@B*¡@@´*H fJxJx gD* f=b£~|D* ¯ j g- 2¡£B 9x + 4x« d-b D* &* °(* b@@±* ~8¡D*H *K x gcE {GvE b£s+ p£D D3 C E ¢g~7 ib@@Jb@@ @ 0H ib£~|s~7H bK @ @.*v@@ 0&* H&* ,Ì ~|D* ibJb ²* - D3 EH f£ 1*vD* f£~|~| D* ib ´* d-b DH ¤@@ @g@~@{@G2&* f@@J*Hx@@D f@@£@« ¤@@G f£ D* -*4b g+* d@@F*¡@@/ @@E v£ g~zF ¥wD* fc£g< Ì E ɳ* vc D *K x ~{A ~zEb FH /bgF vJvm+ bK @ EH2 b g ¡~{D* fJb + vJv/ x g F

)b D* -H JvD* ~6b+H f£Fb~zF(°* E b EbJ&* ¯ 4HvJ bE b D bK Ev E bJbc~zD*H f ´b+ JvD* D mº ¤+bG4(* x A H&* 6v ´b+ ´* °(* z£D d~z D*H b+wC *x@@@C(°*H D* Ä@@< @@Jv@@D* x~{ + ib£~|s~{D* E F(* x1%* ¡ J vBH b ;H tD(* b ´* F&b+ ymJ kDb.H ,Ìj D* b -bBb£~6 ¯ f gº f@@ J*H4 6¡g£/¡E k£0 @@E ,2v@@ @g@E ib@@Jb@@ @0 f@@J2x@@~@ z@ D* b Ev J f~{GvE ib£ -H i*¡~8&°* ¡ dJxmgD* E f J¡: f+x© ~9 d-b D* f E ,x D* (* )b D* ¡GH ~8*¡g´* b Ev F £C G&°* DH e¡ ~6&* E d-b D* 1 bE *wG bFxC3 b CH g+xmg+ ~|gJ bE D* *wG ¯ x gcE F&b+ d~z0&*H fJ2x~zD* Db <&* ÈC&* ¯ ¡ ~}´* b G(* H2 ¤ ²* f£ £ + g J bK £ ~7H bK £ £~8 D* fDb~64 v - ib£ + hEbB 6¡g£/¡E fJ*H4 &* a4b D* 4v£~6H f ~|g´* f£)b ²* ib0¡ D* ,v<bB ¢ < vB ¤)*HxDbA ,*Hx@@D* i*¡~8&* ¡ - Ä< E eÆ - f£)b 0 4ymC -b£~|s~7 b D vJv/ E eÆ gD v gc-H b ~} + ¥H*xD* E ¤~z F &b~6&* $v+ ¢ < ,2¡<H ¯ ¤ c0b~8 *'¡@ ~@ z@ D* *w@@G "¤@@~@z@£@)x@@D* &* £ < ¡G G fJ*HxD* ibp ~8 fJ*v+ hBx - b C fJH*xD* &b+ ~{g gD " 4b~{E ,2v@@ @g@´* b -b£~|s~7 b £ « bK +b~6 E F&b+ 4¡ ~{ D a4b Db+ d-b D* Av£D (* b A b -b£~|s~7 C + b -b£~|s~7 hF&*H ¡G h@@F&* ¡ - ¢g0 i¡~|D* Ì gJ £DH -b<*x~8H DbE%*H :*¡< {Jb -v£ <H -¡~zBH f£<x D* @@JHb@@ @ @ D* ¶(* b@@ @Bx@@ @- *3(*H B4 @@/x@@D* f@@J*v@@+ @@j@E f£ 1*vD* H&* ¡g~z~z £C*xA ¯ Hx~{ D* Jx~{< ¤ < ¤ ~8 ¤c ~|D* 1 b £g~zJxC b £g~zJxC v 0&* + ¢~z£< b £g~zJxC ¤ £c~7(°* v£ ~6 ¤@@:¡@@ @c@D* Ñ* v@@c@< b~z0 b £g~zJxC @@ @²* @@+ ¢~6¡E

¢`` ` `Sƒ`` ` `à` ` ` «` ` ` Lƒ`` ` `e á``Ø`∏`à`fl á`` ` ` `jGhQ É``¡`JÉ``bÉ``«`°`S ‘ .á`` ` ` ` `jOô`` ` ` ` `°` ` ` ` ` ù` ` ` ` ` dG äÉ`` ` ` ` ` ` `jÉ`` ` ` ` ` ` `μ` ` ` ` ` ` ` M ø`` e IOó`` ` ` ©` ` ` `à` ` ` `e ´ƒ`` ` ` æ` ` ` `J å`` ` ` ` «` ` ` ` `M .äGƒ`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` °` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `UC’G äÉ`` ` ` ` `«` ` ` ` ` æ` ` ` ` ` ≤` ` ` ` ` Jh á`` ` ` ` ` `°` ` ` ` ` ` û` ` ` ` ` ` gó`` ` ` ` ` `e É`` ` ` ` ` ¡` ` ` ` ` `eó`` ` ` ` ` ≤` ` ` ` ` `j ø``ª`°`V Ö`` JÉ`` μ` dG á`` ∏` `jƒ`` W á`` ` Hô`` ` Œ Ö`` `jô`` `é` ` à` ` dG ø`` ` ` e ..π`` ` °` ` ` UGƒ`` ` à` ` ` ŸG ¿EG π``FÉ``≤` dG ƒ``gh á``ª`¡`e Iô``μ` Ø` dG º`` ` ` ` gC’G ø`` ` `μ` ` ` dh É¡eó≤f ∞«c

46

2016 ô

©

62


~8 b £A E&bgD*H ¡B¡D* pg~zJ ib£~|s~{D* E 2v D* ib£~|s~{D* - ¡£1 + b~zE(°* b g~6* £CH d-b D* hB¡D* ¯ f 1*vg´* b -bJb 0 x £D £1 ¥&* b F* H2 b ÂH g~zE ~{+ f£~|s~7 @@C &*x@@ @F &*  ¥w@@D* °K b /(* fJ*HxD* x F ~9 b -$*xB a4b D* $b~zgJ ib£~|s~{D* E Ìc D* D* D3 É1 EH v@@Gb@@¸ ¢g D* f@@J*Hx@@ @D f@@J4¡@@p@´* f£~|s~{D* ¡@@ @- @@E vc< qc~8 "bJ4bE" b £g~zJxC &* " 6¡g£/¡E" vGb¸ ÌE&* ¤:¡ cD* f ~7b D* ¤ Ab D* µb~6 + 0xD* v£ ~6 ¥v ~zD* b j< bExG Jx~{D* ~6¡J 4bpcD* ¢~6¡E v 0&* + ¢~z£< Í ´* vc< + b~{G ¤ £c~7(°* f )b D*H ¤c ~|D* 1 xEb< + £G*x+(* ²* + f£~|s~{D* ¡G ¡~9¡´* ¡ J &* 2*4&* d-b D* &* &* ¡ ¶(* b£ JxA(* b ~7 ¶(* zDvF&°* E vg ´* b ´* @@F&* &* ¥&bA b@@+H4H&* bc/H ÉBH 4b F&* ¶(* ~6¡g´* 0*¡~6H 4y/ fJ4¡p´* f£~|s~{D* b F&b+ y±* b  ib£~|s~{D* fDb~64 ¤G bE $b~zgF bF¡<2 bK +b~6 bFxC3 bE ¶(* fAb~9(*H &* f+ɳ* f £c D* &* zDvF&°* x A Ãv - G "fJ*HxD* y -xJ b£s+ fJ*HxD* b gEvB ¤gD* bG4bp+H b Fv§ f£A*x ±* x D* ¡@@G &* Ì gJ b@@E *42b@@F ¥w@@D* ¯*x@@ @±* @@B*¡@@D* ¢ < h« g D*H Hy D* ¯ pJ JvD* &b+ } cD* v g J ¥wD* Hy D* f £ 0 v J F(* a4bB ¡ JH gsF vB 2b ±* ¡ E p+ )*x/H )b~}A E < ng J bEH fJ¡EvD* g £c:H

61

46

2016 ô

©

zDvF&°* E *¡/x1 vB *xEb E Jx~{ D* J µ DbsJ f ~6 b D ¡ ~zJ b £A Jv£0¡D* *¡F¡ J µH f £cF fJb D ¥¡ D*H d D &* x~| D* D3 e¡ ~{D b + 4b gE v<*¡BH Hy ´*H £ ~}D* ¯ ~8 vJxJ bE C h J ¥wD* D* *wG ¯ d-b D y£ g´* e¡ ~6&°* b G b JH ,Ì~| D* b g+4b E ¯ E eÆ ~6 bE ¡GH ebm<(°* ÌjJH *wGH f gº f£ £ + 4b A&* H&* -x A b D v J k£0 wG ¡GH f +b~zD* fJ2x~zD* Db <&* ¯ b +b- v A £ < *K vJv/ z£D bA%* < bK j0b+ ,x gcE d£Db~6&* Ãv -H dJxmgD* HbpJ e¡ ~6&* £ < F &*  bE b D vB D* *wG ¯H ,vJv/ ~{g- fJ2x~6 ib0¡D n~zF e¡ ~6&b+ ¤)b ²* $b cD* ib£D*¡gE ¯ bEvsg~zE ¤)b 0 ¤ ~{- H&* f£)b~z £~zA b ~7&* ¯ b£ 1*2 ¥wD* hB¡D* ¤ A y£ g´* D* *wG Ãv gD ,*H4 ,v< D3 i¡~8 5ÄJ b <&* E + ¡ - bEH b -b£0 f£~|s~7 C ¥Hx bK c£-x- fc-xE i*¡~8&* bE&* b F&bCH f£)y±* fJb ²* 12 x1%* fJ*HxD* ibp ~8 n~}gD i*¡~8&°* ¶*¡g- *w GH bK B¡~{E bK J4'¡+ ibJb ²*H f +bgg´* f£)b ²* i*¡@@~@ 8&°* @@E ÌjE 1y+ bGx~|< Jv- i*¡~8&* ¶(* i*¡~8&°* - °K ¡¹ f Fx~{g´* vAx- f£)b 0 H*v/ j bE D3H m g - ¥wD* Hy D* x AH b c~|E fJb F ¢g0 fJ*HxD* x F Ix¸ f£~|s~7 Í +4&* E e4b J bE ~}- fp ~8 270 E fJ*HxA 5Ä-H fJ4¡p´* f£~|s~{D* £ gD b -bJb 0 1*vg- f <bA *wGH f g E f£)*H4 E*¡< b E C j­ ib£~|s~7 ,v<


°

áÑ«àY Òæe iód »FÉμ◊G AÉæÑdG äÉ«dGƒàe

¿Gô »Hô dG ó ` `S ƒ`` ` `°` `ù` `°` `Sƒ`` e ø 2015 É`` ` °` ` `U ` ` ` ` ` `°` `U 270 ø`` ` e ` ` ` ` `jG ` `Sƒ`` ` `«` ` ƒ`` e ` ` «` ` ` `æ` `e Gó`` ` ` ` `f G ô`` ` °` ` `S ó`` ` ` ` ` G ÊG ó`` `æ` ` μ` ` °` ` S G »`` FG ô`` ` ` d ô`` °` `ü` `e ` ` «` ` d ó`` `dG É¡« ` dÉ`` ` É``μ`dG ¿G G ` É``°` G ô``jÉ`` ` e `j ô``°`S `«`dÉ``°`SG É``«` G ` É`` ` ` É``μ`dG °U É° ô© °ùe »``°`ù`dó``f G ø``e `dG G ÉæH ƒ``©`j Ú`` ` «` ` G `jÉ`` «° Gƒe ó`` øe ó``«` ` ` ` É``j ô``°` S É``Hƒ`` ` ƒ``°` ƒ``e ` ù` ` dG ø``jó``dÉ``H `«`fÉ``°`ù`f G ` «` ` dG ` ` G ó``©` `e `«`FÉ``μ` É``μ` ` ` ` G ` jG ó``H æ°ü«d Gƒ`` °` `U G ó``©` »``μ` G `«`dÉ``°`SG `«` ¶(* f ~|+ h ° ¥wD* x D* *wG v~9 ex0 bE&* ~z F µb D* bJ2&°* b + i$b/ ¤gD* fD*v D*H ̳* £B £A v J tJ4bgD* l*v0&* E ¤~z E lv0 fJ*HxD* ¡~9¡E b + ¡ ~|J f£ E JvD* &* HxJ E JxEb ´* E f<¡ ¸ G4bcg<b+ 6b D* 2bc g~6* b ~z+&* E f£ J2 Ì= ibJb= ¶(* EH g £~6H Hy D* bC DwDH )b = ¡  bEH G b ~8&* b ~zD* ¡E¡~zJ b E *¡ £D bG¡ + ¡~|0 µ EH DbsJ E gBH d ~6H d FH °3(°*H e*w D*

0 ¥4¡~}0 v < f@@J*Hx@@D* ¡@@0 £B bE ¶(* h g~6* v@@BH E ÈC&* E 4b D* ¡JbE x ~7 fJ4v ~6(°* ¯ fJ*HxD* B¡ ~8¡D* ¢ < d-b D* ,4v + Jv£~{E D* *wG ¯ 1*vgE i$b~9&* d-b D* f C &* °(* -b£~|s~7 µ*¡< ¯ 8¡ D*H f£ G&* bK 04b~7 fJ*HxD* f+bgC Hx D fEbG dF*¡/ £ m D b EbJ&* ¯ ~{£ F bE E +b ggD 4b£g1* f£ £CH ¡~9¡´* ~6b+ fAx g´* ib<b ±*H ¤+bG4(°* x D* 4b~{gF* d<4 E vm£D b C&b+ ib g¸ i2vGH °H2 h0bg/* ¤gD* JvD*

46

2016 ô

©

60


ô©°T ójÉ ó G

¿ÉJó«°üb É« G øe FÉ « É øe FÉ ÉfG ó«°ü ó«°«°ü dG óo jô j Ée ô G o «° j « É« øe FÉ ÉfG ó«© ddG o dG » o ô° o É« G ¿ƒæ øe FÉ ÉfG ó« ƒdG » d © «°S G É , o ô G , ù dG , o ƒ G , ù G , G ,óFGô G ô° G É« d ô ô fG " É« ":o G ój ójô G ƒ G ó«æ©dG » É« øøe FÉ ÉfG »° «°S »° G »° æ°S É É¡ Éf , o É μdG Éæ É É « dG øe j Ée ô É °üf H jo d G øe o °ùHG É ¿ G Éæ È© o jo »° ø f »° G © H μdG Gô dG o ƒ o ô jo óo jôf Ée G »° «°S É H μdG Éæ© °SG ÉfG °ù æd

59

46

2016 ô

©


»«

« G

2 É ô É dG

ÊÉ « dG É

bJ'HxD* wG f~8b1 bJ'H4 x~8b ´* ¤+x D* ¤)*Hx D &b+ ¤0¡J b g~6* É@@1 @@E H&°* b@@ @´* ¯ f£+x D* fJ¡ D* ~} fEHb ´* A 5Hbmg D ¤+x D* b .*x-H b gAb . b ~7&* gº f Gb~z´* ¶(* f£~z£~6&bgD* ibJ*HxD* E lv0 b C ¤+x D* x1%ÉD x1%°* E ¯b jD*H ¥4b~}²* 4*¡²* E ¡F 1 ¯ ¥Ìc gD* ~{D* F&* hcjJ &* ¥2x~zD* z ±* *wG b g~6* v D f+bgC É1 E ¡pgD* ibEÉ<H 4¡~8 b gD* ¢ < 4vB&°* b~zF(°* f _~6&b+H {£ ´* EyDb+ oHy ´* ¤ ³* £ D* tJ4bgD* 02y´* b@@ @ J(°* 4b~zg´* k@@Jv@@²* sJ4b- @@1*2 ¤+x D* ¯ -4*v/ vC'¡J &*H "ib:bc0(°*H i*y@@ @D*H l*v@@0&°b@@+ d£Db~6&*H £~8 fAb D )*¡g0* Ä< ¡£D* f@@£@+2&°* f0b~zD* ¡ D* ¡ A gº E {Jb gJ &*H Ix1&°* f£+2&°* b ~7&°* ib+b ³* Í@@+H ~6b /&*H ¯b jD* lH4¡@@´* Í+ ¥5*¡@@J &*H f -bºH f@@+4*¡@@E ,v@@Jv@@/ f@@£@)*H4 fJx ~7 Ä@@< ,x~8b ´* ° bE ¡GH fg+b. fFb1 ~9 *v+(°* *wG f -¡+ b E d ~|J &* Dw+ fJ*HxD* h<b g~6bA ,ÌjC Ix1&* 6b /&* £ < I¡ 5b£gEb+ ex D* *¡J2 ¡£D* ¡ -

-bJ*H4 ¯ DwC 4b:H xGb D* D x~|gF* b©* ¡GH Í£ Jx´* ¤CyD* Eb E ¶(* 2¡ J xGb D* ·¡@@D* b G&* E ¤gD* $b<vDb+ JvJ AxJ xGb D* ·¡D* H b²* ¡G b C £g~6bg D*H ,4¡ ~6&°* ¶(* Hx@@1%* @@©*H B*¡D* ¢ < b £A g~7* ,ÌjC ib@@J*H4 ¯ ¡ ~7 ¥2¡ £ D ¢ - f £sgE f£+2&* ,2bE ¶(* /x´* ¡« f£c)bm< 5¡E4 Ä< Ix1&* ibJ*H4 iÄ< b C dJx gD*H fB4b ´*H fJxs~zD* b £ < f£c ~{D* ,xC*wD* ¶(* i2b@@<H ¤c ~{D* ¯b jD* lH4¡@@´* < h + bJ*x~6 fJ*HxD b²* ¡G b C f£c ~{D* fJb ²* h g<bA e2&°* ¶(* Ix@@1&* ib@@J*H4 i2b@@< b C ¤c£c0 £E(° ¡ D* Í~z²* fcJx= fJ*H4 D3 f jE&* EH f<¡ g´* Db ~7&b+ D*H b²* ¡G b C f£)*HxD* ¥x ~7&°* v ¹ f+x©H £A¡gD* v 0&° $b ~6&°* fc <H f~7*x D*H 6¡ D* £gJ*HxD rxm+ f sjE f@@J*H4 ,x~8b ´* f£+x D* f@@J*Hx@@D* ¡ - *w + b F&* b C ¡£D* ¶(* b BHx< ¯ ¥x~z- ¤gD* f£+x D* ,xC*wD* b £A {£ - b¿(*H A b -xC*3 j­ ° b F&° ,b£²b+ f c~{E yE*4 ~{+ v FH £~8¡-H b B*H xJ¡~|- É1 E b EH

46

2016 ô

©

58


E + É pJ b§ l*ÆD*H tJ4bgD* ¶(* ,2¡ D* ¢ < <*v+(* ¢ < ¡ J b£+x< b/3¡¿ Dw+ *¡~z~6&bA f£+x< f£Ab . £B lH4¡´* n£~zF Í+H fjJv²* f£)*HxD* f£ D* £ D* Í+ ±* f£c ~{D* ibJb ²*H tJ4bgD*H Ì~zD* ¯ f j» Ãv D* ¤+2&°* bGÌ=H ,4¡ ~6&°*H h g~7bA ¤~z ´* b sJ4b- {£ 0 µb~z + ibJ*H4 hBx: *w G ÍFb¸ < Ä gD ²* ¡ ¸ ¯ ¤ :b D* tJ4bgD* ¢ < v < ¶(* 2b@@< ¤~zDvF&°* *w@@G ¯H ¡@@£@D* ex D* ²* ~6¡J + ¤ < v < ¯ f£~zDvF&°* ib<*x~|D* E5H Í +*x´* fBÉ< v D fJyE4 Í c~6 +* E ws-*H )*¡ D* ¡ EH ¤~| J ¥wD* ¡£D* b B*H v~z© fBÉ< ¤GH j´b+ f ~zD* ¯ ¡~|gD*H fc ´* ¶(* £A¡gD* v 0&* &b±H DwJH Í j´* ¤gc~zD* ¢~6¡E ¤+&* ¯¡~|D* É1 E ¢~6¡E ¤+&* i*4b/

v < ¯ @@BH b C ibF5*¡gD* 1 ¯ f@@JH*y@@D* 4H2 < Ä £D

57

46

2016 ô

©

f£<xA |~|B v£D¡-H Í ~}- v + f~| D* ~8&* ¶(* ¡/xD* "b D x~|0 ° ¥wD* ¡pgD* *w@@GH ,x~8b ´* fJ*Hx D vJv±* ~{D* *wG 8¡~| D* E *v@@/ ÌcC 2v@@< ~}D É+bB b~|F b E / -*3 IxJ &* ¡£D* ¤+x D* a4b D ~9 ¥wD* ¡G ib+b ³*H 2x~zD* fFb1 ~9 &*x J bE $¡~9 ¯ x ~{g~zJ &*H &*x J b £A fJ4b~}²*H f£sJ4bgD* -xC*3 -*w+ ~{g J &*H ¤)*HxD* eÉg~6°* fEHb E ¢ < -4vB . EH f£ :¡D*H f£E¡ D* £BH f´¡ D* Í C ~9xA ¥wD* fJ*HxD* hAx< Áb £ D* b /H ¤c£c0 £E(* E bBÉ F* ~6&* ,2¡< ¤GH f£+x D* ,xC*wD* ¶(* b©°* ¡pF b E EH f£+x D* 4b B&°* gº E Í£)*HxD* E 2v< b £A {£ 0 µb~z +H ox@@ <&°* ¤ £~6*HH 4b@@:H xGb D* @@G5x@@+&* ¯ *¡ G*4 ÌjC GÌ=H ¡ ~7 ¥2¡ £´*H £A¡gD* v 0&*H


°

?Üô©dG ¿GƒjO Ωƒ«dG ájGhôdG Èà©J GPÉŸ »ª¡°S ó«©°S Éμ° G Gƒ``°`U G ÉHÉ G É¡ °SG ƒ«dG É dG ó« ƒdG üædG » jG ôdG ¿G ª G ó øe « ô ƒ É ,Éæ Gô É檫 °SG É dG , j ô°ùdG j ô°ùdG ô G »H G ùæ G øe G ô G «H G SÉæ G Uƒ°üædG ÚH ¿ƒ j É ædG ©e © , ójó ôe G »ª æ » dG ô°UÉ© G «FG ôdG Uƒ°üædG ÉHÉ G ÚH «dÉ dG « ƒ°üdG j ó© dG ɪ G ª °UÉ « «ª , ójó jG É¡« jG ôdG HÉ°ùdG j ô°ùdG Éμ° G Ú©e øe É ª d j É dG G ` dG G ƒ``©`dG ƒæ G ô©° dÉ HÉ°ùdG © dG ¿ƒæ » ÉH Ú©e øe É¡ ¡f ø ° , °ùdG dÉ°SôdG ôdG eÉ É Éªæ«°ùdÉ ô°UÉ© G , ô°ù G Í+ bmJyE f£~|s~{D* hpc~8&*H JHx- ¥wD* ij* 2v g+ Ì= f£-*3 ,Ì~6 bE&* b F&* ¡D b C ~8¡s~7 Í+H d-b D* i*3 Ì= b£0&°* dDb= ¯H fE3x~{gE hpc~8&* i*w@@D* wG &* fg+b. ¶(* ,2¡ D* ,vJv±* f£+x D* f£)*HxD* b ~7&°* f / @@EH fJ*HxD* 1*2H B*¡D* ¯ b pc~8&* k£0 f£+b£~zF°* fJ*HxD* bK ~|~|B ¤ pJ v0*H |F 1*2 2v g- ibJ*H4 bE&* ,v0*¡D* Iv g- hpc~8&* ¤gD* fJ*HxD* ¡: ¢ < x.&* 2v - ¡GH ,2v gE vBb D* £ < J bE D3H fp ~8 f)b +4&* ,ÌjC b£0&* ¯ vD*¡gD* < 6b~6&°b+ f /b D* f£)*HxD* fF*vcD* Í J v£ ~6 k£0 fÂv D* f£c ~{D* ibJb ²* ¯ v@@½ ¥w@@D* ¥2x~zD* mJ bK )*2H bK g+b. *K 4¡ / ~}J ¤ D ¤c ~{D* ¥H*xD* bC" ¡ J &*  °H f ~z ~zgEH f ~8*¡gE f£)b ²* -b~z / ¡ JH } + E b ~} + vD¡gJ f£<xA ib c0 s+ °(* D3

<H ,x@@C*w@@D* @@<H ¤ ±* @@< Ä - ,x@@~@8b@@ @´* f@@J*Hx@@D* ,4b~}0 b F&* + ~8¡- bE f / E ¤gD* ,x~8b ´* ,4b~}²* f£A*x ±* 2Hv²* i5Hb© ¤gD* £ D* ¯ fJ2v gD* ¢ < f£ cE *wG < Ä - b F&* b C f£ BxD* 4b~{gF*H f´¡ D* $¡~9 ¯ {Jb gD* ¢~9¡A ¯ B¡- f JbcgE o*¡E&* A3b g- ¥wD* b~zF(°* Jv« H&* -xJb~z´ x~9b0 EH 4*Æ/*H £~9bE E ¡D&b´* 5Hb@@© ¢ < ib@@J*Hx@@D* / h G*4 ´* *w@@G E b g~6¡ / v£C&b- ¶(* ¤+x D* o3¡ D v£ gD*H f£ B*¡D* f+b-4H ¤ D* ¤+x D* l*Æ@@D* ¢ < b g~7°* Ä< f~8b³* b gJ¡GH *wG / É1 E EyDb+ ¤<¡D*H ,xC*wD* ¢ <H ¡ g´*H Db+ x.&* l*ÆD* E <b gD* *w D bC vBH b £A {£ J l*ÆD* b gJx ~7 I¡g~zE ¢ < ,x~8b ´* f£+x D* fJ*HxD* ~7 Ì£ - ¯ f+4*¡E fJ*H4 bE&* b pc~8&* b F&* D3 f / EH b +b 1H ,2v gE ¢ + b@@E&* bFx~|A ix~z - ¤gD* f£ cD* I¡g~zE ¢ <

46

2016 ô

©

56


¤gD* ¢ @cD*H R- Nv@£S ~7 ¥wD* bm´* @~{C ¯ *K v@£ E ¡ £~6 x~z£~6 b» ,b£²b+ b -b@ BÉ<H b @-*w@+ i*w@D* ib@BÉ< h@R DHS &* U vB bE ¯ x D* v£ J ¥w@@D* £j gD* @@B*H eb £g~6* bK @ 0° w E e2&°*H f D*H D*H tJ4bgD* Ä< v££~{gD* )*v+ Rgs~64 Q C E b £~|«H f£Ab jD* fJ¡ D* fJb ² b £<b~zE ¯ HxB U * x1%°* pJ vB J¡« H&* *Æ1* f E5&°* ·*¡- + x~{cJ H&

"f£DbJÄE(°*H fAb jD*" ¤ £ pgD* v£ ~6 24*H2(* x ~6 ¶(* ,2¡<H ,v0*H ,v@@0H ¡£D* U ~{J v@@0&* °" R &* D¡ + ggsJ v½ hCG "¥v G" jE vJvpgD* H&* £~8¡gD* ib ~8ÉA f~}¹ b F E ÈC&b+ h~z£D "¤ JxE&*" hCG " ~zE" hCG ",&*xE*" f ² b <bc-U * ®S bE *3(* b@@F$*4H U @sON - bE b<x~6 É F* " f£ D* f+xmgD* E ,v0*H f£+x D* fAb jD* ibJHxE - Nv£S ~7 vB bE ¶(* x D* ,2b@@<(*H f p D* J vB @ *wG v£ ~6 24*H2(* 4¡ E E @ f£EÉ~6(°* 4¡ gD*H ¤ BxD* rbg F°* < ¯ b£Db0 bGb£pF ¤gD* e*Æ@@ 0°*H £ D µ¡@@ @ ´* £ ~zgD*H ¤/¡D¡ gD* fJ'Hx D q£g- b@@A%* ¶(* ¥v D* bggB°*H ¤ )b D* iÉ£j gD* < "µb D*" N ~| - & P * ,x~|cg´* fJv D* b AH Ov£U ~{F ¤gD* K g1 b» ¤)vc´* É F°* b ~9 D3 ¤ J vB D Ì ~{D* +bgC fAb jD* oH2y@@´* ¡GH v£ ~6 24*H2(* + sJ4b- ¡ ~|J x~{cD* Q &* b C" ¡@@ @ J k£0 gAb . ¡ ~|J b~}J&* c~}Db+ F(bA 8b³* x R JO &* v@@0&* ~6¡+ z£D f@@£@ B*x@@<&°* -bJ¡GH ib D*H f Jx D* ib.*Æ D fp ´* ibJ4*x g~6°* P v£B ¢ < $b cD* (* f£Ab jD* ib£A*x ±*H f£E¡ D* F(* $b£~7&°* Í+ )É D* ¡0 4Hv£D B*¡D* ¯ ,b£²* f£~6b~zp+ x F &* f+¡ ~8 ÈC&*H $*H4(*H b F <&° "b ~z F&*" @+ x F &* E Jx1%°b+ bK £Bbc: :b -H Jx1%°* pR FN &* HbpF °&* ¤ J D3 &* v£+ A ib£c-*x- ¯ ~}F &* H&* U ~|F &* HbpF °&Q * "bF"@g@Ab . &* 4*x g~6b+ 4x F °&Q * $¤~7 C ¡A ¤ JH *wG ¯ ¶H&°* h~z£D b F&* H&* ¶H&°* ¤G "bF" 2É+ H&* £U B ¡G b» bK £AbC *K 4v D x U ´* bE&* S (* 8¡~|³* " D3 < + ¤ g~z£D

55

46

2016 ô

©

N E*¡ @ D* M P 0 H& N * f@Ab@ @j@ D )b@~6HH f£@+P b 1 P ib~64b» E £@ ¤Cy@- H&* b @<v@ N - H&* b @ @« H&* f @ £@ ´* iÉjT gD* @ @ @- b D b /bgF(* ,2b<(*H b s£~6x-H b < @ D* 2Hx~zD* - hp½ vB bE @ R A ibFb E(* (bA D3 C $¡~9 ¯ ¡0 v££~{- v£0¡- ¯ ,2v g´* b -P bFS Hv§ f<¡ g´* IÄ D* P  ° b -*4¡Q ~|- ¡0 jT ­H £j­ ¶(* ¤ ~zD*H "i*wD*" ¡0 , Nym ´* O £ g~zJ &* N f£+x D* ib~6*4vD* eb£= p+ x ²* i*H2&* $¡~9 ¯ °(* b -4vF H&* ·¡ ~{D* 4¡ ´* *wG - Rg@mgF&* ¥wD* eb ³* £ « Hx- ¤gD* ¤/¡Db£ £±* ÉA -*wD bGx gpJ bC ¤gD* f ~zD* < ~| + ibJHx´* IÄ D* 2Hx@~zD* bGÄ< h~64bE ¤gD* ,¡ Db+ ¤<¡ D  ¤<vg~zJ &* °(* b /bgF(* ,2b@@<(*H b g£cj-H b -*4¡Q ~|- Nv£@£@~{N v££~{gD* D fJ5*¡´* f ~zD* £ - ¶(* $vcD* w E £ pgD* ibJHx@´* 2Hx@~zD* eb @s@D ¥yExD* H*vgD* b -4* v£@£«H 4b g0*H eb ³* obgF(b+ " D* @G&*" 4bj@_@g@~6* ¶(* IÄ D* x~|0 ¶(* $*v g~6°* (* 2*v@@c@g@~@6*H g ~z+ 2*x@@ @ F°*H f£EÉ~6(°* f£+x D* fAb jD* fJ¡G h=b~8 ¤gD* @@;*¡@@ @D*


,¡Q D b @P T ­ Ä< ib D* f £@BH $b£~7&°* ¢ E bGv0H 2 Uv«O -b<b m+ bG4bj_g~6*H ~z+ O bG2*vcg~6*H eb ³* obgF(* f£@EÉ~6(°* f£@+x D* f@Ab@ @j D Ix@c@ D* ibJHx´* 2Hx~zD* (bA w E f£+b ³* b -b£Db Q AH b O-b@FHS vE £ < ixAb~}@- vB bEH P b» £ pg D H&* $*x g~6ÉD H&* ¥xQ pg D v + ~}s- µ HxB g N + vB bEH ibJ2x~zD* - b g N S ~7 ¤gD* i*wD* µb E mJ °K b¸ £j gD*H v££~{gD* ¯ f ~6b0 ibEÉ<H i*4¡~|- E 9¡ = E b mJH @@+ fBHx E Ì@@= f0b~6H bK c~|1 ¤/¡D¡+HÈF&* H&* ¯b . £ « C D* ¯ 9Æ J 6bcgD*H ibJHxE -v£S ~7 vB b A ¥x A Ì - H&* ¥v F rx@@: @@CH f£@ @ @ D* ib@FHQ v@´* ¯ v£@C&bgDb+ x~|g@sJO &* Â ° b @ @g@Ab . O ibF*y³* ¯ f;¡@ p´* f£@+2&°* H&* fJ¡@ D* H&* f£sJ4&b@gD* H&* ~zgJ b@@¿(*H dg@ D* ib@@ @E&*H 42b~|´* b@Jb@ @. Í@@+H IÄ D* x~9b²*H ¤~9b´* ¯ b Bb~zF&* i*2*vgE*H ibBb£~zD* iÉ1*vg+ ¤gD* f£+b ³* ib~64b ´b+ ibJHx´* - v££~{- b¸ +b~{-H 2Hx~zD* b¸ (* 4*x g~6°*H 2*vcg~6°* ,¡ + -vES &*H Rg@Ng@cS @. rx~|D* D3 v@ O @~zJ bC bE C ¢ < qg J IÄ D* ibJHx´* R

< fD¡~| E f ² v£DH z£D 2¡/¡D* < H&* x@@1%°* < H&* ib£ /x´* H&* f£A*x ±* ib:*Æ~7°* H&* f£sJ4bgD* ibBb£~zD* bG4¡~|- £ ~{- ¯H °K HQ &* i*wD* - $b + ¯ f U pg´* fJx D* /&° bK jDb. µb D* < b -*4¡~|- £ ~{- ¯H bK £Fb. b -*3 < fAb @jD* ¯ IÄ@ D* ibJHx @D* 2Hx@~zD* f@@~@6*42 g- @@D3 c-xJ ¤_Jy© ¤ @ @EN ~{+ bK cDb= f£EÉ@~6(°* f£+x@ D* ¤ @£@ ~|@- 4¡@ @ § ¤~}­ H&* f @£Q @ E f_£@c@+ H&* ,2v¹ ,Æ + H2 fEb D* b 0&°* 4bgs- H&* ¤s@J4&b@gD* < ¤+2&°* ~|@ J £~8b gD* ¯ x ²* ibJHx´* f~6*42 4¡g J bE C < É~}A bcgFÉD Ìj´* D Eb~{D* 4¡ D eb£= E f£EÉ~6(°* f£+x D* fAb j D IÄ D* b -bFHS vE ibF¡ E Eb - @@E d~6b gJ &* F&b~7 @@E ¥w@@D* b £ « ¯H f~8b³* f£Ab jD* fJ¡ D* £ s- ¯ b 1*v-H b @jT ­H x1%ÉD i*wD* £j g+ b ~{F°* ¶(* Í~64*vD* O £R E £@j @g+ Db ~{F* E ÈC&* i*4Q ¡@~|- E D¡0 @Rg@m@N gF&* b´ - b @-*3 ¡@0 @Rg@ m@N g@F&* b´ b@ @ P @jT @ @-H b @-*w@D i*w@@ @D* f£@-b~z@~6'¡´* H&* f£@ @m@D* H&* f@£@<b@ @±* H&* f@J2x@ @D* i*w@D* f@ @E5&°* 4Hx@ @+ b s£@~6x- @S - i*4¡~|@- E f£@Fb~z@F(°* H&* b ~|B*¡FH b ~8*¡s+ b /bgF(* ,2b<(*H b£/&°* Ä< bGxJx­H

f£+x D* fAb j D IÄ@@ @D* ib@@JHx@@´* 2Hx@@~@z@D* ¯ kpcD* (* f ~z+ - ibJHx´* w A f ~6b0H fp E f£~}B f£EÉ~6(°* ¯ ~8*¡- *y@@- b@@EH v£ cD* ¤~9b´* ¯ "i*wD*" v££~{N £A N BN vB µb< ; ¯ v££~{gD* Dw+ bGN 2*vcg~6* x~9b²* &* v + IÄ D* @@-bJHxE E f£Fb~zF(°* ,4b~}p D v)b D* dCxD* O yCx´* fJyCx´ ~} F ¯ fJyExD* b )*v+ ¢ < g~7*H b @ S A eb ³* v££~{- f ~zDH S _ A IÄ D* ib@@JHx@@´* i¡@@§ 4b-¡£D *¡~zF*xA b@@/ x@~{+ bEyD* ¯ ,2Hvp´* Ix ~|D* ibJHx´b+ b < f~9b g~6°*H f.*v²* v + bE ¥x E E Ìj D* 2¡ / h ~6 b jE b ´*H ¶(* f£Ab jD* ib~6*4vD*H ib£Fb~zF(°*H f£Db£F¡D¡ D* v + bEH U eb ³* f ~zD x - J4b~{E ¯ IÄ D* ibJHx´* - £ ib~6*4vDH ¥yExD* H*vg DH fAb jD* 2v gDH 2x~zD*H tJ4bg DH "¤/¡D¡£C4&*" 4¡ E E *x~{g~6ÉDH f~6¡ m DH +bgD* f ~zD* f~64b» E ¡ sJ ° ¯x ´* v££~{gD* Q &* 4vJ ¥4xT « ¤gD* ¤G f £ ´* f ~z D fJyExD* ib£Db Q D* &* 4vJ b jE É ƒ«d Gƒ°ùfGô ¿É

46

2016 ô

©

54


-b£@ @mg§ ¤~9b´* b =¡~|J bE 4v + -*v@£ @ g+ xO ~9b@²* x~9b²* A Íg~8b1 f£Db AH ,¡ + b =¡~|J b C bJb 1H O " D JH&b- ob F&*H ¤~9b D n~z O- d£m D* £ ³* *wG E" d@@J2 ¡@@+&* b C £~}JH O f £ ²* fN £c: q ­ µb DH b ~z D i*wD* tJ4b- ¤G fJb 0 C¡ ~6 £/¡-H f<b ±* 6¡ F ¯ b N A 64b­H f£sJ4bgD* bK £sJ4b- fK g+b. fK £ 0 b ~8¡+ Jx1%ÉDH ~z F&° G4¡~|-H f T D*H Jv@D* OibF¡U @ E fJ2x@~zD* H&* f@Jb ²* wG ¯ 1v-H O dF*¡/ D Q yg - bE CH f£c ~{D* ,ij*H Ì:b~6& °*H x@ P D*H O "f£@sJ4b@- f@ £@ 0" %°* ¡G bE &* Ì= f £U sg´* z@ D* E *w + oxsJ ° f£<b ±* i*wD* ¤<H ¯ b sJ4b-H fN ES &°* j " "ÉK £S sgE" F¡C < ¢ ´*

2Hx@@~zD* (* Db~zD* vJvpgD* ¢ < $b@@ @+ ¡@@ @D* Â *K x~9b0 Ey@D* ¯ ,L v@g» b _@~{ @E f £@c + Ix@c@ D* ib@JHx@´* b -*3 < i*wD* 4¡~|- &* E E ÉK c g~zEH bK @£~9bEH

53

46

2016 ô

©

μ

ô

fAb jD* ebg D g /x- fEv E ¯ d@@J2 ¡@@+&* b@@ @C 2v@@p@J ¡ ´ b £B2 b c~9 v£ ~6 24*H2(° 1993 f£DbJÄE(°*H vBb D* @@/Æ@@´* £A cg~zJ IÄ@@ @D* ib@@JHx@@´* 2Hx@@~@z@D* $b@@ @.&* v£ ~6 x@@ @ @´* bGx ~}g~zJ ¤@@g@D* f£Ab jD* µ*¡@@ @ D* ¤ £ pgD* ym ´ £ - $b@@ @.&*H fJv D* gE¡ ´ v££~{N a4b D* 4b ~}g~6°* D3 Ä< JH f~6H4v´* ib+b s D ‘ "2x~6" 4w/ bGÌjJ ¤gD* ib~6bcgD°* 5Hb© ¶(* ¤+x D* 2x@~zD* fO C Hvcg~6" dJ2 ¡+&* ¡ J f£+x D* fAb jD* ,xC*3 fJ2x@~zD* N ibBÉg@1°*H ibJ2x@~zD*H fN J2x@~zD* b -b g~{EH ¯ a4b D ,y E p+ *y- bE ¤GH @ ¤+x D* a4b D ,y@ E D3 ib~6*4vD* wG j§ |~|sg´* Ì= b@@+H4H&*H b JxE&* b DO ¡DvE ¤ gsJ fM Jb 0 ¤ 0 O ¡GH x~7bc´* bGb E $*4H &* ¡G vJv±* b£@~zD* ¯ 2x~zD* a4b D* |~|sg´* Ì ³* < i*wD* 4O ¡~8 ~9 b« £S sgE ~6b gE @M Db@< O £@ ~{ d~zg@ - ib~9*Æ@A*H Li*y@£T @«H $*¡@G&* £A =v -H b £~9bE b =¡~|J f@Jv@)b@ @< ib@ @J¡ -H Lib@<Hy@FH ib£@ Jv@cD* fN £@c:


°

z

μ

ô

ÜÉ£ÿG π«ãªàdGh » É ó«©°S É`` ` ` `j ô`` G G ô`` ` ` `°` ù` dG ` ` μ``°` ` G Metanarrative È``μ` dG Master - narrative// Grand UÉ` G ` ` ` G narratives É`` `jƒ`` `¡`dG È`` ` ó`` `«`` ` `°` ` ` ` dG É`` ` «`` É`` ƒ`` ` ` `«` ` É`` ` ` ` `dG É ° f G »° j É¡ °U G È``μ`dG É``j ô`` G/ ô``°`ù`dÉ``H ô°ùdG É ` f G É© ɪ G ` dG » «« dG G »`` FG ô`` dG G « É dG ` jƒ``¡` dG ` ` ` ` ` É``°`U É``©`«` `°`SG »``æ`©`j ` H , ` «``ª` G É``° »`` `dG È``μ`dG É``j ô`` ` ` G G ƒ``°`ü` ó`«`«` ° ` É``° ` ô` G ƒ` ` G ƒ ¿É`°ù`f G ô`` ` ` ` ` G ¿ƒ`` ` μ` dG É`` ` «` ` ` G É°S ɪ G ó«``«` ° ` dG É`` d ` `ª` Gó``dG «HÉ G ÈμdG Éj ô G/ ô°ùdG ª° «` j É` dG «`æ`jódG É`f ó` G °ü G » dG «H G « ô© G ¿ , `«` É`` ` `dG `jƒ``¡`dG ` ` É``¡`H ` ` ©` G É``¡` É``°` ù` fG Ú`` H ` °` ü` ` j ô``°` ù` dG É`` É``«` °` ù` dÉ``H ô``°` ü` É¡« «FÉμ G

46

2016 ô

©

52


,ÌcC ,4¡ ´* f Jv´* ¯ f£Fb0HxD*H f£ JvD* $*¡@@/&°* ¢ c-H ¯ Ãx D* %*x D* i*HÉg+ &*vc- ¤GH b~}E4 x ~7 ¯ fc£ EH E - ¤gD*H f£ JvD* i*x~9bp´*H <*¡´*H v/b~z´* C b£ D* ,É~|+ ¤ g -H ¡J C E x~| D* ,É~8 v + b -*4b E $b ~zD* ex+ ~|g- ~z´* rH4 © ¤gD* - fJQ vFH f c< b~}E4 x ~7 ¯ ,4¡ ´* f Jv´* )b~zF (* H bC b§ ,¡~6&* £A ,É~| D Jx)*y+ *K 4Hx~6H *K 4b~{cg~6* xm D* E £ ~zgD* ®&*H ,É~|D* ~}A&* £ < v ¹ Ãx D* ¤c D* J c - Í E'¡´* 2¡~{0H d£ ´* Áb~}ExD* x ´* D3 /&* b A f ~7b1 e¡ BH f :b~6 ¡/¡+ ,4¡ ´* f Jv´* v/b~zE ¢ <

51

46

2016 ô

©

¡ JH f J¡: ,Æ + b~}E4 HvB cB i*2*v g~6°* &*vc- k£0 b Jys-H d:xD* E ,ÌcC ib£ C $*x~{+ b G&* ¤gD* f£Fb~}ExD* v@@)*¡@@´* ¡G x ~{D* *w@@G y£Â bE @@G&* (*H ¶(* v N gD Jx~{D* ¥¡c D* x@@²* ¯ 4b A(°* £cB ~zcO f £ ³* ibc/¡D* E ,2b< ¡ g- ¤GH Jx)*yD*H Í g ´* Å D* E £ D*H ,¡ D* E ib ~74H d:xD* E ibc0 jE f Jv´* G&* £ < J yc³* E 8b1 ¡F b G DwCH O J &* ¡G v@@)*¡@@´* w@@G ¯ bE /&* *H " JxP ~7 " ~6* -v)bE ¢ < ~z mJH J4b´* vsJ ¡GH ~z + b c0b~8 fEb~zg+* x . ¢ <H


4*HyD Hx D* ~}A&* xA¡J ,y£ gE iv ~7 ¥2¡ ~zD* v D* E f£~9b´* f c~zD* 2¡ D* IvE ¢ <H E ÈC&* b Fb ~6 2v< <b~}- k£0 ,ÌcC i*4¡ - f Jv´* Ábc´* b g =H f£F*x D* b g B4 h ~z-*H i*x@@E z 1 f g D* $b + v£<&*H fjJv²* 4*¡~{D*H ib0b~zD*H )*v²*H $b cD* F lv@@0&* AH ¥¡c D* vm~z´b+ f £p´* f£F*x D* f Jv´* 4*HyD ¡~zgD*H ~zD* ibEv1 ~}A&* v gD f£´b D* µb D* $bpF&* C E hFbC (*H bK ~8b1 bK : ¢ ~|´* f JvE ¯ b~}E4 x ~{D (*H b g~6*vBH b g £B b D ,4¡ ´* f Jv´* ¯ b@@J&°*H 4¡ ~{D* C

vc< Áb j D* b ~zD* v g/* ¥wD*H fJvJv²* f ~zD* 1 n²* f~}JxA $*2&* Í ~z´* ¢ < ~z£D vE ¯ ÁbjD* v£ ²* f£EÉ~6(°* fDHvD* ibJ°H fAbC Í+ +xJ ¥wD* bJx~{D* ¡ JH )b +&*H yJy D*vc< ´* E f )bA fJb + f Jv´* h£ 0 b CH ¤ 0 v A f£F*x D*H f£Ab jD*H f@@J4*2(°* b cF*¡/ £ / ¯ yJy D* vc< ´* xE&* k£0 8b1 b gGb+ ¥¡c D* vm~z´* ¶¡- E D bCH m0 h <b~9 ¤gD*H ¶H&°* f ~6¡gDb+ H&* b cE ¯ $*¡~6 ,vJv/ f ~6¡- $*x/(* ¯ d£~|F v + ´* b» 4*HyD*H Í ~| D -bEv1H -*y£ © xJ¡ - H&* -b0b~6 f£F*x < ,42 p+ vm~z´* qc~8&*H f£+b £g~6°* -4vB <b~9

46

2016 ô

©

50


¡1vD f@@J*v@@+H @@D $°¡@@ D* É@@ <(° y@@Ex@@C Í@@Ex@@²* q£-b E v DH f£Fb j D* f ~zD* h« Íg~6v ´* £g Jv§ 5bm²* *¡E&°* b £D(* *¡ ~64&*H f Jv´b+ *K ÌcC bK Eb gG* ¡£Fb j D* ¶H&* f£Ebp D f £~|0 f B b £A *Hv£~7H bG4¡~6 $b + *H2b@@ <&*H ,4bE(° f +b- bG¡ +&*H b -4*2(* *¡ FH bG¡ ~64&* ¤gD* fJx ~z D* qc~8&* vBH bK £mJ4v- É g~6°* bG¡p E . fJ*vcD* ¯ f E bK J4*2(* ¢ <&°* d~| ´* ¥¡c D* x²* t£~7 fAbC E f Jv´* ¶(* f£ )b D*H fJ2x D* i*xm D* iÈC v DH $b +&* E bK £ 1 ¤ Jv´* gm´* qc~8&*H f£EÉ~6(°* 4b~|E&°* v D* E Ì@@1&°* x D* ¯ f~8b1H f£EÉ~6(°* ib gm´* vJygD f gs´* ib_ D* Í+ i*xGb~|´* ix~{gF* b CH Áb j D* fJ̳* b@@BH&°* h ~{FH b Fb ~6 Í+ D%bgD*H o5b gD* E b BH&* ¤gD*H ibcg ´*H 64*v´* E vJv D* h_~{F&*H f£ D*H J4¡~z£´*H ÍDH'¡~z´* 4bcC f Jv´* iv ~7 ¥xm D* x~{< +*xD* x D* E H&°* +xD* ¯H b ~8HH ÄD* É~6&* b £D(* ivE v A JÌcC *K 4bG25*H *K ¡¿

49

46

2016 ô

©

v ¹ Ñ* ¡~64 b ~7b< ¤gD* x~{ D* i*¡ ~zD* IvE ¢ <H ,4¡ ´* f Jv´* hFbC f Jv´* wG ¯ ~6H £ < Ñ* ¢ ~8 ¤0¡D* 1 v DH ¤~6b£~zD*H ¯b jD*H ¤ JvD* b ~7(°* yCxE cC*¡- ¤gD* fJ¡c D* ib £/¡gD*H b -bc / ¯ y gJ bC ¥wD* f+bp~|D* £/ ¯ ,y£ gE fJ4b~}0 ib£C¡ ~6H 4b@@ @ E y< + bG¡ 0 v DH Jx1%°* ¶(* bG¡ F fDb~64 g Q 0H hFb A b £D(* ¡~8¡D* *¡<b g~6* 94&* C ¯ bGHx~{FH ibc.H f£EÉ~6(°* fAb j D ¶H&°* f ~8b D* ,4¡ ´* f Jv´* Dw+ Í:É~zD* bC v DH ¤-*3 É g~6b+ f Jv´* h g­ bE bcDb=H gJ bE AH y D*H f£D¡gD* £~6*xE b £D(* ¡ ~6xJ Í ~z´* f Jv´* ¯ f£ D* fCx²* h ~{F ¤C¡ ´* v D* ¯H £ < *¡Ab~9&* Í14'¡´*H $b+2&°*H $b D* E ÌcC 2v< b £A x ;H f Jv´* tJ4b- ¯ f~8b1H f E ib D'¡E f£+x D* fcg ´* ¶(* ¤C¡ ´* v D* fJb F £cBH F&* xCwDb+ xJv±*H b EÉ<&*H b ~zD* @@12 b@@´H f@@ @E ,4b@@E(b@ + ,4¡@@ @ ´* f@@ @Jv@@´* h@@ @ ²&* pJ *K vAH f E ÌE&* £D(* ~64&* x~|E H&°* £ ~6 Áb j D*


46

2016 ô

©

48


óª

øH ø°ù

Gƒ dG jô ª jGó dG ô¡ , j ª°ù fÉ É©dG ¿ó G ó G øe ó G ƒæ G æjó G È © , G fG μdG dɪ G ÚH æ É dG ô G ª ° dG Gó G ø Gó«©H æ«μ°S É¡ G É ó ,øª«dG É° dG ÚH ƒ É«e øe °UÉ É É É ój ¡H É G j É dG Gƒ d æeG G °SG ƒ É¡fÉμ°S Uô

47

46

2016 ô

©


ô©

áæjóŸG IQƒæŸG ¿É°†eQ ‘

46

2016 ô

©

46


` ` `©o ` ` `dG ƒ`` ¡`` dG É`` jÉ`` μ` ` ô`` eÉ`` °` S ` `°`` ù` `ª` `¡`` H É`` ¡` «` fÉ`` ©` e ` ` ª`` `°`` `SG ` ` ` ø`` ` `e ô`` `ª` ` o ` ` H o ƒo ` ` ` ` ` `dG ` ` ` `°`` U ô`` ` ` ` G G »`` `°`` ` ` ` ` ` ` G G É``°` ù` É`` ¡` É`` °` U G ` μ` ø`` ` e o ` `HÉ`` f ` `dG ` ` ô`` ` ` Gƒ`` ` ` ` ` `o G ó`` ` «` ` °`` ` ` ` æ`` ` H ` ` ` ` ` ` dÉ`` ` ` ` ` ` o ` ` ` Gƒ`` ` °`` ` G ` ` ©`` `«` ` H ø`o ` ` ` HG ó`` `°`` ` ` ` fG ` ` ` ô`` `eÉ`` `©` ` dG ø`` ` ` o o ` ` ` «` ` ` `μ` `H o ` ` ` ` ` ` e G ` ` `æ`` ` «` ` ` ` ` `Ho o ` ` ` «` ` ` ª`` ` É`` ` μ` ` `°`` ` ô`` FÉ`` G ƒ`` °`` ` `H É`` óo ` `HÉ`` μ` `jo É``°` ü` °``ü` o ` ` dG o ` ` ` æ` ` ` »`` ` ` ` ` dG o ƒ`` ` ` °` ` ` `S G É`` ` ` ` ƒ`` ` ` ª`` ` ` o óo ` ` ` FÉ`` ` °` ` `ü` ` ` ` ` ` fÉ`` ` ` ` ` ƒ`` °`` S o É`` `ª` ` G ¿É`` ` É`` e o ƒ`` ` ` d ô`` ` ` ` É`` ` ` `æ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` eo ` ` ` ` `©` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `eo É`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `«`` ª` ` ` ` ôo ` ` ` ` °`` `o ` ` o G ` ` ` ` ` ` dG É`` ª` `μ`` ô`` É`` °`` ` `dG É`` «` ` ` ` ` `d o ôo ` ©` °`` ` dÉ`` »`` ` ` ƒ`` »`` °`` ` `¡`` fG ô`` ©` °`` ` dG ` ` ` ` eG É`` j ô`` `HÉ`` ` ` ` ` ` ƒ`` ` ` ` ` ` °`` ` `ù` ` ` eG É`` ` `æ` ` ` o G o ` ` ` í`` ` ` `f ` ` ` ` eo ` ` ` dÉ`` ` `¡`` ` ` ` ` ` eo ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` eo ô`` ` FÉ`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ƒ`` ` ` ` `°``o ` o ` ` ` ` ` fÉ`` ` ` ` ` ƒ`` ` dG o ` ` ¡` ` e É`` μ`` ©` `dG ` ` »``°`` ` ô`` `HÉ`` ` o É`` ` ` ` e ` `«` `æ`` «` ` o ` ` ` eó`` ` `dG ` °`` ` e ó`` ` ¿É`` ` ` e ø`` ` ʃ`` do É`` °` `ù` ` ô``°`` É`` ¿É`` ` ` e ø`` ` ʃ`` `do É`` `°`` `SÉ`` ` ` ` `H ô`` ` ` ` ` FG É`` ` j ` ` ` ` d ` ` ` ` e ¿ƒ`` ` μo ` ` `°` ` ` ` ` ` ô`` ` G ` ` dG ô`` ` ` Ú`` ` ` ` o ó`` ` ` ` É`` `fÉ`` `

45

46

2016 ô

©

ô©°T

nCG øj nCG ô©°ûdG u ín Ñ°U n n

É

É`` ` ` ` ` É`` ` j É`` `μ` ` μ`` `°`` ` ` ` eo ø`` ` ª`` ` μo ` ` ` ô`` É`` ` ` ` °`` S G ` ` `e ô`` ` ` ` ƒ`` ó`` ô``©`°`` ô``°``U »`` ` oG o ` ` ó`` ô`` É`` `©`` `°`o `S É``°` U ` `«`°`` ` G ` ` o ƒ``do É`` ` G o o É`` ` G o ƒ``o ` ` ` G o ƒ``ªo ` ` ô`` ` É`` ` °`` ` ù` ` ` dG É`` ` ` ¡` ` ` ` æ`` ` ` dG í`` ` ` ` `°`` ` ` ` ` HÉ© dÉH ` `«`ª`` G ` ` `dG Gƒ``H ` ô`` ` É`` `°` ` ` ` e ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` G ` ` `æ`` ` «` ` ` ` ` `¡`` ` dG ` ` É`` o ` °`` ` ` f o É`` ` ` ` ` G É`` j ôo ` ©` °`` ` dÉ`` ô`` É`` °` ` o ô`` ` ` ` ` ` ƒ`` ` o ` ` μ` ` e ó`` ` °`` ` U É`` `°` ` ` ` ` ` `μo ` ` `d ô`` ` ` ` ` ` ` `e ôo ` `©` `°`` ` `dG ô`` HÉ`` ` dG ¿É`` ` e ` ` `dG É`` ` °` ` `S ` ` ` ` ` `f o G ô`` ` É`` ` ` ` `©`` ` dG ¿Gƒ` o ` ` ` ` ` j ôo ` `©` `°`` ` `dG ô`` ` ` ` G ` ` ` ` ` ` É`` ` ` ` ` ` ` G ` ` ` ` `H Gƒ`` ` o ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` μ`` ` Gô`` ` ` ` G o ` ` «`` `æ`` ` oG ôo ` `©` `°`` ` `dG ô`` `FÉ`` ` ` ` dG »`` ` ` ` ` `H G o ` ` `¡`` ` eo ` ` ` `H ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `f »`` ` ` ` dG o ` ` ` «` ` ` fG ` ` ` dG ÊÉ`` ` ` ` ` ` G ƒ`` ` ` ` ô`` É``¡` eo ó`` °`` U o ` `SÉ`` ` `fG É``¡` H ó`` ©`` °`` U Ée Gó`` °`` ü` `dG ` o ` ` o ` dG o ƒ`` °`` U ôo ` ©` °`` ` dG ô`` É`` °` `S ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` FÉ`` ` ª` ` G Ú`` ` ` H ø`` ` É`` ` ô`` ` ` ` É`` ` ` ` °`` ` ` ` d ` ` ª`` ` ` ` dG ƒ`` ` ` ô`` °`` SG ` ` ` ` `«` ` ` `d o ` `«` ` ô`` dG ƒ`` ` ` ` Hô``dG Gó`` ` ` ` G o ` `ª`` ` ` ôo ` ©` °`` ` dG ô``FÉ`` ` °`` o ` ` æ` ` o ƒ`` o ` `°` `ü` ` o o ` ` `jó`` ` o ` É``°` U »`` ¡`` ` dG ` ` ô`` `dG ` ª`` ø`` `e ô`` ` `FG ` ` ` dG É`` ` `«` ` ` G ` ` ` ` ` ` G ƒ`` ` `°`` `o `U


qc~8&* k£0 ¤-*wD* É g~6°b+ b £A x ~7 ¤gD* fJ*vcD* ¤G c£/ ¯ qc~8&* bK ~}J&*H v0H ,xGb D* ¶(* y J &* 0 EP Y C µb D* ~z- É0&*Z G&°*H f £ B 7HxBH HÆ D £F¡+&* f£ cgD* E 4xT «H :¡D* f£DÉ g~6* b g +bB f£DÉ g~6°* wG É g~6* *5*H ¤-*wD* DÉ g~6bA ¤ ´* ²* 4*x g~6b+ ¤~|s~{D* I¡g~z´* ¢ < É g~6°* *wG c -&* b jEH :¡D* EH Yµb@@ @D* Ì£ - f£DH'¡~zE £ gC ¢ < pJ b@@CZ k£0 ~6b~z0(* bC f£DH'¡~z´b+ ¤~|s~{D* I¡g~z´* ¢ < ~6b~z0(* ¡G5 v + £A ~6 ¥wD* t Db+ 4¡ ~{D* ¡G ¤<¡D* ¥¡g~z´* ¢ < eb 1H ´* bJ&* ¤~6b£~zD* eb ³* Í+ 4b £A 4b~|gF°* ¤gD* f ~6¡g´* f c D* Jv- f_£~6 fm£g + oxs£D bc~}D* x gJ . b £A g£ ~9H ¢ < AbpJ &* 2*4&*H b £D(* d~zgF* ¤ £c D* 4¡ ~{D*H 4b~z FÉD fJ*v+ j bE ¡GH lv0 G&° ¤GH z£)xD* ,bAH . Q 67 fÂyG ¯ 4¡Q c- bE ¡GH fÂy D f+x D* ¯ *K v£0H b + x ~7 ¤gD* ,y D* ~| J ÉA ¤ ±* 4¡ ~{D*H ¤-*wD* 4¡ ~{D* Í+ d-b D* +xJ IÄC )*y D h~9x - -*3 &* IxF *wD g¸ < -*3 D* < 2b +(* f+xmgA É@@0&°*H i*4b ~{D* ¡ ~6 E µ ,xE*'¡E ¯ ¡~}<" F&b+ Eb -* dc~z+ Í-xE i4x - ¤gD* 6b~z0(°* i*3 ¡GH " bE&°*" yF b < ngF "b < ~zJ

¡GH ij* $b/ &* b A x~8b D* vc< ,bAH ¡J + x ~7 ¥wD* 5¡m< 4b/ Ä< e¡F*vD* `:b~7 ¢ < f B*¡D* Ix D* Iv0(* ¯ °K bc0Z &b@+ x ~7 ¢g0 ,5b ±* ,4¡~8 b £A f £p~8 b <&* fDb0H ,bA¡D* Ä1 E Y"h BO HN `:b~{Db+ +x- hFbC fJ¡B N N N b~9 bEv + + xN N ~7 ¥wD* bE& °* v N AN + ,̲*H bc-4°* x<b~{E g+bgFbA Ìc - Qv0 ¢ < `:b~{D* ¶(* D¡~8H +*4 H&* D¡B&* v@@0*H vCQ '¡E $¤~7 ¥&* f £ 0 < kpcD*H ,v0¡D* f p D* wG ¯ ~{g J fJb D* ¯ D 4H ¢ < 4¡ ~6 Yib C b~|F&* )b 0 b~|F&*Z D¡0 bE C &* f£F*4¡ D* ¢ ~zJ bC ¥wD* p D F* Nv R AO ¤ J e*Æ=°b+ j´* 4¡ ~7 'Hb~zgD* f F ¶(* 2¡ J Y4vp ´* cB f BHZ ¯ £D(* ¡~8¡ D ¯H Y"i&*v+ ¢gE "fJb D* &*vc- ¢gEZ 4¡gA ¯ $b~zg£A ¶H&°* ¶(* ,2¡ D* k£0 fJ*vcD* f F ¶(* bK ~}J&* 2¡ J Y ¡ £ D* xG5Z dJx=H $b/ dJx=Z F&* z0& S * bEv + c±* ¢ < f O´* fAx D* b F&* °(* f£E*y F*H f£E'Hb~{- ,x + ¤0¡- b F&* =4H Y2¡ J $*¡~6 d-b D* + Æ<*H b + *Æ<°* dmJ ¤gD* f £ ²* xG5 ¯H )*yG ,È + 4vp ´* cB f BH ¯ Fb~zD ¢ < xCwJ x~|F £ « H2 ,2¡ Db+ ¡ £ D*

S ¯ ¤+x- ,2ÉcD*H f D* ¯ 7b<H ±*H x D* E É P D* O ¯ <4b~8&* ¤0 Q Mv~z/ · fc~z Db+ T sgD* A&°* £~9H ym D* S ¯H 4b~{D* ¯ ¤ < ¯ ¤g£+ ¯ ¥2¡/H ib ² E fM ² Q C ibBÉ D* ¯ ¥4bc D* h«H v´* 1*vE ¯ x<b~{´*H ¡/¡D* < ¢~94&* b £A Hb -&*H &*x@@B&* b £A d@@²* ¯ 6b D* Í+ ym Db+ x ~{J g / f_Ab g´* Ì= f /*¡´* wG Y ~}A4&* b £AH Yx~| D* *wG ¶(* ¤ gFN&* ° ¤ F&*Z 2U2xJ &° AvJ bC bE ¡GH ¢ § x ~{J v0&* ° &* *K v£/ ¤ J F&* °(* fDbp D ~|£s~{- EH &*xB ¥wD*Z j´* £ < JO ¥wD* )b D* D3 4vB T sgD* {£ J ¤gD* ¤~6%b´* m0 42&* ¥wD*H f£Q ²* e4bmgD* {Jb<H h~8b= ¥wD* 0¡D*H Í D* < IvE ¥&Q * ¶(* 42&* b £A Db³* vc< ¤~9bE £A Y ¡ £ D* xG5Z ¯ bE&* bEvB £A f /*x´* E ¡ C z£D DH f£ £ 0 f /*¡E ¯ ¥Ì~z´* &* =4 4b: £1&* +* Jx: < f Cbp´* E ¡ C b¿(*H zc²* HbB bE vD¡/ b£~6¡D ib £~z - AH ·b ~7(* cD* =4 )2bcE E bK ~zgEO Q ;H fFb£³*H fDb Db+ b -°* HbBH qDb~8 v 0&bC -b£0 H'¡~7 ¶(* A*x~|F*H D¡0 E P xT ,x~6&* b J¡ -H bJxA E oHy@@- ¥w@@D* JvD* 4¡@@F ¤pgAH Db+ oxº < kpcDb+ b -b F Ì+vg+ b Db ~{F*H b :&*H ¥x~|´* ¢ E x ~6 bK ~}J&*H }Ax- f/HyD* &* °(* hJ¡ D* ¯ 24b J ¡G b C A ¡G b@@E&* *v C ¯ b -b£p+ b DÉ g~6*H -4bJ5 ¢ < H*vJ x1%* bK £0 Ey JH bK £0 £ < d gJH ¤~9b´* E g /*¡E ¯ D É~zg~6°* v< E ¡ C ,xGb D* ¶(* 2Z fAx D* E oxsJ &* E d J &° b²* + ¤ g J 4b: E -bJxC3 v£ g~z£A f~8xA bGy g JH Y Gb-¡E ¡ AvJ ¢-¡´* b F(* c g~zE É+ pFZ b D Æ<* &* w E ¥x~|´* ¢ E ,v0¡Db+ x ~{J ¡GH h£cD* E oxsJ bGv +H Yew D* x F ° fÂyGH -bJxC3 ¯ fÂyG $¤~7 C ¯ fÂy Db+ x ~7 bEv + ~6b gD* E *K ÌjC hgAZ vBH ,4bJyD* E ¢ gF*H £~9bE ¯ £D(* obgpJ v0&* °Z &b+ xT J bGv +H Y £<vJ ¥wD* ¤/4b³* EbJ&* h Bb~z-H Bb~z- b G °H b G ° ,4Hx~9 D z£D YnJ4&* °H cFO É+ ¡ £ D* xG5 Bb~zgJ b C ô

ô

b< EP &*vc- bK Eb< Í.É. ,Ì~zE ¶(* ,Ì~zD* wG xQ g f£sJ4bgD* f p D* w D 4b£g1*H ,4¡jD* b£B E ¥&* 1952 f ~zD* wG &° bC b@@¿(*H bK £Fb¸ J µ 1952 f£ ~| ´*

46

2016 ô

©

44


¤gD* ib+x~}D* b@@E&* gGbgEH j´* ,Ì@@0 Í@@+H f )b~}D* EÉ0&* £ « ~{ + $*¡~6 gÂy + °K ¡@@~@8H £ < hD*¡ f~z F H&* fÂyG w E IÄ O D* J4b~{´* ¡ ~6 H&* f£~|s~{D* ¯ h£´b+ c~7&* {£ £D ¤ 1*2 e*Æ=* ¯ g 12&* ¤gD* 1967 Q c~7&* ,Ì~zD* i$bmA f£/4b³* f+x D* Hx1%°* ~}A Í0 gJb= bC ¥wD* j´* *wG fÂyG ¢ < f£Q 0 ,2b ~7 H&* f £.¡+ O * vJxJ b´ µb D* Ì£ g+ ² © f BHZH Y ¡ £ D* xG5Z fJ*H4 d-b D* ¤ < Í+ © ¡£1 f . Q g« o4v J ¥wD* ¡ D* Ég1* E =xD* ¢ < Y4vp ´* v < ¯ ¤ £ ²* D'¡´* ¢ < v)b D* bF&°* ¥H*xQ D* D b E C Db³* vc< cD* o3¡¿ E 6b gJ Y4vp ´* cB f BHZ £ < d)b= HM *4 < ¥HxJ ¥wD* Y ¡ £ D* xG5Z ¯ ¥Ì~z´* Y J µ DZ Y @@94&°* ¯ v D*Z < kpcJ bC b GÉ A b £ / ,ÌjC M b E ¢ < ¥¡gpJ v D* bC F2 E&* Ìc g+ ¡£F¡ F&* ib0Hx:&* d~z0 ¥¡~} D* j´* 4H2 E ¢~7b g vmJ µ < NkpN +N bE Q &* ,ÌcC gEv~8 hFbC D ¤~{E*x/ ¯ vDP HO ¤:¡c 1& * )bCZ @+ c~7&* bC ¥wD* T sgD* bC k£0 Q

43

46

2016 ô

©

D f.*v²*H ¤@@+H4H&°* ~{D* }Bb - ¯ D3 v + BH .Q 4¡gCvD* ¡ J b C Y ¡ £ D* xG5Z fJ*HxD* w + dJvD* $É< E mJH &b~{D* *w@@G ¯ v@@Jv@@±* ~}£D ¤@@-&b@J ¥H*x@@p@c@D* fJx~|E ,4¡ ~6&* fJ*HxD* b DÉ1 E z £D j´b+ Db <&* E ÌjC ¯ dJvD* ~{F* F&bCH µb D* Ì£ - ¶(* ¢ ~zJ ¥w@@D* µb@@²* j D ,4¡~8 ¤~{E*x/ ¡£F¡ F&* ·b J(°* i°¡ ´ ¤ £c gD* o3¡ D* Qv JO Ä< ¥¡~} D* j´* @@< v£ ~6 24*H2(*H *v@@ @+ b@@£@D¡@@/H f£Q Db ~7(°* ib£~|s~{D* Í+ h<¡Q - ¤gD* -b£~|s~7 ib<*x~8 O ¤<*¡D* j´* *w D f gº ib J¡ - Db <& * hFb A Qv~}D*H ib:bc0(* @@E £Fb JO b@@E @@=4H @@ @:H bJb~} + Hy@@ @ ´*H °(* b D* I¡g~z´* ¢ < bK ~}J&*H ¤~|s~{D* I¡g~z´* ¢ < )*yGH xG5Z ¯ ¥Ì~z´* ¤:b D* vc< o3¡¿H x g~zJH ~8*¡J F&* D &b ³* < ¡jpcJ *¡FbC JwD* $°'¡G E v0*H Y ¡ £ D* fBbg< c/ ¢ < - ¤gD* gAx= ¶(* 2b A &b ³* ~{g J µ « bE + Y2¡ J dJx=H $b/ dJx=Z ¥H*xD* < ¡ J b C 2¡ J &* 2bg<* b C f£Fb. ,xE 2¡ £~6 F&* °(* )*yG E ,2¡ D* P fJx ~7 ,2b C f g E Ì@@=Z fJx ~7 ,2b@@< ¯ ,xGb D* ¶(* Y 6&b£D* ~6 e4b - ,&*xE° f /*x´* ¶(* b DÉ1 E ¢ ~z JN ¤gD*H Hy ´* j´* ,4¡~8 P *4H&* 4vp ´* cB f BHZ f£Q -*wD* -Ì~zD *K 4¡@@¹ b mJ j´* É@@0&* Í+ b £A m£A Y1982 1952 E jEO


ô °

⁄É©dG Ò«¨àH º∏o Mn …òdG ∞≤ãŸG »HÉædG Gô

ó

°ü ÉH ôμæjo ¿G 2016 - 1939 jódG j G ô°UÉ©e øe G jó G É« G øe ó G o « °ùj ÉædG È© , d ª ƒ° dG « °ù H G ƒe G É° ÉH Gƒ°S , « ô° jo ô jo ¿É dG μdG ɪ°SG ÉμdG ó G É °U e fÉ » dG ó ƒ É¡©«ª fÉ ¿G ,É ôª »æ°S ƒæ fÉμe G ¿G G ,É¡« ø`` G Gƒ øeG « , °ù f e ` G °ù dG ¿É ôdG ƒ , FG j G ódG ¿ƒª«°S : ¿Gƒæ©H Gƒ°UG jG É« ¿Éª« °S j G e μdG ø μ ó©H ɪ« F » Éf óª ,ÊÉ « dG ɪ , ƒ G ôμ ,¿ °UG « GôHG É¡ dG É° GôH óª »Hô G ÉμdG d É°ùe È É d ¡ ó μdG °ü j G d ¿ƒæjój øj dG »Hô©dG ø ƒdG ƒ °ùe μdG ¡dɪ G G É f G d É¡fG G , °üdG ƒª©dG É ,4¡ ~6&*Z ¥H*xpcD* v£~6 4¡gCvD* bGÄg<* ¤gD* ¡ £ D* Hx1%°* £A ~{A b £A b DÉ1 E q½ Yf~|Db1 fJx~|E b ~7 bFb1Z D¡B v0 ¢ < JR w D* £ ²* £A¡-H £G w E Q &* EH Yf£+4H&°* x D* f /HH b D ¤+4HO&°* ~{D* *4b g~6* Í0 Q ~{D* E b+ÆB* zJ42( * ~6¡JH ¥HbBx~{D*H ¡ ¹ d£½ ¶(* *Hx J µH f£p ~6 ÈC&* bG¡ / F&* °(* b D ¥x~|´* Q ,4¡ ~6&°* ~7 E bK +*ÆB* ÈC&* ¤ 0 ¢£pJ bC (*H b < ,4¡ ~6&°* Í@@+H b £+ }Bb gD* AQ ¡J µ D b F¡ ~}EH fJb D* ¯ b £+ bEbB&bA D* ,4¡ ~6&* b E fcJx D* A ib£ £g~zD* £/ v ~{´* 4v~|- bEv <H bK £Q £ - bK p R ~8O -*3 ¯ x~8¡0 F& b § J O * °(* b c ~8 ¯ bC + b < I& O

M b E E ÈC&* ¯ ¯Q b jD* ¤ p~|D* D* dJvD* $É< 6N 4N bEN Q f£Q Ab jD* fAbp~|D* Q &* °(* Ix1&* ¶(* f £p~8 E - EH . Ì@ Q @³* rbc~8 ibp ~8 Ä< @@)*xQ @D* b /3¡¿ Qv@ B ¤gD* 5*¡- f . b A -b D* <*v+(* ¢ < P - µ ,xGb D* ,vJx/ f+b~{D* dG*¡´* Ãv -H f£<*v+(°* b <&ÉD g +bgE Í+ d£m< É1 vS A ¤<*v+(°* < f +bgEO ¢ < ~8x0 Í+H gJH*5 ¯ b -b+b=H fJ2x~zD* fFHv´* ¯ ibEÉ< i4b~8 °K b <&* -Ì~zE Q ¢ < x BH ¡E2 É+ b :&* g£.ÉjC Y¡ J(* ¡-ÄEO&*Z Ìc g+ xG5H ,xGb D*H f@@J24H b@@J&* H&* n~z cD* ¡£<H g~z´*

46

2016 ô

©

42



»d

øª ôdG ó

á«Hô©dG ‘ óMGƒdG ±ô◊G ád’O 4 i 2 f£DbgD* x@@0&°* v0&b+ ,v@@0*H f C ¯ bGxC3 ¤gD* f jE&°* EH " G¡D* ~}D*" ¢ < h@@DQ 2 9x´* ¥&* @@FN v@@D* H £ ~}D* t£~{D* ¡GH @@DP *v@@D*

f D* x@@0&* &* ¶(* cQ - b C <b D* ¥&* @@ R @ @S @D* H bGxC3 ¤gD* f jE&°* EH $b£~7&°* f £ 0 b ~6*x/&b+ ¤Gb~} $b³bA H&°* x²* ¯ b £+ x D*H ~}B H ~}1

¢ < $bjQ P D*H t£ Q cP DbC d:xD* C&° hEvsOg~6* b -Hb14 dc~z+ Ì ~{DbC d ~|D* C& ° b -Qv~7 dc~z+ b D* hEvsg~6* Í0 O f D* ¯ x@@0&°* d£-x- &* ¶(* GbcgF* D3 E ex@@=&*H EH l Nv@@²* A*x- ¤gD* i*¡@@~@8&°* d£-x- c~{J ,v@@0*¡@@D* f 1 c~{- @ b N P DP @ $bcDbA " kp+ bGxC3 ¤gD* f jE&°* v~6&°* .*x+ c~{- @ b pN ~|D @ $b@ @²*H @@94&°* ¢ < D* N "kcR D $O bjD*H 94&°* ¯ i4b= *3(* b G¡pFH d)wD* dDbºH N ¡ A ,x1&Q bg´* 4¡~| D* ¯ ,xGb D* wG ¢ < cQ F E H&* bE&* k£0 " b~zD* ¢ < b~zD* " +bgC ¯ bJv~{D* 64bA v 0&* Ì= H2 Áb ´* E ¢ § |gsJ x0 C &* " @+ rxQ ~8 "b D cQ - E Q B ¤gD* f£+x D* f D* 4*x~6&* E ¡GH vc< ¡G b¿(* bK EOvBO + 4b~6H fJ2b0&°* $*¡D 0 ¥wD* &* ¢ < Oh C b + Oh B ¤gD* f@@J2b@@0&°* " ¡@@ @J ¥w@@D* ¤ JÉ D* Ñ* *¡ gC* Í +b~zD* ÍJ¡ D* &* *w + vJxJ "b + )b D* v£0¡D* °Hv/ ~9¡A b@@£@³* + q / v@@BH A b £D(* ,4b~7(°b+ Hx²* Áb E c g~6* F&b+ xQ B&*H b -°°2H Hx²* Áb § "f£Q Eb~zD* ib D* tJ4b- " Wolfensohn ¡~z DH ebgC E f C bGxC3 ¤gD* f jE&°* EH ib D* ¢ < cQ J &b~{F&* . H b -4°* ¤ - ¤gD* o E fF¡ E ¤GH " /" L P -xEO ~|pg´* ¢ ´*H b~|gD°* ¤ -H H $b´* ¤ -H Q ±* ~9¡D bEb­ +b~{E 4¡Q ~|- ¡GH ebp~zD* ~8ÉJ *K ÌjC h£ D fJx D* wG &* ¶(* ,4b~7(°* E *Ì1&* b D v+ °H ¡ s- ° b F&* v£+ bG2*x:* v<H b g/*w~zD *K x F v D* E &* b D 5¡@@m@J ° ¤@@g@D* )b ²* } + @@E ~z F h@@B¡@@D* ¯ b < x D* } FH b GbmgF

,M v0H x ~8&* f D* &* ¡J¡ D* b £ < /&* ¤gD* )b ²* E 2b EO H hcgCO H&* h £B *3(* bG¡ J &* 6b D* £ g~zJ fJ¡ D b D z£D f D* b E ¡ g- ¤gD* x@@0&°* &* *wG EÉC i*¡~8&* 2x¸ ¤G b¿(*H f~8b1 fJ¡ E fD°2 fJQ &* b -*3 Qvp+ f+bg D* ¯ vsg~zO- ¤gD* ,*2&°* ¢ < v- ÉjE " B " f A ° £´*H ÉD*H b D* ¤GH b Ax0&* E x0 C &* Ì= b £ < fD°2 fJ&* @ -*3 vp+ @ pJ (b@A b C ib D* ¢ < c J +b~zD* Jx gD* b@@C _DH v0*¡D* xp D &b+ 2x - @ ib D* x)b~6 H2 E @ f£+x D* @ dJ4 É+ @ *wGH ÍJ¡ D* } + xC3 b C fJ¡ E fD°2 b £A f jE&°* } + £D(*H b -b£Q Db / E eb@@= jE "$b ³*" ¢ < v- f D* H&* ¯ Í DbA @ x = {c= } = 8b= 9b= 4b@@=

tD(* z =

qgA jE " rbg F°* " ¢ < v- f D* H&* ¯ $b D*H @ q~zA @@~@|@A @@~@|@A @@ @ A x@@ A @@g@ A

tD(* oxA t~{A

cF jE "4¡ D* " ¢ < v- f D* H&* ¯ ¡ D*H @ tD(* ½ x~{F &bgF hcF {cF x F

jE "vJv~{D* i¡~|D*" ¢ < v- f D* H&* ¯ 2b~|D*H @ Q Qt~8 ~8 ds~8 ~8 ux~8 ~8

tD(* Q ~8

¡pF " Jx~zD* b gF°*" ¢ < v- f D* H&* ¯ Í~zD*H @ rx~6 4v@@~@6 x@@~@6 c~6 qc~6 x ~6

tD(* 4b~6

@@04 ¡pF "fCx²*" ¢ < v- f D* H&* ¯ $*x@@D*H @ tD(* |B4 /4 }C4 /4 /4

2x~7 ¡pF " xQ gD*" ¢ < v- f D* H&* ¯ Í~{D*H @ Q tD(* Q ~7 wQ ~7 Q ~7 ~7 h~7 k ~7

Q ebgC ¯ i24H v@@0*¡@@D* x@@ ²* f@@ D°2 ¶(* ,4b@@~@@7(* H&*H h g/* *3(* $b D* &* 0 ° ¥wD* ¤ / +° " |)b~|³*"

46

2016 ô

©

40


xm~7H 5x D* <*x+ bK ~}J&* b§4H ¡cEbcD* 2*¡<&* H&* ¶(* bK Fb£0&* f£Fb+b£D* ¡~6xD* £­ – x+¡ ~|D*  f £ E f~8¡~|B&* b@@§4 H&* bE f~|B 2x~6 fJx ~7 f~}EH H&* Ä< b E b~zF(°* ¤ g~zJ &* £sgD f JvcD* ¡~6xD* gD f £~z+ ,x F ¤ -H b D* x.&b- b~}J&*H f £c D* E 4¡ ~| D* 4*¡0 ew D* 4*¡²* *w + ÈC&* q~}-* f£Fb+b£D* fAb jD*H D* Ì.&b- DH @@DH ¤@@ GH y@@F¡@@+b@@±* f@@Cx@@0 ¯ q@@~@}@-* b@@E ib £-¡´* h ~z-H Áb+bJ ¡G bE + Í£~zFx D* art deco ¡@@ @ J2 i4&* ib@@Cx@@² f@@£@ Fb@@+b@@£@ D* art nouveau ¡A¡F i4%°*H cubism f£c£ gD*H £F¡E 2¡@@ @C b@@ @ <&* ¯ Ì@@.&b@g@D* *w@@G q FH E @@GÌ@@=H u¡@@/ b@@AH b@@£@´* @@+b@@F5 f~8b1 Áb+b£D* D* ¯ fJÆ ~6ÉD* dc~z+ ÍJÌ.&bgD* b C h~z£D ¤@@G b jE f £c D* @@E fcJx D*H b D* b ~|J

39

46

2016 ô

©


Ìc gD*H $bÂ(ÉD *K ÌcC bK Eb gG* ·¡J F&* dc~z+ ÈC&* fJÌc g D vGb~{ D F 2¡J ¥wD* yExD*H ¡GyD*H fFb ´* ¡ <H $bJÄ D*H xs D*H £+x D 6HHb D* yExJ ¥wD* 5x D* xG5 E 4¡£ D* oy­ ¤gD* ¡F¡~6¡C *4bGH&* f0¡D £+x D yExJ ¡ D* b / f 0ÉE E 8É1(°*H ,2b ~z D cD* x)b: yExJ Fb ´H f+Hw D*H f£<b ±* fAx ´*H x D* ¶(* ¥4HvD* 4¡ ~| D* yExJ ¤gD* xm~{D* *4H&* *¡D&* q~}g-H 2vmgD*H $bCwD*H fcp~|D*H ib/42 dc~z+ Jx³* ~| + ¤~{-H f£ Jx1 *¡@@D&° £­ 4¡ ~| D* 2b gA* E +*wD* x~}1&°*H x p´* ¤ cD*H x ~8&°* ¡D ¥&° rH4H fJv+&°*H fDb~6xD*H *Hv@@D*H b ±* ¶(* b D* yExJ bK ~}J&* rx´* dFb±*H x~{cD* ¯ £BxD* dFb±* z JH 'Hb gD* mcD* 4¡£: Í+ bE Áb+b£D* b D* b ~6xJ ¤gD* 4¡£ D* rH*Æ-H b ²*H 4¡~z D*H +ÉcD*H bp~}D*H ¡~{ cD*H Bx D*H cD*H b£FHb D* xGy+ ,2b< f+¡p~|E 4¡£ D* ¡ -H 5H(°*H ,2b~|A ¡+&*H

2xD* HvcJ bE ¢ < ¤GH ¤ £~|D* D* < *K v£ + f~8b³* *K 2¡/¡E Äg<* f £c D* d0H kpcD* H&* ¢ ~z´* *wG j´ jE&°* f=b£~|D ¤ £c: ~{+ ~z F 4b@@<&*H b c ~7 ¡ < ¯ + f )*wD* ¯ ¡ J @@F&* f/4vDH Áb+b£D* D*H e2&°* ib ~6 x~{cD* H&* b~zF(°* xJ¡~|- ¢ < f£ D*H f£Fb+b£D* f£Db ±* ¥¡pJ F(* + *¡@@0&°* E b0 ¥&b+ bK £Ax15 v J ° DH ¤<¡D* &* ¤Cb- b D* IxJH x<b~{´*H i*$bpJ(°* E vJv D* j ¡GH b ~z F b+b£ D yExJ 4¡£ D* c Db+H f £c D* ~6x+ 2x -H gJ¡ D *K v£C&b-H x~{Db+ ¤<¡D* E bK <¡F $b D*H $b ~|D*H b)¡D*H É~zD* ¶(* b ²* x)b: yExJ b D* :b gD*H ¤ D* d@@²* ¢ < fEÉ< v JH bK ~}J&* 6b~z0(°*  bK D&b-H fp~9*H fJx<b~7 bK 0H4  Áb+b£D* ¯ b D* yC4 4¡ ´* eb£= EH vsg~z´* ¡ D* E + ~6&°b+ f0¡ D* ¯ ¡p ´* EH ¡~6x´* x)b D* £~8b ,xm~{D* ~6xD bG4bg1* ¤gD* ,vJv D* 2¡~6&°* ¡ D* ib/4v 4bgsJ ¥w@@D* ¤ cD* ¡ D* *x@@J µ @@F&° f£ B*H v - ° b@@§4H £­ ¤gD* f EÉD* x)b D* *¡D&* ¢ < yC4 DH ,2b< b D*

46

2016 ô

©

38


,¡ + x~9b0 e*x D* yE4 bK ~}J&* b GH ¤ D(* 1v- ¢ < DvJ ¡~6xD*H fAb jD* ¯ bK ~}J&* 4¡~}0 $b DH Ì:b~6&°* - ¯ f£ E fD°2 DH f£Fb+b£D* Ì:b~6&°*H xAb g D yExJ ¤ gsJ Í0H É~z D yExJ F(bA x J Í0H F(bA Í gD* E v½ b £0H vJv±* x~| D* v § 5¡JH ~z F x)b D* E 1 dmJ °H xCw D Í gD*H ¢jF&ÉD yExJ f£FbF¡£D* H&* fJx~|´*H f£ £ £ D* Ì:b~6&°* ¯ iÄg<*H b ~z F b+b£D* ¢ < c - ib ~6H ib ~8 ¤GH b gJ¡G v£C&b- ¯ b+b£D* f £~6H f~8b1 4¡GyD*H 4¡£ D* ib0¡D

37

46

2016 ô

©

bK ~}J&*H ,v@@< *¡@@D&b@ + fc~}ºH fF¡ E iv@@+ ¤gD* ib0¡ D* ib0¡ D* h0H&*H bm~zF°*H =b g D *K yE4 f £c D* iÄg<* bK £-¡E 4¡£ D* iÄ@@g@<* b@@´b@@:H $Hv@@ @ D*H b@@ @±*H ,¡ Db+ h~z < H&* f gs´* b <*¡F&* h /x-H Áb+b£D* b D ÉK ~} E yExD* E ¡ C b~zF(°* b + ~zgJ ib ~6H f £ E x<b~{E ¡~64 jE ¡~64 v -H bK pJx~|- ° bK p£ - ¢ ´b+ $bpJ(°*H ¤ < h < ¤gD* f £ ±* ¡~6xD* E o¡~7HÌGH&*H 4bEb-H&* ÉK g~zE bK <¡FH ÉK ~} EH bK £c ~7 bK ~64 4¡GyD* E 4¡£ D* / bG4¡~}0H 4¡£ Db+ bK ~}J&* f£Fb+b£D* Ì:b~6&°* ` g­H -*w+


¶H&°* f£´b D* ex²* v +H x~{< ~6bgD* x D* ¡~6xD* ¯ f )b~{D* -b/4v+ 2¡~6&°* ¡ D* E b D* | s-H $b ~9(*H f£ B*¡D* v + b £AH fJÌc gD* E ¡ D bEH f£ £~|D* ¡GH ¤-bC b <&* ¯ b p F ¤gD* f£Ax1yD* f£Db ±* ¥&* ¡ D* ib£ s D 4b£g1*H f/b/v D }£+&°* {JxD*H JvD* 4¡~|J b /H f s+ 4¡£ D* xJ¡~|-H $*x ~|D*H n£cD*H f£cGwD* D* *wG ¯ ÍEb~6xD* ¤BbcD bK /xE v J ebg D xJx«H ,2b<(*" Äg<* g~zE ¡ C 4¡@@Gy@@D*H 4¡£ D* fJyE4 vg­H bm0&*H B4 h ~z-*H b+b£D* f~8b1 b£~6%* ¡ D " *Æ1*

QƒgõdGh ,Qƒ«£dG äÉMƒd äÈàYG ó«cCÉJ ‘ ¿ÉHÉ«dG á∏«°Sh ,á°UÉN á°UÉÿG É¡àjƒg »æ«°üdG øØdG øY Gk ó«©H

46

2016 ô

©

36


¡~6xD* E ¡ D* *w + b gG°* Äg JH fBvD* f Db+H f EH ix.&b- ¢~}E b £A b F&° b+b£ D f£E¡ D* fJ¡ D* v£C&b- E bK <¡F f£Fb+b£D* ¡~6xD* ~zg-H f£ £~|D* ,4b~}²*H Db+ *K ÌjC É~zD* @@E ¡ + 4¡@@£@ @D* f~8b1H f £c D* 4¡~|- ¤gD* d0H a2b D* %b´*H f£Db£³* ²* fp~zEH dcp´* ¤ 1*vD* 4¡£ D* E ex~6 fcB*xE ¯ ¢ mgJ ¥wD*H 4b±* f £c D* bG2b ~|J ,x~{p+ p J ¡GH x)b: cg- H&* *Ì D* $b .&* ¡ Jb D* x ~7 rH4 z - bK ~}J&* b D *K v/ f £~z+ ib £- ¤GH bK J24H bK A2*xE v J + ¥2b@@< Ì= lv0 ¥&* ¥¡pJ ° ¥wD* b <b J(* *K xp~6 bK cggEH b ²H b -¡~|+ bK ~zEbG f £c D ¯ b pg -H 5x D* 4bm~7&* <*x+ 4b@@G5(*H b D¡~|A vc- ¯ hBH ¯ b+b£D* ix.&b- b§4H b <b J(* *Æ0*H £+xD* ~|A dg D* Ä< f£Dbj D h<yF ¤gD* Í~|D* ¡~6x+ ib@@BH&°* E h g1* v + b £A b DH tc ´*H ¥b~{D* Á*H&*H f<¡c ´* ¯ 2*25*H ¤m£´* x~|< ¯ *wG &*v+H 8b³* b +¡ ~6&* b ~z D

35

46

2016 ô

©

,b~7x Db+ ~6xD* *H2bg<* Í£Fb+b£D* (bA ·b²* bFx~|< ¢g0H H4v J / ,b~7x D* E D%b-H b + f+bg D*H D*H 1603 b< E vg ´* HvJ(* x~|< 2¡ ~8 EH D* ib£Db / ~6xD* 4b~8 ¤m£E x~|< ¢ < +b~zD*H 1868 b< ¶(* É D Áb+b£D* b D* f£~6b~z0H bK )b~7 *K xE&* d~{³* ¢ < ¯ £ < 4b g´* ¢ ´b+ 4¡ ´* eb£ A I4bc- ° $¡~}D*H J¡ gD* ¯ bK @<4b@@+ / J¡ gD* q£ ~z-H ¤ £ ~{gD* D* ib-bc D* E ,v g~z´*H f£Fv ´* f£F¡ D* ib c~|D* ¢ < *K 2b g<* ~64 ¯ f£Ab ~{D*H fEbg D* E f gº ib/42 ¶(* ~8¡g D F&°H bK ~}J&* 2¡~6&°* ¡ D* ib/42 ¯ b§4H xJx²* ¢ < ¡ D* 2¡J ¥wD* x)b D* A z£DH o*y´* H&* ub ´* ~64 bK ~}J&* vJxJ xJ¡~|- H&* ~64 K " b+b£ D" *yE4 4¡£ D*H 4¡GyD* iÄg<* 1890 b< E *K $v+ jE 4¡£ D*H 4¡GyD* ,xA¡+ ¤-bC b D* b <&* ix g~7*H ¡ D*H IJb+ ,w E ¡~64 ¤GH b ~zD* x)b:H *2xB ¤+&*


46

2016 ô

©

34


bK ~}J&* "¡F¡ £ D*" ~8 ¯ vsg~z´* xJx²* ¢ <H b E C ,2b ~z D yE4 ¤GH 4¡@@D* ¤: A H&* "¤EbmJ4H&°*" A ¯H b £~7HÌG ¥x@@ C3 ¯ b E v@@Jv@@ @D* h ~8 *w@@D É@@~@z@ D*H $°'¡ + $b g0ÉD |~|s´* ¥4bCwgD* d~| D* exB f~8b1 v@@B&* E ¡G ¤Cx D* x)b: &* } cD* v g JH bJbp~}D* ¡GH b + $b g0°*H ,b£²* ¡ D bK ~}J&* yExJH µb D* ¯ 4¡£ D* bK ~}J&* bJ4¡CH Í~|D* ¯ + bGv0H b+b£D* ¯ z£D ~z0 &bA b+b£D* ¯ ¢ j´* f£ D*H fJÌc gD* f Jx D* ~6xD* Äg J $*¡~6 v0 ¢ < ,*¡ D*H ¡AÆp´* b ~64bE ¤gD* f £~6¡D* ¡GH

33

46

2016 ô

©

c g~z D bK Fb£0&*H fJxp D yEx- 4¡£ D* &* £ < 4b g´* E *K 4b~zE bK @ EH2 b mJ $b ~zD* E b +xBH ~z²* @@²* H&* 2¡ s D *K yE4 bK ~}J&* b~zF(°* bGÄg<* bE bK EH2H E&bgD*H b£s D 2x¸ iv - x)b D* fJyE4 Áb+b£D* b D fc~z Db+ DH 4¡£ D* hFbC EDO HvJ(* x~|< ¤ A fAHx ´* i°°vD* ,¡ D*H Í+4bp´* bK Fb£0&*H ,x@@:b@@+&°*H ¡ D yEx- f04b±* yEx- µb D* ¯ 4¡£ D* ¡:&* ¤GH ¤Cx D* 4¡£:H fJx ~z D* ¡~64 v½ *wD ¤E¡ D* b+b£D* y C f+bj§ v -H 8É1(ÉD ¯ bK cJx - ¥&* d~{³*H r*¡@@D&°*H xJx²* ¢ < ¤Cx D* x)b:


Qƒ``«£dG »∏«μ°ûàdG øØdG ‘ ÊÉHÉ«dG

óeÉ

Éæe

G ƒ dG « °ü ø É° jG É° dG É© d ó jô ©« H ¿ƒæ d ÊÉHÉ«dG ©° dG É©° G eG Ée É``e , UÉ μ° H ¿ÉHÉ«dG j É H ¿ G É° jG «ª G G °SôdG ø ©d ,ÉfÉ «μj G ,¿Éæ dG ód «°UG d ©« dG ƒ« dG ÊÉHÉ«dG ¿Éæ dG í° ƒ » dG ªæ G «ª G ƒ°SôdÉH » ô dG æ© G ƒ ÊÉ dG ƒ°Sô d » °ùdG æ© G ƒ G , æ© G ¡ d Éjƒ °ùe ó ¿ÉHÉ«dG ¿ƒæ ó ƒ « É Gô©° H æ dG ôe G ƒ ,É ô °S ©« dG ɪ É©dG °SGƒe ó ƒ ø dG »°SÉ°S G « ƒ G ó ƒ°ùe Gô G É¡© ƒe - ó dG Gôe í« j dG Gô G «ª G ƒæ dG °ùH É , ƒ°SôdG ó°ù °S ¿É É ,ô G G ô øe æ ô ƒ« dG ô G ƒªæ jÈdG ƒ dG ôf « - ó dG G ø ©« dÉH ¡©d øe óª °ùe ƒ« d Ú«fÉHÉ«dG ôjƒ°ü d

46

2016 ô

©

32


,b@@ AH ¢@@ @ < @@J¡@@: h@@ @BH @P@}@@ µH Iv D* x B h@@£@A¡@@-O ¢g0 f@@JH4b@@ @ 1 xGyD* x < ¯ ¤@@GH b £+&* ¢ < bK Fy0 BHH fAb~8xD* ¯ h AOvAN ebc~{D*H vBH *K xQ E $K b + b £ cJ v~}g ´* b /H5 ¢g0 *K vJv~7 *K x@@.&* ~z F ¯ b -bAH x@@.S *& i*¡ ~6 ,v< v + b + ² ¤sJ4bgD* 6x D* *w@@G qc~8&* *w GH IÄC f£sJ4b- ,b~6&bE 4v~|E )b D* bK £)b F Í£F¡D¡ D* 0 *H5 ¶(* iQ2&* x~|E ¯

31

46

2016 ô

©

~9 ¶(* f Jy³* *x@@A I2S &* v@@BH ´* E J µH f ~zD*H fDHvD* b A ,Ì~|B ,v§ f Jy³* }J¡ xE&* ¡GH ÉpF°*H gD* fJ*v+ *wG v + ib A « fJH4b 1 g~zJ µ g +* o*H5 E ÍEb< v A dc~zD* ¤@@G Iv@@ @D* x B h@@Fb@@C ,°b@@ @@´*H ¥4¡@@ @ @~@ @6&°* b@@ @ @/*H5 b@@ C fD¡: *Hy@@ @+ bK @ @F*w@@ J(* b@@Gy@@£@ @© ¯ 6¡~zD* xsF ¤gD*H f£g D* Í£F¡D¡ D* b 0*xA&* ·b£D ¯ b Eb <

f )bB b £A i°b@@ @ g@ 0°* h@@Fb@@C ¤@@g@D* ~6H dC¡´* 1vA b~6H vB ¢ < ¡@@ @ ±* c g~zgD x@@ Ey@@ D*H @@c@ @ D* v -H Áb=&°*H vJ4b=yD*H ibAbg Db+ i4b~6H 7¡£±* ,2b@@BH $*x@@E&°* £D(* ¥4*¡±b+ f_ g» f /2 x F ¯ ~zD* ¡ ~{D* pJ S @@ GH @@)b@@~@ 8¡@@D*H &* ¶(* fAb~9(* Iv D* x B bc g~6° iv g~6*H h@@Ax@@15O HN h JU 5O vB f Jv´* Ìc D* bc g~6°* *w D ¢g0 Iv D* x B v~}g ´* I&*4 R (* bEH - q J ¡GH w1&bE C E iw@@1&* b ~|= ¡A qg g- ,xG5 b F&bCH ,bg D* b CH °2 + @@ @ D*H @@ @ D* b@@ C @@~@z@ @F h@@B¡@@D* ¯ z F ¢ < *¡ c:&* vB ¡³*H v D*H f GbcD* bAyD* £Db gA fJH4b 1 5Hb@@©H 4¡~|gD* b@@A bK cE h + v@@B hpc~8&* vB f Jy³* ¤G bGH D* f+%b D* hs~6x-H y²* 1vA fJHb1 g +* h/x1 R (* bEH fJH4b 1 rH4 ¯ C &b@ CH x ~7 ¢g0 x~|E @@94&* E £EvB h« E yg J &*v+ vB $¤~7


ô° ° ó dG øe dG øe É°ùf

ión æs dG ôo £r bn °

° μ

° G

Sô©H ó° © G »° »°SÉ ©dG á « G ,¿ƒdƒ øH óª GC øH ájhQɪ æH ɪ° ª°SCG É¡ª° ª°SGh , óædG ô Sô Éfôô j ÉeÉ Ú© °S ø j øe ɪ¡æ«H ôe ó fCG Q ,¿ƒeC ƒ CÉ G á « G , ¡°S øH ø°ù G æH ¿GQƒH ádhódG Gô h S OCG ,Gó áeÉ ° dG øe H ó , « e d jQÉ dG ô©j dG É dG G øμd eÉ°É°T hÉÉ°SCÉC e Qó H ¡ fGh ,á«fƒdƒ dG G »»°°SÉ ©dG á « d G j ¿É ¿ h ,á °ùe ádhO ,É¡ªμ H ¿ƒdƒ øH óª CG OGô fG ó©H ôô°°üe ó ó Éeh OGó H á G ôe É° Q h , °ù f « ó øe øμ ¿ƒdƒ øH óª CG øμd É¡« É G h Ú«© OGQCCÉ , óædG ô H á hô© G ɪª°SCG æHG á ó° © G á « G ó , μ G ájhQɪ æHG ¿G OGó H »° »°SÉ ©dG á « G ó«jCCÉ °ùμj ¿Gh ô°üe d °SG ój ¿CG ô ÉÉ°°ü G ¡H ájhQɪ Gô G ô h , óædG ô æHGH «¡ dÉ , F h h ƒ ÉfÉ ôH É dG G ¡d ¿ƒμj ¿CG OGQCG G ¡dh É° jCG æHG h °ù f h dhO jƒdGh ¢g0 ¡ ´* £D(* obgpJ bE CH v)*¡´*H f0*xD* )b~6H + f E g +* Jx D* É1 Iv D* x B dC¡E ox1 rbc~8 i*3H bJb~{²* Í+ b /2¡G ¯ f~zDb/ ¤GH ¯ b@@ CH ,4b@@ @ E(°* x~|B ¯ b@@ @ F&b@ CH $*xE&°* } +H b g <H b < b gcp~8 ¡: ¢ < x~{gF* b C {£±* ,2b@@BH Ím/vE v ±* E 6*x0 Jx D* i*3 b £~6¡E dC¡´* A*4H fp ~6&°b+ f£m~7 b F&* 2*v + 4b~{E + ¢g0 dC¡´* 4b~6H

C / v A f £ s D g +* y£ © ¯ x~|E 94&* ¯ 42bFH z£ FH b= ¡G bE M xG*¡±*H 6b´*H dGwDb+ g +* &É A 2*v + ¶(* ~64&* + Dw+ ¢ gC* g£DH ~| F bE $*x~7 g~z£D bK £Q Db£1 bK cE 6Hx D* 5b ± f - x~|E ¯ E f ~z ~6 $b c+ f@@JH4b@@ @1 x@@E&* b C fAb~z´* ¡@@: ¢ < f s D* 4¡~| D* f ~8b< 2*v@@ @ +H x~|E Í@@+ f ~8b D* É1 g +* b + y - ¤C Í£~6bc D* w@@G iy@@ U @ / v@ O @BH f@@ @J¡@@ @D* b g 04 ¥4*¡@@±*H ~{²*H v³b+ 4¡~| D*

)b~6H + f:b¹ Iv D* x B h~7b< c Db+H fEbs D*H ÆD*H f£GbAxD* q/*4 <H xGb+ b / i*3 hFbC x ~7&* E hpc~8&* ¢g0 b ~6* A f £ ³* b D v g£D bGx~|< $b~zF D f/H5 bG4bgs£D v~}g ´* ¯ 0 )b<2 hcS . vB ¡D¡: +* bC b F ¶(* h gF* vB hFbC ¤gD* x~|E f£ =H ,4¡ gE fDH2 ¢ cA f.*4¡D* f Jy1 hFbC fJH4b 1 +* 1 Í0H $b14H x~zJO ¯ 6b D*H ,xEb< x~|E ,°b D fJH4b 1 A2 bE *wGH £ FH

46

2016 ô

©

30


f £ D* b <&°b+ f EO bK Eb< 82 yGb J x < < -b£0 ¤ g tJ4bgD* ¯ b <¡F E ¶H&°* Qv O- n£ s D f Jx1 4¡c£F lvpg~zJ 4y±*H 0*¡~zD* ¡ ~zJ JwD* ex D* < dgCH kJv²* ¡ J b C "4b /" 6x D* b £ ~zJ ¤gD* "Ì~|D*" < dgCH v < x - b F&* b~9&*H b A4¡1 ¢g0 v ~zE E vg­ ¤GH ¥wD* ~6°* Ì~|D* &* xC3H 4b / ~6b+ bK ~}J&* Í£+H4H&°* *w + x - hFbC f JvE ~6* ¡G f ´* ¢ < ex D* J f ´* &*H v + b £A b C f ´* ¢ < g c~6&* ¥wD* ~6°* fD¡ D* E t£~7 ¶(* hD%*H b < h ~| FbA b D f +b- hFbC ¤~64b D* 0b~zDb+ 4b@@J2 ~|g- ¥w@@D* x E + v~7*4 ¡G ~{B ,xJy/ ¢ < x £~zJ F&* b C CH fm D b G cg-H ¤gD* fJxpcD* dC*x´* E ÌcC ¡ ~6&* t£~{D* *w DH bK ~}J&* ex D* £A £ J ¥wD* ¤~64b D*H ¤+x D* 0b~zD* Í+ +*x 1vJ bE *K ÌjC Ì~|D* t£~7 &* b~9&*H ,v£ + b@@E5&* w E E ib Db« f c~7 bB&* vB F&*H +b~zD* v£~6 E ex0 ¯ J5*¡E ¯ ÌcC &b~7 D qc~8&*H + I¡ - bK F&b~7 B&* u¡£~7 wG ¯ I¡B&°* £:b~6&°* v0&* D¡ ~6&* Qv JO H fJxpcD* I¡ D* -4b© &*H f0É´* E B54 ¡c~z J bJb<4 &*H $b/4&°* ¡Ax J ° $*x A dDb D* ¯ F(bA D3 EH b~z-(°* ¯ ,w1%* f £ D* £~7*¡E bK ~}J&* + ¡ J ¥wD* ~zD* °(* i¡ D* E 0b~zD* *wG ¯ f JvE C &b+ 2bA&*H ,4wD* ¶(* fAb~9(* 2v D* d)*x~}D* <bc-&* D ¥2'¡J ° t£~7 b £ < ¡ J b -*w+ f g~zE D Jv+ 4b£g1*H Dy< 0 ¡  A D3 EH ¡~6xD* °H b -*3 b ´* t£~{D* ,x~6&* E ¡ J &* x~7 b ~zJ 4y/ ,v< E ¡ g- ¤gD* JxpcD* < 4¡c£F dg J 4y@@±* w@@G Ä@@C&* *H&* v -H ex@@ @D* t@@J4b@@- ¯ ¡@@ @ D* ~| J @@D3 v@@ @ +H b D ·b -ÄD* 4b g~6°* E JxpcD* ¢ < h +bg- ¤gD* f£+x D* x~6&°* cggJH < kJvp D D3 v + g JH b 0 @@D3 v@@ @+ x@@Cw@@JH $b@@~@@z@@0(°*H v@@½ x B < b .vpJ . iH4b@@- ,xJy/ Hx £~zJ JwD* ~zE %* b pJ ¤gD* f@@p@Jx@@AH f£ ~6¡£D*H f@@ @J¡@@²* ¢@@ @< ¤ + 3¡ F h@@« ¡ J @@ @F&* q@@/x@@JH °%* f.É. ¡pF x B G&* AvJH vDb1 D q£g£D x ~7¡+ t£~{D bK J¡ ~6 f£+H4 JxpcD* b£E ¯ 8¡ D* fJx0

29

46

2016 ô

©

J d£c: f +* hFbCH bK Eb< 33 x D* E c- ,bgA ¤GH H&°* v m´* x~{ J f£DbgD* f ~zD* ¯H J42xA ´* fEv1 ¯ ¶(* f£ D* f 0xD* wG /Æ-H f£Fb´&°* f Db+ -*xCwE E b £A yCxJO H 1792 b< fJy£ ½(°*H 1779 b< f£~zFx D* b g£<¡F ¯ ,5bg» -b+bgC i$bmA f£E¡£D* ,b£²* ¢ < v£Db -H i*2b< < Ìj D* x F b EH bG4bc1&* ¯ f £B2 bc g~6°* ¯ +¡ ~6&*H ~z´*H zc ´*H C&b´* ¯ ex D* ,b£²*H f£ JvD* ~6¡ :H -b£0 b¿&*H *2¡D*H f£pgD*H 4¡ ~7 ¥&* -b+bgC Í+ z F °H G2É+ - bEH fJ2b~|gB°* E B¡E bC Í£+H4H&°* ebg D* E Ìj D bK AÉ1H ·b gDb+ bK Jx+x+ H&* bK £F*¡ ~7 bK c ~7 ex D* 4¡~|JO A bK ~| EO ex D* ¶(* d~z JO bE &*H ~|)b FH )b~}A d ~7 D &* IxJ ¡ A dm< ÉA *w DH Gv0H b + ¡~|gsJ ° |)b F E ex D* EbjD* x D* ¯ f£+x D* ,xJy±* < dgC E x ~7&* bC (* v + E $b/ ´ f £~8&°* f£ D* f 0xD* eb+ qgAH x~{< *K x.&* a4b D* b £A vmJ bE *K 42bFH f£ ~64 f ~8 « gJ*HxA f£~|s~{D* i°b F°* H&* 5*¡ D b@@C4&* ¯ bK ~6v E 4b@@¿v@@D* ¶(* <¡/4 v + 4¡c£F Í JO gcDb E v < Ép ~9°*H 4¡GvgDb+ -b£0 &*vc-H ex@@²* E b £D(* xAb~zJO ¤gD* Meldrof 4Hv E ¯ f£+bgC f £;¡+ *K ¡~}< Í JO EbJ&* x1*H&* ¯H 1778 £~8 ¯ £ :H /H5 2¡ £A b g0É D bK ~94&* ¥Æ~{J . ¤~zFx D* ¤ D* m´* ¯ ¢A¡g-H ¢ Db+ eb~|£O A ibc D* £ < hD*¡-H &*v+ b C bK 0ÉA *wG qc~|£O A Bb~6 ¯ x~z + eb~|JO . 1807 b< ¯ g/H5 1815 Jx+(* 26 ¯H ox<&* $¥x±* q)b~zD*H 4¡~z±* fDb0xD*


O b+ xpcJO . ~z§ x £A 2É+ ¶(* 2¡ J &* 4x JO . ¢ ² 5*Ì~7 . 6bc< 4v + H&* HÄ / ¶(* ¤+x D* n£ ³* ¯ b £A ¢A¡gJ bK E¡J 24 b + ¤~} J &* v +H z£D¡c£~6x+ d)*xsA f £ ~z+ xAb~zJO H x ~7¡+ ¶(* 1765 Jx+(* 7 ¯ bG42b JO E2b1 gD ¡JbE 31¯ b ~|£A o4b1 ,xJy/ ¶(* ,Ì ~8 fJv D¡G ¡£F¡J x ~7 )*H&* ¯ ,x~|cD* ¶(* fJy£ ½(* f £ ~6 z+É´* ¥v-xJ k£0 ,x~|cD* D¡~8H w E 4¡c£F 4bc1&* HvcD* jE x ~7&* fg~6 {£ JH Ñ* vc< ~z F ¢ ~zJO H f£+x D* DH f£ £ ²* gJ¡G E2b1 ¢g0 v0&* x J ° ex D* m D* ¶(* 12 ¤p£~zE H&* ¡£+x D* ¡14'¡´* ¡ J b C ~8¡´* ~|£A 1766 64bE 3 ¯ 2*v + 42b JO H x~7&°* 1766 ¡£F¡J 6 ¯ b ~|J ¤gD* d 0 . x + 4bJ2H J24b A $b £E ¶(* b EH f£Cb F(* ¶(* f@@J4b@@© f AbB @@E d@@Gw@@JH ¶(* ,2¡ D* f 04 &*vcJ k£0 ~6¡g´* xpcD* ¢ < fFH4v ~6(°* 1767 ¡£F¡J )*H&* ¯ b+H4H&* &* v + 1767 Ä A¡F 20 ¯ /b +¡C *K Ì1&* 4¡c£F ~|J vB J42xA ´* bCH Í ~6 c~6 E ex J bE b < eb= fJb<xD* E vmJ D3 =x+ D -2¡ + v0&* pJ A ibE f~|B f+bgC ¢ < m~{JO b@@E v@@Jv@@±* ´* @@E £m~{gD*H oÄ E¡ + ¯¡~8 b£g~zJx + 1772 b< ¯ oHygJH g 04

gFb EH -ÉG'¡EH gDy E A Jx1% °* ¢ < f~6b)xD* P $b £§ ¡~6ÆD /b +¡C $b £E E f£Cx¿vD* ,x1bcD* xpcO 1761 ¡£D¡J 30 ¯ b g ~8H k£0 ¡c ~6&* ¶(* EH b£ £~6xE O ¯ f ~zD* ·*¡0 fj cD* ¤~}­H Ä gc~6 26 ¯ fJ4v ~6(°bA f£+x D* f D* bG2*xA&* g£DH bG4b.%*H b D*¡0&* f~6*4vD x~|E f mgE £ D* Ä< fJ4v ~6(°* E xpcO- D3 v + . bK ~}J&* zJ¡~zD* E fj cD* xpg- 1762 x+¡gC&* 5 ¯H zJ¡~zD* ¶(* bº ¶(* *K xp+ ~|gD obm²* E f AbB f Ax+ ,v@@/ ¶(* 1762 Ä ~zJ2 29 ¯ £Db+ 64bE ¯ £Db+ AbG ¡@@A i¡@@§ fEv~|+ fj cD* eb~|O x/ f JvE ¯ b ~64¡A Æ£+ + p J ¡£D¡J 13 ¯H 1763 fj cD* $b~}<&* E ¤ + E E 4¡c£F 4HyJ D3 =4H Jerim £~|D* $b~} D bº ¶(* H2¡ J . bGÌE&* ¡ +b JH $b ~8 ¢A¡gJ k£0 v D* ¯ ¥bcE¡+ ¶(* HxpcJO bº EH b £A bº -42b E E bJ&* f£Fb . v + v +4¡+ fj cD* b~64 4¡c£F ¢ c£A 1764 xJ*ÄA 10 ¯ xÂxC ¡A ÍE¡J v +H b -bc/*HH fj cD* b E -b< ¢ < J ¥wD* v£0¡D* ¡~} D* ~8*¡g´* @@+&*2H f ~6*¡D* gAb .H f£Db D* g G m~{-H f 0xD* b­(* ¢ < fE5b²* -2*4(*H bK ~}JxE b ~} + ¤~} J *K x ~7 x~{< f +4&* v D* ¯ 4¡c£F k Â

46

2016 ô

©

28


,4¡ ~6&°b+ Í<¡AvE £ « ¢ < *¡ ~8 vG Gy pJH µb< ¡pF Í mgE ,v£ ~zD* ex D* 2É+ < .v« ¤gD* v£Db gD*H bc D* ¯ < dJx= x:bs´*H £Gbm´b+ $¤ E 4¡~z£AHÄD* G JvD*H z ±*H C&b´*H zc ´*H f D*H ib~6*4vD*H fÂv D* ib D* A 3bg~6&* ¤Cx¿2 AbG ¡A ¯ |~|sg´* ¤Cx¿2 xE*xC 4b@@C 4¡gCvD*H f£Bx~{D* + b ´* Áb´&* 4¡c£F Ç~64bC 6v ´*H f£ £c D* ¡ D* x D*H ib£~9bJxD*H f£ D*H f£A*x ±* ib~6*4vD* f£DH'¡~zE ¡~6xD* f E + h £F&* ¥wD* b~6xD* Áb´&* v J4¡+ o4¡/ fj c D bK c£c: ¥vJ¡~6 b ~64¡A Æ£+ 4¡~z£AHÄD*H f£ D* Í Ab£D* bc~{D* E £ /H ibc D* < ¯ bK ~|~|sgEH E ¥&° J µH Í.ÉjD*H f +*xD* bK ~6 GÄC&* cJ µ 3(*

27

46

2016 ô

©

µb D* 1850 1733 4¡c£F Ç@@~@64b@@C f@@Db@@0x@@D* v@@D¡@@JO Ludingworth l4¡m JvD f Jv§ Áb´&* ~8&* E ¤Cx¿vD* e&° 1733 64bE 17 ¯ Lauenberg oÄFH° f :b E E x ~7&* fg~6 E B&* x <H -vD*H h£A¡- bJy£ £~6 E rÉA ²* b <&* ¯ vD*H v<b~zJO bCH £+&* f/H5 g£+x- hD¡gA f+bg D*H ,$*x D* gJ &* f+¡ ~|+ b g~6* b £+ vD*H ¯¡ ¡ ±* E ex~9 b F&* 4bcg<* ¢ < g~6*42 £ < ¤~8¡D* B¡J -¡B d~z J ¤C J &* 4¡c£F ¢ < bC b £+ hB¡D* b£~9H f<4yE $*x~{D ¤ J ° vD*H E £D(* gF* ¥wD* l4(°* &° f Ebm+ pg J b £0 Jx~{ D*H f£FbjD* ¯ £ - &*vcJ ¢ < ib£~9bJxD* f~6*4vD 1757 b< Gottingen m -¡/ ¡ gDb+ w£ gD v ~{J ¥w@@D* "Êg~6bC" 4¡~zAHÄD* ¥v@@J ¯ ¡ £D f£~6*42 fp E ¢ < ¡~|²* ¯ v<b~zJH ¡c D*H D* < ~{gD g~6*42 b¸ £~6¡- g<b g~6* 1746 4b¿vD* E zEb³* J4vJxA 1760 b< 4x JO $b + +bp~8&* *¡ m~7H D* *¡c0&* JwD* v0&* 1766 i¡GÉD* 3bg~6&* z £)bs£E v£ J2 bG¡J E r*Æ@@B* ¢ < fj + b~64(* m -¡/ f Ebm+ fJÄ D* f D* AH ¤p£~z´* ,xJy±* e¡ /H ¢@@F2&°* x~{D* *v + ¶(* fCÆ~{E f£ < ¤~| gD Arabia Felix ,v£ ~zD* f£+x D* f~8b1H f£+x D* < 4b ´* ¯ | D* v~6H b < f£ D* ibE¡ ´*H 4bc1&°* b D b ~}FÉD 4¡c£F ¢<vg~6bA b D*¡0&*H b g£A*x / f£Cx¿vD* ,x@@1b@@c@D* 1761 xJb J 4 ¡@@J rbc~8 ¯ d@@Cx@@J gs§ ¡~|~|sgE $b < f~z 1 "Greenland v Jx/" v0*H xE&* mJ ¤Cx¿vD* E2b1 E fAx ´* HxA


ô° °

GQÉe G GhQG ádÉ Q

QƒÑ«f Ï°SQÉc ©

ô

°

É » »« » O ¿hô`` Gh , É ô° d ` h ¡° © ,á Gó CÉH á«Hô©dG ôj G ¿ƒ«Hô dG ádÉ ôdG ój á© dG «É É° μ °S Sɪ Gh á ôdG ƒ « Gƒ©ª CG Ée ¿CG G ,¿ƒ``jQÉ`` G hCG , ɪ ƒ°ü d É¡æe OÉ °S G øμÁo fCG á Qód ¡ É°SGQOh ¡ Gó É° e ©° h , É©dG øe á©°SGƒdG á« jQÉ hô È © o ,É« Gô h É«°SÉ«°Sh ÉjQÉ CGh ÉjOÉ°ü Gh É« ɪ Gh É« jQÉ áª¡e Éeƒ ©e æ OÉe ô ÉH hCG μ° H ƒ É¡fG G ,QOÉ°ü G ` hCG øe GQó°üeh , óFÉ dG á « á«HOCGh ƒ° Qƒ «f °SQÉ ádÉ ôdG ó©jo h á«μ«°S μdG á«HOC G É¡ «ª CG ø ° ,» jQÉ dG É d É¡æ ¿ô dG °ü æe É QG « , ɪ ©dG øe á«Hô©dG ôj G °Uh øe hCG á« QÉ ódG ᫪ ©dG á © dG ¿ƒdhÉ jo øj dG ádÉ ôdG øe ø É ƒ h GóFGQ óo ƒdG d æeh ,ô° øeÉ dG Gô °üdG ɪ CG É dCG É É

46

2016 ô

©

26


v½ b £AH f£F*v/¡D* fC4b~{´* f B&* - 6 2b@@£@<&°*H ibc~6b D *K 4¡@@~@8 ¡ ~}J *K 2*x@@ A&* fm cD*H rx D* gm´* ,x:b~{E < Ìc g D Ìc g D I3&ÉD h~9x - bE fDH2 < ¡ ~}J H&* ¢~6&°*H y²* b c ~7 ,x:b~{E < v½ b@@ @£@AH f@@£@ @ Bx@@D* f@@ @ @~@z@D* f@@ @ @ B&* - 7 ib /¡- < bK <bc F* *¡ J &* HvJxJ *K 2*x@@A&* ¢ < ¡ ~}£A ¥x D* b J¡ - H&* f£~|s~{D* H&* JU vgD* ¢ < fD°v D "fpc~zD*" bj´* £c~6 fAb jD* f ~6 ¢ < fD°v D dgC f<¡ ¸ *K 2*x@@A&* v½ b £AH x+b D* EyD* f B&* - 8 ¢g0 H&* eb@@c@~@{@D* ,Æ@@A ¯ @@G4¡@@~@8 ¡ ~}J Dw+ F&bCH x D* ¯ *¡Ev - &* v + fD¡ D* H&* ,$*Ä@@D* E5 ¶(* Hx JH G*xD* Hx J ,4v D* *¡ g £D f£Ab D*H fp~|D*H ,¡ D* E5 &* f~8b1 @)b D(* H&* G*xD* *wG f /*¡E ¢ < D* *3 H&* eb~{D* *wG HxJ gm´* 2*xA&* 2*xA&°* bE&* f£B*v~| D f@ £B ° b GH f/b0 ¤c gD i$b/ bGÌ=H b¿&°* wG (* < f gº ib g¸ ¯ {£ J ¥wD* b~zF(°* &* £ g~zJ @@F(* f£E¡£D* ,b£²* ¯ g¸ D3 v~|£A bGvJxJ ¤gD* f@ B&°b+ zc gJ f£~8bF g ° *2 bE v£0¡D* 4b£1 b F&° b£/¡D¡ gD* £D(* hc / v D f~| D* H&* x ~{D* AH b <¡S A ¡<vc´* bGx g0* ¤gD* f B&°* N @~@8H b BvS ~8H vJxJ bE g¸ O2*x@@A&* 2b@ E v@@0*H C m~6 S Í0 b £ < ¤~9*ÆA°* Ìc g+ H&* f£~|s~{D* ,4¡~|D* Ì£ g+ +bm<(* fc~z Db+ F(* 3(* ~9H ¥wD* b Db+ fB2 ÈC&* £D(* fc~z Db+ GH bK ~|s~7 z£DH B4 £D(* f BxD* wG ; ¯H bK ~8bs~7&* *¡~z£DH bB4&* bK c04 bK @ A&*H f@Jx²* E bK ~zgE f@ B&°* w1&b f@£ BxD* f@ ~zD* @£ «H Ìc g D

25

46

2016 ô

©

bG4¡~8 h ~9H ¤gD* ib£~|s~{D* dFb/ ¶(* H&* gm´* ¯ b gDy E @@< ,Ä@U @ @´* f£ £ ²* ¤gD* f B&°* (bA b E /&°* $b gF*H b g E 2v g- f£~9*ÆA°* ib gm´* 2*x@@A&* bGws-* DH b « ¤gD* i°b F°*H I'Hx@@D* d~zp+ b@ G&* *K 2*x@@ @A&* v@@½ b@@ @£@AH f@@£@ /3¡@@¿ f@@ @ @ B&* - 1 xJv gDb+ ¢ « f@J2b£B ib£~|s~7 4¡~8 ¡ ~}J b £D(* ¡ g J ¤gD* Hv D bK EÉ<&*H ebm<(°*H w@@G f@@ @c@¹ (* ¡@@ @@D* v@@Jx@@- f@@ @ @ B&°* w@@ G f .bE ¤ A 2Hv0 b D z£D HvD*H ib£~|s~{D* ¥wD* ¢ ~6&°* b /3¡¿ ¤GH bGx AH b Fb£C ¯ IwgpJO v½ b £AH b£FvD* < Í 0*xD* f@ B&* - 2 $K b~zFH -b E&* H&* )b+%* 4¡~8 ¡ ~}J °K b/4 @@ @@/*H5&*H @@ @-b@@ @E&*H @@ @)b@@+%* 4¡@@~@8 ~}J £c~6 ¯ *¡~}B JwD* E Í 0*x D *K 4¡~8 v½H f gs´* ¡ D*H x D*H fAb jD* É<&*H a2bc´* (*H ¡Bb+ $°'¡G (* ¡ D* vJx- f@ B&°* wG b -b£0 ¯ G2¡/H E b J D i¡´* v½ b £AH 4¡@@£@ @D*H ib@@F*¡@@£@²* f@ B&* - 3 ÌAb~|<H BH eÉC 4¡~8 ¡ ~}J *K 2*xA&* b T - (* ¡ D* vJx- f B&°* wG D3 Ì=H ¯ f £A4 fDy § ¢ « b F(*H *K vQ / ÌcC $°'¡ + fDbpg~6* ¡GH *K x1b~6 ¢ E « vBH b -b£0 x~{cD* Í+ f£Ab~8 ibBÉ< 2¡/H ¡ ~}J *K 2*x@@A&* v½ b £AH f@£Ab . f B&* - 4 H&* f@@£@<*v@@+(°* -b/bgF H&* cgC f =&* 4¡~8 ¤gD* ib Eb±* i*4b ~7 H&* f@£ D* -b0¡D vJx- f B&°* wG b £A ¡ J H&* b £A *¡~642 ¤G @@8É@@1(°*H $b@@ @g@F°*H xs D* (* ¡@@ @ D* f@£Ab jD* rHx~|D* wG b© f@ )*2 ib ~8

•É‰C’G √òg ,á©æbC’G øe ,ÉgÒZh »Ñ∏àd äAÉL ¿É°ùfE’G áLÉM ¢û«©j …òdG äÉ©ªà› ‘ øY áØ∏àfl ¬©ªà› IÉ«◊G ‘ ,á«eƒ«dG ™«£à°ùj ¬fEG ¢ùÑ∏àj ¿CG »àdG á`©æbC’ÉH Égójôj


bE ¢ < ¢ : x1%* *K 4¡ ~7 &* IxJ Í0H D3 Ì=H b£FvD* b§ f G*xD* f/b²* ¤c gD ~9¡- Ix1&* ,4¡~8 (bA c~6 *K 4H2&* *H2'¡£D )ÉB ¡ j» b Jv-xJ bC ¤gD* f B&°* c~{J . +°* N b B ¥v-xJ v0*¡D* |s~{D* vm D ¢g0 ,2v gE x1%* *K 4H2 d £D v±* N b B ¥v-xJ ô bK B¡E 4¡ ; ¢ < f +b~6 Facebook " ¡c~z£A" f£ ~z- hFbC ebgC" ¤G f£Ax²* f /ÆD*H 2004 b< ¤<b g/°* ~8*¡g D ÍmJx³* eÉ D* ¡/¡D Eb±* ebg D* + v~| JO H " /¡D* $b cD v + b £A -x A i$b/H "¥¡ ~zD* ebg D*" ¢ S ~zJO bE H&* &* D3 ¢ EH hFÆF(°* Ä< *K x g~zE $°'¡G Í+ ~8*¡gD* DH f@ B&ÉD z£DH f£ £ ²* 4¡~| D bC ibJ*vcD* E5 hFÆF(°b+ b~|-°* f<x~6 b g A*4 ¤gD* f£CwD* b£/¡D¡ gD* B*¡´* 4¡ -H fDb D* -*¡ D* ¢ < *K 2b g<* D3H v + < f£F¡ D* ib gm´*H ¤~9*ÆA°* B*¡Db+ T gD* h / b ~z F ¯ b@ S < gs- ¤@@g@D* b g£~8¡~|1 b D @£A i&b~{F ¤@@g@D* I'Hx+ b £A bE h F vB hFbC R (*H f£~9*ÆA°* Ì= ib gm´* 4b~|A v0H bG4b g0* 0 xN <b~{D* fO B&°* hc ~6 v D Ix1&* g B&* ~|J &* ¢ < *K 42bB ib gm´* wG ¶(* ¤ g J 2xA C M $b~7 ¢gE b <y JH $b~{J b C

f@£~9*ÆA°* f@£ B*¡D* @p£g- bE ¡GH f@Jx~{cD* g B&* 4b£g1* ¤ J f£~9*ÆA°* ib gm´* ¯ ¤ BxD* b D* (* bG2*xA&° i*3 h~z£D f £ ²* &° b £ < 2*x@@A&°* J ¤gD* f@J¡ D* bK £Q B4 $b D* *2 bEH b~zF(ÉD f B4 b G hE*2 bE f£ G&* f@0Hx E h~z£D ,v0*H fDHb: ¢ < $b gD°* ,x AH T - Í0 f£~z D* f0*xD* E bK ¿ 2*xA&ÉD b D* xAS H v D ¤gD* f£~|s~{D* H&* gp ~8 ¯ ~z F ¶(* ,Ì@@.&°* ,4¡~|D* bK ¿ ¢ <&* ~z F hB¡D* ¯H b + Ivg JO bK /3¡¿ bGwsgJ v A f@£p ~zD*H f@JxJx gD* < v cO- ¤gD* f£<¡~9¡´* E ws-&* bF&* H&* fFÉA f+x ´* f£~|s~{D rb-4&* bF&* ¡ D* hc S / < @@04 ¥w@@D* ¤@@+&* v gA&* b@@F&* H&* · ,Hv@@B É@@A f£~|s~7

46

2016 ô

©

24


I4*¡gJ ~z F h@@B¡@@D* ¯H b < 4v~|- &* ¢ § i*w@@ D* $b gF°*H xJv gD*H ,2¡´* < bc F°* $b <(° b¿(*H b 1 *wG $b gF* f £c + pgJH ,Hv@@ @D*H $b@@A¡@@D*H eb@@m@<(°*H l*v@@0&°*H f :b D*H fAb jD* b G&* ,2v gE 4¡E&* b D* ¢ pJ b B b D* (bA *w DH f£E¡£D* ,b£²* ¯ fJ4b±* 4*x g~6°* H&* ibcjD* E ¡ + ° ° |)b~|1 f£~9*ÆA°* ib gm´* ¯ ¤ BxD* b D* g E i*wD* 4¡g J b´ bK AH Ì£ - ¢ < ,4v D* b E f£ £Eb J2 b´ bK AHH f£Ab jD* b gc£Cx- ¯ t~6*4 ¡G b´ bK AHH x<b~{E fD*5(* fD¡ ~6 + 2x D* £ g~zJ 3(* o4b³* ¯ E :b g ibcjDb+ ¢ «H b@ Fb E Ix1&* ~9HH f£~|s~{D* ,4¡~|D* f@£Bb+ bG2¡/¡D i2&* ¤gD* l*v@@0&°* H&* x<b~{´* ¢ c- Í0 ° JwD* _DH&° @ q£gJ ¤ BxD* b D* &* £A ~7 ° b»H ,4*x@@B ¯ ¡ T gJ JwD* H&* b@@ @±* E d£~| + ¡ pJ E *¡ + JwD* _DH&* H&* ib£~|s~{D* wG *¡FbC ¡D ~z F&* @ f@ Ab¹ ib g¸ ¯ ¡~{£ J JwD* _DH&* H&* bK £Q g< x D*

23

46

2016 ô

©

D3 ¤E*4vD* $*2&°* ¶(* b D* ,v£~|B ¤ g -" hFbC *3(*H £ g~zJ" { £:&* ~z¹ vBb D* ¡ J b C b £A x<b~{D* &* ¤-*wD* -¡~8 H&* ~|s~7 v g J &* H2 $¤~7 C ¡ J &* H&* b ~| gJ Ix1&* f£~|s~7 ¶(* &bm £~6 F&° x~7bcE ~{+ B*¡EH $*4%* b U pJH *K vJv/ bK 1 b sJ H&* b + vpgJ E 8bs~7&* $*4H ¤ gsJ ¥w@@D* ¤0x~z´* J b C bK Eb­ (bA " + ¤0¡J H&* D¡ J &* vJxJ bE f@AbC F ¶¡gJ ~8O -5xA&* ¥wD* ¤ BxD* b D bK ²b~8 z£D I4&* b C ¢ ´* *wG *K x<b~7 BÉ:(* ¢ < 2x D* 4b~8H ¤<b g/°* ~8*¡gD* B*¡E ¢gE gD*5(*H $b~7 ¢gE <b B ~9H £ g~zJ x<b~7 Ì= H&* b £A x.&bgJ ¤gD* H&* b £ < ¡ J ¤gD* f£~z D* fDbp D bK AH $b~7 &* ~| D* *wG Hbp£~6H b + E'¡J ¤gD* H&* f£/4b1 l*v0&b+ B*¡E ¢ < :b¿&*H ~|)b~|1H ¤ BxD* b D* ¢ E ÍcJ U ¤<b g/°* ~8*¡gD* ô

©

f£~9*ÆA°* ib gm´* 2*xA&* v0&* b ~}J ¤gD* ,4¡~|D* ¡G S < *K Ìc - ¡ gD h~z£D f@£~|s~{D* -4¡~8 b E pgD


°

á«°VGÎa’G äÉ©ªàéŸG ‘ »ªbôdG ´Éæ≤dG e óª CG « GôHG O QÉμ CGh ô É° e ø È© » dG á dG Gƒ° «©j ¿CG »eGQódG GOC Gh Qƒ°üdGh ᪠μdG È ¿ƒfÉæ dG hÉ ƒ h ª » dG á«eGQódG á©æ C G G ,G μ h ,É QÉ°ù fGh É¡ fô°T øe G dG ô á©æ CG øe Gh ,¿ƒ É QGhOCÉH ƒ « ,øjô G É¡ QGƒ j ,ájô©°T á`©æ CG É h á`« G dG É«°ü ° dG 橪 d É ª É¡d øe jh ,ô É° dG

46

2016 ô

©

22


©° bK £´b< H&°* yCx´* Ég« Íg D* ÍgDHvD* ¶(* bFx F *3(*H v ~6&bC b£´b< H&°* yCx´* fc0b~8 4b¿vD* &* v½ bK £+x<H $b~z D* ~{-H f£ £c: Ì= f£GbA4 f/4v+ g g- µb D* ¯ d ~7 Í :*¡´* vC&b- E I¡g~z´* f £AxD* )b;¡D* E %43 b G g £;H *Hv A *3(* fD¡ ~z+ f £;H ¢ < ¡ ~|p£~6 F&* E 9x´* fDb0 ¯ ¥4¡ D* oÉ D* ¢ < D¡~|0H f£Db²* ¢ < d ~7 v ~6&bC bK £+x< H&°* b c£-Æ+ i*4b@@@E(°* v@@½H E ¤´b D* I¡g~z´* ¢ < Jx~{ D*H EbjD*H ¤+x D* I¡g~z´* bEv < µb D* *wG E ¯ bK ~8 h ~z0&* vB fDH2 156 Í+ ¡g E %* v~7*4 + v ¹ t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 lvpg~6* ,4*5H fc£ 0 Ñ* b<4 $*45¡@@D* z ¸ z£)4 ¤+2 Cb0 fDHvD* 1 C fE$*¡E f£~6b~6&°* b g E ,2b ~z D ,vJv/ gm´* ,2b ~6 £ pgD b -b~6b£~6H b ¸*x+H Ãv - ¯ A x - ° fE¡ 0 vJxF" ¡ ~6 ¡B v0 ¢ <H f_£+ ÌA¡-H b c ~7 i*4b@@ @E $b + ¯ bK ~}J&* + ib@@Ev@@³* b g GH b G b~zF(°* ,2b ~6 ©H i*5b@@ ½(°* £ pgD "bK £Ax0 £ F pF D3 ¡ F bEv <H ¤E¡£D* b ~7H

21

46

2016 ô

©

f~6*42 v½ ",2b ~6 È@@C&°* HvD*" ib~6*4v D ¤ £ B(°* yCx´*" b@@G*x@@/&* ¶(* Ì~{- ",xGb Db+ f@@£@m@£@-*Æ@@~@6°* f£+x D* HvD* E d-*xE Áv- ebc~6&* f )bB J3 gpgD b ~} + d£-x- /*x-H &* ¯ ¤@@´b@@ @D* ,2b ~zD* x~7'¡E xJx 4bcg<°* Í + w1&bJ ,2b ~zD* x~7'¡E xJx b E ,ÌjC Ix@@1&* E*¡< £ ~|- ¯ E 2xA D ·b /(°* ¥2b~|gB°* ªb D* ~6¡gEH b ~zD* m0H fDH2 C b ~6 2b~z D* ibJ¡g~zEH Í :*¡ D x D* ¡: £ gD* I¡g~zEH gm´*H ib~z~6'¡´* ¯ ib@@Jx@@²*H 2x@@ @ D* £ < ~|pJ ¥w@@D* f@@DHv@@D* cB @@E f0¡ ´* f£<b g/°* ,vFb~z´* 4b£ E @@< ÉK ~}A 2*x@@A&É@@D dFb/ E $*¡~6 :*¡ D f£<b g/°* Jx1%°* Í :*¡´* H&* fDHvD* fJ2b~|gB°* i*x@@~@ 7'¡@ ´* Áv@@g@D *K x@@ @ FH É1 f£+x D* HvD* ibJ2b~|gB* d =&° ¤gD* ,Æ@@ @ D* ¤@@ GH Í@@£@~@9b@@´* Í@@Eb@@ @ D* i*4b jg~6°* eb£= + xJx gD* b DHb eb£= fm£gF f£/bgF(°* ib<b D* E vJv D* B¡-H f£c /&°* obmg0°* ibCx0 4b~{gF*H eb@@G4(°* ,xGb; ¤~{ -H E&°* b B E È@@C&* £ - ¯ dc~z- b» ÌcC ~{+ f£Db D* ¥¡£0 ¥2b~|gB* ¤gD* f£ E&°*H f£~6b£~zD* ib+*x ~9°* Ì.&b- dFb/ ¶(* *wG ¢ < i*4¡jD* v + bE f 0xE ¯ f£+x D* HvD* d =&* b -v ~7 vC&* 4b:(°* *wG ¤ A b< ~{+ ¤+x D* 2b~|gB°* i*x~7'¡E v0¡´* ¥2b~|gB°* ¤+x D* xJx gD* ¯ ¤+x D* v D* Hv ~8 x.&b- f£+x D* ibJ2b~|gB°* $*2&* &* 2015 xJ*ÄA ¯ 42b~|D* /*x- < ngF b» f ´* b -v ~7 ¤gD* E*¡ D* E 2v + 4b ~6&* @@/*x@@-H f£+x D* Hv@@D* ¯ f m~z´* ¡ D* i°v E $*2&* /*x- ¯ ÌcC ~{+ ~6&* ¤~9b´* b D* É1 D* b< ~{+ f£+x D* ibJ2b~|gB°* ibC4vE x~7'¡E xJx - ¯ Hv@@D* - E /*x- &* b C bK cc~6 b@@C f£DHvD* f£Ab ~{D* f E < 42b~|D* 2b~z D* x~7'¡E ¯ ,x1&bgE d-*xE ¢ < f£+x D* HvD* ¡~|0 ¯ x1%* i*x~7'¡´* v0&bC 2b~z D* x~7'¡E ¢ < v g J ¥w@@D* ,2b ~zD* Í :*¡´* ,2b ~6 IvE ££ - ¯ f£~z£)xD*


<vD* I¡g~zEH b + g gJ ¤gD* f£~6b£~zD* fJx²* f/42H 2x D 2b~z D* eb£=H fp~|D*H £ gD* jE v + ¯ ¤<b g/°* ,v£±* fp~|DbC Ix1&* ÌJb E ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ v D* 4b~{gF*H cB E ££ gD* gJH ,x g~z´* ,x@@~@6&°*H ¤ £;¡D* @@E&°*H ¼&°* ­&b-H £ - Íj0bcD*H Í£Â2bC&°* E f<¡ ¸ ¯ b ~9H v + ÌJb ´* wG E C eb~z0 gJ k£0 ,vpg´* x~{< ¶(* x ~8 E 6b£ E ô©

ô

IvE ¢ < i4v~8 ¤gD* ,2b ~zD* x~7'¡E xJ4b - E q~}gJH f£+x D* HvD* E d-*xE Áv- ,Ì1&°* +4&°* i*¡ ~zD* ¯ g 0 ¥w@@D* d£-ÆD* @@D3 < b ~} + d£-x- @@/*x@@-H b D* *wG cB i4v~8 ¤gD* f +b~zD* xJ4b gD* b/xD* E ,2b ~6 ÈC&* $b~z D* &* xJ4b gD* E q~}gJ b C x~7H e¡ / H2H *v D5¡£FH b£D*Æ~6&*H f£Db ~{D* b JxE&* ¯ b+H4H&* x~7 H2 ¯ b/xD* E ,2b ~6 B&* C b £+ b£~6%* f£ JxA(°* $*xp~|D* e¡ / H2H ~6 ¢g0 f G*x´* ~6 E fK J*v+ ,2b ~zD* v E |Bb gJH *¡/*4b £F bgDH2 iv ~7H D3 v + x g~zJ . 50@D* H&* 40@D* ¶(* 2012 @@E ,2b ~zD* 4b£ E ¯ b@@ @-4* Ä@@C&* ¥¡@@+b@@c@Â5H v E ¯ 9b sF* ÄC&* bF¡£D*H b£Fbc~6(* hFb< b £+ 2014 $b .&* ¤ gm´* 0ÉgD* f D b£Db J(*H x~|E b £ - ,2b ~zD* f£Db´* ibE5&°* eHx@@²* Áb@@ @- Hv@@ D* } + b@@ @G &* x@@J4b@@ @g@D* iv@@@C&*H Hv+ fF4b E fEv gE yC*xE h g0* fp ~z´* ib<*x~|D*H h g0*H f£ G&* bK +x0 Áb - ¤gD* b£c£D E lv0 b C ,x g~zE f<b / E bK p ~zE bK <*x~8 9¡s- ¤gD* bJÌm£FH 63@D* fc-x´* ¯ {£ - ¤gD* bE¡~|D*H 78@D* fc-x´* ¯ fAx g´* *x0 ¡C¡+ 91@D* fc-x´* ¯ f J¡: i*¡ ~6 w E ¢~9¡ D* E hFbC v A ,2b ~zD* x~7'¡E ¯ ,Ì@@1&°* 20@D* yC*x´* bE&* bg~zFb A&* ¯ ib<*x~|D* b £A x g~z- ¤gD* 2ÉcD* d£~|F 9*xE&°*H x D* Áb - ¤gD* 2ÉcD* ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ bJ4¡~6H 156@D* bJ4¡~6 jE bGÌ=H f£ JxA&°* 2ÉcD* E fJv ´* 148@D* ¤ ~6¡D* b£ JxA(*H ° © f )bB J3 f£+x D* HvD* Ég0* $*4H x~zD* < b jp+ *3*H

,2b ~z D ·HvD* ¡£Db+ b g0°* ¢ < ,vpg´* ¼&°* 4*x~8(*H ¯ 6b D* ,b£0 ¯ ,2b ~zD* f£ G&b+ b E bK A*Æ<* v J b< C Í~7vg+ f£~9b´* ,Æ D* ¯ hEbB DwDH µb D* $bpF&* C µb D* ¯ x D* $b F(* b E 2*xJO fE*vg~z´* f£ g D bK AvG 17 fJb 0H e¡ ~{D* Í@@+ JbcgD*H iHb gD* ib@@/42 } 1H ¥2'¡- &*  f£~z£)4 dF*¡/ b ¸ ¯ j­ wGH dC¡ D* ,2b ~zD*H bAxD* ¶(* © ¼&ÉD b D* ÍE&ÉD fc~z Db+ ,2b ~zD* ¡ E b@@A DwDH f Jx: ~}A&* &* vC&* k£0 bK p~9*H bC " ¡E ¤C b+" ,vpg´* i*$*x/(°* 3bs-* ¤G ,2b ~z D ·HvD* ¡£D* *w + b g0ÉD i°b0 v ~{J ¥wD* hB¡D* ¯ ,bFb ´* E £ sg D fE5ÉD* bK BvE *K x AH bK £<b / *K vJx~{-H ,xEvE bK +Hx0H f £~z/ ; b~zF(°* ~8 E ¤G ¤gD* ,bFb ´* ebc~6&* E D3 Ì=H 2030 fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* f 1 &* D fDb~64 ¯ b D* ÍE&°* vC&*H v gD* yJy g+ @@F&*H £ m D fÂxC ,b£0 ÌA¡gD f 1 ~{ b  f +*Æ´* fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* *vG&* £ « ¡pF 5xp´* f/bp+ µb D* &*H É~zD* b ~9H ,2b ~zD* x~{F ¯ ,v<b~z´* 2b~|gB°* )b<2 Í+ '¡Ab gD* pJ vJv/ ¥2b~|gB* o3¡¿ ¶(* f£<b g/°*H f@@J2b@@´* f£GbAxD*H fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* lÉ@@j@D* f£´b D* ,2b ~zD* f£GbE Jx - ¯ d~|JH f_£cD*H 2x D* fEÉ~6H ©° ô°T f E < bK J¡ ~6 ¤´b D* ,2b ~zD* x~7'¡E xJx - 4v~|JH "fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* ¡ 0" f c~7 É1 E ,vpg´* ¼&°* *wGH 2012 b< ,vpg´* ¼&ÉD b D* Í@@E&°* b :&* ¤gD* f /H ,4Hx~}Db+ z J °H ¡ g~zE $*Ä1 cg J xJx gD* f£DbgD* ÌJb ´* ¶(* ££ gD* ¯ v g~zJH f£DHvD* f ´* x F 2x D ¤ £ ²* ·b /(°* ¤E¡ D* ªb D* f£p~|D* ,b£²* i*¡ ~6 £ < 2b g<°*  8bs~7&* 2¡/H ,b£²* ¯ i*4*x D* 3bs-*H 4b£g1°* fJx0 gm´* ¯ 2b~z D* ¤~{ - f/42 gm´* f0b ~6 i*x~7'¡´* E f<¡ ¸ 6b£B ¢ < v g J f )b D* d£-x-H ¤ £ ²* 1vD* ~6¡gE b E e¡ ~{D* ,2b ~6 IvE vJvpgD

46

2016 ô

©

20


µb D* I¡g~zE ¢ < 120@D* yCx´* ¢ < h ~|0 B&°* G ¥vFH4¡+ b ~6 (bA ,2b ~zD* x~7'¡E xJx gD bK AHH bg~zFb A&*H Í + ¯ b ~zD* cgJ -b£p+ ,2b ~6H b~94 bJ4¡~6H ¡=¡-H IOÉ©°ù d É©dG

dG

¤´b D* ¡£ D b )b£0(* 4b@@:(* ¯ ,vpg´* ¼&°* xJx - $b@@/H ¥wD* xJx gD* Hb -H b< C E 64bE 20 ¡J ,2b ~z D £ « ,v@@p@g@´* ¼&°b@@ + fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* nEbFx+ v@@ <&* 38 ¶(* d£-ÆD* v g~zJH fDH2 156 ¯ f£E¡£D* ,b£²* Hx; b G&* ¤´b D* I¡g~z´* ¢ < ,2b ~zD* 6b£ D bK gº *K x~7'¡E fJb<xD* ¢ < D¡~|0 IvEH fDHvD* ¯ d ~{D* fp~8 IvE xJx - ¢ < 2*xA&°* ,4vBH 4¡/&°* I¡g~zEH f+¡ ´* f£p~|D* bE&*H gm´* ¯ fJx~6&°* ibBÉ D* dFb/ ¶(* c g~zE f£<b g/°* E*¡ D* } cD fAb~9(°b+ ¤ £;¡D* @@:*¡@@´* IvEH fE¡ ²* 2b~zA f/42H ibJx²bC Ix1&°* f£~6b£~zD*H f£_£cD*H f£<b g/°*H fJ2b~|gB°* *vG&ÉD fDHvD* £ «

19

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

©°

©°

v + 2016 b D f£´b D* ,2b ~z D ¤ ~6xD* xJx gD* 4v~8 vBH ¯ 4b¿vD* ~}£D µb D* ¡0 fDH2 156 ¢ < hJx/&* f~6*42 ·*¡gD* ¢ < ÁbjD* b D µb D* ¯ fDH2 v ~6&bC H&°* yCx´* yCx´* ¯ *v ~zJ&* bGv +H *x~zJ¡~6 b g g0bA f£FbjD* fc-x´* bE&* zEb³* yCx´* ¯ *v AH +*xD* yCx´* ¯ nJHÊD*H kDbjD* IOÉ©°ùdGh Üô©dG H&°* yCx´* ¢ < i*4b@@ E(°* h ~|0 ¤+x D* I¡g~z´* ¢ <H ‘ 28 B4 yCx´* ¢ <H ¤+x D* µb D* ¯ fDH2 v ~6&bC bK £+x< yCx´* ¯ fJ2¡ ~zD* f£+x D* f ´* i$b/H ¤´b D* d£-ÆD* i$b/H bK £´b< 34 @D* yCx´* ¢AH i*4bE(°* v + bK £+x< ÁbjD* 36 yCx´* ¢AH ¤+x D* I¡g~z´* ¢ < kDbjD* yCx´* ¯ x B µb D* ¯ +*xD* yCx´* ¢ < h ~|0 v A x)*y±* bE&* bK £´b< ¢ < hJ¡ D* fDH2 h ~|0H bK £´b< 38 yCx´* ¢ <H ¤+x D* v A x~|E bE&* bK £´b< 41@D* yCx´*H bK £+x< zEb³* yCx´*


É ô

h G

ôG

G É Gh É É

©° G

É

dG ôμ

É

G

IóëàŸG ·C’G äÉ°SÉ«bh ..܃©°ûdG IOÉ©°S ,2b ~z D ¤´b< ¡£+ b g0°* 4x - 2012 b< E ¡£F¡J ¯H fEb D* f£ m D Íg~zD*H f~62b~zD* ,4HvD* ib£Db A {EbG ¢ < o3¡ D*H gm´* f£GbA4H ,2b ~zD*" *¡ + ,vpg´* ¼&ÉD b< C E 64bE 20 ¡J vJv« ®H "kJv²* ¥2b~|gB°* f£ G&b+ b E bK A*Æ<* D3H ,2b ~z D ·Hv@@D* ¡£D* ~8¡+ £D(* gJ b» Íg£´b< Íg £B b ~8¡+ f£GbAxD*H ,2b ~zD* ~|gJ bE ¯ f£ G&* E b D b´H µb D* $bpF&* C ¯ x~{cD* fEb D* f~6b£~zD* v~8b § f£ gD* ¡ 0 f c~7 h < f£~9b´* +4&°* i*¡ ~zD* IvE ¢ <H ¥¡ ~6 xJx - 4*v~8(* ¢ < bEH4 ¯ ,vpg´* ¼&ÉD fE*vg~z´* bK c: HvD* d£-x- ¢ < ¡ JH ¤´b D* ,2b ~zD* x~7'¡E 2vpJ b +¡ ~7 IvD ,2b ~zD* I¡g~z´

ój ƒHCG óª CG ¿É°ùfG ó ƒj , ` QC G ƒ©°T » OÉ©°ùdG ƒª¡dG ø`` ó``«`©`Hh , OÉ``©`°`ù`dÉ``H á « e É« H j C G CGóH 2012 É h C Gh Sƒ dGh ¿G C Gh ájƒæ°S á°SGQO Gô G ƒ j Gójó Gó« ó G , ƒ©° dG ód OÉ©°ùdG ô°Tƒe SÉ« d É©dG hO ƒ °ùe 156 á«eƒ«dG É« G hô « ƒ j dGh « © dG É¡æ«H øe ,É Gô°Tƒe 38 G óæ °ùjh ,ádhO OGô`` C G Qó`` h ,á° «© G ƒ °ùeh ,Qƒ`` C Gh á °üdGh ª G OÉ°ù dG ƒ °ùe , ¡ °ùe ôjô

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

18


f£ G&°* d~z0 ¡ ~}D* dc~6 ¡~9¡ D xJb E ¡~9¡E H&* x1%* + ~z F 2x D* ~{J &* b F°* ¡~9¡E < x D* x~8 (* 3(* -°b F* ÌjJ ¥wD* ¤gD* f£Db F°* fBb D* g~zJH ¥HÆD*H $Hv D* ¯ v<b~zJ b§ b F°* nDb J &* 2x D* £ g~zJ . EH b F°* dc~z $Hv D*H 4*x g~6°* D pJ &* Â Áb ~z±* b~{ D* (* b gFb+ f~9bJxD* f~64b» ,x £~zD* h« ¡ ~}D* mJH bK £Ab~8 G3 mJ JwD* 8bs~7&ÉD bK cDb= d ~8 F&* =x+ $b1Æ~6°* A - ¢ ~z- f £~6H b G ¥4Hx~9 D x-¡gD* 9*x<&* ¡Fb J ~}g- *K v<b~zE ÉK Eb< ¡ - &* Â 4¡ g´* $b1Æ~6°*

E*vB&b+ &*v+* ,v0 ¢ < C IÄ D* iÉ~} D* $b14(*H v~7 ¶(* v - ¢g0 iÉ~} D* v~7 ~6&*4 ¢g0 ¢ <&°* ¶(* v ~8*H z -H ¤1Æ~z- iÉ~} D* 2 . v~{D* ¢ < *K yCxE ,x~{< É F°* 4¡ ~{+ bK g g~zE + vB g ´* E&bgD* &* 6b D* E ÌjC v/H E&bgD* ex/ É~zD* f C ¯ E&bg- &* ÉK j A $b1Æ~6°* ¢ < Gv<b~6 ¯ E&bg- &* ~}A&°* E @@F&* v© b§4 H&* $ v@@D* $Hv D* E Hyº v < ¡ J &* £ ±* E D dc¹ |s~7 E&bg D Â b £+ ¡ ~}D* $b .&* E dp~zgD f g ´* 4b A&°* bEv < f£ <bA ÈC&* ¡ J F(bA Iv´* ,Ì~|B v)*¡A ¶(* ¥2'¡J &* x~{< E bK £E¡J E&bgD* f~64b» Hb0 f£E¡J f ~|+ I2'¡J &* Â + z gD* 64bE ,xE C f £B2 Jx~{< ¶(* ¥&* H&* D* H&* y ´* ¯ f E B*¡E /*¡- bEv < *wG gJ F&°* E ~{ g~6* bK ~}J&* v£ E z gD* ¯ pgD* b E E AH + D* É1 E $ c+ xA5* . M *¡. ,v D z gD* < ~zE&* ¤c~| D* v~{D* HyJ ¢g0 i*xE z 1 ¶(* +4&* E *wG A* JH&b- f Jx:H ¤ 1*vD* hEb~|D* 4*¡0H 4b A&* dB*4 *K 42bB ¡C&* &* dmJ $b£~7&* ~z D D¡B (* l*v0&ÉD wG C =x+ £ sgD* £ g~z- ° F&* f:b~zc+ ix ~7 *3(* ,v<b~zE < kpcD* ¡~9¡E 4bcg<* ¯ ~}A i°Hb@@p@´* JwD* Í G'¡´* ,4b~{g~6* w1&b- &* ~}A&°* ¡ J b§4 f£/4b1 E x: £ -H Cb~{E oÉ< ¢ < -v<b~zE Â ¤~z D* 2b /(°* ,v0 } s- &* b F&b~7

17

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

bG¡ sJ ,¡ 1 C v < ib 0É´* Ãv g+ w1&b A b JvJ&* < 4¡@@g@F ° - µ *3(*H dc~6 ¥&° i*2b@@~@@74(°* v@@ @FH vJxJ bE J F(* "x1%* ~{+ x~|gD*  £C +b < D* 4¡ - E f 0x´* wG ¤ A Jx1%°* ¥&*x+ v£ gD* H2 ib 0b~{´*H ,4x ´* ibAɳ* ,x@@~@6&°* ¯ x - bE bK cDb= b G D* f£+x- fD&b~zE ¯ Ég1°b+ dc~z+ JvD*¡D* Í+ ¢ < c~}D*H ,x £~zD* f£ < &b+ xCwgD* G&°* ¢ < dmJ fJb D f £ ~9 ¡ - f 0x´* wG ¯ D* v < i°b F°* ¥¡~zD* ¤~z D* ¡¿ ¢ < v<b~zJ ¥wD* ¥x~6&°* ¡±* &* v½ ib/b²* bc~7(* ¯ ~zgJ &* dmJ f£~z D*H fEb D* fp~|D*H Jx: < i*4v D* f£ - ¶(* ¡cBH b gG*H d0 E f£~z D* <b gD* &* b C f /¡´* f~64b ´*H ,$b cD* i*ij*H d D* f£ G&* b D 4bjJ(°*H Hb gD*H Jx1%°* ¡ 0 *Æ0*H ¤+bmJ(°* £/¡-H c g~z´b+ ¤~z D* 4*x g~6°* y)bC4 <2 ¯ IÄC i*2b D* J¡ - ¤@@GH f£ G&°* fJb= ¯ f£0bF ¶(* bcgF°* ,ÌcC fJb 0 Eb< ¤G ¤gD*H ¡ D*H fJw gDb+ f~8b1 f £ ~zD* ¥&* b@@© f £ ~zD* i*v g ´*H 4b@@ @A&°* J¡ - ¯ c g~z´b+ E *K v£/ Eb gJ 6b D* } + b £ < x gD*  iÉ ~{E  bE b + *K v/ ¤c ~6 ~{+ Hx.&bgJ Hx1%°*H ¡ ~}D* i*Ì -H D*H $b£<(°*H *v~|D*H ¡ ~}D* dc~zJ &* ¤@@-*w@@D* xJv gD* 9b sF*H ,x@@C*w@@D* *v@@ @ AH f£ ~{D* Jv£D* ,2Hx@@+H b ~6&°* p:H ¤<b g/°* ebp~zF°*H f£c~|< i*w@@1HH ¤p ~6 z -H v@@D* ~9 b@@ @-4*H fc~|1 bK ~94&* xA¡J x-¡gD* (* ¤ ~} D* 5b ±* ib+*x ~9*H ,v0*H x D* Cb~{E &* z D* $bc:&* IxJH 9x D ,5bg» b D ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* ¯ *K 4b~{gF* Í DbcD* Cb~{E È@@C&* E ib+¡ ~| D b D* xJw D* ¡G x-¡gD* &* b C x-¡gDb+ fBÉ< eb_gC°*H ·b F°* D* jE f£~z D* Iô °ùdG

É°ù É©

dG G

G

G

i°b F°* *¡@@ F&* @@< f£AbC ibE¡ § 2x@@ @D* 2Hy@@J &* ¤ g - ¤gD* n)bg D*H b £ < fc-Æ´* 4b.%°*H b .Hv0 ebc~6&*H vJv«H i°b F°* c~9 E ­ fAx ´* wG (* 3(* b +


É G ôμ

á«°ùØædG áë°üdGh ‹É©Øf’G ÒÑ©àdG Ö«dÉ°SCG óæ QÉ°ù«dCG áeÉ Gh , É« G QGô °SG ÉH É©°üdGh É » ©j G h © dG á« É©°üdG » d áªF

GQhô° øe Qhô° Oô dG óæ É Gh É Gô°üdG OG ô° É ¿É« C G ©e É¡d f G hô dG Oô d «¡ É© f

É© f G ° È ©j É¡ É Gô°Uh É« G μ° e ójG e G Éææe h øjô G e á« GQh ó« ᫠ɪ G É H ,É¡¡ ƒf h Éæ Gƒ ° f ø fh dG ô°ü ª°ùj G ° á« ª ¿CG ©f ¿CG jh ô d °SÉæe É É fG

v J ¡ A ´* |s~{D* ,b£0 ¢ < bK £c ~6 z J b» Eb 0&* qc~|-H fJ¡~6 f Jx + iÉ ~{´* 0 ¢ < ,4v D* x D* d JH D3 ¯ Í~z ±* gsJ b C ,v~6bA f£jc< bK p~9*H x D* v½ k£0 f£Db F°* ib+bmg~6°* ~7 ¯ *K 4H2 E*¡ D ÂH ¡ D*H Í DbcD*H b :&°* i°b F* Í+ E*¡ D fAb~9(* ·b F°* ¡ ~zD* f/42 2v« &* f£.*4¡D* fjDbjD* f ~zD* D* ¡ + EH f£<b g/°*H f£Ab jD*H fJ¡+ÆD* JvD ¡ ~zD* E ,vJv/ b ~7&* 4¡ ; 0ÉF x < E ¡ J bC *3(* 2HH :b - d~zC ¢ < b -4v § ~{F b © xE&°* ¡ £~6 £ A ~zD* *wG ¯ fcJx´* b <&°* wG j§ ¶(* x F b mJ b» D*H d~zpgDb+ w1&bF " c g~z´* ¯ E $¤~7 ¥&* h F °&* ÍDHb¹ ,Hb~zBH v~7&* fE*x~|+ b :

Ì - ¡@@GH 6b~z0(°* E f gC ¡G b F°* (* ¡ D* Â x<b~{§ y£ g- f£F*v/H ,4b@@.(b@+ e¡p~|E ¤@@²* )b D* ¯ Db F* $b .&* |s~{ D lv«H ¡ ~zD* ¡pF bAvF*H fJ¡B f£Db F°* -b ~6 ¯ ¡ gsJ 6b D*H i*Ì gD* E vJv D* ¯ pgD*H f£~6b~z²* H&* v cgD*H z D* c~9 ¢ < ,4v DbC fJ2&b- ¢ < v<b~zJ bK £+bmJ(* vg ´* b F°* ¢ cJH i°b F°* ¢ < ,v<b~z´* É1 E £~z -H b + f£ D* )b;¡D* 4¡ gD*H bAvF°* < 2b g+°*H b 0b / qcCH z D* c~9 +b E ¯H Ì gD* £~{ -H b£³* ¯ f+¡~|³* ,2b@@J5H ¥wD*H 2b²* vJv~{D* b F°* b G vg ´* a2b D* bAvF°* ex ~}£A f£c~| D* yC*x´* ¢ < bK £c ~6 x.'¡J ¤ 1*2 d~}= ¡G b£ D* f£ D* ib£ < f£ + I3&bg-H *42(°* ¡~{JH Ì gD*

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

16


f£ D* f £CbE ¯ Ab-H Ì ~8 6x- 2x¸ ¶(* D¡0 ¥wD* f~8b1 i*wC £ g-H < $b g~6°* b E(°b+ f£<b g/°* b Bb -* H&* ¡ m´* *wG f ~6 bG*x- f ² ¥&* ¯ ,2x EH ¥5*¡/4¡cD* ¤<b g/°* b¿(*H ¢~9¡ D ,¡<2 j ° É D* *wG &* ¡ D* < ¤ =H ,2*4(b+ {£ D* ¯ gJx0 E c£~|F 2xA C w1&bJ &° ,¡<2 ¡G f ~6 cB E £ < Í~9Hx E ° J4bgº Í£-*3 É~6H bK ;b 0 1*v+ b~zF(°* fJ2xA t~z­H £A pg- f£B¡A 2¡/¡D* ¡G b~zF(°* &° f~8b³* b ²b~|E ¢ < bK A¡s-H b C z D* z£DH 4¡ ; ¢ < µb D* 2¡@@/H B¡gJ ¥w@@D* x-4b~6 ¡ J dG*w´* ¡G b JvG £ -H ¶H&°* ,yJx D* ¤ F < H'¡~z´* iyC4 ¤gD*H fJ2¡/¡D* f ~z D* h c~6 ¤gD* ¶H&°* f£ ~z D* ib~6¡~zp D ¥vJxmgD* D* 4¡ E Ä< 2¡/¡D* i&*4 H&* b~6¡~z¹ b A 2xm´* A ¢ < fJ2¡/¡D* iy@@C4 Í0 ¯ £D 2xm´* x D* v mJ b £A 24b CÌC J4¡~6 ¡ J b C v mJ ¥2¡/¡D* H&* ¤-*wD* x D* v½ bK JvJx© bK A 6¡~zp´* G4¡~|- AH bK ~6¡~z¹ bK A 2xm´* £D z D* ¢ < ¤G f£-*wD* (*H f£Gb D 2¡/¡D* c~6 ¡C ¯ ¡J2¡/¡D* f £ pC Eb gD*H fJ'HxD*H x D* ¯ É F°*H $vcD* ,v<bB cgJ bE b AHH b £ < ¡ J &* dmJ f£DH&* ,v<bB j­ ¤gD* ¶H&°* ,yJx D* f£~} D bF4¡~|- ¡ J b G EH ¤-*wD* 2¡/¡D* &° fJ'Hx D ¢ +H i*4¡~|- E p J b´ 6b~6&°* f£ D* £<b EH fCx0 £ < ¡ - ¥wD* 6b~6&°* ¡G 2x D D¡ + x-4b~6 < Ä< bE *wGH ¢ + E b cgJ bEH fJ2¡/¡D* F¡ J &* vJxJ bE ¡ JH ¡ J &* vJxJ . v/¡J b~zF(°* (*" bE I¡~6 z£D b~zF(°*H 2¡/¡D* ¶(* bGy J ¤gD* ,y D* v + " ~z + ¡G ~|J ¥wD* 6b~6&°* ¤G ¶H&°* ,yJx D* ¡ - D* *wG @@AHH 5b -4* ,v<bB ¤G ¡ - £ <H 6¡~zp´* 2¡/¡D* E F* 2¡/¡D* *wG f£ <bAH 2¡/H b£B z~z« ,*2&*H gF¡ £C ibc.H pgJ bGv0H ,v<b D* w +H D*H ,2*4(°* f )bB i*wC i*x-¡gD*H ib~}Bb gDb+ f_£ ´* i*Hw@@D* - b -*HwD b A Ì D 2xm´* x D* cB E b Db =(* H&* b Db G(* pJ µ ¥wD*H Hvc- f Jx + -b£0H b~zF(°* Ã5&b@ -H È@@C&* f ~{´* v£ 2¡/¡D* i*v£ -H . v + f £pg~zEH + ²* f£~| g~zE C*ÆD*H b G(°* HxB E D* *wG C 4HxE v +

15

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

¤gD* f£ £c D* -yJx= AH <b D* 2¡/H £A 64b gJ2xAH gJx0 £ - bE H&* ¯ ¤ f£ ~}E f 04 v + + fcDb D ¤ ~z J¡g~62 2¡ J bE ¡G *wGH v +H ,yJx D* wG £ ~|-H D b F < kpcD* ¯ ¶(* b D* *wG dGw£D D¡ + b B 4*vm+ E*v ~8* ¤ p+ $b~7&* b C x~|gD* ¯ ¤ p+ dDb:&* ¤ F(* £p±* d E c~}Db+ ¡G *wGH *K 2xA *K wA *K xG¡/ ¤~z F 4bcg<* ¯ x~|gD* ¯ gJx0 2x D xG¡mC j­ bE H&* ¶H&°* ,yJx D* g /H vJv« ¯ 4*xB *Æ0b+ gJ b £A i*wDb+H wA 2x C i&*v+ b G EH f ´* i*$b D*H 4b +&°* fg£E i¡Â °&*H b ~7 ¡ gDH f ~{´* w D x D* ¯ fJ2¡/¡D* f ~z D* f 04 f £~|D JvcC b D b 0x: f £~6H e2&°* ¡ J &*H =b~{D* ¥vJxmgD* kpcD* ,x D fJ2¡/¡D* f ~z D* fEHb E ,x A i$b/ bK ~}J&* b G EH ¤gD*H b g c~6 ¤gD* f£ ~z D* dG*w´*H ib<b ±* f £G Ì - x:H -*v g EH -b /¡-H b~zF(°* d~8 ¢ < ix~8&* ¯ £D(* y - bEH ¶H&°* -yJx= z < ¢ <H ,2v¹ dD*¡B ¯ yCxEH 2¡/¡D* yCxE bG4bcg<b+ b gJ2xAH b g£-*3 ¢ < v£C&bgD* ɳ* A b~zF(ÉD f£ :b D* ,b£²b+ fJb D* f£~}B ¡ - ¢ ´* *w +H f£~} D* - ¶H&°* ,yJx D* ¡ E v~8b E G&* v0&* ¤G b £A x D* ib ~z D* ¤BbcD 2xm´* ¤ D* x D* v / ¤gD* j­ ¤G Í0 ¯ z D* < ¢ < b jp+ ¡~9¡E x~|BH x:H ~z F < b~zF(°* Ìc - ,4¡~8 ¯ *K x.&* ÈC&°* dFb±* 2¡/H f ~} EH £pJ bE iÉ~} E b© Db A&* 2H24H Ì gJxp+ FbÂ(* ¢ < x D* ¯ 6b~6&°* A*2 ¡ J 2xA )b C 2¡@@/¡@@D* « f£ < ¯ A b@@©H b Gb© g£DH'¡~zEH ,2*4(°* D Ì1&* v~| C dFb/ f . *5b A dFb±* *wG ¯ b ´* fJb F h~z£D wGH ¢ < - ¤gD* f£BÉ1&°*H f£ £ D* ib:*Æ~7°*H i*2vp´* D z~6&* bE ¡GH ¶H&°* ,yJx D* ¡ E E *K v@@+&* v~}D* ¤Â2bC&°* v£ ~|D* ¢ < Gv + E b g/°* $b <H f :b ´* ib mg D f£<b g/°* *x@@<&°* D h~z~6&* cBH ¤ ~6xD* C*ÆDb+H I2&* ¥wD* xE&°* ¥x BH ¡ ¹ b~{ + fJx~{cD* ,¡ sCH ¶H&°* &°* -yJx= < b~zF(°* y< ¶(* ¤ EyD* ¢ < ,4v D* D ¤<b g/* *¡£0 ¶(* J¡« Jx: ¢ < ¶H&* f ~zD* vDH ¥wD* ¥5*¡/4¡cD* b -°* ÍF*¡B c -H f<Hb ´* E + b -b ~6H b ~z F + h 0 bEH f£B¡ D* f£~6b£~zD* v0 ¥&* ¶(*H b~zF(°* ÍF*¡ D* wG h ~8H&* J&bA ÍF*¡B " fJyJx D* fJx D* -*3 < Dy< 2Hv0 E + h + xE&°* ~7 H2 @@-*3 < b~| F°*H b~| F°* fDb0 ¶(*


É G ôμ

¤hC’G Iõjô¨dG …QóóÑdG »eÉ°S ójó É¡fCG É OG æ CG » á É° e á«eƒ¡ e æH É°SQG G ƒ° ƒ óª ¿Gƒæ©dG G ó°ü e hCG æ©e ô°T »

fJ'Hx D x g -H r¡ D* g­ ,2x E i*3 Áb~zF(°* 2¡/¡D* ¢ < h g~7*H É@@ @F* ,v<b D v@@ @/H ,x+bj§ h~z~6&* ,yJx D* f/b0 eb~z0 ¢ < $b/ b g~7°* *wG &* °(* b ~6b~6&* ,xGb D* g£ G&* < =x+ fJx D* ¶H&°* K b~}¹ bK £ J¡ - bK ~6b~6&* hFbC + *K 4b£1 - µ ¶H&°* ,yJx D* pggD fJ¡jF&* f~}J¡cD ¥xC3 £0 q£ - f£ < f£~6b~6&* j§ 4*x g~6* f£ < bc-4* j§H vJv/ Í / J¡ - f£ < f£ < h c-4* - q£ gD* f£~} + @@ 94&°* ¢ < ,b£²* £~{ - v@@< f£ + 2x D ¤@@-*w@@D* 2¡@@/¡@@D* « 4*x g~6* 2x C ¥2¡/¡D* J¡ gD b³* ,2b´* fJyJx D* g£ + 4b:(* ¥x D* ~6b~6&* H&* f £c D* E D ~8H f ~|C b £ < f Abp´*H f <b D* i*HwD* E f<¡ ¸ F¡C k£0 E 2¡/¡D* f£ < ¯ + {£ gD*H 2x D* H&* 4b~z FÉD fEHb ´*H b -*w+ f )b D* q+bC ¤ £ - Hx~{E ~9 fcD¡ D* ¢g0H H&* ¢~9¡ D ,¡<2 h~z£D ¤G f Jx D* w + f£~} D fJ'HxD*H É:(* ,2b<(* f£ < ¤G b¿(*H HvcJ vB b C fBɳ* ¢~9¡ D* ¤ £~|D* d D* f D b £ ~z- b C f )*yD* fBb D* i*4b~z´ bE *3(* b Fb=H5 AH H&* f£ £c D* b ~6 AH D b Cx-H b=HyD* D3 qcC &° É<&* b £D(* 4b~{´* f D* b Evsg~6* ¤~z < 2H2x§ $b/ F&°H °K H&* £ < °K ¡ E bC bE pJ µ ,vc g~zE f@@D%* ¶(* @@ @J¡@@«H @@-*3 ¯ b@@~@ z@ F(°* x B bK @£@Fb@@. ,yJx D* D¡ - bE &* Í0 ¯ D*H ib /¡gD*H 8*¡³* b£CH i*3H 2x C b~zF(°* ¡G H&°* 2¡/¡D* H&* ¶H&°* 4¡ ; ¢ < µb D* 2¡@@/H B¡gJ ¥w@@D* 2¡/¡D* ¡G 2x E f£~6b£~zD* ¡ m´* f ~6 h~9xA b C z£DH x-4b~6 ¡ J b C £ <H G&* ¡ ¸ E ÉK £_~9 *K $y/ 2x D* ¡C ¯ f£BÉ1&°*H fp ~|´ fEv1 b g£~8¡~|1H b gJx0H gJ2xA < ¤ sgD* ¡ m´* *wG f ~6 ¤gD* f J¡ D* ,b£²* ,Ì~zE v +H D* *wG ¢ < bK ~z£~6&b-H ,v0H &b@+ ¡ D* bF4Hv § 4b~8 ; ¯ b~zF(°* b ~7b< f Eb D* H&* 2x D* fJ2x D f~zEb D* b £F*¡B ~{+ @ f£Fb~zF(°* b E ¥&* ¶(* ex D* b~zF(°* £ g~zJ °&* ¤ - @ ¶H&°* -yJx D

CG ÊC , ° G ¿Gƒæ©dG G QÉ« G Éæ ó°ü ô j Ée É©Ñ G h ,ájOƒƒ ƒdG á °ù d

2¡/¡D* fDb0 ¡G f£~6b~6&°* H&* ¶H&°* ,yJx Db+ b G v~|B&* bE hEbB ¤gD* f£)b cD* H&* f£Q £ gD* ib~9*ÆAÉD f +b~zD* b³* I'Hx@@C ¤G b ~z£~6&b- z£~6&bgD* f 0xE ¯ f ~z D* b £ < Eb gD* f£ D iv~|- ¥wD* )b D* 2¡/¡D* fDb² fJÌ~z b~zF(°* b £ < v/H ¤gD* fJyJx D* fDb²* ¥&* Ì~z -H E fJvJxmgD* < f £~|+ @ D* i°b g~7° f +b~zD* f 0x´* ¯ Ìc gD* · 5b/ *3(* ¤cJ¡cgD*H ¤ £ ~|gD* v /H @ ¶H&°* 2¡/¡D* fDb0 q~}A ,x A ¢ < ¡ JH ¤ J *w@@GH Db =(* dmJ ° )bB 6b~6&bC b E Eb gD*H Áb~zF(°* 2¡/¡ D +b~zD* 6b~6&°* ¡G 4bcg<b+ E Eb gD* ¯ JbpgD* H&* 9*ÆA* cB bE 2¡/HH µb< ¯ b JvJ&* Í+ 6¡ ´* v£0¡D*H C ¡ £~zA *K 2¡/¡E Ñ* J µ *3(* ¤ ~z D* ¤ ~z J¡g~62 f£sJ4bgD* ° f£ D* f£0b D* E j ¥wD*H bK 0bcE $¤~7 f@@J2¡@@/¡@@D* f ~z D* E h F* ¥w@@D* @@6b@@~@6&°* x@@m@²* f£+2&°* b -v <&* v0&* @ ¤ ~z J¡g~62 @ 4bcg<b+ b¿(* f£Gb´*H 2¡/¡D* f£~} + ~{ - H&* ¢ - ° ,yJx D* wGH E 2xm´* ¥x D* 2¡/¡D* fDb² f£0É ~8°* f£ cD* ¤G 1v- ,x A b £ < hEbB ¤gD* f£ £c D* fJ*vcD* F¡C k£0 nGb ´* d =&* h -* b C @ bG4bcg<b+ ¤ ~z D* /¡+ D* f£ D H&°* £ ´* @ bK ~}J&* D*H fJ2¡/¡ D f +b~zD* f£ ~z D* $b -4*H b )b -4*H bG4¡ -H ¤)*vcD* b ~7 E ,b£²* oHx1 bGv + E b~zF(°* 4¡ - f£ < ¯ £ ´* ¤G ¶H&°* ,yJx D* fDb0 hFbC A *wG b ~8H&* GH "ÉK A fJ2¡/¡D* fJ'HxD* ¯ b~zF(°* ,b£²* f :bB fm£gF ¶(* @ b JvJ&* Í+ ¥wD* f ~z D* x < v + @ D* " ~8¡~|s+ @ B&°* ¢ < @ f E H&* 6b~6&°* ¶(* ,2¡ D* d/¡g~z- ÍD*'¡~zD* JwG ¢ < f+b/(°* fDb0 @@E Eb g D b@@³* ,2b@@´* E v g~zF ¥w@@D* ¥x D*

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

14


b£/¡D¡ -H f£´b D* ib D* ¯ pgD* I¡g~zE £c - ¯ bc-4°* – b~|-°*H ibE¡ ´* Cb~{E – f~6*4v D ,4bgsO´* nGb ´* H&* n ´* – ¤ )b.¡D* £p´* E Eb gD* I¡g~zE ¢ < f~64b» ¢ < 4*v@@g@B°* |sJ b £A ~9 obg g~6°*H fF4b ´*H £ pgD* i*4b E xJ¡ - ¢ < bK c R ~6 f£~6b£~zD* ib+*x ~9°* x.& * N Ey g~zJ bEH -b£ + ÌA¡-H ¤ D* kpcD* f£+x< °H2 &* ¡ ´* A f£Q <NR 2 b ~7&* E b C Eb D* *w@@G i*Ì@@.&b@ - @@E hFb< ,v@@< d~{F ¥wD* ɳ*H b cD ¯ f£ G&°* ex²* $b .&* ¯ ~|0 ¢ < "¤+x D* £+xD*" ¤ ~6 bE ib£<*v-H hJ¡ D*H *x D* Í+ O hD*5 bEH i*¡ ~6 lÉ. w E ¤+x D* µb D* *v + E f / *Æ1°* ¢ < *K y U ¹ ¡ J vB Eb D* *wG & * ¢ < ,x g~zE N bE b G x~}pg~zFH b £ + f£ < ¡ 0 $b =(*H xJ¡ gD*H bEH b AHx; h m~7 k£0 ¶H& °* f£´b D* ex²* ,ÆA ¯ BH Q ¢ < *wF%* IÄ D* HvD* Í+ Q2b0 4b~|-H zAb - E -v ~7 h ~6&*H *v£E E ÈC&* ¯ ,vJv/ d£Db~6&* *Æ1*H 4b g+°* $*4H hFbCH eHx²* i*Qv P EO H fp ~6&°* f<b ~8 xJ¡ - ¯ ,¡ + É1 `~{F&* 3(* f ~|D* i*3 i%b~{N R O´*H yC*x´* E ÌjC v££~{ ,vpg´* ib@@J°¡@@D* ¯ l¡pc D ¤E¡ D* z m´* f 0x´* ,&b£G – D3 cB – b£Fb Jx+ i&b~{F&*H 1916 f£ JxE&°* f<b ~|D*H ¤ D* kpcD* :¡D* ¯ ¤ D* kpcD* B*H ¶(* ¢ mR < fp´ w A O v@ @ @ R +N H N ib@@G*x@@C(°*H ib+¡ ~|D* E f<¡ ¸ Áb J ¥w@@D* ¤+x D* 2ÉcD* ¯ ¤ D* kpcD* dCR xN + bp S D* < bK sgE © ,4¡@@~@|@D* w@@ G Ãv@@ @ - ¯ ¥v@@ N @ gN @ ~@R@z@ EO b@@ C v@@ BH f@@Ev@@ @ g@ ´* f£)b~|0(°* ib£ ´*H ibFb£cD* E f<¡ ¸ D f£~|£s~{gD* R ib@@~@6*4v@@D* @@EH f gº i*¡ ~6 ¶(* 2¡ - ¤gD* f£ ~{ D* kpcD* b¸ $ÉJ(b+ °(* ~9¡D* *wG -xJ DH ,4¡~{ ´* E /bgpJ bE ÌA¡-H fJb < E É A pg~zJ bE ¤ D* + Í g~{´* Íj0bcD* £m~{-H b AÉg1* ¢ < ibBb:H 24*¡E fJ¡+ÆD* fE¡ ´* ¯ x D* ,2b<(* ,4Hx~9 E bJ¡ EH bJ2bE 3bs-b+ bE¡ < ¤+x D* µb@@ @D* ¯ %°* f cQg´* f£ £ gD*H zJ4vgD* )*x: 5Hb© ¶(* ¤~} - f£ £ 0 f£0É~8(* i*42bcE zJx - ¢ < ¡ - Ix@@1&* ib£m£-*Æ~6* 2b g<*H fJv£ gD* ¤-*wD* gD* Í j-H y£ gD*H *v@@ +(°* £m~{-H 4*¡@@²* R O ,2¡/ i*3 ib/xN º £~|« b £ gD O N ~}R JN b» bGÌ=H Q K b E b D*H 8b³* Í £p´* ¯ f£ <bAH ,$b CH

13

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

f@@J'H4 ¤+x D* µb D* ¯ ¤ D* kpcD* iÉ ~{E" f@@~@6*42 °H f£+x D* Hv@@D* x A ¯ O R - ° f ~{´*" (* "f£EÉ~6(* ib£F*y£´* ~9 ¯ °H f£+x D* ib Eb±* ib£F*y£E ¯ ‘ – ¶H&°* f/4vDb+ – - + ¤ D* kpc D ,2¡~8x´* fp£p~|D* fN /¡D* ¤ D* kpc D f /¡´* ib~6b£~zD* eb£= U R bE *wGH ib Eb±* I¡g~zE ¢ < &* HvD* I¡g~zE ¢ < $*¡~6 £ / E jc - &*  ¥wD* 6b~6& N °*H $ÉcD* 6&S * Äg F DH "¤+x D* b ´b< ¯ ¤ D* kpcDb+ f g´* iÉ ~{´* E b D xA¡g- ¤gD* f£m£ ³* HvD* + L2¡~| E É D* *wG b -b Eb/ 2*v@@E(R * E b Q  bE f£Db´*H fJ2b´* ib£Fb E(°* HvD* x)b~6 ¯ x@@E&°* £ < bE És+ *Qv@/ f E ,v~84R &b+ ¤BxD*H 9¡ D* ¶( * £c~6 ° R &* ¢ < Hx@@1%* q JH f£+x D* Q Q Q f£m£-*Æ~6* ~9¡+ R °(* ¤+x D* v£ ~|D* ¢ < bm´* *wG ¯ – ÉK jE – &*x F 3(* b JvD ¤ D* kpc D fp~9*H fDb Q A f N N ¹ RO f£+x D* f ´* < 42b~|D* "¥¡+ÆD* kpcD* £D2" ebgC ¯ ¤ < v - ¥&* £ «  °" ¡ D*H fAb jD*H f£+Æ D vJv«H ¤ D* kpc D fEb< f~6b£~6 ~9H Ì= E ¤ £ 0 R f~6b£~zD* wG ¡ - &* dmJH -b<¡~9¡EH 4Hb¹H A*vG&* ¥wD* x.&°* ÍcOU -H f£Ev³*H fmg O´* ib<b D* IvD fp~9*H ¡ ²* 2bmJ(* ¯ f£ p´* f£ D* l¡pcD* + ~z- &*  f~8b³* ib<b D* 9Æ - ¤gD* iÉ ~{R O´*H bJb~} D ¢ jO´* o4b³* E ,N24N ¡g~zR O´*H ,yGb±* ¡ ²* ¢ < bG2b g<* v+ U f~6b£~6 xA¡- f£ G&* ¤-&b- b G @@EH ¤ D* kpcD* f£ gD* vsJ b§ ibJ¡DH&°* ~9H ¢ < -H ~z~6&* ~}-H "f£ D*H f£<b g/°*H fJ2b~|gB°* ¤ D* kpcD* f~64b ´ £G&b-H Íj0bcD* 2*v<(* ~9 *wG i*4b E ¯ Ov R +N Í U pgE ÌN = E *K 2v@@< mJ b» *¡~64N 2 vB *¡F¡ J &* 9NÆ O´* E F&* =4 -b£ -H kpcD* D3 xGb E @@EH @@-b@@£@D%*H kpcD* nGb E ¯ Q2*¡@@E ÉK @cR @BN ¢ < | F – g ~{EH kpcD* ¡~9¡E 4b£g1* fO +¡ ~8 ~}D*


ib Eb±* Í@@+ £~z gD*H Hb@@ @g@D* ~9 ib~z~6'¡E Í+H b £+H f£+x D* kpcD* yC*xEH ~6'N ¡JO b»H Ix1&°* HvD* ¯ ¤ D* kpcD* ~8*¡gD*H Hb gD* *w@@G jE v© R &* *K ÌjC D bGyC*xEH ,v0*¡D* f Eb±* i*Ägº Í+ bK c)b= E Íj0b+ bK @Fb@@£@0&* Ov@m@P @gN @DN @@F(* @@+ f£jpcD* x+bºH vGb E 2¡/¡+ ¡ R J ° b ~z F f Eb±* ¶(* 6b~6&°b+ D3 Q2xEH b 1*2 b P £R + f£jp+ b 1*2 ~8*¡gD*H É<(°* eb£= *3 ¡ J bE lb@@p@+&°* E Q &° x~{ D* ~{E x~{ JO &* ¶(* obgpJ R DH f£ £ 0 f£ < f £B ~6*H 4b~{gF* b D bC *3(* f~z~6'¡´* iɸ ¯ R x~{F £ ~z- d/*¡DbA °( *H ,ÌcC f£)Hx § g g-H O iɸ ¯ f £~8xD* ,Q2b±* i*2¡ m´* wG jE D3 J4b~|E T «H b + NÆ E f£´b< @@<2 ¯ @@8b@@³* b@@ @ @D* f Gb~zE Áv@@- µb D* ¯ -b:b~{FH ¤ D* kpcD* J4b~{E &* ¶(* f +b~6 xJ4b - i4b~7&* k£p+ ¤+x D* *wG ¢ < ¤+x D* b@@ @F(°* E %90 yGb J bE ÉK jE x~|E ¤ A ¤E¡ Q 0O 4O Nv@@~@@|R @EN kpcD* kpcD* J¡­ ¯ 10% ·*¡p+ 8*¡³* Gb~zJ Q Gb~z- Í0 ¢ < %30 @+ ib Eb±*H ¤ D* g« x~|E (bA ,4b~7(ÉDH %60 @+ fE¡ ²* ¤ Eb0 O2v@@< k£0 @@E bK £+x< ¶H&°* fc-x´* Í g~{´* *4¡gCvD*H Ìg~z/b´*H 6¡J4¡Db cD* v½ +b ´* ¯H xJ¡ gD*H kpcD* b¸ ¯ ¤ D* kpcD* f ~{F&° ¤E¡ ²* J¡ gD* &* fEv g´* HvD* ¯ %30h %20 Í+ bE rH*ÆJ E xAH&°* $d D* ibCx~{D*H 8*¡³* Q pgJH Q ¯ ÉjE 8b³* b DbA ·b´* <vD* *wG 4*v E ¯ %70 fc~z + Gb~zJ ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* g Gb~zE 5Hbmg-H ¤ D* kpcD* ¢ < b F(°* @D* b+b£D* ¯ ¤jpcD* b~{ D* *wG J¡­ ¯ %80 ¯ ¤ D* kpc D f@@p@~@9*H f~6b£~6 eb@@£@= R EP xN G*¡; 5x J ¥w@@D* x@@E&°* ¤+x D* :¡D* £ sgD* eb£=H f£)*¡~{ D*H b@@©4°* £cB kpcD* ib £ E 5x@@ +&* @@E Eb D* *w@@G v@@ @JH bc0b~8 ¡ J HÌjC vC'¡J b C b JvD ¤ D*

b £D(* ¡ g J ¤gD* ib~z~6'¡´* cN BP E $*¡~6 D } + bK Fb£0&* v½ *w DH bGÌ= cB E H&* ¤ D* v£~84 ¯ Â ° Íj0bcD* @@_@ DH&* lbp+&*H )b~64 E – *K ÄN ¸ R O – O vS <&N * bE I¡~6 b GH b G ,4¡~{ E i°b E ~}+H f£ Eb/ f ~|E Ì=H f Q ¹ Ì= f£Abp~8 x+b E ¯ P i°b²* ~z0&* ¯ b£´b< f . @@£@D(* ,4b@@~@7(°* h c~6 bE ¶(* fAb~9(°b+H ¤ D* kpcD* £ - Ix@@1&* ebc~6&*H ib+¡ ~8 b@@E%* I¡g~zE N H2 ©H ¤+x D* :¡D* ¯ fJb D* £A b§ G'S ¡E ÌN =H -b -H ~6bF&* f£ D* f0b~zD* ¯ ,x.Q '¡E f P´b< dsN FO J¡ gD ¢ < D3 E <& Q °* dDb D* ¯ b£Db0 f£´b D* x~|²* ° £j gD* £c~6 R i*v0¡D* < kpcD* vGb EH ib Eb±* v R +O b@@ @ @§ v@@ @ c@ D* b@@ @ G v@@~@ |@ B&* ° f@@£@ /b@@g@ F(°* b £+ Eb gD* eb£=H ¯*x ±* wG bGxA¡- ¤gD* f£cg ´* ibEv³* fJ2Hv¹ v<H Íj0bcD*H fc D ib Eb±*H yC*x´* f£ < lbp+&*H ib~6*42 E Tvmg~zJ b P´ b gcC*¡E Í@@Jb@@0&°* È@@C&* ¯ f@@J2b@@´* b -bFb E(* ~}D D* b¸ ¯ ,&b R CO 42*¡C ¢ < bGxA¡- v<H f £S ¹ f£A*H 64b A ¢ <H ¤cg ´* O E ¤gD* ibE¡ ´*H ibFb£cD* ,v<bB xA¡- v< , Nym ´* l¡pc D bK £B2 $K b~|0(* xA¡- &* b F&b~7 N :¡D* v£ ~8 ¢ < H&* v0*¡D* v cD* 1*2 $*¡~6 N P ¤+x D* DwC ¤´b D* I¡g~z´* ¢ < ° µH N O ·b@@g@Db@@+H N @ @ - Íj0bcD* d@@ U @ © ib<¡~9¡E Hb@ ibBb D* 4vGH bK Fb£0&* f +b~{gE I'Hx+ f £ E hB¡D*H *¡E&°*H bEH f£ ~8&°* b -b + f£c /&°* /*x´* | F ­ v@@<H iÉ ~{E E b -b /x- 0x fE5ÉD* fJ¡ D* ibJb D* E b £j0b+ E ÌjC f D* b £A b§ -b0Hx:&*H )b~64 5b½(° l¡pcD* wG b + ¡cg J ¤gD* b F&b+ D3 b£ < l¡pcD* n)bgF 4b jg~6* v< vGb ´*H ib£ D* ibF*y1 ¡A4 f~z£c0 n)bg D* - Ì~|- J¡: E5 b £ < xQ Â Í0H ,5N HN bmgEO

á«Hô©dG ∫hódG ,á©ªà› â≤ØfCG k ,IÒNC’G äGƒæ°ùdG ‘ ¿ƒ«∏e 535 ‹GƒM §≤a Q’hO á«Hô©dG äGQÉeE’G) %0.6 :IóëàŸG %0.3 :¿OQC q ’G %0.2 :ô°üe %0.2 :ÉjQƒ°S -

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

12


øe %0.3 ¬àÑ°ùf Éà ,Q’hO QÉ«∏e 1.7 RhÉéàj ⁄ »ª∏©dG åëÑdG ≈∏Y »Hô©dG ¥ÉØfE’G r á«Hô©dG ∫hódG ¿CG ¤EG 2010 ΩÉY Ωƒ∏©dG øY ƒμ°ù«fƒ«dG ôjô≤J QÉ°TCGh .»eƒ≤dG œÉædG ⁄É©dG ‘ ôjƒ£àdGh »ª∏©dG åëÑdG ≈∏Y Ék bÉØfEG qπbC’G »g

b< dO ~zpA * 3(* 2xT ©H f£<¡~9¡E Q R bK <*Æ1* 24 *¡ m~6 F( f ~zF ÍJÉE ,x~{< D v0*H *Æ1* DO vQ E b§ ¥&* 1997 b ~z F f ~zD* ¯ m~6 vB ¤ £)*x~6( °* b£ D* ¤ F Í0 ¢ < P Q Ix@@1&* H2 ¯ ib@@<*Æ@@1°* w@@G T @C -xJH *Æ@@1* 577 kpcD* ¢ < b -b F h + ¤gD* f@@J2b@@«°* b£Fb´&* jE @@E ¤ p´* b ©bF E %2.3 ·*¡0 ÉjE 1995 b< xJ¡ gD*H ib_E b £A bm´* *w + Í P g~{´* 2v< %°* cJH ·b /(°* ¡ ~8 ¢g~7H D* Hx~7 jE&R * D xO AS ¡- JwD* °%°* $b D* ¡~|0 ex g~zF ° *w DH ¥¡ ´*H ¥2b´* <vD* $b£ £ D*H $bJy£ D* ¯ +¡F y)*¡/ E i*x~{< ¢ < b@@´&°* R ~|pJ µ Í0 ¢ < ,v< Ix1& * f£Ax EH f£ < ib~|~|s-H *3(* D* f £BvD* ¡ D* ¯ +¡F ,y)b/ ¥&Q * ¢ < ex D* $O b < Q f£~z ±* H3 JH5 v 0&* ¥x~|´* bG5b0 ¤gD* - b £ jg~6* Q v E 1*2 E R DH $b£ £ D* ¯ 1999 b< f£ JxE&°* bK c: f£ JxE&°* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* ¯ b£/¡D¡ g D b£F4¡ £DbC d£½ :*¡E b DbF ¤gD* - e2&°* b¸ ¯ b £D(* b~} J 1988 f ~6 2006 i ¡ ¹ eÉ D* l¡p+ E %99 ·*¡@@0 d~| ¥w@@D* hB¡D* ¯H Q *4¡gCvD*H Ìg~z/b´* ¤J¡g~zE ¢ < Í£Fb+b£D* Íj0bcD*H f£/bgF(°* i*v0R ¡N D* b E Áb - f£ £ 0 iÉ ~{E Hb - ¢ < E ÄC&°* ~z D* &* v½ f£<b ~|D* ibCx~{D*H i°Hb ´*H ib<¡~9¡E Hb - ¶(* mgJ f£+x D* ib Eb±* eÉ: lbp+&* N ~zN £R ´N * b £ < d J gm´* ¡ G f~zEÉE < *K v£ + ¥x D* b g/°*H 2b~|gB°* ¯ -É ~{EH @@-b@@E5&° ¡ 0 k@@p@R @+N H ,v±* ¶(* v g J b E fK / (* . bGÌ=H fgpcD* ¡ D*H R &* H2 f +b~6 i*2b g/° ,QƸ bK cDb= ¤-&bgA *v@@+(°*H ¤ D* kpcD* rxR ~8N ¶(* f£<¡F ibAb~9(* Ãv - £ g~z gJ bE b E ,ÌjC E*¡< ~7 É+ $*4H - L ~9H ¡GH R Q &* ¢~z F °H 5HbmgJ bE b EH ~z F k0bcD* |s~{+ ¡£ Eb/ bGym J ¤gD* H&* f£ Eb±* lbp+&°* E f E fc~zF ¡~|²* ¡G bK ~6b~6&* b E v D* ¡ J ¤+x D* µb D* ¯ f ~9b1H ,x.&bgE b g £B ¡ gA d~| E ¯ h£cj- H&* f£Bx- ¢ < <vD* b ~7&*H yA*¡²* - ¥wD* hB¡D* ¯ *wG d ´* *w D

11

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

xJ¡ -H fEv g´* b£/¡D¡ gD*H f £BvD* ib£ gD*H £FHÆ D(°* ¡ D bEyJ*H v E f£F*y£E h + vBH bGÌ=H rÉ~zD* Nv@@0H R fJ¡ ~zD* Weizmann Institute of Science

£ / ib£F*y£E 5Hbmg- µ ¥wD* hB¡D* ¯ 4°H2 4b£ E 1.2 ¤+x D* µb D* v£ ~8 ¢ < ,x~{g ´* b£ D* vGb ´*H ib Eb±* O @D* hFbC *3(*H 4°H2 ¡£ E 800 C µ b OgES 4O f£+x D* Hv@ E %0.5 fc~zF b B b C ¤ D* kpcD* ¢ < b Bb F(* 5HbmgJ ·*¡0 ~z F bm´* ¢ < h F&* £)*x~6(* (bA ¤E¡ D* b ©bF ¢ < ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* b F(* fc~zF E Dw+ fK +ÆP EO %2.7 %3 b+b£D* *wCH %2.9 kpcD* *wG xJ¡ gD*H ¤ D* kpcD* f ~{F&* ¢ < b F(°* m0 JO bcgD (* N B*H ¢ < ,K x~7bcE ib~6b F* sg´*H v g´* ÍR ´b D* Í+ M HvD* ¯ k0bcD* f£/bgF(bA bK £CH b Q C b 1*2 kpcD* *wG ¯ k0bc D kp+ 1.5 v@@ @§ 4vS @ @- 3(* f -xE fEv g´* N ¤+x D* µb D* ¯ bK J¡ ~6 k0bc D kp+ 0.2 +b E ~6¡g´* O vJ5&* ,Ì1&°* *¡@@<&°* ¯ ix~{FH A BS ¡g´* E %10

– ,4¡ ´* $bpF&* £ / ¯ f£ < kp+ fB4H ¡£ E 305 E f ~|EH f Q ¹ f£´b< f£ < iɸ ¯ ,4¡~{ ´* - v~|B&* ex D* Íj0bcD* d£~|F bC – *K ÌjC b E 6bcgB°* ¥xmR JN b JxE&°* ¡j0bcD* 3¡pg~6* Í0 ¢ < %1 E Q @B&* b E ¡ ¸ &* Ix1&* f~6*42 h ~{CH b £A 4¡~{ ´* E %34 ¢ < R O ¤gD* f£ D* l¡pcD* Harvard 24bA4bG f Eb/ b Jx© O ib Eb/ v£ ~8 ¢ < ,*xmR ´* l¡pcD* ¡ ¸ ¥Hb~zJ bG Nv0R HN b gEx+ f£jpcD* yC*xEH vGb EH ¤+x D* µb D* fEv g´* HvD* $b < lbp+&* &* v½ f£ £ D* f£0b D* EH +x-H fDb~8&°*H *v+(°*H ,Qv±* E Ìj + 5bg­ b £~64*2H P ib+b/(* Ãv - ¶(* ¢ ~z-H ¤ N N D*H ¤ £c gDb+ ¥x D* i°Hb ´*H B*¡D* i°b ~7(* E ÌM j D w£ gD*H ,&*x/&R ÉD f +bB E %99 ¢ < 3¡pg~z- Hv@@D* - v@@½ *w@@ @DH b@@GÌ@@=H b£/¡D¡ gD* E %95 ¯ pg-H b£´b< *Æ@@1°* i*$*x@@+ N b£DH2 f £AxD* y)*¡±* v~|R ² b QG'¡J b» ,4¡ g´* f£´b D* ¤+x D* :¡D* ¤jP 0b+ 4Hv § z£DH *K vJv« ¡ D +¡F

P + ¤ D* ¡Q ±* *wG jE ¯ zAb gD*H i*wD* 9xA )b <H


¥ÉØfEG Qóu bo IóëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG á«μjôeC’G OÉ–’Gh ¿ÉHÉ«dGh Éà »HhQhC’G ¿ƒ«∏H 417 ÜQÉ≤j Ée ƒgh ,Q’hO ´ÉHQCG áKÓK RhÉéàj ¥ÉØfE’G ‹ÉªLEG √ô°SCr ÉH »ŸÉ©dG åëÑdG ≈∏Y »ª∏©dG

4°H2 ¡£ E 535 ·*¡0 ,Ì1&°* i*¡ ~zD* %0.6 ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4b@@E(°* A bJ4¡~6 %0.2 x~|E %0.3 Q 24&°* f £ B 2¡ < f ~}+ b R /4 *3(*H " %0.2 vB ,vpg´* ib@@J°¡@@D* &* v½ $*4¡@@D* ¶(* 40 E È@@C&* ib£ £Fb jD* É@@1 h F&* µ Í0 ¢ < ¤ D* kpcD* ¢ < 4°H2 ¡£ + ~6 Ì1&°* *wG ¢ < ¤+x D* b F(°* vS gJ O °* *wG 5HbmgJ µH 4°H2 ¡£ E ¤NR g_E b F( i*4°H2 f +4&* bK £c~zF fjJv0 ib£ E d~z0 – b+b£D* ¯ ~8H Í0 ¢ < bK J¡ ~6 2x D ¶(* b£Fb´&* ¯H *K 4°H2 190 ¶(* – ÉK jE b ~|~|s- ¤gD* f£F*y£´* m0 JH Q 230 xJ¡ gD*H kpcD* f ~{F&° f£+x D* ib Eb±* v~8x- ¤ A b gD*yGH b ~9 < vJvmgD*H ~z0&* ¯ 5Hb@@m@g@J ° b@@E f ~{F&°* w@@ @D £ + D3 E ÈC&* H&* %1 fcg< *¡0&°* ib Eb/ |~|s- ¥w@@D* h@@B¡@@D* ¯ *w@@G E %40 @D* ¡ J bE b D ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* ib Eb/ D3 ¢ < zR BP H fEb D* b g£F*y£E b£Fb´&*H b£Fb Jx+ ¯ ,ÌjC Ix@@1&* f£´b< Hb - ¶(* b gF°* cBH bGÌ=H £)*x~6(*H f BH R P N R A b@@ @´* *w@@G ¯ Ix@@1&* F *wG ¯ ¤ D* kpcD* @@B*H v < f Jx~6 g F&* bE m0 + v A Ì@@1&°* b£ D* P ÈC&* 1999 f ~6 £ gD* ¢ < £)*x~6(* fK B¡U gE ·b@@ @/(°* b ©bF E %6.5 E ¤gD* b ~z F ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* ¢ < D3 ¯ ·*¡0 b P £R < f ~zD* ¯ £ g D h~|~|1 $b D* fc~zF h +H b Bb F(* E %5.3 D 76 £)*x~6(* ¯ Í£ gD*H Í~6v ´*H b gG* Iy R JO H 2000 f ~6 f ~zF °%* 10 E ,4¡U g´* f_ D* w + ¤ £)*x~6(°* b£ D* $b D*H D* f £ + FbÂ(* ¶(* gm´* ¡ gD* b ~9H f£ gD*H v gD* ~8 ¯ /bg« bE ÌA¡- ¶(* 42b+ *w DH f £ D*H f£-*¡E < Hx@@;H f£Q jp+ R ib£ + E fN ~6H b£/¡D¡£±* v E 1949 f ~6 &b~{F&bA b Q E *K 2v<H $bJy£ D ¤ :¡D* ´* 1950 i°b@@¸ ¯ f£ D* y@@C*x@@´*H vGb ´* @@E

b ~|J µ *3(*H ¢@@ F2&* QvpC fc~z D* w@@G ¥3 Ì= v J 2v~|D* *wG ¯ Bb F(* (bA ¡ + f£+x< f@@DH2 ¥&* g~z- µH IHv@@/ b§4H f J¡: i*¡ ~zD fc~z D* wG ~|F k£0 2007 f ~6 $K b jg~6* zF¡- h@@Fb@@C ¤ D* kpcD* f ~{F&* ¢ < b Bb F(* 5Hb© ¤ p´* b ©bF E %1 fcg< Mw_Eb< xJ¡ gD*H N R O ·b@@ @/(°* i*$b~|0(°*H xJ4b gD* P ©H f ~{F&* ¢ < ¤+x D* µb D* J bE &* ¢ < e¡ ´* I¡g~z´* H2 J ¤ D* kpcD* Q °H f£~zAb - i*3 fJ¡B ib/xN Rs§O x~{cJ °H bK Ax: ¡ J R &° °H fJ2bJ4 4*H2&* dP P N DP QG'¡J ~6b²* ¤ D* 4*x@@ @D* 3b@@s@-* ¯ ÉK @<b@@A ¡ ~z£F¡£D* i*$b~|0(* h ~{C v A bK £´b< R kpcD* ¢ < ¤+x D* b F(°* &* 2004 b< b§ 4°H2 4b£ E 1.7 5R Hb@@m@g@J µ ¤ D* 4b@@~@7&*H ¤E¡ D* ªb@@ @D* @@E %0.3 gc~zF 2010 b@@< ¡ D* @@< ¡ ~z£F¡£D* xJx ¢ < bK Bb F(* Q B&°* ¤G f£+x D* HvD* &* ¶(* Í0H µb D* ¯ xJ¡ gD*H ¤ D* kpcD* f U pg´* g+ fc~z D* wG fF4b E HbpF ° R &* 6¡ ´b+ ÍcgJ Q fEv g´* Hv@@D* ¯ K b@BÉ@@:(* fF4b ´* w@@G jE $*x@@/(° b@ N @¸ %2.1 ·*¡0 µb D* J" ~6¡g´* ¤ A i°b@@¸ ¢ < ¤ :¡D* @@ @ R12 ·b@@ @ /(* @@E ¡£ + 536 ¥Hb~zJ bE ¥&* ¤ D* kpcD* ¤ D* kpcD* ib~z~6'¡E ¯ JH 4°H2 k0b+ ¡£ E 3.49 e4b@@ @J b@@E µb@@ @D* ¯ I¡ O D* E @M @D&* D k0b+ 1.3 v § ¥&* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* b F(* 4 Uv@@BO vBH f Eb D* b§ ¤@@+H4H&°* 2b@@«°*H b+b£D*H f£ JxE&°* 5HbmgJ bE ¡@@GH 4°H2 ¡£ + 417 e4b J x~6&R b+ ¤´b D* b F(°* ·b /(* b@@+4&* f.É. ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* -H ¤ D* kpcD* ¢ < 168 E È@@C&* ¤ D* kpcD* ¢ < bK J¡ ~6 R *¡@@0 ¥&* 4°H2 ¡£ + ·b /(* E %32 · ¤gD* b+b£D* b £ -H T C µb D* J bE D3 ¢ < 4°H2 ¡£ + 130 ·*¡@@0 *v CH b£Fb Jx+H b~zFxAH b£Fb´&* . kpcD* ¯ fK g¸ h F&* v A f£+x D* HvD* bE&*

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

10


¡GH 1970 b< ÉK Eb< 124 Iv gJ ° BxD* bC bEv + 1990 Í~6v ´*H $b D* 2v< ·b /(* E %1.47 fc~zF ~{J bE N I¡g~zE ¢ < ¤ D* kpcDb+ Í g~{´* i4b~7&*H C µb D* ¤+x D* :¡D* ¯ Íj0bcD* ¡ ¸ &* ¶(* f +b~6 Li*$b~|0(R * < i4v~8 Ix@@1&* i*$b~|0(* ¯H k0b+ @@D&* 16 < J ¤+x< ¡£ E C +b J F&* 2006 b< f£+x D* HvD* f Eb/ ¤ D* kpcD* 4b ~}E ¯ ÉK Eb< 318 Íj0bcD* 2*v<&* ¯ ¡ ´N * ~}D* *wG + x~z S JO dc~6 5x+&* (* kpcD* ¢ <H £ < b F(°* | F ¡G ¤+x D* v£ ~|D* ¢ < E f£+x D* Hv@@ D* v~8x- b@@E &b@@+ @@D3 bK @E¡@@ @< ¤ D* f ~6¡g´* fc~z D* ¶( * ~|J ° kpcD* *w D f£DbE ib~|~|º U S K *3(* bE 2 Uv@@« ¤gD*H b D* *w@@G ¯ b£DH2 b £ < 4N b g´* Mv¸ Ì= H& * bK Jv¸ ¤ D* kpcD* ¢ < Mv + ¥&* b F(* bC R O R O ¢ § ·b /(°* ªb D* E 1% ¯ fc~z D* wG i2 Uv0 vBH O + *3(* bK Jv¸ ¡ J v + ¥&* ¯ kpcD* *wG ¢ < b F(°* &*

9

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

hB¡D* ¯ *wG ¤ D* vJvmgD*H xJ¡ gD*H kpcD* I¡g~zE ib £ ~|gD* - ,x1'U ¡E ¯ f +bB f£ ~8&°* b F*v + - ¥wD* ,2¡@@±* eb@@£@ =H 2¡@@ @ ±*H 4*Æ@@ @/°* b@@ @0H&* ¯ fK cU sgEH b C i°bm´* ¯ f£jp+ b <&* E Ax R - b £A f<bm D*H ·HvD* v£ ~|D* ¢ < ib Eb±* ~}A&* £ ~|- b F o4b1H N ¡ ~z£F¡£D* f E < fJ4H2 f ~|+ 4v~|J ¥wD* R µb D* ¯ ¤ D* kpcD* @@B*H @@+ ~|F R &* Â b@@E D O *H b 0 ~6'P ¡EO F&* bK E¡ < ¤+x D* F&*H bE%ÉD d£U º F& I¡g~zE ¯ ¡ £D Íg+¡ ´* ,¡@@ @ D*H f<bm D* ¶(* v g J IvD fJ¡DH&* ~{J ° ¡ A ibFbGxU D* d~zCH ibJQ vpgD* f /*¡E R K K N R |O ~|sO °H b J¡Fb. * xE& * ~8¡+ £D( * x J + ¡£D* ex D* O S ib£ + + Í g~{ D xAS ¡- °H f£Ab D* f£Db´* i*2b g<°* D °É g~6* h Q B R (*H m)bgF Q N g~zO- °H fJ4Hx~}D* kpcD* AxN <N ¥wD* £ D* 4¡ gD* 4b F(* dmJ °H °K b Q A bK R N EO f£+x D* f ´* ¯ f£~9b´* 2¡ D* 2*vgE* ¢ < kpcD* *wG kpcD* ¡0 ,ym N O´* xJ4b gD*H i*$b~|0(°* ~{ - k£p+ K 1967 Í+ bE b£c~zF 2*25* Ì1&°* *wG 2H2xE &* ¤+x D* ¤ D* fg~6 ·*¡0 kpcD* *wG obgF(* ·b /(* +H bGv + bEH 1995h Q DH f£+x< f Eb/ 175 E ÈC&* ¯ 1995 b< * M N kp+ °% b+H4H&* ¯ ex D* IvD b§ 4¡BO bE *3(* *K vQ / bK £ ~9 J D3 b+b£DbC Ix1&* fEv gE *v + ¯H b JxE&*H ¶(* fc~z Db+ ¤ D* kpcD* p+ Í g~{´* 2v< x~7'¡E Qv JH £ ~|- ¯ bK £DHR 2N , Nv N g ´* f£~6b~6&°* ÌJb ´* E b ~zD* 2v< Íj0bcD* $°'¡G 2*v<&* hFbC *3(bA ¤ D* kpcD* ~6 ¯ HvD* ¯ ÉK Eb< 9533 h + ,ÌcC fEv g´* Hv@@D* ¯ $b D*H b JxE&* ¯ f ~zF ¡£ E C ¶(* fc~z Db+ ¤ D* kpcD* 1990 b< 4N Nv~8 M$b~|0(* d~z0 b+H4H&* ¯ 2206H f£Db ~{D* N b £+ EH fEb< kP DP bjN D* µb D* *v + ¯ *K v/ f £ ~9 b F&* °(* K b£+x< ¤ D* kpcDb+ Í g~{´* 2v< + 3(* f£+x D* *v cD* b< f ~zF ¡£ E D ÉK Eb< 363 ·*¡0 f£»&* xJ4b - d~z0


É G ôμ

»Hô©dG øWƒdG ‘ »ª∏©dG åëÑdG I dGh É dG É d ° Gh ƒ° `° ©eCG ójô O

, É« G É °T , ƒ h QÉ O G øe Ée ó ô°SCÉH É©dG áeó G hódG ¿CG É¡H °ù G QƒeC G øe ÉÑ° f G « H É¡«æ Gƒe » ø ° ,¿É°ùf ÉHh GƒdÉH HQ É¡°Uô h ,»ª ©dG ÑdÉH É¡eɪ G ° H Gó dG É«°S ɪ«°S h ,ô G ó©H Éeƒj ÑdG G ᫪ CG OGO h É h hhódG ª©dGh á« ° dGh U Gh μ dGh ó«°ù dG G ÈμdG hó``dG »©°Sh , ƒ`` CG ƒH ƒ«dG o É Éª ó¡° j øj dG ÚjQÉ° G ù Éæ dGh Qóf Ú o ©f , d dh Qƒ eh ôjÉ e É« «dÉ°SCGh É«æ É f ©dG °S É¡ « ƒ È Qƒª© G ,»ª ©dG …ôμ dG É° ædG G á°SQɪ É ô ƒ » dG É«æÑdG h ,ôjƒ dGh Ñ d É ó°Uô » dG á«dÉ G É°ü°ü o G Éæ °SG ¿hO á É á ô© G ƒ H Ú ° ªo d «dƒ … dG UÉ G QÉÑ Gh ,á« ÑdG É Gôeh É ó É©eh É¡ É©eÉ

~6&ÉD – DH f ~6*H fK Ab . j´* 42P bcO´* 4¡£ D* z U pg´* Fb~}g0* ¢ < v<b~z P EO °H m~{E U Ì= B*¡+ v ~|J – -*4vB 4b jg~6*H cG*¡E f£ -H gJb<4H Gv T -H EbE&* vmJ ° 3(* gE&*H F*v + qDb~8 £A b§ -bFb E( *H O £m~{gD* °H f£AbC < i*H2&* °H ,y Q ¸ f£ < i*Ägº N ¯ Ì gD* ¶(* E JÌj + AvJ ¥w@@D* xO @ E&°* ¥¡ ´* *v C jE fEv g´* *v cD* ¡pF /¡gD*H Fb:H& * ,42b E T + d0x- ¤gD* b~zFxAH b£Fb´& *H f£ JxE&°* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D*H Q Dw+H ¤ D* jp+ f~64b ´ F¡/bgpJ bE Q C D xA¡-H h F&* bEv + ,ÌU Q D* ibBb D* wG f£ ~8&°* F*v + x~z RsR H bG2*v<(*H b £ gD f Gb+ °*¡E&* ,2b g~6°* E b ~z F x « N f£Fb¸ fJvG – +b ´* ¯ – v g´* µb D* bGvmJH b E Q $*x=(°* eHx~9 + b )*x=(*H b Fb~}g0* ¯ ¢F*¡gJ ° ,yGb/ b g~7°* Hx; ,x/b P O´* f E2R &°*H 42*¡ D* w D &b£S N -O bQ´H ¤gD* ,ÌA¡D* 4b jD* ¤ - bE b<xR ~6 b F( N bA fc~6b ´* kpcD*H y)*¡±* b D v~|pgA ¶H&°* f/4vDb+ bc g~6°* H2 b Q g~z ibJx D*H ,vJv±* e4bmgD* Qv -H vc-H f £AxD* f£´b D* ¤gD* f£jpcD* x D* $b ~6&* H&* b )b ~6&b+ ,4¡ g´* ib£ gD*H z JH ~}g P pR O´* v cD* ~6b+ fK FHx E b )*¡D h« ¥¡~} Abp´* ¯ f cP g~zO´* *v cD* ,4¡~8 £ - ¢ < ,K x~7bcE D3 ¢ < f£´b D* ib £ ~|gD* ¯ ¶H&°* d-*x´* b _J¡c-H f£D HR vS D* N

I¡~|B ,4Hx~9H bK pQ P EO bK c E" Qv J bK E¡ < ¤ D* kpcD* (* v gD* ¯ 4H2 @@E @@D b@@ P´ x@@~@9b@@²* b gBH ¯ g¸ ¥&° ¡GxE g¸ ¥&* ¯ v gD* £ « &* @@D3 ,4b~}²*H 2b g<°b+ f0bgO´* fJ2b´*H fJx~{cD* 24*¡ D jE&R °* *vsg~6°b+ bGN2*v<(* fJx~{cD* O24*¡@@´* P gR -O ¤gD* f£ D* ib~6*4vD* ¢ < 4b ´* fAbC Ì@@:&b@- ¶(* v - f £B2H f£ < f£m § ¶(* 2¡ - fp~9*HH f Eb~7 ,4¡~|+ fBÉ D* i*3 i*Ä@R @³*H P ",v£~7xQ D* i*4*x D* 3bs-* µb D* ¯ ¤ D* kpcD* B*H fF4b E ¶(* 64*vD* v P R JN Í0H O N <O fD¡ ~z+ m~zJ f sg´* Hv@@D* ¯ Ì + Uv g´* ¯ kpcD* *wG (* 3(* ÍJ4b~}²* ÍDbm´* JwG Í+ ,¡ O D* R ¢BxJ °H L ~9*¡gE – f£+x D* HvD* ~9H – kDbjD* µb D* -bc S gO´ fP +bmg~6°*H ~6bFO&* i*4b gF* £ « I¡g~zE ¶( * P ÉK G'S ¡E z£DH -bE5&*H Cb~{E ÈC&° f /b D* ¡ ²* Ãv -H 1*2 E b g~7°* ÂR $b D* E £/ 5*xA(° dDb D* ¯ R N ~}- ,4¡ gE fFb -P H ibJx FH 4b A&* obgF(° sg´* µb D* vJv«H µb D* ,4¡~8 ~64 ¯ <b D* b ~6( °*H Ì.&bgD* D R J2b£´* C ¯ f ~6b²* i*4*x D* 3bs-*H 4b~zE b ~| - ° – "&*xB*" fEQ &* ¤GH – f£EÉ~6(°*H f£+x D* fE&°* (* R És+ B*¡D* v ~{J + b C ¡ D* ¯ ibBb D*H i*$b D* S ebc~{D* @@E f~}Jx< ,v<b + x@@1y@@- ¤ A @@D3 r¡ O D*

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

8


E bGÌ=H $b cD* f Jx:H £ ~|gD*H 5*x D* k£0 E f~6v D* E b <*¡F&* gº ¢ < ¡ D* h£ +H £~8b gD* b@@GÌ@@=H @@ @ @D*H ib£~9bJxD*H $b@@£@ 0&°*H $b£ £ D* ¶(* b £A -H b ~642H v D* w E b~zF(°* h D&* J2b£E &* q£p~8 b cc~z+ ib<Æs´*H ¡~{ D* E Ìj D* vBH ibc.(° ,ÌcC ib£p~}- *¡EvBH *¡p~9 $b D* E Ìj D* v + b £A hD¡« ¤@@g@D*H h@@B¡@@D* @@D3 ¯ -bJx F } + ¯H 2x@@ @D*H ,¡~z D* *¡Fb< F* q£p~8 f£ < )b ² < oHx@@³* - dc~z+ g D*H Ìm gD*H dJw gD* M b£0&* $b D* bB° ¥wD* jE xp~zD* *vsg~6* H&* ¤p£~z´* JvD* }A4 @@E @@GÌ@@=H ib£~9bJxD*H $b£ £ D* H&* D* ¯ bGÌ=H xp~6H i*3¡ ~7 b F&b+ b ~8HH G4b A&° l2*¡²* E Ìj D* Ìj D*H bG4¡ -H fJx~{cD* tJ4b- ,$*xB (* E vJy´*H D* E vJy´* ¡pF A*vD* b - h BH ¤gD* b~zF(°* tJ4b- ,$*xB bE&°* ¡pF x D* E vJy´*H 4b g+°* {£ F ¤gD* f´'¡´* fJ3'¡´* ibBb 1(°* - q~9¡- 94&°* ¢ < ib0b½ ¢ < $¡~}D* ~z- bK ~}J&* b DH b F¡-&* ¯ ¡£D* ¢g0 °H f_£ + ib0b½ b F&* q£p~8 b~zF(°* b 0 f £ < 94&°* ¢ < ¥xJv gD* b~zF(°* *wG x < E *K 2x: d~6b g bG¡<v+&* JwD* $b D* v < B¡gD* dmJ ib0b½ ¢ c- b D ex²* bE&* -*ym §H + 5*yg<°*H xs D* E vJy§ bEv < b~zF(°* .vpJ bE ¢ < q~9H&°* *v£´* b A x D*H f ~6*¡D* ,b£²* J2b£E E 4b ~}E ¯ ~{ J

7

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

$b+¡D* *wG dc~z+ *¡~}B b@@+H4H&* b ~6 E %45 E ÈC&* &* *wG &*H *¡<&* f +4&* 5Hbmg- ° vB ,Ì~|B f£ E5 ,ÆA É1 Eb gD* < ibE¡ ²* E iym< f/4vD bK _/b E bC $b+¡D* Íj0bcD*H $bc:&°* h / 4b~{gF* f<x~6 (* + f+bmg~6°*H ¡G3H ,Ì0 ¯ ¡~{£ J ~z F&* ¥wD* q/b D* ~|´* 2bmJ(* E *¡ ­ b ´* fJb F ¯ DH 4¡~| D* xE ¢ <H $b+¡D* ¢ < ¢~}BH 6b D $b ~{D* d / ­ f~6*4vD*H kpcDb+ DH b~zF(°b+ h gA f_+H&* ix ; fJx~{cD* tJ4b- ¯ f J¡: ,Ì~zE wG ib/É D* b~{gC* E x@@1%*H h@@BH Í+ ~zF k£0 @@G*x@@D* bFx~| D b ~8H ¢g0 D bJbp~}D* b cc~z+ ~zJH f_+H&°* c~{- 9*xE&* 4¡ + ¢ c- °K b~|E&*H ib/É< b D HvmJ bE b<x~6 %°* ¢g0 f£~| g~zE b GÌ=H b:x~zD*H 5vJ(°* jE fCbgA 9*xE&* fEv gE l¡pcD* D bJbp~}D* E ÍJÉ´* r*4 b cc~z+H ib/É< < É@@<(°* cB Ì~|B hBH fD&b~zE b F&* v g JH b JvJ&b+ &* =x+ b £ < $b~} D* ¯ fp/bF b~|E&*H f ~6b0 E v« H&* nDb - b F&* <y- ¤gD* ib/É D* E Ìj D* %°* }Jx´* x < £ -H 4b~{gF* fJHvE ib0b½ b~zF(°* b £A 0 Ix@@1&* J2b£E v/¡ $b cD* jE b £A Jx: rbm D* °(* J µH f@@p@~@9*H f£F*x D* f~6v Db+ ¡£D* µb< ¯ x J bE H&* Ì gD*H ¢ § ,4b~}0 D f ~zD* c~{J ib+ ¥¡£²* ²* *wGH i*4b@@~@ }@ ²* @@E ,4b@@~@}@0 @@C y@@£@­ f@@J¡@@G *x@@ @ @ @D ib@@+


ôμ É G » hQ G ᪠É

¿É°ùfE’G äÉbÉØNEG ¬JÉMÉ‚h

¢g0 ,x+b= 4¡~|< w E v D* w E b~zF(°* ,Ì~zE &* ~7° ,Ì~zE b D rb½ bÂ&Q *H fp/bF ,x E hFbC *wG b E¡J =4 b~zF(°* &* dc~zD*H bK ~}J&* fm~9bF Ì=H f EbC Ì= b gpAb E H&* b E v²* ¯ ~{A eHx²* E J¡ D* sJ4b eHx0H 4b E ¥&*  ¥¡B fD*v D b F fEbB(* ¯ ~{A ~{AH b@@~@|@F(*H ,¡ + ib@@AÉ@@1 ¡@@BH v < 1vgJH pJH x D* 4b.%* E v²* ¯ ,4x g´*H ,xJx´* +4b© =x+ b~zF(°* x D*H eHx@@²* ¥&* bcFb±* *w@@GH Áb~zF(°* 6'¡cD*H C ¯ q~9*HH ¥¡B 4¡~}0 b D bCH 5&°* w E fJx~{cD* b A*4 h ; v A Ix1&* ,4b~}0 b < f Jv+ } gD ¡ - ,4b~}0 g¸ ¥&* ¯ Ígp~9*H x D*H ex²* bg ~6 ex²* Jx g~z´* Í )*vD* Í ~{ D* JwG bF5Hb© *3(*H q½ b~zF(°* &* vm ~zA Ix1&* J2b£E ¡pF b /¡-H x D*H ¡ 0 2bmJ(* ¯ 0b½ &* °(* bJbp~9 Ãv - v + DH b £A v F b g / 9*xE&°*H fp~|D* bj´* £c~6 ¢ < b D fJ4w/ 9*xE&°*H f_+H&°* } + dc~z+ ibEH ¢~}B E =4 *K 5b½(* $b D* bB 6b Db+ g J | g~zE 9xE x ; b A fCbg D* M ¢ ~z- hFbC ¤gD* - f~8b1 D ib/É D*H b~|E&°* 2bmJ(b+ ¯ lv0 b jE 6b D* E ÍJÉ´* b cc~z+ ibE ¤gD*H $b+¡Db+ rbg/* ¥wD* 2¡~6&°* i¡´* ¤ ~6 ¥wD* f_+H&°* E 1348 b< f ~zF ¡£ E ¤g)bE ¡pF bC bJbp~9 2v< &b+ b JH b+H4H&* ,vJv/ l¡p+ v/¡-H 4v£ J*2 d£ £A u4'¡@ ´* cgC bE d~z0 ¶(* b DÉ1 *H4b~7&* 2007 b< ¯ $b D ix~{F ib~6*42H

46

O 2 0 1 6 Gô

© dG

6


‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗــﺼــﺪر ﻋــﻦ ﻣــﺮﻛــﺰ ﺳــﻠــﻄــﺎن ﺑــﻦ زاﻳـــﺪ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ وا!ﻋـــﻼم‬

ô``jôëàdG ¢ù«FQ

°

18 22

G ªY ó ©°S ° ô``jôë`àdG GQÉ°ûà°ùe

É G É°ù© ¢ É O É Oª M ô``jôë`àdG ô``jó`e

É óª

O

êô`` ` ` `îŸG

É G ¿ƒ °SGôŸG

Üô`` ` ¨` ` `ŸG ô``FG ` G ô`` `°` ` ü` ` e ¢`` ù` `jQÉ`` H -

»`` ` `à` `ŸG Gó`` ` `Ñ` ` ` ` ` `°`ü`e ` ` jÉ`` ` ‹ó`` ` ` ` `Y É`` ` ` ` ` `°` ` ` ` ` ` TQ ø`` ` ` j ` ` ` `dG ó`` ` ` ` ` ` `

h Yó

:…QGOE’G ô`` «`Jô`μ`°ùdG

ô``jô`ë`àdG äÓ°SGôe dr.fatehz@gmail.com 00971 2 2223000 É 00971 50 6251829 É

j ƒàdG hƒ°ùe

¢SÉÑY óªMCG marketing@cmc.ae 00971 56 3150303

Emirates_CMC

É

www.mags.ae/culture/

108


äÉ`` ` `jƒ`` ` à` ` ë`ŸG

72

u kM fHz¡< " 90 " 9f©gGf+ »f G* j©Gf M(¶* j©)*K| G Ï M4f+ fMÒGfD

z 6 £fI§M

£§g £§gk M *§IfF ¢M& * 92 j j ¤ º* ifk G* m§©+

¢ 0|G* zg< f¡G

j© j© © 6§H ,Ò 0 96 Q

" |)f H " jM*K4 68 |F§gG*K £§Jzº* ª +|G j©+| G*

«|q¸* ©J*|+(*

£f-Ò E £fk E 71

¥© G* zHf0

©F jM*K4 "K4" 72

j©If j©IfHK|G* ¢ G* 98 jDf n G zM*5 ¢+ £f 6 jE4f G*

Ï<(¶*K

£*§ 94 ©<f 6(*

| G* jg¿ µ 74

if G&* ©D 102

ª¡MÊG uGf 8

m*zJf H j©E}7

|M|tkG*

4*§=&¶* 6*|0 $*| G*

,zMz/ L'K4

} M ÓH|I

¶ «{G* *| G* 76

mfM mfMf¤I µ $f©0&* 2§ G*

½fqº* fI¶

¨ ¨ gM fH N*42fI 108

¥ . ktM

2§©G§J ÏD&*

M§Hf 8 " N*4{< 78

j©Df . fH*4§If+

" K2§= "

~M~ ¡+ z ¿

¢H m*4fkÀ 114

| kI&* ¢G fI&* " l© ©+

«Kf<42 ,Ò¡H

»f G* mfDf .

ª)§ 9 h©F|- 80

¨nI&* mfMf 0

«2§·* £f 0

*| G* 2§ ¿ )*K ~©F4fH 4f H 122

j¡Mz G

,f©0 fÅ&*

¥ G* zg< h)3K £fF j¡MzH jMf 0 82 © gG*

}8fI É|H

j© I| G*

¢M~G* LzJ

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

µ Ó 6f©G* rM4&* 88 «4§ G* © G*

ªH*|F§+ z© 6

68

jM| D f©:&*

£f I(¶* mfEf 1(* 6

»f G* Ò© k+

ª<K4~º* j :fD

0 «{G* nº*

ª+f¡G* s*|D vKzÁ i|¸* mf©H§M ¢H | G* ug 8&* ¢M&* 45 ,Ò E E | 7

ª +*| G* 6*|D ~F|H m*4*z 8(* |1%* «§R.

© ¸* zg< f 94

$§ G* ,|)*2 µ

hMzG* $Ï< 42

¥-f0fÃK

µ ª G* otgG* 8 ª+| G* ¢:§G*

§ H&* zM|D

4fà 4*5f<

¼K&¶* ,~M| G* 14

µ ,4§¡º* j¡Mzº* 46

Òg kG* h©Gf 6&* 16

z ¿ ¢+ ¢ 0

j© ¡G*

¼(* | £f H4

z IK mf 6*42

" LÊ G* mfMK|º* " 52 ©n kG*K if ¹* ªEf- ,z© 6

jM*K|G* Êk - *3fº 56

«4zgG* ªHf 6

jt G*K ½f I(¶* «z¡D 4f ©G&*

i§ G* ,2f 6 18 ,ztkº* Â&¶* mf 6f©EK

zM5§+&* z 0&*

ª E4 $f D

"i| G* £*§M2 §©G*

µ ª E|G* f¡ G* 22

| 7 £f-z© E 59

t H z 0&* ©J*|+(*

ª ¤ 6 z© 6

j© 9*ÌD¶* mf kqº*

zMf< z 0&*

ª 9fº* ¢H }8f¡<

jM*K4 µ 60

mf©G*§kH 6§k©/§H

Ò¡H LzG ª)f ¸* $f¡gG* jg©k<

£*| < ª+| G* z ¿

f¤M&* ¡©< jE*|+ 63

| 7 §·*

ª 6f0 j :fD

" | G* LKz/ fH 64 Çf¤G* ¢+ z© 6

µ 4§¡G* |Df M 67 | 7 f¤k¤g/ $f¤+&*

6fE z ¿ }7&*

*K4*5 jGf04 26

4§g©I Í 64fF m*4fH(¶*

«5f= ª < ª © < ª < ¢H~G* ¢H $f I 30

LzQ¡G* R| E Éz G* j 7K*42 ¢È&*

j©Df . £*§G&*

¢ G* µ 4§© G* 32 Çf+f©G* ª © kG*

zHf0 f¡H

jM§ G mf©Gf /

z0*§G* |¸* jG¶2 40 j©+| G* µ

ª G~F42 ¢ 0|G* zg<


Oó©dG á«MÉààaG

ô`` `jô``ë` àdG ¢ù`«`FQ

…Qƒ°üæŸG »¡ªY ó«©°S Qƒ°üæe

á«Hô©dG áaÉ≤ãdG ‘ ôFÉ£dG U } cD ,O xU ~z ´* H&* b JHwD ¤ ±* D* <H b F¡ E < ,O Ä ´* b -O bB¡ ºH b FO *¡D&* M Ab . D U N * f£<b g/°* H&* f£F¡ D* xG*¡ D* ¤ E Ì~z - ¶(* ¡~8¡D* < fAb jD* ym - bEv < ,4¡ ~6&°* É1 E f£S P ³ ¯ vJHxA z D* µb< IxJH ´* H& * BP *¡ D ~}sJ ° ¥wD* b£³* ~8 ¶(* o¡D¡D* ¯ b E fK c=4 xG*¡ D* gD ¤ < H&* P ÍP g£~6b~6&* ÍP gc=4 ¶(* 2¡ J b cO cN ~6 fJS vP +N &* f£S ~9P xN E f£~} D 4 ¡T ~|N- ,4¡ ~6&°* (* ¡ JH Ì= ° f£S ~9P xN E N ,M xGb; O2xS ¸ FS &* yEx D Ì~z N N OG &U °* E P o*HyD*H £U ~9 ~zF ¯ bGxN :&S * F&* v½ ,4¡ ~6&°* H&* fJyEx D vJHxA Ì~z gD b cG3 ¡D b e&P °* O gB b GH b~zF(°* ¢ < bNg N S ~zNO ,4¡ ~6&°* x~zA v A vJHxA w£ - ¡GH F¡J bg~6¡= 4bC bES &* b~zF(°* v < fAb jD* dD*¡B ¯ b J¡ - E Ix1& * dF*¡/ =& * F&* HR &* *Vv/ P P N ¤T <b ±* ¤O <R HN ÉD* bGxAU ¡JO ¤gD* f£ ~8&°* o3b D* b DÉ1 E v ~zS mNN g-N f£<b / 5L ¡E4H 4L ¡~8 b F&b+ O N f £ 0 E ¤N P 1bE Ì~z - EH Ix1&* ibAb . E D* EH f_£cD*H B¡´* E S¥4¡ ~6&°* H&* S¥¡ ´* NvR +O Nv/N HN ex D* v < LyE4 x)b DH 6&*4 E oxsJ FS (* ,O 4¡ ~6&°* ¡ - ¥wD*H f£ Gb±* ex< + S N gN JN ¥wD* fEb D* x)b + R&*vc DH ,b£²* ¯ P ET &b-H £<H ¯ D* ¢ < f£ < O O Gv < x)b D* *wG $b ~6&* EH B*xA v + P G&* 4bc1&b+ Nh£´* P cR JO F&* ,4¡ ~6&°* ¡ -H "¤ -bB 2 E Á¡ O ~6*" q£ ~|P JN H AP 2O ¥wD* £g D* R K O fE¡cD* m0 cR JN ¢g0 4&bjD* w1&* ,ÆA ¢ < Ä JH N O *Ì ~8 ¢ cJ x)b D* *wG (* Ix1&* ,4¡ ~6&* ¡ -H INv~|D* S O S h °* ex D* lH4¡E ¯ xO )b D* *w A e*x O D* P D* ¯ ¢ mgJN ÁbjD*H G&* CxN- ¥wD* ex³* H& P * ·b³* b ´* < Ä U JO HS &°* JyE4 ¥4¡ ~6& P N vc< É~zD*H ,É~|D* £ < ¡~6xD* S v/ N S &* *¡ O N ; Í0 Gx / b R * < IHN xR JO H 2¡ ´* b D £BvD* O gENN 24N &* v + yE5 x_+ x 0 ,2b<( P N N *v A ~|<&°* e*x D* x J k£0 D* fJxB v < D b A b Fb E < D&b~zA " yE5 x 0*" D ¡ J ÉK )bB N P ~6 O £ D* £ < S / b N S´ d ´* b Gv < xp -H b Gvc - {JxB hFbC Jw D* fN )bFH b~6( e*x D* v/HH D* fJxB ¶( * ~8H ¢g0 l4b²* O +* EH M * @P £R N N ~|D* v < x J N S P N N b A $N b´* oxN 1&R *H x N pA 2¡ ´* ~9¡´* ¢ < £DvD* ¡G e*x D* O N yO £Ex- ÉK j A Ix1&° fAb . E gsJ H&* +b~{gJ vB x)b D* w D ¥yExD* v£~zmgD* H f.4*¡g´*H fD¡ ´* ¼&°* fAb . ¯ OgJyE4 6HHb DH ,4¡~|D Áb+b£D* $bpJ(°* *wG :b gJH z Db+ f jU D*H $bJÄR D* f ~|+ ¤0¡ JO 4¡U ~|-O ¤gD* ibE¡~6xD* É1 E f£Fb+b£D* fAb jD* ¯ 6HHb D* P N * Ì:b~6&*" É1 E x)b D* *wG fN JyE4 Tv P g~z-N ¤gD* f£+x D* fAb jD* ¡ E ¯ x)b D* *wG fJyE4 E 6HHb D* ¤gD* ,4¡ ~6&°* b EH " R ³ O O z Db+ f jD*H $O bJÄ D* ¡G S .O f £ ±* ~{J4 *¡D&* ¯ DO b / v~zmgJH ¡ º /& bC 4¡F E N P 1 6HHb D* S (* ¡ P xN 1%* X¥¡ E b / ¯ M S N * ÌP :b~6&* ¯ h/PN 42O ¤gD*H z£ +(* E Og~|S BP x)b D* *w DH N 6HHb D* ¶(N * &b± f ±* ¡12 g~zJ µ bEv < z£ +( * (* ,4¡ ~6&°* wG ¡ - R ³ N * ¯ –b +b£F&* Ä<– 1vO N2%* P$*¡=(* ¯ S¥vP +N &°* N2*xEO O U pJO Ok£0 fS ± N 1v P gDP f£²* Í+H £+ 6HHb D* ¢ N ~zA b £A P £O D N O b £AH v OGRv O D* E É~zD* £ < b £ ~6 ¤c D* f~|BP b DH&* fJyExD* w D ¤~6b~6&°* dDN b D* bF¡U JO @P JR xER &* ¯ ex D* v < x)b D* fJyE4 o4v °vg~6°*H 4b g+°* b £AH NN 2%* ¥Nv R DN HN N E e*x O D* fO ~|BP b £Fb.H ex D* v < G&* ¶(* h£´* Ä1 J fEb D* Äs D Bb D* x)b D* fO £ 0 K *H b ´*H ,x D* ¢ < d ´* vc< E e*x D* f~|B b~}J&



‫ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ Emirates_CMC

Qƒ``«£dG øØdG ‘ ÊÉHÉ«dG »∏«μ°ûàdG

2016 ‫ ـ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ـ ﺣﺰﻳﺮان ـ‬46 ‫اﻟﻌـﺪد‬

ô©dG dG ª ©dG ÑdG t ƒμjEG ƒJÈeC’ ájGhQ ôNBG zôØ°U ºbQ ºbQ{ t 20 016 6 á« ô©dG ô ƒÑdG ájGhQ zô ô É°É e{ t Ió à G C’G É°SÉ«bh ܃©©° dGd IOÉ©©°S t QƒÑ« °SQÉÉ GQÉeE’G GhQG G ádÉMQ t ábQÉ dG á« ÉehôdG Ø°ùdG t μμ« jƒeÉ°U GQ Y t á«bô° ô°T ÜÉ©dC º «a t á jóª d ƒ° ƒ° « ôJ t jQÉàdG Éa dG áÑMÉ°U z ó dG ô b{ t


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.