الإمارات الثقافية emiratesculture april 2017 55

Page 1

2v D* 1*2 ¡~9¡E Y¤c;¡+&* Ãb /¡/Z 9x E E ¤ A <


‫إﺻﺪارات‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻠﻄﺎن ﺑﻦ زاﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ وا ﻋﻼم‬

‫‪user/cmclecture‬‬

‫‪@cmc_ad‬‬

‫‪cmc.ae‬‬

‫‪www.cmc.ae‬‬


¢@@ @j@ F&* ib@@ Jb@ @0 øjhÉæ©dG ¥RCÉe x~8bF ÃxE ibcg ´*H dg D* 94b E ¯ f gs´* JHb D* E ib_E bE&* B¡gF 4b@@.&* @@F&° p ~|gFH ebg D* ~z D B¡gF b © JHb D* } + bG*¡g¹ + ¤~{- fp~9*H JHb < b GH ¶H&°* ,x D* w E b D¡~}A Íg .* H&* f C E K Ì= ,¡ 1 wG ¤J&*x+H b E bG*¡g¹ c~{- ° JHb < bK ~}J&* b G *¡ D* fBÉ< < $b~zgJ £~6 a4b D* &° d-b D* E f~6H4vE I¡gp´b+ D* E *K $y/ ¡ J bK F*¡ < ~8&°* ¯ 4bgsJ $b+2&°* E x1%* ¡F b G *¡ D* H&* ¤+2&°* D* 1*2 f£<xA JHb C D3 ¡ J vBH JH ¤~z£)xD* B&* 8bs~7&* $b ~6&* « ¤gD* - ¤ ; d£s- ¤gD* JHb D* ÈC&* vB bE ¯ ¡~} D* ,x)*2 ¯ ¡1vD* ¡c + ¥4*xB Í+ ,Ì0 ¯ b EbE&* f£-*wD* Ì~zD* ,x)*2 ¯ - b F&* B*¡+ v~8&* H&* b / E D* J¡pJ bK cDb= fJ2b D* ¤ ~6* ¤-xC*3 ¯ £ / ¤)b£ £~6 BH b D bC ¤gD* f£CwD* JHb D* E b )b ~6&° bC ¡D *3bE £s-&* b@@F&*H ~zg+* ¤ / *¡ D* *wG x 0&* "fp)*4 $b ~6&ÉD bC ¡D *3bE b £ < v- *¡D&* mJ ¥w@@D* *¡ D* ib )b D* iÉ£ ±* ,vDb³* fJ*HxD* DwC < ¤ pJ ¤-ÉD* ib )b D* iÉ£ ±* ~7 ÉK £sgE f~|B £« cgC bE £~8b - ¯ ¡1vD* cB f~| D* £sg-H b-b+HbC ¥4bF¡~6bJ D D fJ*HxD* £~8b gD *K v/ f +b~{´* JHb D* E ¡cEbcD* b~6

b 1*2 =¡gD* v + °(* D3 4v b D iÆ1* Í0 f£FbjD* f£~|~| D* ¤g<¡ ¸ ¯ JHb D* 5&bE h ~{gC* ±* Ì~}« < ¤ ~|J 'Hb~z- E ÈC&* v/&° ±* bJb 0 v + bE

2¡<&*H e¡-&* &* ¤ < rÆ - Ix1&*H ±* E 3¡ g D fcJx= ib0*ÆB* H&* v + bE @D $°'¡G cg J µ ~|~|BH ±* bJb 0 < ,v gcE Ñ* ¶(* C &* ¡ ~{g J Í0 ; d£s£~6 b§4H m D *K v£/ *¡ cgF* D bK cDb= b < ¡jpcJ ¤gD* b£ Jy£Abg£´* < *K v£ + fgp+ f£Fb~zF(* ibJb ²* b D a4b D* ew/ ¯ fDHbp´* f:4H ,wJw D* b g:4H JHb D* ¢ c-


theverge.com E§H ¢<

É«°ShQ âæμe ∞«c øØdG …Qhõe á«Yƒ«°ûdG ?ÚjÓŸG íHQ øe ¯ h£+ ¢ < ¤:x~7 100 E ÈC&* } F* ¡JbE 12 rbc~8 ¯ h ~7 H2 lÉ@@. ¯ f )bG ,4b@@= ~9 b£Fb´&b+ 2bc~zJH AvGH D* 94b EH ibCx~{D*H ib<2¡g~z´* E vJv D* °%b@ + 4v - x@@JHy@@- f c~7 ¢ < *x £~zJ b gE É@@/4 i*4°HvD* E ÍJÉ´* b G4b <&* ,4v ´* Í g´* f£~|s~7 < rb~|A(°* gJ µ ib0¡ D* D b g Cb¹ *x g J Jw D*H f ~6 67h 41`H q~9¡- 1000 < bG2v< vJyJ ¤gD*H f ~{g ´* ,4Hy´* )b.¡D*H ¡ J *x~zJ¡~6H £)*x~6(* ¯ f~8b1 b < b F b~z-* IvE ,4HyE f0¡D 400 E ÈC&* b<b+ Í /xD* (* Áb´&°* z£D¡cD* ¤ ~zFvFbC ¤ £~6bA jE Í£ £ : @@6H4 ÍFb A ¶(* ¤ g 4b£ F* v + f~8b1 ¤ ~z D¡/ ¡A ¤~z D%*H {g£ £DbE ÌÂ5bC Í+ Dbc§ ib0¡ D* h £+ dJx gD* ib£ < 4bG25*H f£<¡£~{D* ·*¡p+ *K x1'¡E bg £+ bg0¡D b £A b§ bB4&* f c~6 ¶(* f +4&* £ pgD* ib£ < ¯ ~8b²* 4¡ gD* =4 3(* 4°H2 ÍJÉE 3 k£0 bK £c~zF xJHygD* f ~6 ¤ A xJ¡~|gD* b£/¡D¡ -H f£)b ±* b ~7&* ~64 ~zJ D ivF*ÄE*xD f0¡D xJHy- d ~|J Í£ £ D* 6HxD* ÍFb D f£~6v G 4bcg1* ¶(* ¤ A < ¥&* 0bg´*H i*2*y´* 4H2 ~}s- ,2b< ¤ - 4v~|´* vJv« jE $*x~{D* f£ < cB ÍBb~7 £ «H 5y - ¤gD* fÂv D* £cD* i°b~|J(*H 4v~|´* i*2b ~7 x@@.&* )b.¡D* wG (bA Í£ £ D* ÍFb D* fDb0 ¯ f0¡ D* fDb~8&* EyD* E h - H&* h<b~9 f ~7&°b+ b J¡ - £ « f£ < ¤-&b- f0¡ D* 4v~|E ££ - v +  b@@» zC* f@@ @~@7&*H $*x@@ @ ²* h@@«H f£m~z cD* ¡@@A f£/4b³* f c D* h« f£F¡D ib c: b~{gC* E Íj0bcD* v E ,xJvE ¡J2b~6bC b ~z£~{FxA ¡ - f0¡ D* fDb~8&* vC'¡ $b .&* 22ÆJ vB ¤ ~8&°* b~6xD* (* ¡=b £~7 f Eb/ ¯ D* D ,vJv/ f£F¡D f c + vJv/ E &*vcJH ¡ D* Ì £A ~6xD* vsg~z£~6 ¡D ¥&* x J F&° Ì J °H 22ÆJ ° Jy´* ibc£c0 f£<¡F < ~{ J "¤ £ D* bE*4" £ « (bA DwC ibc£c²b+ b gF4b E gJH bE f0¡D ¯ fEvsg~z´* f£F¡ D* ,2b´* ,4Hy´* ib0¡ D* ¯ fEvsg~z´* ibc£c²* E Ìj DbA f£ ~8&°* ¤ ~8&°* b~6xD* ,bAH v + °(* x - µ fjJv0

121

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*


É«f’ÉJÉc øe á«KÓK ájQɪ©e á«°Sóæg ácô°T 2017 ΩÉ©∏d ôcõàjÈdG IõFÉéH RƒØJ ¤-*5fÅ(* ¢H ib-bc D* b g = b F*4v/ ¡cJ4 f JvE ¯ fEb< f Jv0 fJv+&* É:&* ~7 b £ J b» ¶(* 4*HyD* w1&bJ 6¡E°b+ f JvE ¯ ¡ £+ w£cF ~|E *K 4¡ ~7 ¤ - bJ*H5 b D F*4v/ w£c D* f<b ~|D ¤ ~zD* µb D* $¡~9 x@@1%° Í@@0 @@E b BÆsJ fÂvB @@A2 ,xm0 ¡@@1v@@+ ~zD* ¯ ¡ ~7 E eb~z J Hx J GH Í)*v D* Íc- J5b+ ~6¡- ¯ Hv D* 4b ~}E z mJ b £+ 4b~z´* ¡0 F*4H2 $b .&* 4bm~7&°* Í+ ¡ gsJH ib/¡ gD* b -&b~{F&* ¤gD* 2Hv~zD*H ib/4v´* ¢ < ¡/x g´* zJ4b~}gD* ¯ f£ £c D* fFb~}0 4*2 fEb< fcg E yJ2H4 ¯ o°¡~6 pgE iÉ£ ~{gD* &b+ 6b~z0(*H fJv+&°b+ 4¡ ~7 Db G Db <&* C ¯ b ´* ¯ bG4Hw/ ex~} f~9¡´* E ex F &* b DHb0 b´b D bgDÉ£A b@@F¡@@E*4 ¡ J f p D* ¤0H E f£ +&* < H&* ,v)b~zD* n ~6°* jE ¡ F &* b £ < b cG3 b J&* *v@@F*4%* ¡ J b £+ *wG lvpJ µ *3(* b ´*H $b~} D*H 6b D* $¤~7 C |g¿ $¤~7 ¥&* < b  ÉA

b¸ ¯ fJ4bcg<* È@@C&°* ,y@@)b@@±* ¤@@G xCygJÄD* ,y@@)b@@/ µb D* $bpF&* £ / E Jy)b D* 4bgs-H fJ4b ´* f~6v D* f~6v D* µb< ¯ ¡½ ¶(* ,2b@@< q ­ ¤gD* ,y)b±* wG *wG *x+H&°* 4H2H 94b ´* £ ~|- ¯ *¡<v+&* » fJ4b ´* E fF¡ E fB¡ExE Ì= f£Fbc~6(* fCx~7 d£~|F E hFbC b D* f~9¡´* E ¡+x JH f£DHvD* $*¡~9&°* ¡c mgJ Í~6v E f.É. ~z« f £ / f£ +&* £ ~|- ¯ 2¡ < f.É. *¡~}E&* ,v)b~zD* f_£cD* ¤<*x-H g E cg E *H&b~{F&* JwD* °bg£A ¡E*4H m£+ 4bCH *vF*4%* £)bA*4 *¡ + 1988 b< ,Ì ~|D* i¡DH&* ,v + ¯ RCR Arquitectes Í + Jw1%* f£ p´* g_£+ E f A*¡gE J4b~{E ¢ < -x ~7 bGxJHv- v£<&* 2*¡E ÍEvsg~zEH f £c D* ¯ b B¡E 4bcg<°* b gAbG4H f g D*H É D*H $¡~}Db+ d<Ég- b F&* y£ g-H Hb - (* xCygJÄD* ,y)b/ f ± z£)4 i¡C4¡E Í = ¡ J °K b <&*H fJx ~7 fJ4b E f~6v G ngF&* f.ÉjD* Í~6v ´* $°'¡G z - ¥wD* hB¡D* ¯ ¤~9b D *K ÌcC bK E*Æ0* x - ,vDb1 c g~z´*H x~9b²* ¡pF bK 0¡~9H £A

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

120

jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

£fM24f¹* ¢<


~Êf- 4§M§ª¡G* ¢<

äɪ¡∏e AÉ°ùæd á∏gòe Gk Qƒ°U §≤à∏J ¢ûà«aƒÑ«d ÊBG D ibCx~7 ,4*2(b+ J $K b~zF H&* fJw£ - ,xJvE d~| E f£Db< d~8b E ¯ i*ÌjC $b~zF ÉK A %°* Db G &* HvcJ ¤g~z£E Í+ rH*ÆJ GwE $b~z D* $°'¡G i°b¸ ¯ ¡ gD*H tJ4b- ¯ f£ JxE&* f£ JxA&* f£~z£)4 £Db+ f~|B*4 H&* vFÉ+¡C ,x@@Jv@@´* x+vFb~6 JÌ~7 ¶(* ¤@@ @Jx@@E&°* £DbcD* rx~zE i*¡@@1&°* ¡g £ C ¥4É£ + *K 4Hx@@E ¡c~z£ D fJw£ gD* GÌ=H b £g~6 bJ4¡ = J2%* ¥*yA*5¡J °°bE zEb£DH {g£A¡c£D &* k£0 4*x g~6b+ 4¡ g- f ~z ~zD*H i*Ìj D* vE ,x~{ D* ~9 b ~9x E - v < ,vJv/ *K 4¡~8 £~} E *K 4¡~8 4*x g~6b+ oy 9x ´*H f£´b D* b gD¡/ É1 ,vJv/ b <&* E ,vJv±* f ~z ~zD* E fÂv D* f ~z ~zD* ¯ f ~6bgD* 9x ´* f ¹ A*¡g- &* bK c~6b E ¡ J ¡~zDH m~6 ~6b+ Hx@@ @´* Ãv@@ @D* $b~z D* m~6 ¯ 4¡J¡£F ¶(* bK jJv0 g0b~zE hD¡« ¥wD*H $b~z D ¤0É~8°* ¡£ Jb+ ib£g D*H $b~z D* ¡ 0 fCx² yCxE "$b~z D* ¢ cE" 9x D ,Ì@@ 1&°* f p´*H 2020 b@@< 0bggA* 4x@@ @ ´*H 2017 xJb J ¯ *x~zJ¡~6 ¯ tJ4H5 ¯ ¡ g~6

119

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

bEv < f ~6 15 E È@@C&* w E -&*v+ ¥w@@D* s D °K b g~6* ,4¡~|´* ¤ g« women "$b~zF " ,Ì ~{D* b g ~z ~6 ix~{F Jx: @@< ,y@@£@» i*5b@@@½(* i*H3 $b~z + {g£A¡c£D Á%* Women: New ",vJv/ ¡/H $b~zF" *¡ + vJv/ $y/ .Portraits É1 E " ¡/¡D* f ~z ~6“ 9x - UBS + E £ g+ ibc-bC ib£~6b£~6 ibJw£ - i*xJvE 4¡~8 gE 9x E 4*x~8(b+ +bgJ ibFb AH fJÌ1 b <&* ibc0b~8 ib£~9bJ4 JHxJ b G $b~z D* Í~z ±* Í+ ,*Hb~z´* ¡pF Jx D* ~7 ¤B*xD* HwD*H f£~6b~z²* E 4b:(* ~9 b E5 < f~|B < Ìc - ¯ ¥4¡@@ @ ~@ 6&°* ,4¡~|´* < @@+ y£ gJ ¥w@@D* E Hb gDb+ b -y½&* ¤gD*H f£ ~8&°* f ~z ~zD* < Ì£ gD* D* ¯ f£<¡F f F Db G (bA bgF¡~6 *5¡~6 b g Jx~7 $°'¡@G - bE ¢ < Ä@@C&* ~{+ yCx- b F&* k£0 vJv±* ¡pF mg- {g£A¡c£D ~7 HvcJ £C E È@@C&* $b~z D* ¡ - f@@£@ @ 1*v@@D* f@@B4b@@³* @@G*¡@@B @@< ~{ gD @@ @ <&°* ¯ $K b~zF 1999 b@@ @D* ¯ f+¡ ~|+ v@@½ b C " {g£A¡c£D


πfi πëj ¿ÉHÉ«dG ‘ »YÉ棰U’G AÉcòdG º¡ØFÉXh ≈∏Y ‹ƒà°ùjh AÉ°†«ÑdG äÉbÉ«dG …hP ib-¡+HxD* &* £C ¡0 bK +b~6 4¡p g- b -bEb gG* hFbC b £+ ´*H )b;¡D* ÍJÉE ¤ -H i*4b£~zD* 2¡ -H Fb~|´* gpg~6 E Eb gJ &* %°* £ g~zJ ¤<b ~8°* $b@@Cw@@D* (b@ A fJHv£D* ÍJ4*2(°* )b;H 2v J b» ¯x ´* 6b~6&°* i*3 fJ4*2(°* b <&°* b£ D* d-*x´* ¯ 4*x D* ebp~8&* Fukoku Mutual Life f@@£@Fb@@+b@@£@D* Í@@E&b@ g@ D* ib@@Cx@@~@ 7 Iv@@ 0(* x-¡£c + bK J4*2(* bK ;¡E 34 ¤ A ~{+ bK £Db0 vcg~z- Insuranc $*vg+* IBM Watson Explorer " ¡~z-*H ~{ g~zE ¤+ ¥%*" .2017 xJb J E ¡~6 ¤<b ~8°* $bCwD* (bA fCx~{D* < 42b~8 ¤ p~8 xJx gD bK AH ÍE&bgD* ib A2 2vp£D f gº Ix1&* )b.HH ¢ ~{g~z´* iÉm~6 Ä~zJ ¤gD* i*$*x@@/(°*H }Jx D ¤c D* tJ4bgD* D* ib+b~8(* ibcc~zE v<b~z- ¡~6 ibFb£cD* / ib EH kpcD* f£ < fg­&* (* b + bB ib~}J¡ gD* A2 ib£ < Jx~z- ¢ < x~{cD* Í ;¡´* E ¢ c- E 1.7 b J ¤<b ~8°* $bCwD* b F h£cj- (* ¡ J fCx~{D* xJx ¯ b D fJ¡ ~6 fFb£~8 4°H2 128000 ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ 4°H2 ¡£ E < ¢ g~z´* Í ;¡´* ibc-xE E 4°H2 ¡£ E1.1 xA¡g~6 +b ´* b C Íg ~6 E B&b+ 4b jg~6°* *wG v)b< ¯¡g~z- &* E&bg- DwD .%30 fc~z + f£/bgF(°* ¤<b ~8°* $bCw D ¡~z-*H ~zpJ &* B¡g f£Fb+bJ ÍE&b- ibCx~7 lÉ. &* f£Fb+b£D* ¤~{£FbE f £p~|D xJx - ¡ J 2bmJ(* jE D* fg­&° ¤<b ~8* $bC3 f F&* c - H&* Ägs- Ix1&* )b+y D fc~6b E ÍE&b- 1 ¤+ ¥%°bC ¤<b ~8°* $bCwD* f F&* (bA b <&ÉD 2xA4bG f m´ bK AH i°b¸ jE f£Ax ´* z~6&°* i*3 ´* J5*¡E d gD f ~|E &* )b;¡D* wG < E Ìj D* &* f £ ²bA f£Db´* ibEv³*H ÍE&bgD* f ~z E ibFb£+ ¶(* v g~z- i*4*xBH f£~6b£B i*¡ 1 ¯ £ -  ,2bJ5 ¶(* ¥2'¡£~6 *wG bC $*¡~6 D x-¡£c D* b + ¡ J f £ F *Ê~6 bE *w A bK £ C D*vcg~6* ¶(* H&* Í Eb D f£/bgF°* ,4v D* 4Hv § ¡ J D f£~z£)4 x~8b < b £A bK cJx - b C )b;¡D* (* k£0 )b;¡D* } + &* Æ F &* b £ < D3 EH b E Eb gD* x-¡£c D* ib-¡+HxD* ,x £~zD bK cJxB ~}s- &* v+ ° fAx ´b+ f c-x´*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

118

jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

thenextweb.com ¢<


lย 6ยง+ ยฃยงkย ยกยชDfยคG* ยข<

ร k aร Z รญร ยฐUCG โ ฆรฒdG ยบยฐSรดdG รดcQฦ jฦ ยซรฆdG รกโ รฉลธ "fc~|ย D* i*3 ยฅ5H4" hpย E y-4*ยก~6 ยฅ*x= ย ยฃย ยฃ+&* fFbย ย D* bย ย pg~z- ยคgD* fย ย D* the riveter ย ยกD&bE ย ~64 xJ*ร A 6 ย ยกJ 42b~|D* xC4ยกJยกยฃย D* 2v< ย ร = ยขย < fFยกย J&ยฐ* ย ~6xD* ย c~{J ย ~6xD* ย ยฃย j-H bGv<b~6 ย Ax- fFยกย E ,&*x@@Eยฐ fยฃ)b~zย D* fCxpย D *K yE4 ร gย J ยฅwD* "fc~|ย D* i*3 ยฅ5H4"@D ร ย ~{D* exยฒ* $bย .&* ย :ยกD* ย < ย bAvD* ยฏ bย gC4b~{E ย < *K ร cย -H bย JxE&* ยฏ ยฏ ,&*xยด* bK BxA ย Dbย G vยฉ ร ย ~6xD* ย E&bg- ร 0 ย ย D fยฃFbjD* fยฃยดbย D* ย ~}- bย F(bA fc~|ย + bย ย ยฃc/ ย ย - ย &* ย E ยฐK v+H fFยกย E vJvยฑ* ย ~6xD* ยกG ย ~6xD* fย B ย ย ~7 ยขย < ย ยก~|D* ย E fDHyย E fย cB bย ~6&*4 ยขย < y-4*ยก~6 ยฅ*x= ย ยฃย ยฃ+%* fFbย ย ย D kยฃ0 bยฃ/4ยก/ f@@JยฐH ยฏ bg~6ยก=H&* fย JvE ยฏ ,ร ~zE bG4ยก~}0 vย + "$b~zย D* ย ย D ,*Hb~zE" 4bย ~7 ย ย ยซH vยฃDb+ fEยก~6xE fย cB ixย g<* ยถ(* ยฅ5H4 ย < lvpยด* bย ย ~64 ยคย ~64 ร = ย ย ~{+ ย ~6x- ย &* i4xB bย D fc~zย Db+ bK ย ย 0 ย bC vย A bK +Hbยฉ xย gย - ย ย - ยตH xC4ยกJยกยฃย D* fย ยธ bย D ร K ย < fย mยด* ย cย - ย &* ย Jยก: vE&* wย E ยทยกE 5*ยก~zFxA fย mยดb+ ยคย ย D* xJxpgD* ,xJvE ย &* ย bC ย Bยกgยด* ร = ย ย D ยฅ5H4 ย E Ix1&* fย ยฃย ~{- bย D ย ~6x- ย &* y-4*ยก~6 ย E hcย :H h+bmg~6* *K yE4 qc~8&* ย F&*H fย mย ย D bK Aร = 4b~8 bย ย ย < ย &* ย bJ&* f.ร . vย + &b/bย gD ,xย ย D ย ยฃm~{-H ย ยกย gย D yJyย - ย E bย ยฃA bยง fjJvยฒ* fยฃ)b~zย D* fCxpย D ยฅxGyD* ย ยกย D ย DwCH ย ~zย ย + ย ย ~8* "fc~|ย D* i*3 ยฅ5H4" ยถ(* ,2ยกย Db+ bย D ยข0H&* ยฅwD* bE hย _~6 bEvย < ยค)bBv~8&ยฐH ยท fย B ย ย ~7 ยขย < ibย cย D* ย ยฃ0&* fย )b0 bF&* h+b/&* ibย c~7 ยขย < ร ยกย / ย ย ~{+ ,xย ย D* ix~{gF* vBH i*ร ~zยด* ยฏ bย ~zcย ย D ย ย D bK JHvJ fย cย D* f<bย ~8 fยฃย ย < ย &* f/4vD ยค<bย g/ยฐ* ย ~8*ยกgD* bGvย < lvpJ ย &* ย cB ยขg0 lvpย D fย ยฒ hcย / ย ~zย ย + |s~7 ย &* ยขg0 ,&*xยด* fCxยฒ *K yE4 qc~|g~6 fJxGyD* fย ย D* fย cB ย &* hAx< *ยกCb0 $b~zย D* ย &* ย ยฃC ixCw- "dย ~{D* ยคG" hcgC iร mยด* Iv0(* fยฃยดbย D* exยฒ* $bย .&* iร ย ยด* ย bc0 f<bย ~|D fJxJxยฒ* e4*ยก@@ยฑ* ย &ยฐH exยฒ* ยฏ ย b/xD* ย ยน ย Fb~|ยด* ยฏ ย ย ย 0 ย ย F&* ย ยฃCH fยฃFbjD* fย cย + $*2ยก~6 bย gย ย /H bย -ร 1* vย A fย 0xยด* ย ย - 4bย ~7 hFbC ยฅ5H4 ย ยกยฃD* fยฃ)b~zย D* fCxpย D *K 4bย ~7 fJxG5 Rosie

117

55

Oรณ``````````````````````````````ยฉ`dG 2 0 1 7 ยฃfCCย CCย CCยชCCI ย CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*


Ωƒ∏©dG ‘ IóFGQ ICGôeG ¿ÉjÒe Ó«Ñ«°S ÉjQÉe áæ°S 300 ó©H Qƒ¡¶∏d Oƒ©J Hv~{´* ¤@@ +H4H&°* bG4¡ / $b@@~@ 94(* @@E i*¡ ~6 v + f@@ @~@|@ @´* ib@@ @ £@ ~@ 8¡@@g@ D* i*3 d@@g@ @ D* @@ E v@@Jv@@ @ Db@@+ ix@@p@+&* ¤ £c D* b mp+ i*x@@~@{@p@ @D ib@@E¡@@~@ 6x@@D*H E £E 5000 fAb~zE 1699 b@@< b g +* E 52 x + b=2&* ¯ i*x~{²* 64vgD b JxE&* e¡ / ¶(* *vF°¡G b +bgC ¡GH h<v+&* bE <&* fm£g D* hFbCH b J4¡~6 “ Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium E Ìj D* ¢B° ¥wD* b J4¡~6 ¯ ¥x~{²* ¡pgD* b@@G4H2H ,&*x@@´* ~9H D h@@B¡@@D* @@D3 ¯ b~zpg~6°* b -*2¡ ¸H b -bAb~{gC* / x~| D* @@D3 ¯ ´* b£~z D* ¤: ¯ dGw b¸ ¯ f£)b~z D* ibCx²*H ib ~7b D* v£~{- ¡£D* b -bc£Cx-H b gcG¡EH b -x+bj§ tJ4bgD*H ¡ D*H D* gA $¡~}D* ,x)*2 ¶(* b Db <&* *H2b@@<&*H f ´* f£ D* x@@ @~@{@D* ¯ b@@ @ +b@@g@ C @@c@ : ,2b@@ @ @<(* ¢ < b@@< f)b .É. v + ¤~9b´* 60 ¢@@ @ < ¥¡@@g@ p@ J ¡@@ @GH b@@ @ -b@@AH f£ ~8&°* ib £~8¡gD* E f0¡D bJÌE ,b£0 < |~|B E

+b~zD* x D* ¯ ib@@£@+H4H&°* $b~z D* E vJv D* jE fD¡ ~{E bGx < h~}B bJÌE É£c£~6 bJ4bE (bA x~{< (bA D3 ¢ < ,HÉ< b D b Db :&* ¤+x-H b g£+ xJv h<b g~6* *v D¡G ¯ h~7b< ¤gD*H vD¡´* f£Fb´&°* bJ4bE K < xJv- &* f £c: f´b<H ibcF f´b<H fFb C Kbp/bF É i*x~{0 f´b<H f£ C ¯ f@@ @£@c@ @D* f@@´b@@< ov@@ JÈ@@ J(* ¥b@@ C b@@ @ @< ¡@@ @ t@@J4b@@g@D* h@@~@ 642 ¤@@g@ D*H b£Fb £~z £+ ¯ 4¡c~z£g£/ I¡g~zE ¢ < f´b< bJÌE hFbC bJÌE D ¤ D* b F&* q£p~8 K*ÌjC < gF » JÌj D .b» b D b@@C D @@JH4*2 A b C f £c D* < Ì - µ ,5bg» ib Gb~zE ,v£/ ,*2&* ¤ £c D* tJ4bgD* £A b@@C ¥w@@D* hB¡D* ¯ ib-bc D* < )b 0 h ~{gC* bJÌE (bA b~{gCÉD - µ i*x@@~@ {@ ²*H Kb@ @ @ @+b@@ ~@ @6 f@@ @AHx@@ @ @ @ E b -b 0ÉE iv<b~6 v g ´* v@@Jv@@c@ - ¢@@ @ < &b@ + Kb@ Âv@@B v@@)b@@~@ z@ D* ix@@ @ ; i*x@@ @~@ @ {@ @ ²* b@@ @~@z@ @F $b@@ @ @ @ @- @@ @E f@@Ax@@ @´* Í@@ @ D* @@E É@@1 b g / ¤@@g@D* A 9x- µ 2¡ < Í@@ @ @ @ D* @@ @ @ _@ @ @ @DH&* ixAH b D f £c D f £B ibE¡ E Kb~}J&* ¡ D*H d D* ¡0 / E H&* hFbCH b@@ @-b@@_@£@+H i*x@@~@ {@ ²* b@@ @ @ D* b@@ @ £@ A b@@ @ § @@ @~@9 @@ @ C&b@ - ¥w@@ @ D* v0*H ¤_£+ J¡ -

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

116

jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

~Êf- 4§M§ª¡G* ¢<


jonesaroundtheworld.com E§H ¢<

É«°SBG ¥ô°T ܃æL ‘ ≈≤«°SƒŸG äÉfÉLô¡e x~{gF* . "2¡E {£cJ2" e¡cD* Jx D "*ÆD&*" ¡cD* E . b+b£D*H b£-*HxC ¶(* ~|£D µb D* $bpF&* ¯ v£ gD* *wG Í-4¡ ~{´* ·b+H ¡ Fb+ ¶(* *K Ì1&* ~8H vBH b£ JxA(* e¡ / fc1b~|D* b £Db£ + It’s The Ship f £ ~zD* b F(* ¤ ´* 4bpcD* rÉE" f £ ~6 ÇE ¢ < ¤ £~6¡E b/x E ÄC&* The Royal Caribbean International’s "x1b D* ¤cJ4b D* ¶(* ,4¡Ab ~6 @@E luxurious Mariner of the Seas ÈC&* £~}g~zJH Ä A¡F x1*H&* ¯ D3H bJy£DbE ¯ ¥Hb F° bK £ ¹H bK £´b< bK £ A bK ~9x< 30 øe Maya Music Festival ¤ £~6¡´* bJbE b/x E ¡£D ¤ £~6¡E b/x E 64bE x ~7 fJ*v+ vFÉJb- ¡ Fb+ ¯ *¡£p£D ¤mJvD* µb< ¯ ,Ìc D* $b ~6&°* d / £A gJ v0*H ~}A&* b ~zD q ~|J b/x E ,Ì D* ¡ ±b+ f £ D* wG f£FHÆ D(°* ¢ £~6¡´* ¢ £~6¡´* Í+ mJ b/x E Shipsomnia b£ E¡~zc£~7 ¯ v D* 94&*" bK ~}J&* f £ ~zD* ¢ ~z- 4bpcD* ·b<&* ¯ ¡ D*H 2016 b@@< ¥Hb F° ¶(* ,4¡Ab ~6 @@E ix@@p@+&* "xpcD* 2017 ¡£F¡J ¯ *y£cJ(* ¶(* fF¡ ~7x+ E xpcg~6H

115

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

e¡ / ¯ f£ £~6¡´* ibFb/x ´* E vJv D* b G ¡ J ° vB Ix1&* :b EH b JxE&*H b+H4H&* ¯ ,2¡/¡E ¤G b jE b£~6%* x~7 2*2yJ f£FHÆ D(°* ¢ £~6¡´* f£c ~7 vJ*y- E D µb D* E bK E¡J h 1 (*H x g~zE DH $¤ + ~{+ ibFb/x ´* 2v< ibFb/x ´* w@@G v@@0&* © &* £A b G ¶(* f 0xD º ~9 bJb-b+ ¯ Wonderfruit Festival fc£m D* f Cb D* b/x E vFÉJb 4b ~7 *wG Live Love Wonder " dm - ~{<* {<" P f £ ±* bJb-b+ ¡ 0 ¯ b@@J&* f.É. x g~zJ ¥wD* b/x ´* J b/x ´* *wG D f£0b£~6 f JvE h~z£D bJb-b+ f JvE f~|~|º f E ¯ f Jv´* o4b@@1 *K ÆE¡ £C 15 v + ¢ < r4b~zEH *K v£/ ,y ¸H f £ F ib £º b £A i°b g0ÉD bG4¡~}0  ¤gD* ibFb/x ´* ~}A&* E v0*H F(* f GwE b£~6%* x~7 e¡ / ¯ ¡£F¡J ¡ Fb+ ¯ The Road To Ultra *ÆD&* ¶(* Jx D* Ä gc~6 ·b+H D* $*¡ D* ¯ ¥¡ ~6 b/x E *Æ@@D&°* ¢ £~6¡E b/x E ~6* w@@1&*H 1999 b< w E ¤Eb£E ¯ &*v+ ÍE¡J ,vE HvJ


jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+ ½fCCC CCCG* mfCCCCDfCCCC CCCC. ¢CCCCH m*4fCCCCCkCCCCCÂ *x D* 2¡ ¹ )*H

indiewire.com ¢<

"á«∏«d äÉfGƒ«M" Nocturnal animals OQƒa Ωƒàd ÊÉãdG ´óÑŸG º∏«ØdG ØdG Ød dG ¤)b £~6 ng E DwCH ¡J4b £~6 d-bC oxº ¤ JxE&* $bJ5&* ~|E 24¡A ¡ ¤gCx~{D vc´* xJv´*" d Q DH $bJ5&°* µb< ¯ f ~6*H ,x ~7 ib£ £ ~zgD* ¯ bF 8b³* $bJ5&°* 1 :&* 2006 b< ¯ "f~9¡ D *4¡D b~6 J(*H Gucci ¤~7¡= ~ ~7¡= bEb+H&* *4b+ EH $b~6'HxD* )bJ5&* E zcD Tom Ford ~6* pJ ¥wD*H + H + /4" H&°* £A ox@@1&* 2009 b< ¯ D* µb< ¯ ÌGb~{´* E Ìj D*H*H b/x E ¯ y)*¡/ ,v D q~7x-H bK Fb~zpg~6* ¢BÉA A single man "e5b<< 4b ~6H&°* b/x EH Áb JÄD* bgAbcD* b/x E DwCH b£~z£ £A < 3¡1&b´* "f£ £D ibF*¡£0" r¡ D* £A b D v £D 24¡A ¡- 2¡ J hJ*4 Ç~6H&° " *5¡~6H Á¡-" fJ*H4 ­ D* µb< ¯ f£B*xD* f c D* ,Ìc1 yE*2%* ¤Â(* H4¡E *5¡~6 ibFb£1 dc~z+ 4b£ F°* ~7H ¢ < ÉK ~7bA bK /*H5H D bK p/bF bK ~9x E £ £/ @@£@ / 24*H2(* +b~zD* b /H5 E ¢ g- ¤@@E4%* b /H5 *¡ + b@@ @£@D(* ,*v@@ @ E bGx~{ J &* @@~@7H ¢ < f@@J*Hx@@D f:¡ º ."f£ £D ibF*¡£0" 4Hv- f£~z£D¡+ b F&* b D q~}gJ ¤gD* fJ*HxD* ,$*xB ¯ *5¡~6 x ~z F z £ ~6bG Á¡- 9x gJ k£0 6b~z - ¯ f £ D* b .*v0&* F¡CÆJH g +*H g/H5 gs- f+b~| D g )b<H £ £/ £/ b~|-°*H ex D* Á¡- £ g~zJ bG2*xA&* v0&* E ,É D* ¯ *K v£0H g/H5 ¤gj/ zJvF&* ¤+¡+ p´* ,v<b~z§ ~{g £D f:x~{Db+ fJHb~6&b´* l*v0&°* x g~z- g D*H eb~|g=ÉD b ~9x - v + g +*H ¤~9x< ~{+ Á¡- g § ¤ g gD fJ*HxD* ¯ b -b£² b ~6(* ¤G fJ*HxD* &* ,$*x D* É1 E *5¡~6 ~{g < Ä - b C ·b@@²* b /H5 E ¤~9b´* ¯ D b gFb£³H f +b~zD* /*H5 < A*vJ µ F&° dFwDb+ 4¡ ~7H b < ¢ s- F&° g£D¡/4 f + ~6b~z0(* dc~z+ -bFb E l*v0&* £A ¥x© ¥wD* ·b£³* µb D*H *5¡~6 ~{£ - ¥wD* ¤ B*¡D* µb D* Í+ bK £ E5 HM b~zgE ~{+ Í ~zB ¶(* ¡~z E £ D* z ~6 ~{+ b DÉ1 oxs´* gJ f£~z F bE*42¡ £E f~|BH ,ÌjE f£~z£D¡+ f~|B ¶( * bK £<¡F ¡~z E DwCH bG&*x - ¤gD* fJ*HxD* M 2v DH Áb JÄD* bgAbcD*H b£~z£ £A ibFb/x E ¯ y)*¡/ ,v D £ D* q~7x- x~9b²*H ¤~9b´* Í+ ibCb+b~7ÉA ~7 ¢ < ¡~{EH i*4b ~6H&°* E

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

114


¥x ~{D* @@6b@@~@z@0(°* Áb@@ @<&* ¥vD*H" d@@£@ @³* ~6¡J Q "b ~8&* ¤gD* ,4¡~|D* ¯ g ;H ¥wD* Gx´* b@@G4b@@ @A&*H @@{@<*2 f@@EHb@@ @E 4¡@@~@8 @@E ,4¡@@~@8 e&°* £A f@@+b@@g@ @Db@@+ @@ @-*3 *v@@ @ @+(°*H d@@²b@@ +H b@@ @ ±b@@+H @@ @ Db@@+ @@}@ A4H f@@EHb@@ @ E @@ @ A @@£@ j@ @ g@ D*H $b@@ @ @ D*H x@@J¡@@~@ |@ g@ D*H Ì= KbAvGH&* fJb= b D x - ° ¤gD* f~|Db³* f£~{0¡ D Áb@@ @´*H 4b@@ @ A&°*H b@@ @ :H&°*H x@@~@{@c@D* @@g@B i¡@@ ´*H @@g@ @D* 4v +H b £ / f£Fb~zF(°* ib£ mgD*H l*Æ@@D*H tJ4bgD*H ¥w@@D* ¡@@<b@@ @D* *w D ,¡@@ @Db@@+H rÉ~zDb+ ¥v~|gD* f£ G&* ¤<¡Db+H f Db+ D ¥v~|gD* ¡ J fJx~{+ f_£G ¯ v~z© ¤gD* b gEx0H rHxD* f£~6vBH b~zF(°* f£Fb~zF(b+ bÂ(°b+H fEx0 C ¡ -

113

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

ib /*¡E &Q ° K*4b~|gF* *Äg J b -*3 Qvp+ b -bc.H ,b£²* ,4vB ¡ - h-b+ ex@@²* Q ; ¯ f£Q E¡£D* ,b£²* ibJQv«H i24&*H b £ + @@D3 @@EH f@@ @/*¡@@´*H Q pgD* ¢ < b~zF(°* b~zF(°* *x~8 Hb g- fJ4¡~6 f~|B Q Q vB&* &* £ D* *wG Ä< ",b£²* v£B ¢ < $b c D x@@Jx@@´*H µ'¡@ @´* @@B*¡@@D* @@E ib@@0¡@@D @@9x@@< ¥w@@D* £ D* ,4¡~8 Qv@B ex@@²* ,&b@ :H h« ÍJ4¡~zD* ,bFb E v~z/H b J¡g« ¤gD* µ&°* ,4*x@@E @@=4 fJx<b~{D* @@E ¡ s- ° O 4bEvD* d B ¯ h 1 ¤gD* d²* f~|B ¯ fp~9*H bG*xF f +* x@@ C b@@ F4 f@@~@9x@@ @´*H ¤@@ @ @D* x@@Eb@@< 4¡@@g@Cv@@D* Í@@+ b <&* E ¯ b 0ÉF f~8b³* wGH e&°* cD* ¤ £ ~z D* x<b~{D* vD*H < b c~zgC* F(* ¡ J d£ ³*


55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

112


¤gD* "f+bgg~6°* ,4H2" v@@ @+ @@=b@@E2 " ~z=" ¯ h@@p@½ "fE*v D*" f£EÉ D* bG4b A&* 45 E d gA b + g ²&* Kb )b1 ¡ J &* }AxJ £G*x+(* DH b@@ @:&°* 6¡ F ¯ f+4b¹H xJ¡ gD* 4Hw+ 6x= ¯ J¡ D* sJ4bgDH )2bc´ ¤ - ¤gD* £ gD* ,2b£B d~}= ÌjJ ¥wD* xE&°* ±* *wG @@ @DH 3b@@g@~@6&* g £D Kb~6v~zE @@£@G*x@@+(* ,w@@EÉ@@- v@@0&* K*5bp E £ < 8b~8xD* É:(* fJ¡ < fCxp+ ¢+&bJ D* ¢ < Kbc g~zE ¡ J &* Kb~}A*4H £B E j bEH 3bg~6&* ¶(* ÍJÌEvgD*H f ±* vJ v£B ¢ < bF'Hb +" £ D* < d£ ³* ~6b+ oxs´* ¡ J

111

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

¤-b J¡C Ì ~6 4b £~6¡ D fJxJ¡~|gD* ¢ £~6¡´* i$b@@/H f£ ~6 f@@J'H4 Qv@ @-H f £c D b@@ Q @ @D* 4Hv@@D* *w@@G <vgD £ D* l*v0&* ¯ fJx~|cD* fJ'HxD* vs ,x A 5HbmgJ D {<*2 - bE &* d£ ³* ~6b+ Ix@@J Í Ab£D* £/ ¯ x.Q '¡- &* £ g~z- D b F&*H v D*H ÌEvgD* )b~64 Iv0(* wG hFbC b§4 Gb ~|0 pF ( * b :&°*H Q « @@E&°* H&* ¤ gDb+ hFbC ¡@@DH fDb~64 f ´* £ D* 6¡ D* d£~|J ¥wD* 4bEvD* fEHb E ¢ < y D* E K*ÌjC f£~|s~{D*H 4¡Q @ @g@´* f@@Jx@@ @D* E ¡@@GH @@£@ G*x@@+(* e&°* b F&* - ¤gD* @@{@<*2 v@@J ¯ K*Ì@@~@6&* J b )b +&° fccp´*


m*zJf H

(ÜC’G) º∏«a hª »* 6f+ s|w G bc: ¢´ ¡F&* *HxCw- dp - Gbg~zg+ bE vB bFv + *¡c0&*" £A b 0 ¤@@g@D* f@@Db@@~@6x@@D* ¤@@G @@ @- "bFv + ¥b@@G b D* £G*x+(* + b~zD ¢ < i$b/ ¤gD*H e&°*

¥wD* ÍJ4¡~zD* b :&°* ¶(* b F bEv < *vJ5 Â&* ibGbgE ¶(* @@GxQ @/H c g~zE ÌEv- eb@@G4(°* 2*4&* x gD*H ±* i*¡ ~zD* É1 d£ ³* ~6bcD +*xD* £ D* e&°*

Q rb~9H E fC*x~{Db+ ~z + ~|F ~9H f£~9b´* lÉjD* Q bJ4¡~6 ¯ b £~z D fEb D* f~z~6'¡´* gmgF&*H d£ ³* E f<¡ ¸ @@ @EH *v@@ J5 @@Â&* fD¡ + @@E £ D* $É@@<H b@@ @ @~@6 ¬b@@A @@j@E f@@J4¡@@~@z@D* b@@E*4v@@D* ¡@@½ Í+H4H ¥5b£+ ¢£pJH d/4 É0H ¤ D* xEb<H ~6bB v 0&* E *Æ~7°b+ Ì ~7 b /H xC bF4H ¢~z£< ¤ ~8¡E $bAH fFb D*H Ñb < yE*4H A*4

|~|B ex@@ ²* l*v@@ 0&* ¯ bJbp~}D*H @@)*x@@±* ib@@_@E @@+ ¢ < b E ,v0*H ¥&* ~zJ &* £ D* I&*4 E C £ g~zJ b £A bC E K*v0*H &* Qv+ ° F*Ì/ H&* G&* H&* ~z F vGb~7 ¤@@g@ D* "fJ4¡~zD* fcJx gD*" v@@~@8x@@J e&°* @@ @£@A ¤ < ®b@@0 o*x@@1(b@+ b E f£ £ ~z D* fs~z D* ¡J4¡~zD* f +b~{E f+x© KbE¡J ¡~{£ £~6 F&* Gv 1 ¯ 4vJ µH Q – ¡ ²* ¢g~{E – ,4*y@@ D* ,v + ¯ £ D* *w@@G xJ¡~|- ® f £c D* i2&* k£0 ~|²* f D ,4Hbm´* Ix D* } +H f£m G b £ < ix ; Í0 | D* fEv1 ¯ bG4H2 f )*xD* g£~{0HH {<*HvD*

Iv0(* {<*2 ix~8b0 Í0 2015 b< ¯ £ D* l*v0&* 4Hv Ìm gD*H dJw gD* ,&b:H h« b G&* ib+H fJ4¡~zD* Ix D* oHx³ f~z)bJ i°Hb¹ fJx D* iv ~7 k£0 $¤ cD* i¡´*H -b£p+ ,bm D*H b £ Cb~6 K )*x/ E *$y/ ,x~7bcE ,4¡~|+ d£ ³* *ÌEbC b D 9x £j gDb+ K*4Hx@@E ¤ D*H ¤m D* *v@@<(°b@@+ K*$v@@+ @@{@<*2 Gx A k@Q @c@ D £ ~z+ $b@@ @ g@ F*H eb@@~@ |@ g@ =°*H Í@@Eb@@j@±b@@+ i*H2&* E*vsg~6° Í Ab£D*H b :&°* bG3&* ¯ ¥Ì gD* -b º £ « ¯ i*x~{ D K*v£~z© hFbC £ D* *wG ¯ f£~|s~7 H&* lv0 C

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

110


b ~6&b+ eb D&°* ¤ +O x~}- hBx= Ix1&°* ¤G f~64v´* dgC ¤ +O x~} Kb£Q )b F gG& T * ° bF&* K*¡ QGyE hc.O&* ¤C Kb0bc~8 O2¡<&*H x D ¤c~zF Kb+Q b~7 ÁxO ~|+O&* d²b+ O vO )b~|B Jx Q + Q GH d²* ¥x -H Q K*ÌjC Q .vQ 0 h« g~|B < Q 4b E&°* O Q -O £CH T &b~9¡ ¤ Q ~|-O H bJÉ1 C x ´* h« ,K b£0H K*x ~7 Q GxO ~zJO Mf DbcE Hv+H D ¤jJv0 Q M ¡£< d / K*xJx0 xO ~{D* v~z J Mf~|B*4 M2Hv1 ¡A Mf~z<bF f c D* ~7H ¢ < b Q CO K*vQ / L £_D xO pcD*H ,M &*xE* ¡ - ,K &*xE* ¤ £ J x ´* I¡~6 Í~{sJ ° O °* O £~zg~6 ,*¡ E Ov~z -H *¡D& Q x ~{D* KbF¡ ~zE ¤ J4 f/*w~z+ O 1&bA X Kb_ g» "4*yF" ¡ /H " ;bC" fEb ~{+ :b E ¡ - b E&* :b E Q C

109

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

| 7

…OÓ«e ïjQÉJ ÜÉë o o °ùdG q ,vJxA H $bg~{D* ¶(* L$*vG(*

t£~{D* Hx <

Mf EbC Mi*Hb ~6 O c~6H Ì O Ab~|< x~7 É+ i*¡<vD* ¤ E O c g~zM 5Q ¡£~6 ¤c A Ì O +*¡: O$*x D*H gc¹ $ 2 O ¥x ~{+ J2b£E qO g 4L bm~7&* b ~6x« M b E d~|g O O O ° M4bCwgC b~{Q O D* ib £B¡- b ~zF' O ¡K*x < O&*v J *¡ 04 Kb+bc0&* zDb/& O bA &* $K bg~7 Q¥b~{D* ,xs+&° £C "¤c g´*"H ¢ ´* ¯ ¤ © +*"H "xGb D*vc<"H " £ 0"H " F2"H " £ +" H " 6Hx< !?"¡c£+"H " Q¥Hb~{ ´*"H K : ÁxO ~|+O&* O O cJ X¥v / M$*wp+ É ¤ £ pJ ¢~z< b~zD* ~|g E *vB&* fJb ² Kb~|£~|1 ¡ ~8 Q x ´* E ¢ ²* M4bp+ Ä< 2b D* x ´* ¤ pJ H&* Mebp~6H rM bJ4H $b cD* $b c±* O *vB&* O ~z - &* K : ÁxO ~|+O&* O ¡Q sgJ É $b´* ¯ 9 K*v£ ~6 Kb£~{g EO ¤)*w0 ¡/ ¶(* $b´* ~|J ¢g0 O ~7¡~7¡JH +O x~}g~6 h£cD* ¯ E&T * ¤ +O x~}- zcDH $*x ~|D* f Jx´* h +

T O bF&* b D* £ ~|D* Q +* ¤B¡ + K*vQ / 4L ¡sAH Kb £~8 ¤E&* ¤ g<v1 3(* Á24b J bC M 0 ¯ M O $bg~7 i*3 Kb £ / Oh C xX = M2¡D¡E f/*w~6 Q +H ¤E&* f~6*xp+ O gO D ¤ gAwB ¡£D¡J x1%* ¡A O .b±* O&b ³* ¥2É£E *wG K*4H5 f£ £~|D* ¤sJ4*¡ O xO FO&* DwDH $M bg~7 Q C OvDH&* g ´* Ì O O = ¤ 0 ¤g +bB x ´* fO p)*4 ¤ Ax vO DH&* Mib £ OG v + Á&Q * K*xQ ~6 ÁÄ O sO * ebc+ ~|L T ib+bp~6 ² W O ~9x-O jE M3*3x+ b E C ¤ e¡~6x~zD* b gD¡ : x ~{D* i*Hb£E¡´ Ov£ JO O Mi*x B Á¡£< ¡A { ,4b D* ib~6v< ¢ <H Mi*x» 4¡ D* ¶(* $b´b+ O ~6xO bF*¡~{F |BxJ ¤C O ¥4b ~7&* ,O x ~7 fK £<*¡: ~{ g E E ¤c B O +b ~6 Oh x ~8&°* £~|D* MÍm~6 Q CH O O x ´* o*xA(*H ib<¡ ´* x -


w@@G ¯ b_£~{A b_£~7 ¡ gmJ f p D* ÄC&bC Jx= b~6 6¡F¡£D ¢ <&* Ìc1H 2¡£D¡ + xJ¡~|g D x@@Jv@@E t@@J4b@@- ¯ *Ì@@ Eb@@ @ @D* @@Jx@@p@ g@ + b+b£~zF* *ÌEb D* ibCx² b £~zD* f+¡p~|E f£+3b/H IÄC f£Db /H µ b D ib D*H p D* b J(b+ Í@@~@|@B*x@@D* f@@Cx@@0 @@E @@1*v@@g@ |BxD* ibCx0 E &*ymgJ ° $y/ b D £ D* ¢ £~6¡E £D&b- ¯ ygJH i4¡G Íg~6¡/ ¤ £~6¡´* d D f Eb±* ¯ b~64vJ bFbC b £0 £ < x - oxs´* Jv~8 ¡GH Y 7ÉcJHZ £A ¢ £~6¡E D&* ¥wD* bK ~}J&* ¡GH b ~z F B*H ¯ f £ / É0&* < £ D* ¤ pJ f £~z+ f£Ebg1 ,4bc + 0bg F* ¯ *H3&°* D fc~z Db+ Hb J ° ¤)b = £A d ~8 ¡ sJ fJ2¡£D¡G ib~6b EH f<b ~|+ £A D µb D* ¢ < +4&° p£~7x- ® bEv + ibcj+ 4b ~6H&°* y)*¡/ ¡pF £ D* 4b ~6H&* ,y)b/ ,x~{<

*vsg~6* ¤ J" oxs´* ¡ J @@z@+É@@´* i*4¡@@ @ @Jv@@ D* ¡@@ @@D* f~64v D fJÌc gD* )b~6¡D* C f~|B ¤ ² fJv£ gD* f£)b £~zD* ."f G*4 f Jv´* ¡pg- Yv@@F ° °Z £A ¯ f~7b~{+ f JvE f£ p E f JvE ¶(* xJ¡~|gD* ® @@Dw@@D f@@£@ E*4¡@@Fb@@+ D* ix@@:&* f£E*4¡Fb+ ib + ¢ £~6¡§ ¤)b D* 9*x g~6°* ¢ < ,yCxE h ;H ¤ £ D* fJ2¡£D¡G f£ £~6ÉC Jx D* ¢ < 4Hx´* fCx0 b025* 1*2 4b gD* v ~{E ~{J vGb~{´* ¤Bb+ £ < z~6&bg- bK JyCxE *K v ~{E 4b£~zD* bE *'¡~zD* bK 04b: f Jx D* w + v ~{´* *w D oxs´* x J µb0 C «H ¢ £~6¡´* ~}- ",4b£~zD* 1*2 - ¥wD* *wG ¯ f ~} ´* g£ =&* @@1*2 {£ J |s~7 @@CH 0 D ,4b£~zD* ¢ £~6¡E b£E ¶(* b£g~6bc~6 4b gJ b D* v ~{´* 4b£~zD* Jx D* ¯ *¡FbC JwD* £ ±*H f£ £~6¡E f£ 1 s-

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

108


Í/ |B*xD* °H ÍFH2 ¤ Fbg~6 ¢ £~6¡´* EH x~}s´* v gcJH z +H4 HÌ/ oxs´*H 8b D* ÉA&* c~{J °H ¤ £C £ D* *wG D ¤EH2 b/ oxs´*H 8b D* ÉA&* < *K ÌjC bJ5bgFb D* oyE ¢ < ,Ìc D* -4vBH f~8b³* g£~|s~{+ y£ gJ B*¡Db+ f+*x D*H jMzª kG* f ¡ª G* j + ªD e¡ ~6 b £~6 ¯ £~zC ,Ìc D* f~7b~{D* ¢ < £ D* qgg J £ pgD J¡: v0*H v ~{E ¯ vGb~{´* E f£D*¡gE f ~z ~z+ b D fJb F ° fE*H2 i*$bÂ(°*H Ìc gD* É1 E f£~6b~6&°* £ D* ,x A ~| kpcD* ¯ 4*¡²* ¶(* *ÌjC £ D* obgpJ °H v~z±* f DH É1 E ib£~|s~{ D v£/H g» Ãv -H f~|B ¤ 0 < ¡ - &* -*3 hB¡D* ¯ ¡g~6 bÂ(* hp½ |BxD*H ¢ £~6¡´* fJv£~zmgD* b -4v + <H ² E f£ £ 0H f~{GvE ,&*xE* f BbA *¡D&b+ ib£ 1 £ D* vGb~{EH ib D ¢ < £ i*3 f £ ³* z+É´*H £ D* ¡: ¢ < 45&°* ¡ D* 4¡~}0H z - ¤gD* q£+b~|´* 4¡~}0 DwCH f£G*yD* f£ £+xD* *¡D&°* $b£~}D*H $*¡@@~@9&°*H 4¡ D* < fj0bcD* ib£~|s~{D* f£~z F

107

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

*¡D&°* ¶(* e¡ ~6 b £~6 ¶(* f£ £~6É D* 2H¡£D¡G ¢ £~6¡E £FbE&* ¡ ~{g J b~{< ¶(* ~{D* ¶(* fBx~{´* f£~6b~6&°* £~|D* £+xD* $bg~{D* ¡~|A f +4&* f £: -b:bc0(*H 6¡D f JvE ¡m D* f JvE ¯ Ix1&* ,xE $bg~{D*H Jx³* z£ ½* bJÌgAbC ¯ fD2bF - ¤@@GH f j» qc~|- &* b@@Â(* q 0 5b±* ¢ £~6¡´ ~7b< b£g~6bc£~6 Ìc D* ¡J2¡g~6&°* ¢ < 5b±* iÉ 0 - k£0 ¢ cE d0b~8 qc~|J &* Ìc D* ~7b< F&* °(* fc ~|D* <b~9H&* E =xD* ¢ < ,x~7bcE $*¡ D* fAv~|Db+ Áb ´* E Ìj D* « ¤gD* f £ ±* ¢ £~6¡ D ¯ ¢ ´* ¯ fJ4HxE ibBb g1* ¯ b E E ÈC&* ¯ b£ g J b ~} + f /*¡´ ,&*xm D *x g J b D iÉ ²* Iv0(* ¥wD* 6b ²*H b 1*v+ d0 E g~{J bE =4 } cD* 4¡E&°* &* E =xD* ¢ < b EÉ0&° 2bcg´* <v D b AvJ z£D ¤)b D* £ D* *wG *3b´ x~z£D*H f:b~zcD* w + h~z£D £AH f£´b D* b £~zD* ¯ f +b~zD* f£)b D* ÉA& °* ¤Bb+ jE N "b < gsJ oxs D 2012 Y$b~6'¡cD*Z £A jE bK £)b = bK £A z£D F(* b~74bE eH4 oxs D 2002 Y¡=b £~7Z £A °H x+¡G ¡ oxs´* É@@A&* °H ¤ £ E ¤g ~z£+ oxs´* É@@A&* .b °H


J *w G " B*¡D*H ²* Í+ oy@@­ ¡+x< £ D* *w@@G bK £~}E ox@@s@´* b £~zD* f cB z ½&* 6¡D f Jv´ $bAH 1 I4*¡@@g@ - k@@£@0 b@@ @GH&°* ~|EH b Fb ~6 É0&* b -4b£~6 n£m~9H b -4*wB J4¡ c´* E @@G¡@@D* f@@ @/*¡@@E ¤@@G £ D* ,x@@ @A f DH i*H2&* *vsg~6b+ h+bjD* Í £D* h+*¡jD* £ gD 4Hb +¡~7 $f G*K *| G* fMzª/*| $b£~7&° ,y£pgE Ì= ib+b/(* £ D* v J ,x~z²*H ¢@@ @ ²*H b£±bg~6¡ D* jE b£~z D*H &* fJxs~z D Ìj´* @@E ox@@s@´* ¡ J &*H $b Db+ b£g~6bc~6H b£E 0 g J rH4 ¡ J &* £BvgDb+ -24&* bE bBÆ J *x D*H $b D* bJv£/*x- ¡G £ D* z£D f~8b³* b g D b D b@@J4H b@@Â(* ,¡ D bK @ ~@ }@ J&* @@+ Íg£~|s~{C @@ @A d ~|D* E f~7b~{D* ¢ < b G4¡~}0 ¤ B*H z / ¡pgJ &* £ D* *w@@G ¯ £ . 4b£< E Í j» D b£1 ¶(* ¶(* ¡ g J ¡m + bc F°* *wG bp  B*¡D* &* ¢ < rx@@ @D* ,x D f/bp+ £ D* bEv < bK ~8¡~|1 bK £ +H bK Bx~{E ¡ J jE *x@@ @~@|@ @JH £ D* É@@ @+ ¤ g J ox@@s@´* x F ¤ A g E x 1 @@6&b@C f~|B ¤ p£D f )*4 f £~6H ¡G |BxD*" Ìc g D d²* ¯ b J 6b D* E Í .* bc=xJ ¤@@g@D* f~7b£±* f :b D* @@< ."b .Hvp+ ¶(* Í@@ @@²* ¤@@ ~@ @9b@@ ´* ¶(* Í@@ @@²*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

106


*w D fJ¡B f A2 eb~{D* oxs´* *wG q E oHy ´* ¤)b D* ¤)b £~zD* z ±* E f@@Bb@@: @@Dw@@+ ÉK @ @~@{@E b@@E*4v@@Db@@+ fc=xD*H y²*H f :b D*H fJ¡£²* ¨ ª 6§¼*K ªn kG* ¢H £f¼f<

v0&* °H b gC4b~{E ¢ < x ~{D*H f Ebm´* i*4bc< 4b gF* H&°* b )b D v + bK E b gm£~6 b F&* v g J bC b E 4b£~6 Jx: ¯ b05 ~6H fAv~8 É0&* b JvD Íg´b0 Íg£~|s~{+ bK £A ~|- &* ¢ ´* bE w E b ~7 x -H b £+ v0¡- ¤gD* ¤G É0&°*H f )bG ¶(* ²* ¡pgJ ¢ ´* *w + " ²* E ,b£²* .b g- ¢gE -°°2H £ D* 1*2 f £ 0H B*H K 7ÉcJH £A < *v/ gº ¡m D* f JvE £A" ¤~|s~7 ~{+ *K v@@/ ¤ - f £- nDb J Í D* ÉC D D* E f£~|s~{D* ,b£²* Í+ 5*¡gD* £ « f£ £C ¤GH b D* 5*¡J £C *K vJv« ÈC&* ~{+H B*¡D* E É0&°* hc=4 bE C fc~6b ´* w + @@Jx@@1%°*H D* E -bBÉ< v g<&*H |BxD*H Áb@@=&°*H ¢ £~6¡´* É1 E £ 0&* &* fc D < Ìc g D f )*4 f £~6H ¡G ¤)b D* z ±* *w@@G &*

105

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

f JvEZ YvF ° °Z £A £~z - Â E µb@@ < Í@@´b@@< ¶(* " Y ¡@@m@ @ D* µb<H f£ B*¡D*H v£~zmgD*H 4¡~}²* $b D*H |BxD*H ¢ £~6¡´* E b. M Í ~6¡= b@@ J*4 @@j@ @´* @@E @@C q@@ @Â ÍFb D ,b@@£@²* ¡g~6 b@@Â(* f j ´*H f£FbjD*H ¡Fb£cD* ¢ < 5b/ 5b< H&°* £ « @@< b@@ @ .°* k@@p@c@JH f@@ @j@» ,b£0 xJÄgD fc ~8H fcJx= d0 f~|B £ pg+ $bA¡Db+ x@@E&°* gJ f@@Jv@@+&* ,x ~{ D I¡~|B f£ G&* $b <(* H2 fc=4 o3b~zD* 4¡ ±*H b´*H ¤ ~}- 4Hb +¡~7 f ~z A ¶(* v g~z- fÂvB ,x A oxs´* v J f~|Db³* fc=xD* E e*ÆB°* E ¢ ~6&* f £B ¢ £~6¡´* ¢ < q ~zJ ¤)b £~zD* z ±* *wG" @@B*¡@@D* < 2b g+°* H2 eÆ J ¥wD*H dCx´* z ±* F(* bJ5bgFb D* < B*¡D* ~| + oxs´* J b C "fc=xD* b £~6 E *K ÌjC f Jx D* bGÄg JH ¡ D* ¢ ~6&bC ¢ £~6¡´* 4Hb +¡~7 ~}J £ D* oxº ¢ ~6 *wD b~zF(°* ,2*4(* ¢ < }c D ¢ j´* GH £ D* b £ < z~6&bgJ ¤gD* f£Gb´* ¢ £~6¡´* ~}J &* ¶(* f+*x D*H bJ5bgFb D* dFb/ ¯ ¢ £~6¡´* x~}« Ì1&°*H H&°* Ìc g D f £~6¡C 5b@@±* IHv@@m@+ 6b D* J &* @@ E&°* Hv@@p@J £ D* + H2 "b gAHx+" - &* A vJx- b£E f+b~{D*H ¥v£ gD*


m*zJf H

ȤƾƳŴȶLjȚ Ȝǎǣƾű ¨ < ~)fº* ]zI ¸ ¸^ «)f¡ G* ª G*

QhÉ¡æHƒ°T á¨∏H AÉ≤∏dGh ¥GôØdG Éjó«LGôJ

,4Hb~zD* Ñ*vc< /2016 YvF ° °Z £A Äg J ¤@@ @Jx@@E&* ob@@g@ F(* f £B2 127 2¡@@ £@ D¡@@ @ D @@ @ Dv@@ @ ´* ox@@ s@ @ @ @ @ @D Kb@Eb@@< 31@D* ¥3 @@J5b@@~@7 Í@@ E*2 b £~zD* tJ4b- ¯ fB4bA fEÉ< b@@Gx@@~@|@ @D ,2b@@ @ @ <(*H f@@J2¡@@£@ D¡@@ @ D* ¤cGwD* K ¯ f£~6b£B b@ Eb@@ B4&* £ D* @@ @0 4b~7H ,y)b/ 13 y)*¡±* 2v< É1 A Kb@£@DH2 KbFb/x E 13 ¯ y)*¡/ c~6 ¢ < 5b@@0 £A 2016 ibp£~7x- f c~6 @@~@8&* @@E e¡@@ @= È@@C&°* ¤)b £~zD* lv@@ ²* Ä@@g@ <*H 5b@@ @0H f@@ @ ~@ z@ D* w@@ @ @G É@@ @ @1 °K v@@ @ @ / f@@ @~@z@D* w@@ G 4b@@ @ ~@ 6H&°* ,y@@)b@@/ ¢@@ @< eb~{D* oxs´* *wG ~8 É@@A&* f.Éj+ @@-b@@J*v@@+ ¯ ¡@@ @GH ¤@@)b@@ @ @£@~@z@D* v@@ @¸ E ox@@s@g@ @D @@ @ @£@A ¯ f@@£@)b@@ @ @£@~@z@D* YÍD2bEH 3b~7Z *¡ + 24b@@A4b@@G f Eb/ f~|B ¤ pJ 2¡~6&°*H }£+&°b+ 2009) ¤)b D* £A . |BxD*H ¢ £~6¡´b+ 2014 Y 7ÉcJHZ ÁbjD*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

104


f£~z ~{D* fBb D* i*yCxOE 1*2 lvpJ b´ ¤ £~| - º

*K v/ f £B4 f£p ~6 $É: f c: f_£G ¢ < f<b ~8 Ìc1 "¤ £AHx+"`H " /b~{-4¡C" ¢ gD* 2015 b< ¯ $¡~}D* i*yCxEO xJ¡ - ¯ *K 54b+ bK 0b½ 0 ¥wD*H i*yCxO´* fC*x~{D* i&*v+ 4¡ D* ¢ <H fJÆE¡FbF ib £~z/ ¢ < ,v g ´* f£ JxE&°* fBb D* ,4*2(* E fp § f~6*4vD* hD¡E Í Jx D* Í+ $bJy£ D*H f£~z ~{D* fBb D* yCxEH f£~6b~6&°* ¡ D* yCxE dg E E fp EH fBb D* b@@ A%* l¡p+ y@@Cx@@EH fEv g´* f£)¡~}D* bj Eb~6" h - b C f£+H4H&°* f<b m D +b~zD* ¥4b:(°* nEbFÄD* EH f£ :¡D* ¡ D* f~z~6'¡E E fDbE5 ¤gp E "oÄ JxG(* ."¡£D ÍEb£ +" f~z~6'¡E ~8H fJÆE¡Fb D* ¡ £ £~zD* ib £~z/ b-¡~z£ £E f Eb/ hmgF&* ¡ £ £~zD* ib £~z/ bG¡ ~9H $¡~}D* i*yCxEO ¡£Db J(°* ib £~z± fJx~|cD* |)b~|³* (* k£0 f+xmgD* hp½H f<b ~8 f Jx: E Eb D* c~7 b A*¡-H fJÆE¡Fb D* ¡ £ £~zD* obgF(* 0 £ « e*ÆBb+ x~{c- $¡~}D* i*yCxEO i*x £D¡+ f +b~6 f£ - ¥&* E f - B&*H ,$b C ÈC&* f£)¡~9 Hx C wA*¡F %5 E ÈC&* g - &*  wA*¡ D* - &* f~6*4vD* B¡g-H ¡ JH fB¡c~zE Ì=H fD¡c E ,$b C ¤GH z ~{D* fBb: E ¡FÉ£E" f Ebm+ $bJy£ D* 3bg~6&* "¥24b £E ¡ ~z£~{F*xA" - &b~7 E" kpc D Í£~z£)xD* J4xp´* v@@0&*H "bC¡ £+ $¡~}D* i*yCxEO ¢ < ,v g ´* f£)¡~}D* wA*¡ D* © &* n)bg D* f£)¡~}D* bJɳ* *¡@@~@6&* ¯ f~zAb EH f£ B*HH f » f£ x~8b D* ¢ < f )b D* ib£ gD* - E f Eb g´* Áb@@c@´*H .",42b D* fC*x~7 hFbC" :" /b~{-4¡C" bB Í Jx D* Í+ fC*x~{D* <H ,x A E *¡ ~|£D -°b¸ ¯ Íj0bcD* ~}A&* h ~9 f £ 0 ¡ £ £~zD* ib £~z/ f<b ~8 ,Ä1 b Jv A bK £ £ 0 bK 0b½ fÂvB i*yCxEO f<b ~8 ¯ $*Ä1 ¡FÉ£E ¯ bF'HbCx~7H fJÆE¡Fb D* bK g0 ¡ g~6 fm£g D* &* Í J ¢ < b C bK E bFQ Hb - bEv <H $¡~}D* "*K 2x gEH bK ~8b1 bK _£~7

103

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

f£~z ~{D* fBb D* i*yCx´ o3¡¿

x~| < @@F&* b C @@94&°* ,x~{B ¯ ,xA¡+ ¡ £ £~zD* v/*¡gJ ,$b + J F&* ¡j0bcD* ~{C D3 < ÉK ~}AH b~6 Ì= f£/¡E *¡:&b+ $¡~}D* |g k£0 Ix1&°* x~8b D* E ¢ <&* ,2bg ´* gDb0 ¯ F&* E bK 0° E k c - ¤gD* - E x~|B&* 4b£g1°* Dw+ ¡GH D&bgJ °H *K $¡~9 k cJ ° ,ÌcC ib £~zmC f£~z ~{D* fBb D* i*yCxO´ ·bj´* f Ebm+ f£ £Fb £´* f~6v D* 3bg~6&* " /b~{-4¡C ¥H&*" bB ¡ £ £~zD* ib £~z/ J¡ - f Jx: x gcEH "b-¡~z£ £E" Science B¡´ Í£~z£)xD* kpcD* ¥4x¹ v0&*H fJÆE¡Fb D* 2b +&* |£ g+ Ägs´* ¯ f £c D* ¢ < b g0* v D" Daily E *K v0*H j­ ¤GH i*ÆE¡FbF f ~}+ ¶(* ¡ £ £~zD* i*4¡ + 2b +&°* wG v < " b~zF(°* 6&*4 ,x ~7 x B E °%* ,x~{< *K '¡ C bK j<b+ qc~|JH ¡ £ £~zD* 8*¡1 Ì g-" *K v/ ,Ì ~|D* D&° ,y£ ´* f£/¡´* *¡@@:&°* 8b~|gE* v£ J ° D $¡~} D ib £~z/ © ¤gD* f£~z£)xD* f ~zD* ¤@@G w@@GH @@8b@@³* fBb D* i*y@@Cx@@E ib £c gD f£DbjE fJÆE¡Fb D* ¡ £ £~zD* ."f£~z ~{D* ,vJv/ bK BbA%* fJÆE¡Fb D* ¡ £~zD* ib £~z/ *vsg~6* qg JH "¤ £AHx+ ¡£/Ì~6" ¡ £A f<b ~|D* 2*H4H Íj0bcD* b@@E&* 4b~{´* D'¡´*H "bC¡ £+ ¡FÉ£E" f Ebm+ $bJy£ D* 3bg~6&* ~|- ¤gD* "fBb D ob/yD*" fCx~{D 4b~{´* z~6'¡´*H kpc D x~8b D* wG *vcg~6*  %°*" wA*¡ D fBb D* i*yCxE ."fJÆE¡Fb D* ¡ £ £~zD* ib £~zm+ ¡ £ £~zD* ib £~z/ Ì~}« f Jx: b-¡~z£ £E f Eb/ ix g+* E 2v@@< ¢ < h ~|0H i*¡ ~6 x~{< ¡pF w E fJÆE¡Fb D* <b E ~6b+ x - f Jx: vsg~z- k£0 *Æ@@1°* i*$*x@@+ ¡ £ £~zD* E ,Ì ~8 ib £~z/ E ¡p~zE obgF(* ¯ bE5ÉcD* . ¡ £ £~6 ,43 ¤ D&* E B&* 2v< E b E £~z/ C ¡ gJ ¸2 gJ bGv + IJ* c~{J ¡ ¹ ¶(* ¡p~z´* J¡« gJ H&* fFxE f£ £g~6É+ fpJx~7 f_£G ¢ < bE(* £ ~{-H "x £D¡cD*" E


¢ùª°ûdG øe ábÉ£dG ó«dƒàd òaGƒf ¥2b D*vc< v ¹ ¥2b D*vc< 2

H

M*| f H ¢

J

f£+x D* fBb D K*4v~|E ¡ - &*  wA*¡F obgF(* 0 £ « E ¡j0b+ eÆB* f Eb/H f£ JxE&°* "b-¡~z£ £E" f Ebm+ f~6v D*H ¡ D* f£ C E ¡j0b+ q½ k£0 ,2HyE $¡~9 i*yCxE obgF(* ¡pF ,¡ 1 e*ÆB°* ¯ f£Db J(°* "bC¡ £+ ¡FÉ£E" ¡c E x ~6H ,$b + f£~z ~{D* fBb D* Q © &* b  fJÆE¡FbF ¡ £ £~6 ib £~zm+

$¡~}D* yCxOE *¡0 ¢ < yCÆ´* $¡~}D* E &* Í0 ¯ fJÆE¡Fb D* ¡ £ £~zD* ib £~zm+ J Iw@@D* )b D* q@@~@ 9H&* ,2x@@m@ ´* Í@@ @Db@@+ Ix@@F &* @@£@ @g@~@z@F ¤@@)x@@E Ì@@= "2¡~6&* $¡~9"@+ fpJx~{D* $b~}- bEv < $¡~}D* y£CÆD b@@ @F @@ @~@9 b E @@ @J f@@£@/¡@@E *¡@@ :&* @@E ¡@@ @g@J f£m~z cD* ¡A f ~7&°*

£ ~|- ¯ f£~z ~{D* fBb D* i*yCxE 1v- µ ¤~9b´* x D* bE ~}A&* bC dJxB hBH ¢g0H bK cJx - Jv < cB °(* Ábc´* ¢ < bE(* v g - ,v E fJÆE¡FbF Cb£G *vsg~6* ¡G 5b½(* ® ,42bF 2*¡E ¢ < H&* 8b~8xD* H&* ¡£E2b D* jE fEb~6 x~8b < Ix1&* ib<b ~8 ¯ 1vJ ¥wD* " ¡JvF(°*" jE jD* f£Db=H ,2v gE K bEv - iv ~7 vB f£~z ~{D* fBb D* i*yCxEO b£/¡D¡ - hFbCH ¯ hJx/&* ¤gD* ,v@@)*x@@D* l¡pcD*H ib~6*4vD* ~} + bK Jx~6 ¢ < 4¡j D* D f£~9b´* f £ D* i*¡ ~zD* IvE ¢ < b£Db J(* bK 0Hx E bK Jv« ; z ~{D* $¡~9 y£Cx-H ± fc~6b ´* 2*¡´* ib £~z/ *vsg~6* f~6*4vD* wG ,2*x@@AH ,v/ - b GH fJÆE¡Fb D* ¡ £ £~zD*

¥24b £E ¡ ~z£~{F*xA G Íj0b+ f ~z- E D* JxA ¡ JbC ·H4b@@C ¡ ~z£~{F*xA ¡@@E*2 b J4¡D oÄ JxG(* bj Eb~6 /b~{-4¡C ¥H&* ¤gF¡ £~6 ¡-x+H4 ÁHx+ ¡ ~z£~{F*xA ¥4HbE ib£)¡~}D* f £c D* fJ4H2 ¯ kpcD* x~{FH ¤ £AHx+ ¡£/Ì~6 20 ¯ 42b~|D* 11 B4 bG2v< ¯ "Nature Photonics" f£Db< D&* i*3 f£~z ~7 i*yCxE" *¡ < h« ¤~9b´* xJ*ÄA Ì= fBb: ,¡mA ¥3 ¡ £ £~zD f£ D* b D* ¢ < f£ cE ,$b D* ." 94&°* ¯ xA*¡gEH ,x~7bcE bE ¯ fJÆE¡FbF ¡ £ £~6 ib £~z/ nEvD f£ - Jx D* 4¡: Luminescent f£~z ~{D* fBb D* i*yCxEO b £ < ¡ J LSCs ~6b+ *K 4b~|g1* x - ¤gD* Solar Concentrators "f c~8" ~}g- ob/yD* H&* £g~6ÉcD* E fAb ~7 fpJx~7 ¤GH f£ C b C - ,2v¹ 2*¡E E ,Ì ~8 ib £~z/ H&* D&* b D |g­ k£p+ b p ~6 ¤ < £B4 $É C H&* fpJx~{D* 1*2 fpJx~{D* 1*2 x~{g J Í E nG¡+ D&bggD b £ < Bb~zD* $¡~}D* k£p+ @@D&°* 2*¡@@E 4b£g1* ÂH ¤ 1*vD* ¤ D* 6b F°b+ ÉK jE f£m~z cD* ¡A f ~7&°* ,2v¹ f£/¡E *¡@@:&* |g­ ÄC&* f£/¡E *¡:&* k + v£ -H K £ © wA*¡F f<b ~8 ¯ b£~z£)4 *K x~| < i*yCxO´* wG v -H f gs´* -*22Æ+ z ~{D* $¡~9 ~zJ bEv A f£~z ~{D* fBb D* b 1*2 ,2v¹ i*22x- 2b£ ~8* gJ i*yCxO´* wG q ~6 ¢ < bJÉ1 b c g~z- k£0 b A*¡0 v < yCÆgD bK 0° b £/¡- gJ f£+x C fBb: ¶(* b D¡«H b ~|g gA ,Ì ~8 f£~z ~7 hD¡ D*" wA*¡ Db+ f£~z ~{D* fBb D* £ © wA*¡F ¢ ~z-H bK BbA%* j­H photovoltaic f£)¡~9 Hx D*H&* "f£)¡~9  F&° µb D* ¯ ,2vmg´* fBb D* ib£ gD f »H ,vJv/ f/4vD* ¶(* $¡~} D Eb±* q ~zD* f0b~zE ,2bJ5 b Jx: < ·b ±* ~6b gDb+ É@@1(* H2 fBb D* v£D¡g+ q ~z- ¤gD* ° b C f£ £G i*Ì£ - ¥&* wA*¡ D* - d g- ° k£0 Ábc D wA*¡ D* i*4b:(* 1*2 f£ gº ¡ - bE ,2b< b F&° b gJ'H4  ~|g E w E hAx< f£~z ~{D* bJɳ* &* E =xD* ¢ <H

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

102


f£ £~6ÉC h@@~@z@£@DH ,x@@~@8b@@ @E b@@Jv@@£@/*x@@- ¤@@G f@@£@0x@@~@z@´* fJ4¡p´* f£~|s~{D* &° f£D¡ + h~z£D f£~|s~7 bG4¡¹H 4b~z F* dc~6 b F&*H gDb~9 b~{gCb+ £ < ¡ ¹ 24 E ib £g~zD* 1vJ ¡@@GH x~z g- f£~|s~{A -¡B z£DH ¢ < ~|p£D 4bpgF°* 4x JH Dws- gBb: &*vc-H x < qDb~|D ,b£²* ¢ < ÍE&b- f~|£D¡+ f £B 4°H2 D&* 20 cE JvDHH g/H5 1*2 ¯ ,v E f£~|s~7 *x@@F pFH f£0x~z´* *¡@@:H b~{ D* E q ~6 h« ¢ sgJ b@@E&°* v + EbC 4¡ ~7 DbE%*H -b0¡ : C ym< < D bK ~}J¡ - *wG ¡ J &* ÉK E&* ~z D c - v< ¶(* ~8¡-H fJb D* ¯ F¡s- b £A Dbc´* g/H5 hFbC ¡±* *wG ~6HH f )b D* b -4¡~|+ JvD¡DH ¤ A f£0x~z´* É1 2¡D*H f D&°*H f ²* i¡~8 ¤G *v £D b JvDHH b /H5 ¯ hAb gD*H ~} D ,Ìj D* xGb ´* Ix ¤ A b gJ¡G ,%*xEH ,x~6&°* d B ¢GH v~|+ c« b D fc£: &*H fB2b~8 f/H5 hEbB @@9x@@ @D* ¯ f£~z£)xD* x~8b D* &* @@0É@@´* @@EH / ¥wD* o*x1(°* E *K $v+ ,vJv±* -4¡~|+ | D* v£~zmg+ vJv±* Ì~z gD* fEv1 ¯ 4¡ JvD*H ,$b~9(°*H ¤ £j gD* $*2&°* f£0x~z D K ¤ JH h£+ £ ~{- ,2b@@<(*H 4¡ JvD* J¡ - E bp~9*H bC H h£cD* &* f£0x~z´* fJ*v+ ¯ g 04 E £D(* 2¡ J IwD* bE¡D ¤gD* ,$b@@~@ 9(°* . 4*x g~6°* v g J IH&b@ E ,4¡~8 ¯ HvcJ rx~z´* fc~{1 ¢ < ,v0*H ,xE $b´* b~}£ C b ´* hBx=&* fDb0 z - b F&bCH iv@@+H Eb~{D* Eb D* É D* i2v@@+H ib£~|s~{D* 2¡~zJ IwD* eb_gC°* H&* É D* ¤0x~z´* j ´* £A ¤~z£)xD* 4Hv@@D* d D ¥w@@D* £j gD* b@@E&* ,4¡~|+ f£~|s~{D* Ãv - ¤G g ~{E hFb A ¤ £ J2 bJ*x+ JwD* Í j ´* 4bcC E fF4b ´* < oxsJ ¢g0 bK Eb­ f gº ~6&*4 ¢ <H G&* ¶(* bFx~7&* JwD*H cB b )*2&* ¯ *¡<x+ b A¡G Íg~6*2

101

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

i5bA f£DbgD* f ~zD* ¯H 1944 b< cgC ¥w@@D* all luck bE*42" ,y)bm+ All my sons) "¤)b +&* £ /" g£0x~zE bE*42"H 4yg£D¡+ ¤-y)b/ q E 1949 ¯H " CÌ~6 z £gJxC The death of a ¡mgE )b+ i¡@@E < "24*H&* z £gJxC *K x1'¡E b ~9x<H b /bgF(* v£<&* ¤gD* salesman f£~|s~{D* Ì~z - ,2b@@<(* E $b/ 9x D* *wG ¯ vJv±* ¡1vDb+ D3H bE¡D ¤ JH b + f£0x~z´* ¯ f£~z£)xD* ¤gD* f£~|s~{D* Ì~z - ,2b@@<(*H f£~z D* gc£Cx- b <&* ¯ $*2&b+ bBH i*x@@´* °%* rx~z´* fc~{1 ¢ < h jE &* c~6 24¡/H b A¡G Íg~6*2 ~6&*4 ¢ < 4bcC ¡ j» ~z F 4HvD* 8x0 f£~|s~{ D Ì~z gD* *wG ¢g0H eHx@@/ ¶H i¡ ~6 x.4%* ~64 ¥wD* ~8&°* ¶(* ,2¡ D* ¢ < yD¡A ix+H4 oxs´* bK £DH&* bK ~6* bGb <&* vB bCH ib £ +4&°* ¯ f£~|s~{ D x £E i°b F°* b <&* ¯ 8b= oxs´* (bA *wD < 1*2 ¡G x F f /H E f~| D* f@@J*H4 ,2b@@<(*H f£~|s~{ D f£~z D* bE¡D ¤ J¡D f£ :b D*H ,2b²* i°b F°* f£0x~z D 2*v<(°* ¯ &*vcJ &* cB oxs´* &* b gGÉD Ìj´* £~8b - +H ¡G b C x £E x@@.4%* cgC ¥w@@D* | D* v@@B wG D *Hx~z J ¤ D Í£~z D* $bc:&°* 4bcC E Í .* ¶(* £ < bK £Ab1 ¡ J vB bE ¢ < vJ *¡ ~}£DH f£~|s~{D* bE¡D ¤ JH f£~|s~{D Ì~z gD* ¢ < b E ~|0 Db+H E bK Eb< 58 v + f£0x~z´* Ãv - ,2b<(* 6b~6&* E / IwD* E  ¥wD* bEH" bB F(* ¢g0 vJv/ ~{+ DH b -2°H ."vJv/ ~{+ ÌD ´*H *Æ D(* Ãv - ,2b<(* " ¡mgE )b+" f£0x~zE ¢ <&* bE (bA f£E*4vD* f£0b D* E ¤´b D* rx~z´* )*H4 Iv0(bC $b cD* b + h<b g~6* ¤gD* b -¡B fc£CÆD* ,¡B DH b D f£~6b£~6 i*Ì~z - ¥&* z£D ¡£D* ¢g0 ,v£ ~6 Ì@@= f )b< b + h p~7 ¤gD* f£ :b D*H f£~z D* f~|B É@@1 E g E ¯ ,x@@~@6&°* ex@@+ f+b~|EH f~z)bJH ÄC&°* £ +*H e&°* Í+H g/H5H oHyD* Í+ ¤ )b D* *x~|D* ¤+bG x ~8&°*H £+


∫ƒéàe ™FÉH IÉah j¡ 6 58 z + ,zMz/ ,2¸K

|H

M* f H ¢ J

£~6 f ~z+ 2 ¢ < " ¡mgE )b+ ,bAH" ,Ì ~{D* x £E x.4%* f£0x~zE < 4bg~zD* qgA bEv < f£Fb . h C&* vB f£0x~z´* hFbC ¤~9b´* x ~{D* ¥*H2Hx+ ¯ £F H&* Í/¡J rx~zE ~7 °H 1949 b< ¥*H2Hx+ ¯ ,xE H&° h~9x< w E bGx < E KbEb< @@ £~z 1H fDHb¹ ¤G f£0x~z´* f+xmgD* wG jE ¡D&bEH ÃvB |F Ãv - ,2b<(* &* ¯ *3 ¤0x~zE |F ¥&* &*H f£~z£)xD* A*x:&* dFb/ E rx~z´* 4H2 v£C&b- ,2b@@<(° ¡ ~zD* ixE b C £A ,vJv/ 2b +&* b~{gC* ,2b<(*  f £B ÍD4bE f£ JxE&°* f j ´* gD¡ c+ hEbB bK £A Ç~6¡£G ¡/ ¡J4b £~6 b D dgC ¤gD*H 1956 b< x £E b /Hy- ¤gD* HxF¡E hc DH Ç~6¡£G ¡/ /*x1(b+ bBH 1961 ¡ gs´* £A fD¡ cD* 4H2 £A E x £E oHy@@- bEv < f~{GvDb+ HÌj D* d£~8&* &* b@@CH $*¡~9&°*H f~7b~{D* ,2¡c EH D'¡´* x ´* o*H5 DH HxF¡E < Db~| F* v +H bK Jx~6 b~| F°* gA rbm D* D dg J µ fJHb~z D* ,4¡~|´* E 1962 b< x £E oHy- HxF¡E ÍD4bE D 4¡J¡£F ¯ 2002 b@@< h£A¡- ¤gD* l*4¡@@E o4¡cm J(* b /Hy- ¤gD* ¥Ì-É~6 zJx/ ¥4bE ¶H&°* g/H5 E *vDH 2b 0&°* E 2v<H l*4¡E o4¡cm£F(* E *vDHH 1940 b< ¯ f£.4b ´* bJ&* ib 0É D *¡~9x - JwD* E x £E x.4%* E bC F&° D3H ¤~9b´* x D* E ib £~z ³* ¯ b JxE&* ¯ bK £<*2H D* b ~7&* + *K 2v E fJx²* < Í A*v´* 4bcC -* vBH Ìc D* 4¡ ±* Hb gE ¯ rx~zE ¶(* ~z F hB¡D* ¤gD* 1953f p´* f£0x~zE f+bg + 2xA ¤<¡£~7 F&b+ 'H*v<&* f ~6*H ,x ~7 hAx< sfkI(¸* ,2f<(* · zMz¹* f£~|s~{D* -b£0 ¯ fG*y D* E f£Db< f/42 d0b~8 x £E bC / bE *wGH Ãv D* 5*x D* E b£D*Ä£D bCH f£ D*H fJxGb D* £BH ~{+ ¤@@ @Jx@@E&°* ²* ¡cB }AxJ -b£0x~z§H + bGvJv -H D f£.4b ´* $*v< ebc~6&* E bCH f£ JxE&°* f£:*x ÂvD*H fJx²* ,*2b § Eb -*H ¥wD* /xD* ¥*H2Hx+ ¯ rx~zE ¢ < 9x< D < H&* bC The man who was blessed with ²* + J bC

vBH Í£ JxE&°* rx~z´* ebgC x ~7&* E v0*H x £E x.4%* x ~7&* E Ì~| D* o*Hy@@D* D3 v + bK <¡ ~6 -x ~7 i2*5 vBH HxF¡E ÍD4bE f -b D* f j ´* Jx~{ D* x D* ib ½ $bpF&* ¯ rx~z´* ¥2b-xE E EbC £/ ¢ < x £E b <&* ix.&* ²*" E ´* dFbm D iÉE&b- E £ < iyC4 b§ µb D* ¤gD* " ¡mgE )b+ ,bAH" g£0x~zE gc~zC&* vBH "¤ JxE&°* ,x ~7 fJx~| D* ,b£²* ¡ ~9 -xE2 @@/4 f~|B hDHb bGbp~9H f£~{< Í+ bA%°* h + ,ÌcC ~{+ J f£0x~z´* f+bg D* A (*" bEH2 ¡ J x £E bC ."*K yCxE $¤~7 C ¡ J &* dmJ hB¡D* E Eb gD* ¯ ¥xG¡/ bCH fJ2¡ J f )b< ¯ 4¡J¡£ + 1915 x+¡gC&* 17 ¯ x £E vDH ibJ°¡D* h+x~9 ¤gD* 2b~z D* ,Æ@@A ¯ x gA* b:b£1 v@@D*H f+bg + &*v+ k£0 b £~{£E f Eb/ ¯ 642 D3 EH ,vpg´* b<x~6 F&* Ì= ~|E ¯ xE&°* a2b+ ¯ <H -b£0x~zE f+bgC bK ~8¡~|1H -b+bgC E g~{£ E d~zC E ­ bE f<*3(ÉD ibG¡J4b £~6 ¢g0 Ìj D* b gG°*H ,x ~{D* E Cx- ¥wD* l4(°* 0 vBH bE b E ¯ -b£0x~zE Iv0(* £A 9x -H °(* ¡J xQ  ° F(* ,y)b/H + b0&* ¥wD* f£E¡m D* Jx+ < *K v£ +H µb D* E ¢ ~6 " ¡mgE )b+ ,bAH" g£0x~zE < b DbF ¤gD* 4yg£D¡+ b g~6* ibEÉ< ,4b@@.(* ¡pF )*xBH 4¡ / A2 ¶(* x £E f@£0x~z´* w@@G dc~z+ /¡G v@@BH f ~zD*H gm´* ¡@@0 f £ ²* I¡~6 J µ F&b+ 24 bCH ¤ :H Ì= F&b+ ~8HH i¡E H 1947¤)b +&* £ / x £E x.4%* ib£0x~zE 5x+&* E E h-b+H f£´b< ,x ~7 D h 0 ¤gD* 1949 ¡mgE )b+ f p´* H k@@Jv@@²* ¤@@ @Jx@@E&°* rx~z´* ¯ ,v@@)*x@@D* b@@ @ <&°* ¤ JxE&°* oxs´* b < zcgB* ¤gD* 1961 ¡ gs´* H 1953

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

100


¢ < {£ gD rHx@@ @D b D* Æ@@-H ¤@@²* v~z±* 42b@@ @- &* b g£m~6 fBb ²b+ bFx ~7 (*H ¢g0 x1%°b+ jF bEv < ,b£²* d0 ¤G b Bv~8 ¡D b £A ÍFb¸ b F&*H 5&bE ¯ b ~z F&* ~}FH ibBb 0 E bGÄC&* d -xF bEv < bFÌ= x<b~{E ÆpF b F&° A ÌcC ´* ¡ gJ bE C < *K v£ + b g£Fb~zF(* 64b¿ A bGv < C 2b cg~6*H @@E&É@ D dp D ,b£²b+ ~z g D ,¡@@<2 ¤@@G rHxDb+ j A £0xD* g D* A*v+ b@@C ¡@@DH i¡@@´* ibJx F Q H bB A v~z±* ¯ }c J ¥wD* d Db+ i*ym ´* E5 ¶ {EbG ÈC&°* dg D* ¤ £D 4b@@E ¤~zFx D* d-b D* ib@@J*H4 4v~|g &* Hx ´*H fs~zF ¡£ E 19 b E £+ vBH µb D* ¯ bK £cE i*$b~|0(°* wG ~6* 4v~|gJ ¥wD* ¤~zFx D* ¤)*HxD* *wG bCH 1961 b D* ¯ 2¡D¡E ¡GH *¡<&* ,x~{< w E f+bg D* &*v+ bK <¡ gE 12 k£0 x 0&°* d£ ~|D* ¯ D3 cB < vB ÈC&* z~6&* b <&°* ,4*2(° g~6*42 v +H *¡<&* fg~6 x g~6*H x g£D b £ / Db <&* < ¢ s- &* kcD bE . fCx~7 E Db <&* EH f+bg D b :&* -v/H f£ B*H hFbC ¡D *3bE" ¤@@)b@@Bv@@~@ 8&* É@@ @ @D* 4b@@~@@6 f@@ Jx@@ ²* µ ¤gD* $b£~7&°* C H&°* ¡£D* ¤)bc0&* ."¡GH ¤G bK +¡ E A&°* b< ¯ vDH ¤~zFxA d-bC ¡G ¤ £D 4bE x 0&°* d£ ~| D ~}F* b~zFxA ¯ 1961 ,*5*¡@@E ¯H i*¡@@ @~@6 h~6 ¢~}E&* k£0 ¯ ,4*2(°*H x-¡£c D* ¡ < @@642 @@D3 ÍAH2 zJ4b+ f Eb/

99

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

b +xB 2¡/¡D b g/b0 4*v §H x@@.4%* ,b£0 ¯ *x D* hFbC f £ D* f £ ±* +b~{D* gA ,¡~zB b g - vB ¤gD*H Áb~zF(°* bGb § rHx@@D* - b@@§4H f Dbº ¶(* + xE&°* I2&* ¡DH bG3b F(* x.4%* Hbp£A ,b£²* ¢ < Abp£D A b £ < 4b~6 ¤gD* v<*¡ D* x~zCH ¡Fb D* -b£0 f £A4 bG2*4&* ¤gD* rHxD* g+ b g0°b+ g£Fb~zF(* f £~z+H f~z ~6 f + d-b D* bG2x~zJ ,b£p D ,vJv/ x F f /H ¤ < 2 /Æ´* b £ JH gJ*H4 ~z E ~z+&* zEÉgD J4¡D E f~| D* ¡£1 g gD f£Db< f£+2&* f )*w+ 2*v@@0 x ~zD* E ,v)*5 f<xm+ x.4%*H `A*2 $b~z§ b £ < J x D* F&* ¡D b C ib@@BH&°* C É g~6* ¶(* ,¡@@<2 ¤G f£ B*H hFbC ¡D *3b@@E v - ¢gE x F ÉA G&°* f~8b1H cpF E E b D f0bg´* b JvD E y<&* q ­ ¤gD* f £ D* )bBvD* - ¢g0 f £B ,b£²* ¯ $¤~7 A f~8x D* b p  ¥wD* cDb+ d-b D* b c~7 d£c²* E b D q ´* < cD* B¡gJ ¢gE x F * H2 ,v0 ¢ < ¡J D b -b ² /&* v F ¢gEH f/4vD b ~{ - bEv < ,b£²* d0 ¤G f£ B*H hFbC ¡D *3bE


f¡J ¢H fM*|H 2¡ 0 b+4

πeC’Gh Ö◊G ¤EG IƒYO « ªG 4f¼ "jª E*K lIfF§G *3fH" g£~8¡~|1 ¢ < z~zmg- < fcJx= ,&*xE* 2¡/H ~{g £D fJb ²* &*vc-H K ibJxC3 ¯ f Db< b0H4 E ÈC&* h~z£D J4¡D ,&*x´* ¡ gD ¤~}Â v£ + ¢ ~{E ¯ ¢m~z´* bGv~zm+ -42b= ¥wD* b Dy E h ~|+ g+¡c£= ib£c£ Db+ @@Fb@@Â(* v@@<H Jv~|gD* v@@<H f<b D* Í@@+ b@@E ~6b~z0(* D ,&*x D f~| D* + x.4%* g~zJ ib£)*4Hb´*H fBÉ< E /Hx1H gc£c0 bGv g<* § gc£1 v + ,v0¡Db+ Jv~8 &* E bK ; f~| D* ¯ bK EvB ¤~}§ mJ f ~7bA ¯ bK EvB ¤~}ÂH f£ :b D* gc£1 E /*x1(* vJxJ ex ´* f~| D* $*y/&* g gD Db£1 r*H4&°* H*v- ,È D f B¡g´* f~{GvD* i*w+ h~z£D fJ*HxD* D Ì~{J ¥wD* v D* D ¤ D* b£³* |~|BH b £~zD* ¯ b £A d B C zEÉJ bE ¡GH d-b D* £D(* ¡GH -b£0 ¤~} £D -vD*H bK 0°H *K x cE vD*H v A ¥wD* x.4%* b 0H f :b< D x g J *K v£0H f£ 1*2 f~64vE ¯ : v0 ¢ < f £ / ,&*xE° ,&bmA D ix ; ¤gD* rHxD* - hFb A *¡~6 bG%*4 v0&* ÉA <5 ~6xF |s~7 £s- v0 b + rx~zJ vB ¥wD* v D* D3 d=xF b@@ @C @@F¡@@ @FH b £ g~{F b@@ @CH b@@ @£@D(* ¡@@g@F q@@EÉ@@§

"4¡ F¡ D* f £B E ÄC&* ¥v < d²* f £B" ¢ < "¤ £D 4bE" ¤~zFx D* d-b D* 24 b@@C f:b~z+ + Db <&* q£~7x- ~}A4 b0 f£~zFx D* 4¡ F¡ D* f ± $b~}<&* E Eb - d-bC E +x g~zF ° 2T 4 fE¡<y´* -y)b± d D*H d²* § ,b£²* )*xB e¡ D ~|J &* °(* f+bg D* &*v+ b £0 G J µ 4bE d£ ~|D* E Db+ -b£0 &*v+ A y)*¡±* ibF¡ J&* z£DH n J £C x £~6 f ~8*¡gE i*¡ ~6 h~6 ,v´ bK <¡ gE x 0&°* +¡ B rx J bE z´H Fy0 {Jb< E ¡GH x~{cD* e¡ B ¤G d@@²* f :b< hFbC B x ~6 x@@0 @@C ¯ @@Dw@@D f Ev´* ~|~|B ¯ fcDb D* ¤G ,v£ ~zD* ibJb D*H ,x~9b²* É0&°*H b£³*H zFbEHxD* dDb + -bF¡ E ¯ ¤ sJ f£ B*¡D* -b£0 *x~8 {£ J b~zF(* A g £º b £ « Ix1&* f~|B K bF*¡D&* b £ < c~z£D f£ s´* É0°* - C $b£0(* 4bE 2*4&* 4¡ / iÉ£º ¯ *K 2v¸ {£ gD f¹b/ bK 0H4 b £A kcJH ¢g0 ¶H°* bG4¡ ~6 ,$*x + &*vc- (* bE bK ~|~|B ¡Q gD ¢ g-H 4b A&°*H z£~6b0&°* ~zEÉ-H lv²* d B ¯ 1v x~| D* Dw+ gD b ~{£ - H&* ~{£ - |~| D* - &* ¡D H&* x.4%* ¡ - H&* E $y/ F&* x ~{- H&* µb²* ¤~zFbEHxD* J4¡D *3bE" 2000 f ~6 b :&* ¤gD* gJ*H4 ¯ ¶(* b J¡« ®H "f£ B*H h@@Fb@@C ¡@@D f p D "Just Like Heaven" £A ¶H&°* ibp ~| D b -$*xB fJ*v+ v < ,x D* b FbG3&* ¶(* 42bcg- fJ*Hx D fJ*H4 bG*xF vBH fJb D* sF b§4H Dy E 1vJ e5b< /xD *K v/ fJ2b<

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

98


f£Fb E(* b@@E&* b ~}J ¤ F*¡ D* x D* (b@A µb D* +b E ,2b´*H D* ,v0H < kJv²* b Fb E(b+ b £A Hv J fjDb. ¥xJx - ~{+ ,2b´* ¡ ~6 *42(* ¢ < 42bB Ì= DbA bEH rx~z´* ¡A ¤~6b~6&°* d<ÉD* ¤G ,2b´* &* ¡D b C ¥&* v g - hFbC b C b -bCx0 m~zJH g J &* I¡~6 £ < ° µb D*H µb D* sJ x D* (* f£ £~6É D* $bJy£ D* x D* + ¡ J ¥wD* b~{ D* *wG É1 E °(* b E wsgJ bK _£~7 h~z£D wG gcB*xE D fE¡ ´* dB*xJ b~zF(°* (* ¥wD* ¡G *wG Ì.&b-H fE¡ ´* wG ¯ x.'¡J ¡G + bK £c ~6 ¶(* *K Ì1&* Ì~{F &* ¤ + fD°2H ¢ E i*3 fE¡ ´* mJ bF&*v+ ,ÌjC ib £c - D ¤<¡ D vJv±* ¡ ´* *w@@G &* d D*Z ¢ ~zJ bE E bK ~8¡~|1 b )b~}A ~{g F bK £Db0 E vJv D* E $b ~{D* E b~zF(°* Â ¥wD* Y¤ F*¡ D* < A ¥v£ gD* d D* ¢ < h~| g~6* ¤gD* @@9*x@@E&°* *wG E ~8*¡gD*H i*wD* xJ¡ - ¢ < D*H E&bgD* Jx: Á¡ D* ¤<¡D*

x D* ¯ f@@Fb@@F&°* &* Hx@@ @ EH quantum solipsism fDHy E bGv0H i*wD* °(* v/¡- ° b~}g § B¡E ¤-4b JvD* É F°* Â ¤gD* ,v£0¡D* f £ ²* b F&*H µb D* b@@E&* xE&°bA ¤ F*¡ D* x D* ¯ bE&* f£ £ J fAx E ¥&* $b cD b E i*wD* fAx E (* b£/¡D¡ £E¡ £ D* ¯ 2¡/¡E ¡G bE c~{J + bK gE bK ~8b1 bK _£~7 z£D Ì gDbA µb D* fAx E ¤~}g (* µb D 4b g+* ¡G x D* (* + f£ 1*vD* f£-*wD* g+xmg+H f£0bF ¯ bF&°* v/¡- ° F&° dCxE x A ¡G ¤ F*¡ D* x D* b G *K 2¡/¡E bK _£~7 z£D µb D* (* Ix1&* f£0bF ¯ µb D*H wsgJ ° µb D* (* + i*wD* < ¡~| E g~zE 2¡/¡+ g gJ D i*wD* v~84 É1 E °(* b E j 8Ñ1 f£)b jD* ~9 ix~|pF* vB fJv£ gD* b Jy£Abg£´* hFbC *3(* ¯ x D* ¥&* Yvg ´* xG¡±*Z H Yx ´* xG¡±*Z f£-4b JvD*

x FvFHx~7 f B f+x©

97

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*


¤p ~zD* *¡g~zE ¯ ¡ gJ F&* 0ÉF Ì1&°* *wG b E&b- bE `Ab - bj´* *wG fD°2 d~z0 wGH o*¡E&°* E f<¡ ¸ E &* Ì= -*Hw+ Í~8¡~|º 8bs~7&bC ¥2x@@ @D* b Fb£C *wG E ,vpgE ¤G + b ~z + fDHy E v/¡- ° o*¡E&°* wG ¡ D* °(* ¡G bE Ì1&°* *wGH £p´* ¡<vF ¥wD* b D* D* $bJy£ D* Ix- Ix1&* f Jx + fEb< f ~|+ £D(* ¤ g F ¥wD* x.&bgJ ¥x~{cD* ¤<¡D* &* f£ F*¡ D* ¡ D* xG¡; ¯ -*3 %°* ¯ x.'¡JH z ~{D* E ,42b~|D* ib<b ~7(°bA bEvD* b~{F f £c: Ì - &*  b~}J&* q£p~8 @@z@ @ @D*H ¥x@@~@{@c@D* ¡ J b £0 ¥x~{cD* ¤<¡D* b E(b+ Ì~6 ¢ < x@@.'¡@ J &* *v@@p@g@EH b@@J¡@@B ¡ D* ¯ xG*¡ D* b £ < ¡@@ @- 3(* bg £ 0 f . vJv±* ¡ D f£ F*¡ D* ,4¡jD* ¤ J b C b G ¤<¡ D *xA + v/¡J ° ¡ D* &* ¤G ¶H&°* ¡G bK =*xA v g F bE b¿(*H } cD* b ~} + < $b£~7&°* ~| J x - ¤gD* fBb D* E f gº b ~7&b+ $¤ E f £ ²* ¯ ¡G *wGH x ~|D* ¯ M b gE I¡g~zE ¢ < i*5*ygG*H ib/¡­ £~}J ¥wD* vacuum quantum ¤ F*¡ D* *x D* ¢ ~zJ bE ¡G + d~z0H f£)*¡~{< fBb: 2x¸ E È@@C&* @@F&* } cD* 4v~|J ¤gD* ibE¡ ´b+ $¤ E F&° f£C3 f Jx + x~|g- fBb: f_Jy/ c~{J xE&°* bK £0 H&* *K vEb/ bC $*¡~6 $¤~7 C b < « Hx E ¡G b C ¤gD* ¥x~{cD* ~z±* 1*2 ADN ~z±* £ < ¡ £~6 bE C < fDH'¡~z´* f£~6b~6&°* ibE¡ ´* zEÉJ &* 2Hvp´* £<H Ä< Fb E(b+ b~zF(°* &* ¤G f£FbjD* hFbC ¤gD* f£ £~6É D* f ~z D* z < ¢ < 2Hv¹ÉD* *wG Ix- ÉK jE i4b J2 v < xE&°* ¡G b C x D*H ,2b´* Í+ ~| o4b1 vg &*  ¥x~{cD* ¤<¡D* &* f£ F*¡ D* f ~z D* ¤<¡D* *w@@G E ~8*¡gJ ¤@@CH $b£~7&°* ¯ x.'¡J ¤C v~z±* b C ¤ D°* z Jx-b´* H&* *x+¡~7 bcJ2 £ ~zJ b C Á¡ D* 2*x+ Jx= £ ~zJ K É<b gE bK 0¡g E *K 4¡~|- f£ F*¡ D* $bJy£ D* v - *w G lvpgF &*  ¥wD* ¤-*wD* ¤<¡DbA b £¹ E 4*x g~6b+ 1*2 4¡ c- ¥wD* ¤<¡D* ¡ E < *K ÌjC gsJ ¡£D* < FbC H&* i4b@@ @J2 v < ¡G bE jE IÄ D* ¤<¡D* ib ~z A -*3 %°* ¯ x.'¡JH x.&bgJ ¥wD* v~8*xD* bF&°* *wG (* m£GH&* f£E¡ D* fFbF&°b+ DHH °&* vJxA £ ~zJ 2¡~8x´* $¤~{Db+

E *x g E *wG b E¡J ¶(* bG*v~8 22ÆJ *5bE ¤gD* f+xmgD* v D fg£E H&* f£0 f D* wG hFbC *3(* b < b c£mJH b D ÉK 0 vmJ b Jy£Abg£EZ £ ~zF &* Â bE wG g+xmg+ x FvFHx~7 qggA* Hv ~8 1*2 f B ~9H f+xmgD* wG ¤~}g - Y D* $bJy£A bEv < k£p+ xm£/ 2*v< E b~6 5b= f £ BH ¡£F*4¡J ,43 E g £~6 ¥wD* b~zD* 5b D* 4xpJ ¤C 2*v D* J ¡£F*4¡£D* ~{J

oH2y´* ~{D* f+x© fg£E ¡ g~6 f D* wG G x F &* £ g~zF D b D f D* ¡£F*4¡£D* f£<b ~7(* &* *2 bE Hv ~|D* qgA v + °(* f£0 H&* b GH fAv~|D*H b g0°b+ f c-xE + f£ g0 fD&b~zE h~z£D Í£ F*¡ D* Í£)bJy£ D* 4bcC E v0*H ¡GH Ê A Í/H&* 1vgJ wG hFbC *3(* bE 2vp£~6 ¥wD* ¡G 0É´* ¤<H &b+ ¡ J ¤ D f£0 H&* fg£E f D* « I*§ G* «<§G* ¤<¡ D vJv/ ¡ E bE&* b F&* f +b~zD* e4bmgD* E ng g~zF ¤+bmJ(* v cC @@+ ¤c ~6H vJb¹ ¢ C z£D @@£@D(* x J $bJy£ D* f ~z A v@@C'¡@ - b@@E ¡@@G *w@@G ¡@@ @ D* @@E <b gEH f+¡ ~|+ x gF bF&*v+ ¡£D* b F&* £~}- ¤@@GH f£ F*¡ D* 2v< ¡ - ¥w@@D* ¥x~{cD* bEv D fc£m D* |)b~|³* ¢ < Les neurones £A f£c~| D* bJɳ* < ,42b~|D* i*4b~7(°* } + dG3 b£~zD* *wG ¯ ¡ D* ¯ ,2¡/¡´* ¡m D* C 2v< b E *w A fBb: < ,4bc< ¤<¡D* bC *3(* F&* ¶(* Jx ´* ¡pF ¤GH 94&°* ¡A ¡£D* ,2¡/¡´* fJx~{cD* ¡ D* C &* &*H bK ~} + b ~} + E vpg- &* b Fb E(b+ f ~zF i*4b£ E 7 0 Ì= x1%* bK _£~7 ¡ J D ¥wD* ¤ D* D* *wG ¯ 4b~{ *wG ¯ v J bE ,2b< ¥wD* Ì ~{D* bj´* )bG ¤~z£:b E *3(* £p´* ¡G ¤ F*¡ D* ¤<¡ D vJv±* ¡ ´* rx~{D b£~zD*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

96


¤ D* +b~{gD* &ÉgE* vB ÁbjD* r¡ D* vm ~6 + ~|pJ bE ¡G *wG z£D F&* @@94&°* ¢ < d ~zJ b £0 $b´* J b C ,vJv< ib/¡ g+ D* $bJy£A 1vg- b G "f/¡E &* ,2bE ibF¡-¡ D* G DH H&* fJ2bE Íg Jx + x~|g- &* Â xG*¡ D* &b+ ¡ - ¤C *ÌEbC ~9H $b D* 4xB ,xGb D* *wG f+*x= bE&* f£/¡E ¢g0 @@D3H oH2y@@ ´* ~{D* ¥3 r¡ D* E ex Db+ fcB*xE f Jx + ~zJ *3b@@´H HÆ@@ @ D(°* x~|gJ £C *¡ 0ÉJ ",2b D ¥2b D* ¡ ~z D ÉK .b» C¡ ~6 ¡ J &* E °K v+ f£/¡E ibF¡-¡ D* (* 3(* IÄ D* ,&b/b ´* hFbC f 0x´* w@@G ¯H ,2b´* - b C ~z- hpc~8&*H ¤/¡´* ¡ ~zD* < h s g­ b F&bCH ÁbjD* r¡ D* ¢ < A Í 1 h ~64 b F(* ¥&* b 0ÉF b F&b+ bK £<H 0É´* $¤~{D* ¯ x.'¡- f 0É´* &* ¡G *K 3(* mg g~zF bE H&* ib@@FHÆ@@ @ D(°* H&* $¡@@~@}@Db@@A bK £/¡E bK C¡ ~6 ~z- ibF¡-¡ D* bK @C¡@@ @~@6H b@@ @ @ 0É@@F µ *3(* wG bGb 0° *3(* bK £ £~z/ E v@@Jv@@ @D* rx@@ @ - f@@+x@@m@g@D* A @@ @ - ° ¤@@g@ D* f@@ @ _@ ~@ 6&°* bK ~}J&* DH D* $bJy£A µb< fJx D* dF*¡±* E vJv D* 4H2 b@@ @~@6&*4 ¢ < f@@£@Fb@@~@z@F(°*H *w@@G ¯ @@g@ Fb@@ @ EH b@@ ~@ @z@ @F(°* ¡ D*

bEb­ }Bb gJ *wG "b £+ 2bcgE Ì.&b- ¢ < Í Ab¹ D3 -¡£F v < fCx²* ÍF*¡B EH f£F¡-¡£ D* $bJy£ D* a2bcE E lvpJ bE ¡G *wG DH ¥2b D* z²* E ¢g0 }Bb gJ ¡G + ,xGb D* 2*x+ xJx= x F ¯ e4bmgD* gcj- bE ¡GH ÉK A ¯ $¤~7 C b - ¤G + x)b ~|D* µb< ¢ < A x~|g - ° f F v +&* b ~64b­ fD2bcgE i*Ì.&b- b G &* ¢ § ¡ D* w1&b+ b JxE&* ¯ $b < bB bj´* £c~6 ¢ < b £ < ¡ D* E E vJv D ~}Jx g+ *¡EbB . 8bs~7&°* v0&* bJÉ1 E f £< bG4Hv+ x.&bg- ADN f_Jy/ &* 0¡ A f£ :b D* i°b F°* 1*2 hD*5bE b F&* ¡D b C b £+ C 560 fAb~zE 2¡/H =4 |s~{D* *wG ~z/ sK2~¼* G* j+|± ¤gD* e4bmgD* E ,v@@0*H ¤G ¯ f£ £~6ÉC %°* hpc~8&* E b D f£ F*¡ D* $bJy£ D* A z£D $b D* Ìj- hD*5bE b m)bg + b~}J&* + b g+*x + ¤ J bE f+xmgD* wG ¡ @@E f@@<¡@@ @@¸ b@@ @@Aw@@B *3(* ~7 @@+ r¡@@D ¢@@ @< ib@@F¡@@-¡@@ @D* Ä< mgg~6 b F(bA ¥2¡@@ @< r¡ D* ¢ < ~z- ¤@@C ~{D* bK J2¡ < bK 1 fF¡ E Áb@@j@D* (* x@@ 1%* bK ~7 ~} D %°*H ~|p ~6 b F&b+ ¡ - fG*vcD* *Ì~{J ÍJ2¡ < Í 1 ¢ < ÍFb E ¯ ibF¡-¡ D © ¶(* vC'¡- f+xmgD* DH Í gº

| IzIK| 7 j E j+|± f+xmgD* w@@G x FvFHx~7 v@@B f+*x= |s - ¤@@g@D* f£ GwD* wG @@ @ D* $b@@Jy@@£@A @@6b@@c@g@D*H

95

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

FbC


ย fยกJ ยขH fM*|H

ยปยฃfGฦ ฮผdG ยปYฦ dG vย ยน ย Gbย D* $bJyยฃย D* ย ย < ย A*v- ยฅwD* rxย D* *wG *K vยฃ/ ย ย ย F ยคย D ย ยฃGbย ยด* }ย + qยฃ~9ยก- ย @@E ยฐK H&* v@@+ ยฐ fยฃย F*ยกย D* ย E ,ร cC fย c~7 ยคGH bย ยฃย < ย ยกย - ยคgD* fยฃ~6b~6&ยฐ* ยคย J bย ยฃA bย ย G&* x~|gsF bJb~}ย D* ยซย ย G* ย +fย ย kG* ยกG Quantum Entanglement ยคย ย D* ย +b~{gD* $bJyยฃย D* bย gEvB ยคgD* ย ยฃGbย ยด* ex@@=&* ย @@E v@@0*H ยคpc~{D* ร .&bgDb+ ย ยฃย ~zJ ย Jbg~{ย J&* ย bC fยฃย F*ยกย D* ibFยก-ยกย DbC ย Jร ย ~8 ร ย ยฃ~zยฑ ย ย ร ย ยฃC vย + ย < ,vยฃย + fAb~zยด bย ย ~}ย + ย < ร ย ~|ย ย E ibFHร ย D(ยฐ* H&* ย E ร ย J ย &* bย ย ย ยฃ+ ยค)bJyยฃA ย +*4 ยฅ&* v/ยกJ ยฐ kยฃ0H

ร ยกย D* ยค<ยกD*

ย ยกยฃD* ย b@@~@z@F(ยฐ* qc~8&* ยคย ย ย D*H ยค/ยกDยกย ย gD* 4ยกย gD* ย ~}ย + ย ยกย ย D fยฃ/ยกDยกย ~6ยกย D* fยฃย cD*H ,2bยด* 4*x~6&* ย < ร jย D* ย xย J ย ยกย ย D* ย &* ย =x+H K*v/ fย ยฃ_~9 hD*5 bE ย ~zย ย + ย gAxย E ย &* ร = ย xย ย D ร bjD* ย ~|ย D* ยฏ bG4ยกย ; wย E hpAbC vB fยฃFb~zF(ยฐ* hpc~8&* bย F&* ยฐ(* ย b~zF(ยฐ* fยฃGbE ย *42(* ย /&* ย E x~{< ย ~6bgD* i&bยฃQ ~7 bย F&* ย *2bE ย D3H fยฃFb~zF(* ยฐ ยถH&ยฐ* bย ย 0*xE ยฏ ย B&ยฐ* ยขย < ยคBbcD ย .bยป ยคย ยฃc: ย ยก~9ยกE }ยน ยถ(* ย gDยก0H ย b~zF(ยฐ* *wG ย ยกย - bย C bย ยฃย < KbE*yD ib+ ย %ยฐ*H Ix@@1&ยฐ* fยฃย ยฃcย D* ย ยฃ~9*ยกยด* ย 0ร E 2xmย C zยฃD ย b~zF(ยฐ* ยถ(* xย ย F ย &* fยฃย F*ยกย D* $bJyยฃย D* ย @@D3 ย @@E Kb@Eb@@ยญ zย ย Db+ ย @@+ x@@G*ยก@@ย @D* ยขย < x@@.'ยก@J ยฐ ยค@@/4b@@1 ย ยกย D* ยฏ xG*ยกย D* ร ~6 ยขย < K*ร cC K*ร .&b- dย ย J ยค<ยกD* 4ยก~}0 ,xย ย D* ย (* ร C4b~{E ย + ร ย 0ร E 2x@@ยธ bย ~zD ย pย A K*3(*H ยกGH ยค<ยกD* ย &* ยคG fยฃย F*ยกย D* $bJyยฃย D* bย Evย - ยคgD* ,vJvยฑ* bย Cยกย ~6 ร ย JH ,2bยด* ยฏ x.'ยกJ ย &* ย Fbย E(b+ fJ2bEยฐ ,xGb;

55

Oรณ``````````````````````````````ยฉ`dG 2 0 1 7 ยฃfCCย CCย CCยชCCI ย CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

94


| 7

...¿ƒæL

-*3 ¶* ¤ jE fF¡ ¸ Á¡C k£0 b G *v£ + ¤cG3*H Q ; É+ ib~7*x D* qJxD* ~}g« 4bm~7&°* k£0 b mGbcE yQ s- 2H4¡D* k£0 fJQ x~zD* b~|B&* ¡ ±* H4&* Á¡ / fF¡ J&* FQ &* £A bE H4&*H

93

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

¢ <&°* ¤)x´* $*4H Q $b ²* i*¡ ³* < *v£ + b £0 Í ~{g g~6 $b~} D* Fb - f~{JxD* xp~6 f B&°* ¯b© f Q ³* f<H4 ¤ E Á¡C ¤ E Á¡C A ~z - ° b /H D ¡ J ¢g0 bJ*x´* °* 2¡ J ° *x F Á¡ - ¢g0H

Áb ~z´* ¤Eb~6

"Í - G D f+b/* ° bE *'¡~6 /&* ¤ Ax<&* ° ¤ FQ &* ¯Q bE /&* H F¡ / ¡ m´* x J ° b C "Í - G £A bE /&* fJQ xp~zD* ¤-%*xE FQ &* ""hF&* E " ¤ £D&b~z- ÉA fp ~8 $*4H É£ B ¤~8¡= DH ob/yD*


ΩÉY ‘ ±ƒî«°ûJ ¿ƒ£fCG ‘ƒJ .Ú©HQC’Gh á©HGôdG ‘ ƒgh 1904 ¿Éc IÒ°ü≤dG IÉ«◊G √òg ∫ÓN á°SQɪŸ âbƒdG ±ƒî«°ûJ iód ácQÉ°ûŸGh Iô°SC’ÉH AÉæàY’Gh ,Ö£dG ,ôØ°ùdGh á«aÉ≤ãdG äÉ«dÉ©ØdG ‘ Ék °üf 649 øe ÌcCG áHÉàch

fDb~64 D&* x~{< v0&* E ¡F ¤GH $b£0&°* ¶(* £ < dJ2&* E ,b£²* )b~64 ¤G f£²* f£-*wD* ,Ì~zD* b DH&° f £ D* fFb ´* x - ebg D* E Ì@@1&°* $y±* ¯ b /Hy- ¤gD*H ¡s£~{- ib£0x~zE <&* f j» Ä£ C ¯ l¡ D rx~z´* bGx ~}J b@@C b £0 1901 b@@< ¯ bC b DbJ ¯ $b c D 9x´* x ~}J ¡s£~{- b £+ ¡ ~6¡E fJx<b~7H f+Hw< È@@C&°* ¤G )b~64 b D ~6xJ Ì@@1&°* *w@@G ¤-yJy<" ÉK )bB b DH&* d:bsJ ¤0x~z´* $*2&°* + fJ*42H bA*Æ<* z£D kDbjD* v ~{´* ¯ b~7bE *Æ@@<* ,Ì ~|D* £Ev - &* ·Hb0H 2b~8 4*¡0 2x¸ ¡G Jv g - vB b C ."¤ £ D* &b~zDb+ b DÉ1 E zpF f Jx + ¯ g1&* ¶(* f /¡E hFb A ¡s£~{- b cgC fDb~64 x1%* bE&* vB ¡s£~{- fp~8 hFbC -bAH E bJ&* f.É. cB b£Fb´&* ° ~{+ bK Db- ¤ ~} D* ¥5b / qc~8&*" b £A ¡ J i4¡Gv." 0É~8(*  &* )b~6xD* w@@G a4b@@B b + x ~{J ¤gD* z£~6b0&°* v@@0&* f£ :bcD* x@@<b@@~@{@EH @@g@J¡@@ @<H g£)b - @@=4 ¡s£~{ $bs~z+ q  F&* °(* Ix1&* bK Fb£0&* f )b~zD*H bK Fb£0&* f :b g´* ¶(* f+bg D* ¯ g+x©H ,b£²* ¯ -Ä1 D3 J ¡GH x~9b²* ¤~9*ÆA°* a4b D*H £D(* ~6x´* ¥&* ¤ D* )4bB v~z±* b £A pg J ¤gD* f+bg D* wG b EH bE5 C ¯ 4b~}pg~6*  v0H ¡s£~{- v~z±b+ rHxD*H rHxDb+ @@-b@@<*v@@+(* ¯ b~}J&* ¢ mg- ¤gD* f£Fb~zF(°* ,b@@Fb@@ @´* $d@@< ¡s£~{- dgC x1b~6 e¡ ~6&b+ b DHb gJ bC (*H fJ2x~zD* IHb gJ v~z/H f GxE f£~z FH ¥v F x + ,bFb ´* w@@G Í+ ¢~7ÉgJ xJxE ¤<b g/* B*HH 9x´* dc~z+ 4*x g~6b+ µb D* A ¯ fc=4 f£ c D* ib<*x~|D*H x D*H f_+H&°* b~zF(°* )bc:H

i*4bc D*H i*x D* f 0ÉE . ¡s£~{- *¡ F&° f Eb D* ,2b g~6* ·bgDb+H f£g££A¡~zD* f+bBxD* dc~z+ ,42b@@~@|@´* H&* ~|)b F < $¤~7 ¥&* dm0 H2 g £ 0 ¯ ¡s£~{ f c~z´* Eb 0&* H&* ~9 Eb E K b£~9*4 bC bE *K 42bF ¥wD* ¤@@+2&°* ym § xE&°* - $*¡~6 bK )*2 ¡s£~{- b@@C @@Jx@@1%* b <&b+ x@@E&°* - H&* < h« $¤~7 C ,2*¡G É+ bK ~9*H fJv F ,x + b E Eb gJ bK pJx~8 ¡s£~{- bC x g~zE b~{FH fJ¡£0H f £+ fD$b~z´* x J bE ¡ J bK EƹH bK Jx: bK £ DH bK ¹b~zgE bK g gEH -*3 hB¡D* ¯H < 6b D* D¡ J vB b < x D* } + + ¥wD* 4v ~z D&* £ ~{D ¡s£~{- dg J bK jE2H bK ~9*¡gE bC . bK B2b~8 ¡ - &* A ¤ J" bK ~}J&* ibJ*HxD* dg J bC i*wD* < ¢ s- -bJ*H4 b +&* | g- °H ,xEb ´* }1 bK ~{C ²* $¤~zD* d-b D* ~{ - ¤ A £ A $¤~7 f£-*wD* (* eb D* ~{C gJ &* ~6'¡´* E bC G " Jx -H + ÉK EbC É+ "iÉ~6*x´* wG ¯ f£ £ 0 ÈC&°* ¡s£~{- 4*x~6&* < E f;¡ p´* )b~64 &* x J ¡s£~{- bC v A ° ~7 x gJ ¡J ¤-&b£~6H v+&°* ¶(* ,&bcº ¢ c- D +4bB&* x: b~zF(°*H b D* ¡s£~{- ¢ < a4b D* £A Í +4&°*H f +*xD* ¯ ¡GH 1904 b< ¯ ¡s£~{- ¡ F&* ¯¡ Jv~8 ,b£0 É@@1 ¢ <H ,Ì~| D* ,b@@£@²* w@@G É@@1 v gA ~zD*H ex²* 2*vgE* ivgE* ¤gD* ¥¡g~zD¡- 5¡m D* ¡s£~{- IvD bC D3 EH ÍFb jD* bA ¢g0 x D* ¯ ¯ f@@C4b@@~@{@´*H ,x@@~@6&°b@@+ $b@@ @g@<°*H d@@ @D* f~64b ´ h@@B¡@@D* f+bgCH b+H4H&* E :b E ,v< ¶(* x ~zD*H f£Ab jD* ib£Db D* ,xJy/ < ¥x~|0 xJx -H ¤~|~|B |F 649 E È@@C&* " 64¡ D*" f£<b+4 D3 ¯ b§ ib£0x~z´* i*x~{<H ÍDbs~6 ¤gD* "5x D* bg~z+"h "lÉjD* i*¡1&°*"h "b£FbA b³*"H E ÈC&* b D x- b C kJv²* rx~z´* 4¡ - ¯ f Gb~zE hFbC

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

92


~zD* Í+ rH*Æ@@- ¤gD* ,vJx D* f+bg D* ¯ 4*x~6&b+ dm F fcG¡´* ÌA¡- ¢ < ¤ < y -xJ" ÉK )bB Æ J k£p+ g ´*H bGÌ= E f ´* i*2b ~{D* y£Q ¿ &* x@@1%* ¢ § d~zpA /H b -b + lvpgD*H ib£~|s~{D* $¤~}F £C x F &*H Q (* f ±b+ ¥2x~6 h g1 Á&° f )ÉDb+ ¡ g£D ¡D¡ ~{g~7 · b D* (bA J&*4 d~z0 "µb D* *wG ¯ bK _£~7 F °" f£DbgD* Äg J dFb±* *wG EH pJ &* dmJ ¤~z D* p´* d-b D* fc~z Db+ *H&°* b0 v D E -&* ° ¤ F&* Ì= bK £~z F ÉK ¹ *¡Ax J &* 8¡~|³* ¢ < ÍFb D*H ¡cg J JwD* 8bs~7&ÉD ."µb D* *wG ¯ bK _£~7 F ° b F&* bK ~|~|B v½ ¡s£~{- )b~64 Í+ f g ´* b gGyF É@@1H d²* |~|BH fE¡ D* $b@@ @+&*H ,¡@@1(°* Í+ dDb EH f0xE £0b~zE É+ ¤ £ ²* ¡s£~{- b ´* *wG ¯ F(* £pg~z´* b £0 -b£0 @@E ,Ì@@ 1&°* i*¡ ~zD* ¢g0 @@0¡@@+ ~8*¡J x~|g J D °K b~}< bK ~9xE Áb J ¡GH ,2b ~zD*H d²* 2b g~6* *K v+&* £ < 24*H2(* *¡ F&* b ~9H ¤gD* fA¡ ~{D*H f_£~}´* fEv ´* ¯ bK ~8*H $b g0* + ¤ gpJ Hx~{´* *wG xJx« z£)4H z~6'¡E / f£~6b~6&°* g E hFbC ¤gD* " £ D* D*" @+ b@@J(* b <&ÉD f s~}D* f£g£A¡~zD* f c D* E )b~6xD* 4b£g1*H

91

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

r*x±* v£ ~}gD f£c D* fJb<xD* ÉK ~6¡gE bK E*ygD*H f£DH'¡~zE $b~z D* ¶(* *K 22¡gE h£ ´* bG4(°* f/42 ¶(* b~9x§ bK g E x D*H f£E&°*H ±* ib+*w< 5Hb© DHbpJ ¤)ÉD* ¡s£~{- dg J " *xJ bE ¢ < $¤~7 A DwD bK AÉ1" 1897 b@@< ¯ ¡D4bC ¤gF¡E E bA¡s£~{- bJ4bE g1&* ¶(* ib0b~zD*H )*v²* ¯ ~6¡´* &*vc£~6 hWvJv/ $¤~7 °"  ¾¡+bcD* )*4 ¡G C 4¡GyD* )bg~7 ¡<4yJ f£E¡ D* fGb D*H fBxDb+H z Db+ b ±* ¢ < pJ &* |s~7 ¥&° `A*vD* )*xD* z D* £s- £ m D  *K 3(* ,x~{g ´* ."5¡ D*H { ~{´* 4bm~7&* xGy- hB¡D* *wG ¯ z ~{´*H ¥x c< ,b@@£@0 @@< f£ £ 0 f@@ J*H4 ebg D* (* ¡@@ @D*  E $bs~z+H Jx1%°* 6b D* x)b~|§ ¡ EH ~9*¡gE *wG ¡ J &* 2¡@@F C b@@Ey@@D*H b ´* o4b@@1 d-bC Ì D* b )bBv~8&* v0&* | s´*H £ D*H x1b~zD*H ¡ D* /xD* ¡s£~{- )b~64 a4b@@B ~zp£~6 bc F°* *wG Í+x ´* f EH f+bg D* Í+ f@@<5¡@@´* -b£0 ib ¹ Í+ ¡mJ ¡@@GH Jx1%°b+ fB*v~|D* x~8*H&* v£:¡-H -x~6&* fJb<4H d D* g 04H rx~z´b+ ¡s£~{- DH ~{g F bK ~}J&* )b~6xD* ~9H ¥x~7bF E Cb~{EH ÍDbs~6 ,xJy/ ¶(* x:bs´b+ fA¡ p´* &* bK ~}J&*  Í_~7b D* ebg D p)b~|F f ~6*¡+H cgC


f¡J ¢H fM*|H

±ƒî«°ûJ ¿ƒ£fCG ΩÓMCG øe Éf I(* + ,zMz/ )f 64 ¤E*xC¡+ v£ ~6 E I¡ ~zD* E&bF k£0 yJy< x: E fDb~64 x g F pFH b JÆ - hFbC ¤gD* f+w D* ¢ ²* - b ~} + xCwgJ hBH ¯ b C ¢ ´* y1H d D* ¯ b ~7Hb -H f+x D* x<b~{E b « M$bF b E ¯ v/¡F pFH d£c0 H&* dJxB H&* Jv~8 d Db+ dg D f £ / IxC3 2x¸ ¶(* f£FHÆ D(°* )b~6¡D*H d£~6*¡²* x~|< E bpg~6* ¥wD* D* w1&bF ¢~}E ,x0b~zD* ibBÉ D*H fcp´*H fB*v~|D* .¡JH n~z J bE fAb~z´* v +H EyD* $d<H 4b gF°* ~7H

x1b~zD*" jE ,2v gE $b ~6&b+ b BH vBH x D* E Í +4&°*H ¡g£ J2H" "x~{< kDbjD* 6¡£F¡ F&*" "¡-¡-"h " -*3 E ..." {g£A¡ Fbg~zJ2 ,4b@@.(*H ,vJxA f£+2&* ,¡@@B v~z© ¡ £~{- ,b£0 )b~64 (* ¡s£~{gD 42bF Áb~zF(* + f+x~{E fcBb. ,x FH fB¡~{E f 04 ¯ 1890 b< ¯ dG3 k£0 bJÌc£~z+ ÍDbs~6 ¯ £ ´* Ì= f 04 ¤ £p±* ¤ £Dbs~zD* 6¡ D* E ¡F H $bBx1 ¤ m~zD* b ´* D3 v/¡J k£0 £D(* fc~z Db+ ¢g0 fE¡ E ib@@/42 ¢~|B&* vGb~7 k£0H gDy<H g£~{0¡+ xJx~{D* f<x~z+ D ~z F b~zF°* x: E b~zF°* b© D* C *x gD* É~6&* i*5*ygG*H ~6É~zD* f~{s~{1 2bg<* 4¡ ~{ D f J È@@C&* © &* b F&b~7 E bC i*¡~8&°* wG ¯ ¡s£~{- ~8H b C "¢-¡´* h ~8" F(* b G v)b~zD* Fb E(b+ qc~8&*H ÉK ~7 ,b£²* iws-* bK £mJ4v-H -É~6*xE rbJxD*H bK ~6&bJ È@@C&°*H f<b~{+ v~7&°* i*¡@@~@8&°* /ÆJ &* ¯ ¢ = ¶(* x@@p@c@D* @@E d - ¤@@g@D* f@@Jv@@£@ @±*H f~}£ cD* GH H2 E f £c D* f£Fb~zF°* I'HxD*H Ì+b gD*H z£~6b0&°* Í+H £+ ¡pJ &* Â bC *v1 H&* ¤<¡D* ¯ 4¡~|B É+H ,2b ~z+ bK Fb£0&*H ¡J v + bK E¡J 4*x~8(*H 4*x g~6b+ ~|J bE f+bg D* ÉK <b/ ~9*¡g+ b )*2H ~9¡E E ÈC&* ¯ b < Ä<

fÂv D* b )b~64 &*x F pFH ,vJx D* f g´* E v½ C ¡£D* CH Í<vc´*H $b+2&ÉD ib:¡ º ~9 b £ < È F )b~64 H&* hAb gJ qc~8&* ¤gD* fA*x D*H fDb~8&°*H ,2*x D* E b £A v½ b £.¡-H b ± £ / µb D* $bpF&* E ¡j0b+ ¡£D* b £ < ¡ J f g»H f13b+ i*4*v~8(* ¯ a4b D b Âv -H b g~6*42H F(*" ~6*ÆD* A < -*3 b£~zD* ¯ £ ~6 b £g~6 d-b D* bEH iÉ~6*x´* A F(* -bJb + ÉK g E HvcJ £Q BH £cF A D £jE ° ¥wD* 'H*x. f£F¡C ,b£0 p ÂH *v/ b )*4 mJ qc~8&* + A ÍFb D* ¢ < *K x~|g E v J µ D* *wG (* bK 15 )b~64 ¯ "f p D*" q  &* |s~7 D ´* E ,Ì ~8 )*H4 ¤~9b´* ¯ i&b~{F *w GH ,vDb1 fJ¡£0H bK £ 1*2 *y- ° hFbC b £0 É~zD* 2¡~zJ µb< ¯ f £ ²* E ,ÌjC ." *ygD°* f £B fDb~6x D ¤~6HxD* d-b D* )b~64 < ¡£D* lvpgF ebc~6&°* w DH ¤gD* 1904 1960 ¡s£~{- {g£A¡ Ab+ ¡ F&* £ D* b gG°* pg~zJ bK £+2&* bK .v0 2017 b D* *wG fJ*v+ h ~7 1120 ¡pF ¯ f Eb D* -É~6*xE i4v~8 ¡A ° Ì+H4 4*2 < f£~zFx D* f /Æ´*H fc-b D* b £ < h <H b g / fp ~8 b £0 )b~6xD* &*vc- 24*H2(* *¡ F&* b EvBH ¡£A4¡+H2 J2bF f~62b~zD* ¯ ¡GH ¤ g -H ,x~{< f~62b~zD* ¯ ¡s£~{- bC

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

90


¡s+ $b~z- ""Ä D* ¯ b@@F&* G" x~{F "h~6¡+" x1%* xCwgJ &* Hb0H H&* f@@£@BÉ@@1&* fp£~|F ¡@@ @J &* ¢ ­ x@@.%b@§H @@+ 'Hb@@Bv@@~@ 8&* ¢ g£D f£ J2 ,x D* -Ì~6H ibc£ D* Db <&b+H ibC4b~{E b E vD*¡g- "Ì~7" *¡ £DH ij* b ~6 2xm§ bK cDb A ,v@@Jv@@< E + ~6 E S C x~{J ,bA¡D* Ä1 Ì= @@ EH Í@@£@ ~@ 9*Æ@@A°* $b@@Bv@@~@ 8&°* v£ D* " JbAHx+" q ~|g+ $bBv~8&°* ¡Fv+ zpJ bC F&* bE £D2 ¢ < 4¡j D ,x)b: F&bC Eb 0 Í+ ¡jpcJ /&* Í+ &bcº bE 2¡~6&* Hv ~8 f .H f+¡ E ¤ p~8 zp+ Dw+ ¡E¡ J bCxD* ¤ p~8 c~6 < kpcJ r¡ : avgcE f D* c~{- $*2¡~6 4b A&* f+¡ ~|+ } J f . @@+ £« ¤gD* f~zE*vD* f g D* £C @@z@ /*¡@@ @ D* @@E @@ @ 1*2 f g< S &b@C ,b£²b+ $b@@B4y@@D* f ´* x g~z H&* +b£= v g J v@@0*& ° " J µ b_£~7 x < v + °( * < &b~zJ v0&* ° " c£ M H&* Í Ebm´* } + @@E eb£ D* @@E ¥x D* b ~{ < £g~6* ,&*x@@E* E È gJ ´* +w DH x ´* EÉ D d£~8&* E µ&b@+ ux~|J lb@@.&* f + F&bC $bBv~8&* d:bsJ ¥4b@@F + D dg J F&b+ £sgJ H&* + ¡ £pJ gF&* b£1 2x¸ É; gF&*" h~6¡+ gF&* f )b~}D* bF&* gF&* fg£´* ¥bJb + fAx D* $¤~}-H ¤)b+x D* 4b£gD* 2¡ J ° &* ~{g J bK m£m~9 h£c D 2¡@@ @JH i¡~8 Ì= f£ £ 0 ,b£² £A i¡~8 ¡G v£0H v0&* E f . z£D ,y /&°** Oib~7b~{D* hBx~6 dm J µH oHygJ µ R $¡~9 4b gF* £ < S &* x J Ìj D* E vJv/ x@@m@A @@E v£ J b@@§4 z ~{D* ,b£²* E ~8*¡-

89

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

fgcj´* @@ @-b@@£@0 q@@EÉ@@EH @@ @ G¡@@/H ¤gD* @@ @ -*¡@@~@ 8&*H @@G4b@@c@ 1&* @@Eb@@E&* ~z F d-b J ib D* Ä@@< b ~zJ ¡G Æ £D F ~z F Db G(* ¢ < £ jD* f )b D* T GH -bc/*H ¯ L E f £ ~z´* @@g@/H5 b@@g@ C&* ¢ < ¢ E K ¤G ,4¡@@g@ ~@ z@ ´* ,&*x@@ @´* fO @ @~@6 Ä@@~@|@D* bK ~z0 *w@@ G ¢@@~@9¡@@ @D* @@E5 ¯ Ly@ @C Hvc- bK @ @E b © ,4¡@@~@8 x~{ £~6 @@z@+É@@§H f@@ @~@z@g@c@EH f@@Bx@@~@{@E b@@ @£@A z+ɧ bK cDb= bG*xJ bE z < fc-xE b ¹ÉEH ¡@@ @ @Db@@+ f jEH h@@£@c@D* NP wG Q @ C µ d@ @g@ @ D*H d gD* y@@ @N P @ @A&°* &* £ < "ÉK @~@8&* Ì gD* µ "4b@ *HvmJ ¤C )bBv~8&° hB¡D* |~|sJ N c B + ¡0x JO bEH D F¡~|~|sJ bE f c~{E f Eb¸ H&* fc£: f C z+b£D* J4" b§4H ,b~6*¡E H&* f_ - H&* qJv´b+ 8b³* ¢ < f £sgE ¢jF&* E "¥x: i*v£ + GH ib -bA $b~z D* Q C %* f g E f gº f £sgE ¢jF&* bK )*2 f . µb@@ @ D* ¯ b@@ £@ @E&* @@ @ 1 ,4¡@@ @ ~@ 6&b@ C ~6°* *w + F¡ ~zJ *3b´ ¤~9*ÆA°* 9Hx ´* B*¡D* E *K ÌjC /&* ¡GH bJ "" ¡ cD*" fEv1 ¤ - °&* bK ~9xA E bE bK ~|s~7 ¤ - &* f gE E b D EbE&* E ¤ gs-H 45 f~zc + -b£0 *K 2v¸ gJ'HxD x ~}- °&*H < ¢ £A Í D* ¡ cD* £-&bJ &* /H&* bE D qEÉE Db£s+ ~6x- & * v + ¢jF&* E N N ,vJv/ f~|B 4O b£gD* F* f ² -ÉE&bg+ bK B4b= bC $b@@B4y@@D* g » h@R @+b@@=H ¤)b+x D* f g ´* f~7b~{D* ¯ bK Bv¹ S ; fA4*¡D* ¤gD* i°b@@£@³*H x:*¡³* Q @C @@Eb@@E&* )bBv~8&* b©* G3 ¯ fM BbcC b ~zF B*H ¯ b G E v0&* v J µ iÈ cR bK Eb­ v£0H f g D* ¯ Lv£0H ¡G {£ ´*

‘ ÉfCG πg" ∫AÉ°ùJ "?È≤dG ∫hÉMh ,±ƒîH ôNBG ôcòàj ¿CG ,√ô°ûf "â°SƒH" ¿ƒμj ¿CG ≈æ“ á«bÓNCG áë«°üf ≈æ¨à«d á«æjO hCG ¬H √DhÉbó°UCG ¬dɪYCÉHh √ôKBÉÃh ¬JÒ°Sh äÉÑ«£dG Gƒ∏ª©«dh ,Iô£©dG ódGƒàJ "Ò°T" äÉcQÉ°ûe É¡æe Ék Ñdɨa ,IójóY ´Éª°S Oôéà ´ô°ûj IÉaƒdG ÈN ™ª°S øe sπc AÉbó°UC’G øe ¬H øeh Ú«°VGÎa’G AÉbó°UC’G ÒZ "πjÉahôH" íØ°üàH Qƒã©∏d ó«≤ØdG ¬fCG Ée π«dO ≈∏Y ƒfóH ¢ùëj ¿Éc ¬∏LCG


,zMz/ L'K4

¤-HÌ+ b 0

ôNBG Aƒ°V l ,Ì~|B f~|B gp ~8 ¯ )bBv~8&* E ~8*¡g D x~zJ ¡~|¹ jE ~zpJ f@@£@~@9*Æ@@A°* M &* £ < ¥v¸ 2É£E v£< ¡£D* ÌM AH x~{ JH d~6b E "h~6¡+" f+bg + _ J b@@ @D* ¯ x@@Cw@@g@J " JbAHx+" ¢@@ @< f~|~|º f £ / f£ =&* *vG&* ¤~9b´* ix~{F " Jx~zF"H 2É@@£@ ´* 2b@@£@ <&° ,xG5 b F&bC ",4¡ E" b £A Hvc- ,4¡~8 G " bg~z+ ¤c B" c B bg~z+ ¯ £sgJ " z£ D*" f Jx: ¢ < p~}J ¯ dg J b» Ìj + ¡:&* g p~9 Q &* ¡ + $b~z D ,ÌjC ÌG*5&* c B bg~z+ ,¡ ²* f D* Ì= bG'¡ ­ ° f~|BbF H&* ¡ - &* dmJ *w G F fJx~|²* xE&°* £ < HvcJ &* dmJ bE ,4¡~|D* ¢ < d~6b E £ g+ x J M M $¤~{+ cE D x@@Gb@@; ¯ $¥x@@+ ¢ < b ~6*xJ &* exU @m@J b@@§4 H&* b@@E b c B ¯ x-¡D* z­ f C Q < 8b³* 4¡ ~|< @@j@E d£mg~zgA @@£@ Gx@@D* ,24H H&* x < hF& P *" ¡ J &bC { < P {G @@/4 b@@F&* @@C $b@@B4y@@D* f ´* :H ,&*x´* jE f£ £ 0 ,&*xE* obgpJ O " 2v gJ ° :¡D*H L £C ¥4v@@J ° )bBv~8&b+ ¡@@G g E @@ @FH2 4b@@ @F } + H&* *K 4b@@ @ F ¤~} J

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

88


bK £ / $b~z D* e¡ B ¯ g pB&* c0&* ¥wD* /xD* Ì D £~6 x ~{J ° fjF'¡´* ,v£~| D bK ~64bA ib+ ¢g0 4v~8 2x J °H *2¡D* Ì D vJ AxJ ° ibJ*¡ D* eb£ D* 42b= d)b= Ì D D ¤@@Cb@@²*H ¤@@)*x@@D* ib@@+ @@c@ 0&* ¥w@@ D* @@/x@@D* bF ¢g0 E*x= ¯ h BH ·¡@@0 ~|EH x~|cE M K b~z ~7H ¥v D *v= 4b~|A Eb EH ¡p~8 ¯ ¤ E ¤)b~z´ *K x BH ¤0bc~|D ¤ £c/ { F Í0 fA*x< Ì~8&* &* h ~7H&* ,x@@E E h0xA $b ²* E 4*¡~z+ ¤ 0bC A4H ~7¡+ Ä1&*H dJx D*H dJx D*H x+b D* C &*xB&* A bE v + h04 b@@ @´* @@BH < µb@@²*H d£ D* < Á*v@@D* @@94&°* ¢ < b@@F&°* x.&* ¡0 *¡ D* + ¡@@/&* bJb 0 6b D 2x@@~@ 6&° 2¡@@ <&*H +b£= ¯ @@ @­&* EÉ0&* v0*H %* ¯ d0 E È@@C&* ,b£²* b D y£© £C " É Db+ ,xEH d²b+ ,xE AvgJ x C Ì~|F ¢g0 < µb D* *w@@G iÄ@@1&° ¹É´ ,4¡~8 E&* ¡D ¡G ¤gJb 0 E ¯ h B b C @@F&* Ì@@= g_£G µb D* *wG < Æg~6bA ¤ < ¤+ Æg~6* ¥wD* /xD* Áw1&bA ¡G ¤~z F h ;H bF&* g A gBv~8 ¢g0 dg J b E E b £A 42&* v<&* µ ~9*¡E ¶(* + £gD* x ~{g~zJ b E EH µb D* IxJ E EH bF&* &* ¡G f+bgC A ,$*x D* Hv gD 6b D* ¡/H &*x JH d²* dg J E fJ¡ + y/&* &* H2 É D* v < 0&* £C ¤ < c0&* ¥wD* /xD* gJ ´ °(* bG4*x~6&* ¤~{A&* °H f D* x~z+ r¡+&* ÉA ¢ ´* dG*H Iy ´* Eb/ f+bj§ b A b g~6°* E D r4b~{D*H Db ´* v£~6 ¡G É D* ~6b+ b E D f­b³* ¡GH :b+H f D* h~} /&* b§xD ¤ 1*2 ¯ D cgF&* µ Á&* ¡D b £A d0 ° fJHb1 ¤-b£0 i4b~|DH ¥42&* &* H2 ¶(* b ~z F E h/x1 ,&*xE* b F&bCH b Jy- f D ° $*¡³* ¤ < °K v+ · x D* dgC ¤ E ox1 ¥wD* /xD*

87

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*


,zMz/ L'K4

Á¡ ~6 bF4

»æe êôN k óH Öàμa »æY ’

É D* $b+ ~6&* f F ~}J C ²* E ¡0 v + ¥wD* a4b D* ¡GH < É D* · d£ £~6 C £ < ÑbcA fJ*¡= h Av- ¥wD* d-b D* i*4bc D* E £ ±b+ ¤ £< y1H x ~{g~zJ ¿ d£+vC iR xN ~zA ¤ +b~8&* 6H'H4 ¶(* E f+bg D* ¡G ¡ D* *w@@G 9x D vGb~{´* f p~9 ¡G ib@@Gb@@©°* 94&°* wG ¢ < ¥xmJ b´ kc D* 'Hb~z-H IHv±* *'¡~6 9HxA ¤ < ¤ ÂH d@ @²* ib@@Ex@@¹ · ~{ J ¥w@@D* ¡@@G Q dG*wD* ¥4b ~6&* ¯ ¤Cb²*H ¥4b ~7&* ¯ )b D* ¡G ~{ D* µb D* $b~z D* bJb s+ 4b D* ¥¡ D* q ~{D* ibcg< ¶(* ¤ E 2H2¡D* bJb ³* cF&* Æ J ¥wD* £ ±* ¡G b/xD* bJ*¡ + ¡GH ¤ < })b D*H ¤ E ~6*¡D* ¡G bJ*¡ D* ~z0 x J ¥wD* AÉE ¡ 0 E £~zJ £ < ¡ ´* b@@F&*H D* x@@0 ¢ ´* b D d£ J ¢g0 ¢ ´* fDÉ/ -$bc< 0 I¡~6 ¤ E bC bEH + iÊg~6* ¢g0 ¤+ Æg~6* g 0 ~6*¡+ *¡ D*H ¤ gC ¢ < c~8(b+ x~{J µ ¡D f+bg D* e*¡+&* b©b+ bK E¡J ¤~z F h A2 bEH b p£-b E ¶(*

v)b~| D* ¯ g ~8H $b~z D* < x D* Db~6 ¯ h.v« ,x+b< m+ h g~6* bE ~|~|B hDyg1*H ibJb ²* ¯ JHb < E · q£-&* bE £A h B < /xD* b~z + hcgC < DÉ1 E lv«&* xE&°* f £ 0 ¯ h C Á&* Ì= 4b A&*H $¡~}D* E /&*H Ix1&*H ,x A Í+ f+4*¡§ /x1&* /xD* £ 1&* f D* b@@C4&* ¯ z ´* ; 4b@@.%° bp~6bE £ ~{D* ,4b~7(* ~6&* f C x ;&*H f D*H x±* x0&* Í+ bK cDb= b g~6* C $*4H gEbB D ¤ 0&* H&* dm gD* $b~z D* C < lv« ¢g0 ¤ ~6 . ¤ c0&* ¥wD* /xD* x~{F&*H x ~7&*H dgC&*H x A&* E Á&* a4b D* A ¤ < °K v+ /&* fÂx/ bK E¡J ÆB&* µ ¤gD* bF&*H fc-bC ¤g - h-b+ ¢g0 H&* dm - `:¡E H&* f ~8bA ~9¡E b £A · J µH f D* E Íg~9Æ E Í+ z ¸ x+bp´* f+bj§ b´ bC + f D* ¢ < h g~6* ¥w@@D* /xD* *K 4¡~8 b £A gD&* ¤gD* ¤g~6v< b £< D* ~| C Fb~zDH b D {EbG ° fp ~8 CH 94&°* $b~z D fJ¡ D ¤-b.4¡E < ¤@@-H*v@@+ < kpcD* ¶(* ¤ A2 ¥w@@D* /xD* Ì D ¤ g - ° ¤gD* ¤-b £/ < ¤ JxD* ¤/*yE < f£ c D* f F H&* f ~9 H&* ¡ ~6 f_£G ¢ < ¤-&b- b F < i*2x ´* f D* &* cB <&* h C b@@EH É D* fJb + a4b D* G¡ f +bB fJx+ 6x C b F&*H $b~{F ¢gE f£~6bBH $b~{F ¢gE f<*¡ E b /x~6 b D h£14&* b C b 0¡ ± 2¡ - &° f +bBH }JHÆ D b ~6* ,Ì~|B fAb~zE ¶(* ¤ E ox@@1 ¤ c0&* ¥w@@D* /xD* 2b<H ,b£²* w D ,4¡~8 gD* Í D* x C Ey+H µb D* bEH q£p~8 z D*H "Æg~zE /4 ,&*x@@E* C 1*2" b J iw1&*H É D* q£p~8 ix jg~6* Í0 e*¡~|D* Ì= h A g ~9HH i*2x E f_£G ¢ < b¿ ¢g0 ¤+ vDH /4 E ¤g~|0

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

86


¤G bE ¢ < bK )*2 Hvc- ° 4¡@@E&°* " DwC z£D&* f £ ²* ¯ £ < " 6H2x D* $*4H" b@@ @£@g@J*H4 ¯ ,4¡~| E vsg~z- " D* f £1&*"h 2x~z D bK +¡ ~6&* £ D* ¥H*xD* i¡~8 ¯ "¤ ²*" e¡ ~6&° &bm - b £+ ¤-&b- ¤gD* "2xEyD* c/" f@@J*H4 bg~6¡+ H&* xpcD* bg~z+ b~zD ¢ < ¯ b ~6* ¡G b C bJ42 b+ H&* bJ42 ,4¡~| E &b@ CH ¤ ~8&°* b :¡E f@@J*Hx@@D* w@@G ¯ 4b@@£@ g@ 1°* *w@@ @ + ·b£ D* ebgC E ,2¡ ´* f~| D* < ¤ « ¤gD*H vJvpgDb+ | D* ¢ < ,x0b~zD* b -4vBH ¢jF&°* ¤ 0 f£ G&* 4v@@ b Fbg~zc+ 2*5x ~7 zAb gA ¯ @@D3 4x gJ d£m< ~{+ b -b£~|s~7 ,4¡~| E 2x~z ib£~|s~{D* E *K ÌcC bK C a4b D* /*¡J 3(* lÉjD* b -bJ*H4 " 6H2x D* $*4H" f~8b1 f@@J*H4 C ¯ ¤ < bC f 0ÉE

,xm~7 ~8H f ~| E fB4H ¢ < ib£~|s~{D* $b ~6&* f+bg D s D bK E b ~z ~zgD g- ib£~|s~{D* wG E ,v0*H C ,Ì~6 ,4¡~| E ¤ « x-*¡- f<x~6 v - dc~zD* *w D b D f£Ax0H fBb~7x+ b £+ z£DH f£~|s~{D* ¡G ,4¡~| E ib@@J*H4 ¯ cD* lv@@²* ¡ s- bE bK cDb= + xpO´*H xpg´* ¡GH xp´* ¡G lv²* q ©H f£ ~| ´* l*v@@0&°* E b -bJ*H4 ¡~|A E $*y@@/&* ib£~|s~{D* vc-H n~}F +b E lv²* $Hv D :b ´* d =&* f£ - ¤~9b D ,2¡ D* ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ b 1*2 d£ gD*H x ²*H b+ 7É D* b g~z / ,4*2(° x~}0&* fc-bC E JvD* y< ,4¡~| E hD¡« Ax0 ~{<&* ¤-ÉD* ibc-b D* Iv@@0(* ¶(* b/x ´* ~9 f£ gD* " D* f £1&*" hFbC b -bJ*H4 exB&* ~{+ +b-&*H ¡0 bG4¡p­H fJ*HxD* fJ*v+ E ,4¡~| E b Evsg~z- ¤gD* b AbC pgE b@@E&* x~}1&°* c~|Db+ ¤ E ¤c~{1 v E f GwE f£ ,ÌcC f£~8¡- E Cx-&* vJy´* xCw+ b Db <&* x@@0&* D f ~|cD* H3 D* fc0b~8 ,y£ ´* fc-b D* wG + bg g~6°b+ c~7&* :bB B" µb D* ÍE&* 2¡ ¹ &* ~|J b C H&* f~8b³* " B*¡ D F f~6*x~7H -v0 ¯ Í ~zDb+

85

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

f£²*H $b D* k£0 x0b~zD* f £DH v < x ~zD* @@£@ @D*H fBÉ D* x g A bK @~@}@J&* ¤@@ @B*H ,4¡~| E 6b £-bCb. f JvE ¢ < b gJ*H4 ¯ fAb~9(°b+ bA¡+ ° ¥2 HÌ~6 c/H b@@ @ @~@8&b@C f@@£@@F*x@@J(* v@@ E ¶(* E 2v@@ <H *v@@ @ C ¢@@g@ 0H 5*Ì@@~@ 7H ¤gD* f £jD* DwC f£+H4H&°* HvD* ¥x A 2¡ C b -bJ*H4 £ / +x b E - ¤gD* b ´* ,4'¡@ + + v@@0H&°* x ~zD*H f@@Ab@@C iÉ@@0x@@D* ,xGb D* b E °(* ¡ J ° ¥wD* *x+ f JvE ¯ yCx g- bK ~}J&* f ~6*H D* f £1&* ¯ b£A*x ±* f ~6H ~{+ b GÌ=H bFHyJ4&*H -b£~zC Ix@@1&* bK FvE Hb g-H É:(* H&* d-bC ¥&* v < 4&* µ v0 ¶(* fJx. JvD*y< ,4¡~| E ib+bgC bGvJ vg­ ¤-*$*xB ,4*y@@=H ¤<É:* f ~6 ¢ < bGÌ= fc-bC É0&°* Ì~z - {Bb - ¤ A bJ*HyD*H £~9*¡´* gº zCb~{gD < b D Ì F ° fBÉ:H fBb~7x+ lvpg-H bm D* ,$*x@@BH µ*¡ D*H fBb D* ¡ <H f~{ B&°* *¡F&*H b£/¡D¡j£´*H *¡D&°* ¡ < b -°°2H fÂx D* 4bm0&°* *¡F&* ¢g0H fJ5*¡g´* 4bG5&°b+ ,xAb~6 ,4¡~|+ q~9*H L b gG* JvD*y< ,4¡~| ´ C ¯ b -bE*vsg~6*H b gJyE4H b )b ~6&* xC3 2xJ 4bm~7&°*H xC3 ¢ < ¤-&b- 6H2x D* $*4H ¯ f.ÉjD* b -bJ*H4 E f@@J*H4 z/ÊD* 4bG5&*H 4¡Ab D*H ¡ £ D* 4bm~7&bC ¥x~|´* JxD* ib-bcF Ix1&*H ¡½b´* ib-bcF xCwgA 6H2x D* c/ fJ*H4 ¯ bE&* 6%°*H bE&* fJ*Hx D ¥4¡ ~6&°* x~6%°* µb D*H d~6b g- fcJx= f £c: i*3 f £1&* fJ*H4 ¯ b~z £cD*H ¢ AvD* 4bG5&*H 4¡²*H y£ ±* 4bm~7&* JvD*y< ,4¡~| E ibJ*HxD ¤-$*xB $b .&* Ìj D* bGÌ=H D* E ¤ g - ° f £ / f Jv0 fFbJ4 fJx~6 f Jv0 ¯ x­ C h C ,b£²* b £A } g - f ~6b+ H45 ,4¡~| E - b C fJx~{cD* z D* i*v£ - ¯ dJ2&* =¡J ° ¤ « f£E2%* f ~|+ x~{ J E ¶(* exB&* Hvc- H&* r*x±* c~{ f Jx:H *v D* 4b£g1*H ¤/4b³* ~{Db+ *K $v+ b -b£~|s~7 E bGÌ= E f£~|s~7 C <b - ¶(* °K ¡~8H ¤~{´*H D* ~{g D fJ*HxD* ¤ g - ibJvpgD*H B*¡´* EH ib£~|s~{D* fJ*vcD* ¯ b A b < bK Eb­ f gº f£~|s~7 b@@E*& b F&*


,zMz/ L'K4

zÈ◊G â–{ IQƒ°üæe IOôeR ¢MzG*~< ,4§ ¡H i2&* · m*$*|E

~6¡£D* bÂ(* i&*x@@ @B i*¡@@ @ ~@ 6 @@z@ @ 1 ¡@@p@ F @@c@ B Ì~|E" f@@£@ 0x@@~@ z@ E f@@ A2b@@ ~@ |@ ´b@@ + h BH £ ²* £A¡gD "4b~8x~8 Á&* x@@ @ C3&* @@ @~@{@< ¯ 4¡@@ @ D* ¢@@ @ < @@E @@-b@@£@ 0x@@~@ z@ E @@£@ @ / h@@£@ @ g@ B* D* @@G&*H D* +H 2*5x ~7 d@@J2H&* ´*H f <b D* ¥v@@J&°* ¶(* £ / ¢ < - bEv < b@@GÌ@@=H E K*$y/ qc~|- £ + d-bC b <&* BH pg - x ~{- &* H2 Ax0 ,wJwD f£+2&* f Jx + *vpggA

fJ*H4 f +H v£~74 ¢ ~6 ¤G 6H2x D* $*H4 f cA lb@@F(* fJ*H4 f + &* b C xJvGH xpcD* bg~z+ ¤G 2xEyD* c/ b£ £EbC ¤G D* f £1&* xE ¢ < -b£~|s~7 4¡ -H n~}F ¯ iÉ cD* /xD* 4b~{J ¯ b C bK Fb£0&* b -*3bp§ b ~8 ¯ J *ÊD ¢g0 fJ*HxD* D* f £1&* fJ*H4 ¯ 2%* f£~|s~7 b0 b g - b£A*x ±* *v@@< $¤~7 C E ,4¡~| E B &b:*¡gJ ÈC&* ¡ - vB x ~zD* e2&*H iÉ@@0x@@D* bGxp~z-H f E&°* b .*v0&* d =&* - 3(* 6H2x D* $*4H ¤G *K 4*x g~6* b -bJ*H4 e¡ D* Fb~|E ebp~8&* E ,x~6&* ~6H ¥x~|´* JxD* ¯ ¤ D* . x 0&°*

O £sg´* pg £D 2xEyD* c/ fJ*H4 ¯ b JvD b ´* ¢ ~{gJ ¶(* b -b£~|s~7 E 0ÊA ¤ B*¡D* dFb/ ¶(* ¥4¡ ~6&°*H f £D D&* µb< ¯ bB f JvEH 2xEyD* c/H z£:b ´* c/

b/x E ib~z / ~9 f£+2&* f~z / ,4*2(° *K x1'¡E h<¡ ¤ < 9x < Í0 bg~z / ¤ + vB bC e*2% ÉD i*4bE(°* *Ì: O Q ,vJv/ f+x© bpgB° ¡~} Db+ f<¡AvE h A*H f~z ±* ,4*2(* ibc-b D ¥5b£pF° Íc-b D* Í+ ,&*x´* iÆ1* e2&°* dp+H Q ¤ < Q ¤c£~|F E JvD*y< ,4¡~| E fJx~|´* fc-b D* hFb A bG5¡A v + b< cB "2xEyD* c/" b gJ*H4 h£ gB* vB h C 2014 ebg D fB4b~{D* 9x E ¯ f£+x< fJ*H4 ~}A&* ,y)bm+ d£-ÆD* AH b -bJ*H4 ,$*x + i&*v+ v + b -&*xB vB C&* µH f _~6&°* 2*v<(* ¯ Hx~{ D D3H bG4Hv~|D ¤ EyD* f )b D* ~9 hp~74O ¤gD* " 6H2x D* $*4H" b gJ*Hx+ i&*v+ fJ*HxD* wG 2010 b< f£+x D* xC¡cD* ,y)b± ,Ì~| D* c/" bGbg - Íg D* ÍgJ*HxD* E x~|E f£A*x ± ex@@B&* ." D* f £1&*" . "2xEyD* iÉ + bG2¡ - ,4¡~| E ibJ*H4 £ / &* xCwDb+ xJv±* E

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

84


bF&*v+ *3(* a4b D* ¥v£Q ~6 ex D* pF ¥v@ Q @J Í+ ebg D* f.2b¹ ¶(* xE&°* b + ¤ g J bE b<x~6 "fAb jD*" < kJv²* Í+ ¤ £Gb ´* 6bcgD°* E bK <¡F Áb F f~6b£~zD* ¡0 f £ < fAb ." g¿ pF f£Ab jD* f~6b£~zD*H f£~6b£~zD* fAb jD* ¯ Í E ¤ A ~7 obgF( * ¶(* ¤~} J } + E b jJv0H "f£Q / Q jE ¥2xA +b: i*3 f£Q +x D* f£ D* b ~7&°* E Q &* Í0 $*4H - ¤gD* ebc~6&°* G& Q * E *wGH 4b B ¯ ebgC ,$*xB ,2Q b@@E ebg D* E mJ bE ¤+x D* µb D* ¯ ,$*x@@ @D* f Q B tJ4bgD* w E ¥x. v£ gD b CÉgE* dFb/ ¶(* gm D fJ2b E x~{´* ¯ x J bE bJb ²*H |~| D* ,*H4 |sJ bE ¯ Q Í g~z´* £D(* ¡c mJ ¤ Jɲ* ex ´* ¯H ¤-*¡ ²b+ G ¤ ±* b£s´* ¯ ebg D* < $b g~6°* ¤ J *w@@GH " H'Hx J ° FQ &° bK £Q Ab . ¡ Q sgE ex D* E Q (* ¡ D*  ¯ DwC $x´* v g J 2b J F ¢jF&°* f0bB¡+ D* d£mJ ¯ qJv´* i°¡@@/ qg + ¤+x D* *w@@G ;&* ° ¢Qg0H fJb D* eb~8&* E ¤GH Í D* ¡A ,v0*H f + b c~zJ ¥wD* ¤+x D* ,$*xB fAb . 7b F* ebc~6&* G&* ¡0 zE*2 É + ¤ £< Q ¡ D* qc J *yJ ° ¥wD* f£Q E&°* Eb< ¡GH bFv < ebg D* ÈC&* Q &° b cQ pJ °H ,$*x D* £ g~zJ ° b Q E Ìj DbA b EQy JH bEQ &*H lbF(°* ~|FH 4¡CwD* +4 ¤E& Q * ¤+x D* b +bc~7 k . E ibE¡ ²* f+bB4 E ¡Fb £A ,$*x D* ¡cQ pJ Jw D fc~z Db+ dg D* ¢ <

83

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

~}A&b+ a4b D*H ¡G Ì1&°* *wG ~9H J µ k£0 "ebgC" µb D* ¯ ebg D f£FHÆ D(°* f /*¡´* cB ¡£D* £ < ¡G b» Q *v cD* ¯ x D* ¡¿ ,2bJ5 E ¡£D* £ A vJvpgDb+ ¤+x D* ¢~}E b £A h c: ,v£Q ±* dg D* } + hFbC *3(*H f£Q +x D* ¢ <&°* bGvQ 0 ¯ fs~zF °%* f~z 1 H&* fs~zF D&* h<b+H Ì= b~9H&°* dc~z+ bB4&°* wG £ « £ g~zF ° ¡£D* b FQ (bA ¢ < {£ - ¤gD* f£+x D* b -b g¸ b E Áb - ¤gD* f£ £c D* ex D* v < ebg D* f £B b A ,xm D*H ¡±*H ex²* BH c g~zE b@@EH "f c/ E È@@C&* ¢ < bK +*x ~9* {£ J ´b<H Q v~9 D* fD&b~zE }A ¯ bK E *yJ ° ¤+x D*H ,$*x D* 5*¡gD* E ¡F 1 ¶(* f£+x D* HvD* ¢ ~z- Í0 ¤ A ",&*x´* ib £c´* I¡g~zE ¢ < ¥v£ gD* Ì FH ÁHÆ D(°* ebg D* Í+ x~{ D* 4H2 b0 £~9H b G(°* Áb J ¤+x D* ebg D* *yJ ° b G A b D* $b£²* 7v1 I¡<v+ dg D* I¡g¹ }A4H "f Jx D* w + dg D £+H 9x< f Jx: E ÄC&* 7v1 v Q C&*H ¤ /H ~z=&* ~}A E f ² a4b D* b JQ &* f ² < ¥2b@ Q @£@²* ¤ :b D* £ pgD* f D ¤ Q < ~|A&bA ¤c~}= ¤gD* ,$*x D* ,¡mA &bcF £ < ¡ -&° 2¡<&* . ¤ £ ²* ¤ ´* Í+ fF4b ´* bK EH2 }Ax- ¤gD* bF&*H "ex D*H ex D* Í+" ¡ pJ ° ex D* Q &° z£DH ¤g+Hx< E ÉK m1 z£D Í´b D* gAb . < gº ~{+ h+wQ G b gAb . Q &° b¿(Q *H fAb . Q +&* ° ¢Qg0 ¥x ~7 *x:&b+ ¤ /H q~zE&* ¡p ~z- ¡D f ²


i| G*K i| G* Õ+ ,$*| G* ,§qD

Ö©°üdG QGƒ÷G ¡g E k£ + f :bA

,zMz/ L'K4

fJy£ ½(°*H f£Q ~zFx D* z£E*¡ D*H i*v Q m´*H dg D* E 6v D* *wG v < b G B ¤ + bJ B Q ¤<¡c~6&°* ¡~zD* ¡J b0yQ D* ~6H £~}- vB xQ pg- °H b :&ÉD ¡ Q D* cB bE |~|BH K £ B EQ &* E B "ebgC /&° ¡~zD* ¡J b : h<b~9&* ,&*xE*" b £A ,4¡~|D* x~|<" ¯ fJb F É ,Qv~7 E bGb£Q ¹ Jy²*H bG4Hv~8 f~8*Æ´* dg D* w D ,4¡~8 gD& b~6 "f´¡ D* E5"H " Q v ~{´* HvcJ f cQ B °H $*w0 H2 z ~{D* ¯ ¡B¡D* xA E b E*vB&* f£E*QvD*H DQ *H 5x D* ¡~6 ¯ :*¡´* *wGH "v0*H 4b Jv+ Kb)4bB ¡Q ~zgJ "ebgC" v£Q ~zD* f´¡ D* E5 ¤CbpJ "Kb£Q DbJx~6" b< ~{+ {£ D*H 6bc D*H $*HQvD*H $*w D* I¡~6 ¤ ~6xD* /b£g0* bEH ,$*x D +&bJ ° ¤c ~7 É+ f£Q +x D* *¡~6&°* e¡mJ bK Aƹ °K ¡Q ~zgE ib+H c0b~8 < v£ ~6¡+" ¥v£~6 f<b ~7 ¢Qg0 °H x~{F ¡ 0 °H fJQ x A ¡ 0 Ͳb~|D* $b£DH&°* E b GH "4¡~| E" ¥v£~6H "¤/bcD* °K bcB(* E ÈC&* bK CÄ Q - b g0x~9&* ¢ < bcB(°* *yJ ° zF¡g+ 2¡~6&°* ex D* *wG ¤ Q < h05&* b< Q C ebg D* 9x E ¢ < dg D* 5xA&* i&*v+H ¥v<b~6 ¢ < ix Q ~7 .Q ¡~6 ¯ f~z 1 *¡Q @ ±* ¤ -bG f~6v + ,4¡Q ~|´* dg D* wG ex D* $b£~7&* E bJb + f g~z´* eb£jD* b C ¤G f£Q <¡c~6&* f~z ³* ¢ <H v0*H 4b Jv+ ebg D* fJ5*¡E bK Fb :&* b ~|- ¤gD* ° b . f Q B =4 3(* f£Fb¸ f£Q ~|~|B f<¡ ¸ D ibJ*H4 fDb³*H " b j<" DbA Q *K v@@+&* bK AxQ ~{E b £ < bcB(°* HvcJ $ EH b£ D* $b~zCH f D* 1 HxmJ "qDb~8"h "f£Q +¡ Q E" f £D ¯ bK s£c: 4v D* &b JH ¡ cD* &*v gD ¡~zD* E f Q D* b £D(* fE2b D* f g~z´* dg D* Äg - G Ix- ,24b@@+ $bg~7 E ÈC&* ,$*x D* ¢ < |Jx²* ex D* ibcg E iÉ~}A E &*x J ° µb D b -b£Q : ¯ *K y D « fDb~64 ¤G ¤+x D* :*¡´* Q &* &* "b + qmcgJ ¤gD* f £Q ~zFx D* gAb . =4 f£Q +x= bK ~|~|B Q *wG 4vB E 8b g~6°*H kc D* E ¡ sJ ° ¥4b@@© x@@E&°* fJb~7¡D* x~|<" ¯ *Hy@@D*H 4b.vF°* Jx: ¯ ¥wD* )b D* Jx Q ´* v@@0&* ¡@@B vQ @ 0 ¢ < ",4¡~|D* x~|<H fJQ x~|cD* f+x ~}E ¢ ~6&* Ávmg~6 Ì~| D* | D* *wG ¯ Í£~zFx D* v£Q ~zD* b@@ A%* h@@Ey@@G ¤@@g@D* f@@´'¡@ ´* f £ ²* w@@G @@E £ Q D

2v~|+ ¢ cE b@@E&* ,4b@@m@0 @@6*v@@C&b@C ,È c´* dg D* w@@G x.b gD* ¢ < ,42bB v - µ f g~zE dgC ~8&°* ¯ ¤G $b cD* "°H5 £E(*" f@@J'H4 ¤ ´%* C Ix@@1&* ,xQ @ E ¥¡ D* eb@@½(°*H ¡D¡Q ~zgJ Jx1%* ebQgCH "4bgD¡A"h " *y +"h " bgF¡A°"h *K ÌE&* d-b D* *wG bC &* v + ¤+x< Q ¤c ~7 ¡~6 ¯ a4bB 4HxE Q v0*¡D* x D* ~| J µ ¤~zFx D* ¥x D* e2&°* fF*yF5 ¯ *4H&* i4b~|A "d-bC" v£Q ~zD* °H "ebgC" v£Q ~zD* Hx~{ D*H Q cQ <H x)bm~zD* f<b+ v < bK ~6b£C&* |~| D*H ibJ*HxD* z ~{D* 2b bK £Q g< 6&b£D* Q ~6 h + b FQ &* HvcJ dgC ,4Q b D ~6 b £A ¡ Q J c~z0 b FQ &° Jx D* ~|F ¯ ¤+x D* a4b D* b £A4 b CÆA Q f +b~zD* i*¡ ~zD* ¯ ex D* ©* k£0 9x Db+ ¤ - v - µ x~{ D*H ~8*¡gD* B*¡§H fjJv²* ib£ gDb+ b gG°* ¶(* µb< ¢ < qQg - + ebg Db+ Eb gG* v J µ ¡ A f£FHÆ D(°* bK )4bB ¡Q ~zg- f 04 É+ bK £Q )*¡~{< f~9Hx E dgC ,$*x D ~6H&* Í0 fcQ p´*H ¡c D* ¢ - °H f£c ~{D* *¡~6&°* f ~84&* ¢ < E x;b gDb+ f~9Hx E ¤c ~7 ¡~6 ¯ bc- f GH HQ &° b gp´ "b £Ab+HxD*"H f~{C4yE f£ £~8 fJw0&*H t£ cD*H x~}³* *¡C&* ,$*x D* < H'¡~z´* d~| D* n<yF* f g~z´* eb£jD*

¯ GwD* fJ4b< x Q A&* iw1&* . ¥x:b1 x~z F*H n Q ~{gA ¥vD Q lÉ. w E b g+bgC 2v~|+ ¤gD* f£Q ~|~| D* ¤g<¡ ¸H ¤gJ*H4 f<x~z+ x ~zD* E i*¡ ~6 ¤ g Q CH v + g - µH i*¡ ~6 ¢ Q s- vBH "ebgC" v£Q ~zD* ¢ < ¤ ~6&* h~} FH Áy0 h ´

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

82


f@@B5&°* ¢ < d ~z - $b ~zD* k£0 Db A ¤@@E&* v<¡E ¢ < hF&* ¡J C ¯ F&bCH £g~z- f £g D* O2b-xJ b§4 H&* 2b-x- ¥wD* ¢ ´* E bK 0 b ´* fJ4¡-bg J2 fJ4¡-bg JvDb+ £ / 4¡ ~7 £ / 4¡ ~{D F(* J µ Í ²* %°* ¤ 0bgmJ x1%* *K 4¡ ~7 DH ¤ g~z´*H )b~}D* Ì~|´* *wG bK E¡J 4bg1&* &* · Ñ* bFy<&* L ¡B p A f ´* Í ~zD* ibAx~7 ¢ < &b~6&* "b G ¶(* b²* b + i4b~8 *3b´ f Jv´* g+ f+b/(°* £ g~6&* °H &b~6&*H L ¤G G b gP )Ä- b@@E&*H b E¡D P b@@E&* b@@F&* £ ~9 ¤gD* J¡ D* Jx D* &* &* ¡cFw´* pF &* fcFw´* " b ~6 ¢g0 b £D(* xQN / d)wDb+ ¤ g gD ¢ £D g ~6 O K ¥wD* ¡£D* *3 *v£/ xC3&* KhD5 ÉA ¥42&* Oh~zD °&* Ì L cC 4L *x~8(* b JvD bC $b + H2 + b -42b= h AH b EbE&* ¤ +&* ¢ < ¤G F Dw+ · fBb: ° v g+* hDbB v D f@@Bb@@: ° £ . L @ @ 0P Ìc D* d@@²b@@A @@0 + fJHb ~zD* ebG¡D* vc< v ¹H b D £~}D* ebcD* E h/x1H xAb~zE bJ" Ì@@ Q @~@z@D* b@@F4b@@/ b@@Jw@@E @@E rv~|J " v0H

81

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*


,zMz/ L'K4

∑óMh ôaÉ°ùe Éj

É´* xEb< ,4b- b + *HxQ E E Q C i*¡~8&* pJ ¤ 1*2 ¯ Li¡~8 ¤-&bJH ¤G *wG bJ &*vG* ¤ £ £+ ¤ ~7 - ,K 4b-H ¤-Ì0 vJy fF¡ ²* &bCH b £A · bC bE C ¶(* b < kJv²* ÁxmJ bC b´b D bF&* ,Ìc D* ibAb~z´* E ÍEb< v + ¤+ v - b ´* ,xC*3 E ~|FH ÆE ¢ < x~|g - ¥vD ,xC*wD* - hFbC ¥wD* Q b Dbp+ fK JvE ygs- i4b~8 f~6*4vD* v<b E wG ¯ z ~{D* eHx= E&b-&* Í EbC ÍEb< v +H ¡£D* F *K ÌjC ¤ ~{GvJ µ ¡ D* 45&* eHx= F( * f£+bc~}D* 2ÉcD* L JÌj D* w1 ,b£²* Hx~7 &* b´b: ¤ P J µH xE&°* *wG b D z ~{D* °w1 ¯ Ì~9 ÉA b E kp+ ¢ < bF&bA ,¡ D* ¤ -H z ~{D* ¤ O - q£p~8 Ì= ,xC*wD* - yg1&* bF&*H £D(* ¥H%* Ì ~8 ¢ E < b G )*2 ~{A&* b@@F&*H ÉEbC bEb< ¤ g - ° ¤gD* 4b@@ @A&°*H fcN gO´* ¤EÉ0&* 4vB ¢ < ¥¡ < ¢ E £~z+ ¢ E 2bmJ( * ¯ bK £E¡J K ~{A&*H f £~zcD* ,M Ì0 ¯ ¤ c£~|- ¤gD* ib0bc~|D* - É@@:&* ¢ < @@B&* O b g£+ fO Ax~7 Í+ bE b £A 4b£g1°* ¤ < bC ¤gD*H ¥xE& * E Q fc=xD $K b~94* Íg .°* Í+ 4b£g1°* ¯ vg<&* h CH ¢ ´*H

º bC ¤~7 C zpg+" rbc~|D* *wG D h B vB h C b D dc~6 b D(* Ìc D* b c0 Â xAb~zF b g E bE b~{D* ¡D( * O ..."ÄC&* d - b D dc~zJ < b D(* Ìc D* ¡~{D* &ÉGH d gD* 2HÄ@@+ ¤ +b/&* -2b< Ì= ¢ <H h ~|D* E bK ~zB w@@1&* ."¤ E ,¡ B d£/ ¡£D* ÁxC3" ¤G *K v£/ b Ax<&* @@D3 ¢ < fK Gx EO hFbC q£p~8 Ì= b ~6H'H4 ¢ < bK £ ~6bJ x gD fJ2bExD* ¡£ D* xQ © hFbC ¤gD* ¢ < Ebpg- `F*¡´*H qJx DH b O - fcJx D* v D b <v- D h A b D b DH f Gx´* b AbgC&*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

80


µ ¤ FS &° Í+bg D* JwG I¡pA 9x< £ g~6&* ° f £ ²*H b £D(* ,4b~7(°b+ ,xJv/ Ix1&* f+x© Q &* °(* v + b £ < ~|0&* £~9 ¡+&* ,HxEH Jv+b< ,4b~6 bgJQ x~|E b-x<b~7 b g~9b1 -x A i&*v@@+ "f Jv0 b £+" *¡ < O pJ Æ~{E ebgC ¯ M ." ¡c~z£ D*" Ä< b £+ fD2bcgE fJQ x ~7 )b~6x+ b-x<b~{D* £A h/x1 5b£gEb+ fJS 4¡. f+x© "f Jv0 b £+" ¤G b A ib@@ @EQ &É@D f£S S D* ,4¡~|D* Q v£Db -H *x@@<&* ¢ < x ´* h« ib<b~zD ¯¡B HO " bG4*x~6&* b~{ F* ¢~{s- ,4b~6 M ib E&°* f£S DbjE wA*¡ D* E e P xS ~zgJ ¥w@@D* ¥x)bm~6 O b@@1ON 2 b N FN ¡ £~6 bFN 2O °H&*" Q &° Db+ x ~{-H "b N ~|N T - Hb0&* ¤gD* N *H'HvcJ &* cB n~} T D* b­ ¢Sg0 b N -P b ES O&* bFN ¡R N : b C b N FN ¡ £~6 K N Eb gD* ¯ "bEb­ fK )b~6 qc~8& M P O b~6 ¤ D* E P i*¡ ~6 v + b ~|g E ¯ ,L &*xE* ¡D¡ J" b ~z F ¢ < xS g- ÉA ,HxE bEQ &* ,M Ìp+ ¶(* ib EQ &°* w1&bJ 4b + «H "ÍP D W &* x D* P gP +° NÍ0¡U - " Í ²* f DH f :b D* E b £A ~zg J $b~}£+ P O ¡ ~6 ib AbSgD* -bc£c0H ¤)b +&* O Gb©&* ¡ m´* b N P /O 4N H P O U E P bK _Jx+ *K vJv/ *K x ~7 P dg F Ix1 ibJxCwD* &* ,K xS E N iÉ£ / M O ." 'Hb~zSgD*H ¡³b+ fP N N jO´* fE¡E&°*H hª 0 bEv <H 7*x D* ¤E*ygD* dc~6 < *K x~z g~zE ¤gAx= 12 x: ¢ < z / wG ¤gDb ´ bK <¡~9¡E v/&* ° ¤ FQ (* -Ä1&* 4¡N ~|D* T < ¤cgC* rÆ@@B* .S hB¡D* } + x S AH xJx~zD* v~|B&* 4vg~6* ¤ /H ¢ < @@E&°* fc£1 @@0° bEv <H U ¡N ~|D* fJS x ~{D* 4 T S S &°H f ~6b+ O -x ~7 f J x ~{D* 4 ¡ ~|D* v~| J ° F * ( x<& * ¤ F P N T S d£ 0H Ä0 b mJ b +*H Q &° ,v@@0*H ,4¡~8 ·b@@+ ¯H bF*¡~6 b Ax J ° Ix1&* $b£~7&*H

79

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

ÈM b ~7 £D(* f+x© Gb© Â ° f+bg D*H fE¡E&°* kJv0 ¯ 9xE Hb g+ ¤0¡J *¡ D* &* EH "2¡~6&* d£ 0" ¯ fJQ 2bJxD* f£S D¡ ~7 ÈC&* ebg D* Q &* °(* A ,2°¡D* v + bE eb_gC* vJvpSgD* /H ¢ < H&* f£Q -*wD* b -Ì~6 E £~8b - 2x~z- b ~7 $*vF f£c -H f+bg D b ~z F zJx - bE&* b -Ì0 fJQ ¡jF&°* b -Ì~6 f JbcgE $*¡G&b+ i*Ì ~8 $b~zF ¶(* bG4b ~{F*H bG2vQ - ,b£²* i*¡£0 e¡£/ {£g - Ä< b g - f £ 0 < ¡ p´* b jp+H S bE f£Q E¡E&°* -bc£1H -*2b ~6 £.¡-H f£S ~|s~{D* ibc-b D* < ¢ = ° bK /xE ebg D* mJ ibc-b D* f£Q ~7 hpgA b ~7 £D(* f+x© Q (* £A ~7 ° b» Q f£S Dbj´* f@@E¡@@E&°* ,4¡~8 z~z« Q ,&*x@@/ gp EH ib£S +x D* K ~9 JHb < ,vS < *x1'Q ¡E i4v~8 3(* b D¡0 f _~6&°* rx:H U "b 0bc~7&*H fE¡E&°* < _g - £C" ebgC b E b©°* *wG S "fE¡E&°* *¡J2"H b~6xE bÂ(* fJS x~|´* fc-b D*H ,x<b~{ D x~|E E i*x<b~7 f<¡ ¸ 8¡~|F ~9 Æ~{E < ¡GH Q *x D*H b£c£DH bJ4¡~6H Í ~z AH


Ö«∏Mh ÈM ;á«eƒeC G IOÉ¡°T s

,zMz/ L'K4 ·bm´* bF°

bGv < 4*¡F¡D Í Cb/ bj´* £c~6 ¢ < f£S <*v+(°* b -*5b½(* ¥HÆJ2 ¡ £F fJ*H4H +* bGv < ¥*x= b J4bE fJ*H4H f +* ibJ*H4 +4&*H *vDH bGv < E vJv D* Q &* °(* <H i4b@@+ rx: cF E =xD* ¢ <H b :&°* £D&b-H dg D* eb½(* ¯ f~9b~}= vmJ ° ibc-b D* cp D fm£ cD* f£ D*" Q &* vCU '¡- ¥v £ D&* £+*yJ(* ¤G bGH ,b£²* ¶(* @@/*x@@1(* ¯ ,¡Q @ @ D*H p+ Ä@@~@@|S @D*H + T  ° f£S D* - + ¤ g - ¥wD* f~{GvS Db+ £ D* 4¡ ~{D*H ."tD(* dg D* jE 2°H&°* S (* ebgC *v+(b+ °(* b gF4b E *vg+b+ ¡ ~z£~6 ,vBb S D* r*Æ@@B* ¶(* ¥v £ D&* ~8H bF2¡ J E ~7 ¥¡jF& Q °* v~z±*" k£0 f+bg D* ¯ fJQ ¡jF&* f Jx: ,&*x@@´* *v@@+(* ¯ Gb©  ° bE ¡@@GH "f+bg D* ~{D S }£ - ¤C x ´* 4b gFb+ @@94&°* ¤G ,K 2b@@< ,x<b~{DbA b <&* 1*2 fJS xpcD* ,b£²* bK ~}J&* b GH $b Q D*H d~|³b+ Ix@@1&* 2b~z/&* ¯ {£ - i*¡£0 1 f£S <H @@0xS @D* $b@@E ¢ < bFvg<* f £ < ,x<b~7 ib£S © v < BS ¡gF &* ¤ JH qDb~8 f£ ~6 Ov~|B&* ¡=b´* E b /*Hy+ b <*v+(* 4b~|g1* xL ~7 L b :&* oxs£A b ~9¡£+ rH O O xT D* O ~}N- v~z±* ¯" &*x D O 5O fAÉ~6H b~7 b £g +* d:bs-H "xpcD* E ¡c J ¡£ O D* 4 bJ" v~z±* 4*¡~6&* E Í/xs- *¡ < « ,M v£~|B ¯ bK c ~7 Oh 1 ¢g0 &*yS ©&* Oh£ +H i&*yQ mgA ,K v£0H Oh C ¤g +* ,2°¡D* u*x~8 N gO J ib£S JxU D* f £ ~6 bJ -4¡ ~6&* hF& P * K U " b~}J&* ¡ -H " 6bp T D* 9*¡0& P * ¶(* f /&°b+ Aw J .S L 4¡c< b _£~}J b£/&* EH P v~z±* 4*¡~6&* E Í/xs £ D* b C*x< O&*vcF ¯bs- ÉA ,2°¡@@D* b FS (* <bP ~|D* S U E ¥¡ £A £~} O- . ¥¡ £A £~} O H ¤ ; Í g S ."¥¡ J 4N b~8H Q ; D 4b~8 bK ~}J&* hF& P * vJv/ hª 0 f+bg D* Í+ 4b£g1°* 5&b@ ´ f~zJxA @@B&* µ i*ÌjC z +H T x: fE¡E& N ¤c£ 0 E ÁN2bBH ¤E¡E& °*H Q °* ¤g£+ eb+ ²* IJ* x F ¶(* 2bC ¤ +* b A v + ¤ 1*2 ¯ v~{gp P O´* d£ ²* b~{N £N /N 4¡D* ¡A cQ ~8H F¡D Ì£ - f £0 Oix g+bA x Db+ Á2Sv J b N JO ° ¤C ¤c£ p+ ¤gE¡E&b+ ¤g :b + dgC& O * fM :b~zc+ bF&* N -bE" ."f Jx= hN

ÈM b g.¡F&* v£U pJO A f +°* B¡E E fE¡E&°b+ fc-b D* $b g0* £ - Q 0 gm´*H bG4b g+* f J43 d-b D* /xS D* q ÂH gAb . )b0 ¢ < fE¡E&ÉD ,v0*H ,4¡~8 fE¡E&°* ,4¡~8 Q &° ,xS @ ²* b -2*4(b+ h ~|D* S hEygD* ,&*x@@´* Q S b g Q E Q &b+ h ; b F&° H&* f~6*v D* E fDbG b £ < s- f~6xS ´* E /xS D* C*4 bE b C(* ¯ x~|p - f+bg Db+ b D N 3P O&* &* v + )b + ,2b@@<(*H b E DP b g´* f s 1 ° b gF¡ £C ¡0 ib Q ~zE N G&P *" fEHb~z´* ¯ ¥2*5x ~{D* b .4( c ° f£S AH b FQ &° H&* vJv/ E Q f Cb¹ v + v S -&* "/",b£²* ¯ ¤ U 0 +b E f £D C fK Jb 0 fM :b~zc+ H&* "fc-bC ¤+ A*Æ<* +b E g<Æ1* ¥wD* tJ4bSgD* 4¡~8 2¡/H f £ p+ gm´* f /*¡E < h c/ b FQ &° ,vJv~7 S £ gD* v~|B&* ° xJv - B&* ¢ < f£S ~|s~{D* b gE¡E& * Ix1&* eb U D* ~{CH fE¡E&°* ¡0 D$b~z- ¤-*¡ D* ibc-b D* 2v< D f_:*¡g´* P fP £Q c =&°b+ fF4b E xCN wJO ° 2b J ,xJb E e4b© < hª 0 b C Q &°* < ¡GH g+bg + Oh Q C ¤~64vE Ìc - ¡~9¡E H& * ¯ Q " ¡ 0"h " H'H4" ib ~8 b~|D(* · ~{J µ ,2b D* ix/ . v S D* $*v@@+(* °H b gEvsg~6* " Q &*" + " b ²* cF"h S i$bg~6* 3(* Áv - ¤GH b -Äg1* ¤gD* °%°* < ¤EQ &° 4*wg<°* A i*¡E&ÉD f 0xS D* d : v£ - ¢ < h/x1 ¤ FQ &° f Q ´* ib+b 1 ¶(* g~6&* b@@F&*H - ¤g+x© £~8b - Oiv g~6* Q H2 Oix gF*H Q &°* v£< fc~6b § ¤ +* f~64vE ¯ eÉ D* p Q D* f E ,4¡~|D ¥¡ D* 4b:( °* Gv0&* x~z J &* IHv/ Q S $*x ²* f+bg D* ¡ 1 ÆsJ H&* Æ@@« ¤gD* f ~{D*H gD¡ : ¡ ~8 x U - ¤gD* fJQ x~{cD* EQ &* e¡£< *K x g~zE ÈM E ,v0*H i4b+ °H4 v g J " b :&*H ibJ*H4" *¡ < h« *3(* bK U gE ¡ £A f£Q E¡£D* b -b£0 ,x ~6&* xGb E x 1&* fc-b D* S (b@ A f£S ~zFx D* "¤G" f ¸ ¯ $b/ bE b Bv~8 bE H2 b :&°*H ibJ*HxD* v - b F&° *K vJxA bK £Q F*¡£0 bK <¡F O U ~{ ~9 fc-bC C b :&* 2v< 24¡- f S m´* &* ¶(* bK gA° b F

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

78


ย T CH ยคcย BH ยฅร 0H ยค~6%* fJQ v+&ยฐ* fAxย D* ,wAbF ย ย 1 ร ย J N ยคcย B d~6bย - ยฐ fM ยฃQ <b+4 H&* fยฃQ .ร . ยฏ fยฃQ )bย . ยขย +&* ย cย BH Q ย ยฃย ย D* ย b+H wDb+ Oiยกยด* ย c-xJ ย ยฃC bK ย E5 bย Dยก:&*H 2P ยก/ยกD* P vJyยด* ย bย G "ย M BR xN G ย jE xย ยฒ* ย < ยขF*ยกgJ ยฐH ย D( ยฐ* ร ย + P N xR ย 0*H ร ย D* ย E ร +4bย D* ย H&* bJ ย -ร ~8 xR ย 0bA ย p P ย Q D* ย E 4Hy- ,bยฃยฒ* ร ย +4&* ยฏ rHxD* ยถ(* ร ย ~8*ยกD* ย H&* bJ ย +bยฃ= N *K 4*xย ~8* vT ~7&* ย Jxยณ* Sย &* 4xQ ย -H bย Fbย /&* qgRย -N fN ~}Jxยด* x@@ย R @ยฒ* ยถ(* 2ยก@@ย @ -H ย @M @/b@@< ย 2 ย @@ย @F d@O @ย @ย @- ย @@BQ ยก@@g@ ยด* ย @@E O N * ย *4HvQ D*H ย cย JH ยกย ย J f~}Jxยด* 4O v~8 ย cย JH ยกย ย J ย yJ5& O - ย ย Q ยซ ยค@@EU O&* Q bย ย E ย ย ~zO ย ยฃ04 ร g)xD* fN 0bย -H Nย ยกย ~}D* ย ร -H ยฅxย S ~zD* P ย E ย Hxย D*N Q Nvcย D*H n~zย ย cD* xN G5 vย R ยฑ* fย ย ย ย D ย vย J ยขย Q ~|ยด* ย bExย ย D* ย E dย B M ย ย ~7 ยขย < ยค@@EU O&* R ย ยฉxยด* bย +xย < fยฃย E yQ D* ย fย 94(ยธ* zยชย ย I

ยฅvcC ยฏ 4bย Q D* 6x< ย cB Pย EHxC RhBร 0* ยฅv~z/ ยฏ qย ยด* xย F vย + Pย Gbย ~7 Rh~zcJ bย BยกAH Pdยฃย ยฒ* ยขย < PhF&*H bF&* ย bย Dbย gE Pv+&ร D qJยกย gQ D* ย E fL pFQ xE zย ~7 KbFb~|ย B ย ยกpF Pย bย ~7b<H Pย bย Dbย gE N ยฐ* Nv)*5 K*ร ย ยฃgย ~6 ยคย ~}FH Pv= ย ยก1 ย ร 0& ย ยฃย ยฃ< ย EH ยค-xC*3 Ohย ~94 Pย ยฃgย ย 0 ย E Pv+yQ D* ยขย < fK ย Gb~7 o*ยกE&ยฐ* ย )bย ~7 Ohย ~8 L O fK Fยกย E K*4bย E&* iv~|0H Wยฅ2ยก/H ย ย ~7 bย + Pv-ยกD* x~}1&*L ย ยก~7HL fย _~6&*H ยคg.*v0H ยคgJQ ยกG 2ยก/ยกย D ยค)bย gF* hF&* Pvย cD*H tJ4bgS Db+ ebc~6&ยฐ* fDยก~8ยกยด* ib/x~{0 Rh+bmg~6bA ยคย ~6b+ ย . Pย ย ~6b+ OhJ2bF ยฅvDH bGvย + ย E Iv~|D* q~}-*H P 4v~|D* Q Q fJ'H4 ย bย E(ยฐb+ 4b~8H P,bยฃยฒ* ย ย FO Rix-ยก-H Pvย ~|D* ,4ยก~6 ยกย g- $*x~}ยณ* ย 0H4 Q L f-ยกBยกE L fย 04 Pย F&* ร ย ย gQ D* 6&b+&* bE R Pv_-*H Tยฅ3ยกยฒ* bย J&* ยค<*43 ย ~zE*

77

55

Oรณ``````````````````````````````ยฉ`dG 2 0 1 7 ยฃfCCย CCย CCยชCCI ย CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*


,zMz/ L'K4

/䃟Gh ´É°VQE’G Gó«°ûf/ ∫ƒ¨dGh ΩCt ’G

¥2¡±* b~z0 2 ª /K 0&* Monitor

h G* 7f I(* jG%*

zP Q g D bK GbcgF* ¡.É. fK m~zC&* H fK Bx EH fK £Fb. ¡ ~z °(* IxF ÉA ob/TyDb+ ¡FxJ i¡ D b jEH ,b£p D M R ~6 P O DR &* P O ¡/x- ~6 bJ bGvQ A ,b£p D f£Q ³* i*4b~7(°* ib~6b F* 2Q 4 °% P °* E fL £~7b= ¡/x- b@@G2S 4 + fK ~z 1 :*¡ D* xU ²* $b cD* ¯ Ä- &U °* ¡£< R 2H ¡ O O D* ¶(* $N b+x D* h g~6* Í0 N L x)b: Qy­ v D Í £D* ,yGb/ rHxQ D* k£0 L L * {J4 9bAH ,4*2 ¯ bK Fv E ¤c B 4b~8H h cgF* Í0 }£+& N h+wC M$°%* U¥&b+ N h /4 3(* /xJ eb B&°* N M$°%* ¥&Q *H hBv~8 N Q * bF&* ¡A e¡g ´*H i°% P °* fBb 0 ¡0 2*v@@/&°* fN 0 O ~}A& Q O L z J vQ @ c@ J H&* Hb@ P Äp+ ¡~8¡E Í D* O @ @J ° l4(* Ñ* zEÉJ ¤C c B jE vGbmJ °H $b cD* ,N ym E 4¡g£F¡´*

P O RsJO Í0 -b J ° ¤ C }cF N L 0&* O J Í0 Hb J ° O Q x JH xJx~zD* ¯ ¥HQ v@@´* cN D* Q ¯ q+O wR JO 4N ¡ ~| D* EQ &bgJ W b~9(* L N E d<xQ D* £ gD ¯ FQ &bC P$b ~zD* P N FQ &bC eb~z²* ¡J Q R O f ~} ´* i¡´* f£.É. H&* &U °* OvcC &U °* f)4 &U °* d B O ¥v < ¡ D* EQ 2 ¢ < qL £B f Q . fJQ ¡EvQ D* ,24¡DbC hpQ P g £.*x±* *4¡A E ÈC& * ÈC& * £ £< d~6b J £ D 5L b¸ P ~6% h¿ f £Q B*¡D* f D E ÈC&* P P P * fJQ ¡£²* ,24¡DbC hpg -

µO &°*H $O b@@B45 Oi*$É@@´* ·¡@@0 D¡0 P +xB P 1 P @P @Eb@@E&* O * xJb g´* ¢ < $b~z Q D* } + fP JQ v+&°* fB4QyD* ¯ z ~7 ° 45& N b -ÄD* E ¢ <&*H ¢ 0&* hF& P * b C hF& P *H S Fb C&* ~z J x P Q D* Q O P FO b 0 ¥¡pF }CxJ ¶vgJ ¥w DS * Oiv< v D ¤EU O&* h£cD* ¢ < P Q Q J¡ Db+ 0& *H ¤cG * P P D* *Ì U wQ D* 5U 4 E -ÉcB E c~7& O c + 9¡ Q D* £ g~6&* ° ¤ Q D Oix: v D ¤EU &* ¡ D* ¶( * P P w E b Q p+ NÍ ~|- " v Db+ ,L v£Q E hF&*H ,b£²* Jx- £C R N bE G3 2H*xJ *3bE 0 qQ g gJ ¤C $bE °H bK E¡J Í.É. P N N *H i*¡ D& BHx< ¯ ¤g DS * 7¡0¡D* ~7 ¡G P ~|D*H P N Q vD* g - N N S N ~7 f<b~6 - fÂy D* vJx- ° ¤gD* ,b£²* Q (* @P @cQ @0&* ¯ d£+bF&°* ~9H f<b~6 -H d£ ²* &U * 4v~8 E )*¡~zD* Q b J&* µR &* H2 v Q mg- ¤C rHxQ D* y - fM D%* C D*H F& ° *H ²* P P P eb gDbC L fJQ 2b£0H fL £ £ 0 b~|< S &* x D ÉK £ B bF45 i¡´* M U ¥¡B D* *H ÌM 1 W *4 F& N ~} - R vG M O O j<§¡Ã ,4fM5 Q * bF&* hF& *¡~7& P * 4N *H2&°* 2bcgF P °* E ¢ Q ²* ,N 24H F& Q * ¤C ¤0H4 ~zF E bK GxE O ~8&* N O p:&* Hxp´* v / d :4& K O b J ° b : e¡cF& vQ D* ibQ c0 S C P N °* DR O&*H d£ ²* E $*H O ¯ rHxQ D* b g1*H fO D¡m D* xO +(°* b Q ~{- b-4*xE hF& P *H bF&* O E&°*H eb /& P °* rxQ - ebG O xQ D* ¤<b ~8°* $*¡ D* Ix¸ U h£cD* b~z+ ¢ < h@ @ F * & H b@ @ F * & ib ~z D* *Æ@ @0*H fO Jv³* P P P ¢ 0&* ÍP £ D* f £ / P$b ~zDbC T Q X &b+ rL xA T ~{J Ì ~|D*H ¡ F ¤~7*¡²* ,5x E *K 4¡~8 b Q ~}J *yJ °H *y D* f 0ÉE E P fL m~z + h~zcJ b C )*v²* d£-x- v£ J *yJ °H b£³b+ R P P E ÌO ~|D* E h@P @F&*H bF&* *'P ¡~zD* /H E Í D* ¢ < Q Q O S (* v£ J EH "Ìc D* :*¡ D* fAxS E hFbC b jE ¤@@EU &* · P R Q v£ J E qEÉ´*H N D* i¡ D G ÍP JvjD* fFb~}0 ¡pF P Q Q Oib EQvD* O « bc/ C " B ¡Q g D* bGv~8¡J x D* $*4H ,L wAbF M O &* Ì= ¯b~{´* ¯ xQ ´* Q D* cg- ¯*¡ D* fcQ-xE ,L b~6&bE ¥v-xJ bK £F&* ,M °bcE É+ Ì~zJ ¢~9x´* ÆA2 BQ ¡J &* ¢+&bJ i¡´* 2bcgF b g£D O *xF °H *xF b gAx= eb+ x J ¤~} D*H ¤ p D* S S *¡~6 °H *¡~6 bF&* hF& P * 4*H2&°*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

76


¤c£c0 Áx@@ @F&* Áx@@ @F&b@A P @£@D(* Oh AvF* ¤@@B*Æ@@0* @N @9b@@A IH3 ¤g D O £gB ¡GH fO F¡ ´* O$b~6x³* bF&* " z£~6xF" Kb<*2H" O 0¡F 224&* bF&*H rO ¡ J ¡GH P )bE Pf ~9 ¢ < N qJx D T P NN v +&* "Kb<*2H" ,"Kb<*2H d0& T * E bJ" ,,"Kb<*2H d0& T * E bJ O fc£³* ¤ gDb= "",L b£0 Pf D* Nv +&* "",L b£0 " z£~6xF" bJ O O ,"¤~z£~6ÊC" ¤B¡~{ C Oh@@JH3 Mh ~|+ £0xD* ¤ C%bO T 4N b~8 } D* ¥24H 4H Rh~z_J qJxC Pe¡c D* GH E P M OhJH3 K*xs~8 ¢ < rL ¡ ~zE IKv~8 ¤0H4H Í ~7b D* P /¡D dpg J O O P-bG%* P-b C O ´&* Í )bgD* ¢ 1 O bg~{- Pv D* P 4b E N "HHHHH¡ J(*" £ D* k+b D* *H N¥2¡ 1 ¤ GH b£0& N "§ M(* ;" N P Jx²* *w+ ÍAÆ´* ¤ + O S N /H ¥¡g0&* Oh C " ~{<" O *H ,L y/b<" z G& N k F& O *H Pf g D* P,x~}1 ¢ < ¤ ~7 d£ D N "¤ Q A £ £< P ,x~}0 ¯ ¤g D bJ ¤P FN ¡C&* &R * < b@@F&* O H*xJ £_D Q E Oh Q gJ O /H N bCH " ~{<" M £ C $b C ¤ M bE Á&Q b@ @C ¤@@ Q @< É@K @ 0*4 ÁÄ O @ @J " ~{<" $b@@ @~@z@D* fN @ @B45 Á&Q bC " ~{<" ¤ FN bC bE O @gO C bE Á&Q bC Á5b0 bE O -y0 Á&Q bC " ~{<" ¡gD* P`A*xE ¢ < PfJQ v+&°* wN JHb - Oh -Q 4 bE N * Kb D&* OhBÆ0* bE Á&Q bC *v~8 P ~}cF N /4 Oh C bE D& M * D& U N *¡0 ¢ < ¤ 0É- qJxD* ¤ Q E &*y -H " ~{<" %°* - O f ~7b< b@@J i¡~|D*" O N ¤@@~@6&*4 bg J ¢@@ @A&b@C O q£p D* *3 N Q O O D Ri2b F* *3(* xO gJ rP HxD* f/5b: bJ xO CwD*H *v~8 } cJ Nv +" "4¡ D* N2*v@@c@g@~@6* ¥5¡@@p@g@D fN @ B4b@@ @ ´* Á¡@@C b@@j@ F&* Á&Q bC ÁOv@ /&* °H ¤ ~z~z«& * ¤@@-*3 ¢ < 4O ¡Q @ @-&* " £0xD* O T * Pi*4b ´* Pib=*xA ¯ N$ v@@D* b£Q g- Mi*43 O -&* ¤ Q E ~zF& N N : bFÉC 4b~{gJH b O D* P0¡F rN ¡+ T224&* P,4¡m ´* P *3 O EvC O J K*4¡j E $K bcG O2vc-&* ¤ @B4bA&* " £0xD* Nv +" M " £0xD* Nv +" ÍF&°* O È + P$¡~}D* Pi*4b~zE ¯ C*ÆE M N N ¤g ~8 ¤ ~} +&* ¤-¡~8 ¤ B4bA Iv~|D* bF&* bF&* MfJ¡G É+ N @T @C b P-bAb~zE e¡@ O @ D&* Iv@@ ´* P$*x@@p@~@8 @T @C · P *x@@ @ D* *3 T *H M$ 2 Pi*$b/4 Kb~6¡ ~7 Kbp B K*xG5 b O<45&* ÍFbm´bC -4& N M ~{< } + N @@Jx@@+b@@< bJ" ¤-É~8 O ~zO cQ -&* Mi¡@@~@8 } + S (* Tv@@-x@@JH P-b B Ov~|0&bA " Jx+b< bJ @@+ b£0&bA · Jy²* 6x1& 4N 2b= bE &R bC Kb_~6b1 O °* ¤ /4 Á N

75

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

Q C O cQ B&* Oh C MibJQ 4¡0 É+ PibJb p D ¢ K E T¥&*H H¡ J(* O F&* ¡p~|gA z ~{D* Pf~{GvD* P É; ¢ < ¤ F È xN . rM bc~8 P ¤EvB M f : Pkc + O @ ~@ 64&* b@@GÌ O @Ab@@~@|@< O2x@@ @g@A P$*x@@~@}@³* S *x¸ ¯ |B*ÆgA P Eb³* P Hv±* PfB45 ¯ Í-Ì ~|D* O d~{ D* ¡ £A P 4¡ D* Pf ~9 ¢ < oN 5b D* N¥v~z/ TvE&* ,O b£²* O O bA ¤ =v=vO p~9& Pib@@ G%°* xO @Ay@@JH Kb ~7 O @g@« T¥v@@ @D* O x J ° P D¡D* PeH42 ¯ E P b ²* ex~6 Ì O ¤ gC < O JH S O N R DH ,N ¡ ²* b -N x.x. ~{ J ° "¡ J( PibJb p D £C *" fN £p~9 N ¡C&* &R * ¤ < S N bC "bJbp~9 É+ " Mib D É+ N g - &R * O Á&Q * Oh ;H b gN £Q p~9 N ¡C&* &* iÆ1* "*ÌG" H& * " 6¡J5" K O O Nv~z/ { J M ¡ C bjG° O gO J&*4 P c~{D* P D(°* Pf D E i¡½ O b 0H4 N Oh~9Æ<bA P gJQ 4¡0 N i4Qv@1 Pfc~9b D* "*ÌG" e42 ° oM H5 fN Fb£1 Oh QG¡- *w G H&* b gO £R ~zF&* Pib D* Pxp~z+ N @0H O c~{J Px 0&°* P @@A&°* ¯ rN ° ¥4b F z ~7 RhBÆ0* Í O ¤ gc ~6 ¤ gcBb< P +b < < yO m - b@@ @F&°H O 2b@@ ³* O £: QO -&* IKv~8 fN J4¡0 ¤ -Ì~8 ¤gJ*¡= 6&S * ¤g gA ¤-¡~8 Q N O Á&Q * x J ° @@EH "HH¡ J(*" ¤ N ~6&° Pib D* N b ~6 N R DH " z£~6xF" fO ~7b< I¡ D* P ¡ § rN ¡c- &* rP Hx D £C N bGP2b£~8 p + ~{g- MfD*y C O g 0° P bgQ D* P KbFbggA* i¡´* ¢Q ¢gQ 0 P £A ¤N Q < d£=& O *H O 2O 24&* U¥v D* P -¡~8 N /4 Oh C PÌ.&°*


,zMz/ L'K4

G* oMz0

zƒμjEG{

r*QvB I'H4 2

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

74


f£~zFx D* ¶(* Ãx D* %*x D* Áb E /ÆE fEv ´* E H&°* $y±* b £A dgC ¤gD*H Hv 1 +* ,4b E (* ¤´b< Áb~zF(* l*Æ@@C £m~z- ¢ < D* dmJ £ < l4(* $*¡~zD* ¢ < ¡£+4b ´*H ex D*H ¡Jx)*y±* + xs J ~|E Í£FHv s D "f cB" ¶(* b J¡« /&* E bK £Ab . v mgD* vmJ ib D* +H b©* C E b F¡_£mJ f£Ax ´* i*$b~} D* w@@G b£g=* gJ *3b@@´ $b~zg D D f0b~zE hFbC *3(* ±b+ b£g=* h ~|Db+ b£g=* ",Ìc D* ,4b C Í-4b E (bA +xE ÆE¡ £C Á¡£ E E vJ5&* x)*y±* 4bgE&°* i*x~{< } + b g0b~zE Iv g- ° ¤gD*H Hv 1 +* f0b~zE °¡« &* b-42bB z£gFbAx~6 ,4b E b jEH f +x´* b Ab ~9&* b ~9&* ¶(* ¥yExD*H ¯b jD* £sg´* ¯ x)*y±* *K vJxAH *K y£ gE bK J5¡E4 *K v + v cD* *wG $b <(b+ D3H x)*y±* ¯ bK £c~zF ÍÂvB Í£Ab . Í<Hx~{E $b£0(* &* v g<&* ¶(* 2¡ J ¥wD* "f£FHv ³* ib~6*4vD* yCxE Hx~{E" b GH "f£+¡ / ¡ JxE&°* f£+x D* fcg ´*" Hx~{E *wCH 2003 f ~6 ¥wD*H f£+x D* f Ebm D +b- Hx~{E ¡GH 2005 ¶(* 2¡ J ¥wD* É£ C bJ4b~}²* b<Hx~{´* *wG x)*y±b+ x E 2v0 ¶(* Hv 1 +* ,4b E ¡pJ &* F&b~7 E ¯b . @@D&* s+ Hv 1 +* ¡0 Í g~{´* £ ± ¤0b£~6H ¤ <H ¯b . 4*yE fcg ´* Hx~{E x« ¡D ~z F x@@E&°*H µb D* b ~8&* C ¯ f B ¶(* z£gFbAx~6 ,4b E hD¡pgD f£+¡ / ¡ JxE&°* f£+x D* i¡~{£C H2 d0b~8 {Gv´* ¤)*HxD* *wG b~{< b E J m~6 b E hFbC ¤gD* f ~8b D* x)*y±* f JvE f~{G2 ¢ < <*v+(* f EH v D $b Q ~|D* b -*4b < h ~6b+ ° b CbE&* i*xC*w+ v´* b ´* ,xC*3 h c-4* &b+ x)*y±* b© bK £s~6 tJ4bgD* bC Hv 1 + 0xD* vc< Í£´b< Í < Í ~6b+ v cD* *wG ¯ z£gFbAx~6 £m£EH <&*H v +&* fJ4b~}0 i°°2 pJH gJ e*x- :¡D* (* b +b£= ¯ ¤gD* b -xC*3 94&°* w D v P D *K 3(* b£A*x ±* E b@@£@/&°*H pF £~}F b B¡A @@E b F5*¡- v g~6H T mON g~6 fE2b D*

73

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

¯b .H ¤0b£~6H ¥2b~|gB* d B ¶(* Db+ ¡pg£D $b~} D* ¯b 0 ¢ < ÉK jE £sg D ~6¡g´* xpcD* f E ¯ ¤/3¡¿ qgA E z£gFbAx~6 ¡0 £.¡- yCxE fEbB(* z£gFbAx~6 ,4b E dJ2&°* *wG ¢ < ¡ g~{J JwD* Íj0bcD*H ebg D ibEbB(* bK £)b £~6 bK £+2&* z£gFbAx~6 µb + f£<*v+(* fBÉ< D H&* ¤´b D* "bK £Ab . x)*y±* f JvE £ < ¡ g~6 *3bE bK £ £ ~{- H&* bK £0x~zE 1547 z£gFbAx~6 ,bAH ¢ < HxB f +4&* 4Hx§ gpJ µb D*H ¥yExD* $b~} D* *wG b@@E&* ¡£D* x¿ &* Jy0 1616 A2 gJ b¿&bCH rH4 Hv+ bK gEb~8 *K x E *K 24b+ vmgA ·b D* gJyEx+ Ìc D* b ´* *wG ¯ f£FbjD* ,x D z£gFbAx~6 ,4b ´* w@@G ¡ ~z£F¡£D* f_£G m~z- &* 9Hx ´* E b@@C Áb~zF(°* l*Æ@@D* f )bB fp)° ¢ <" z£gFbAx~6 ,4b E" ¯ Ì.&b-H 4¡~}0 ÌcC E z£gFbAx~zD b´ bK £´b< ~|´* f£+H4H&°* fJ2x~zD* ¢ < Ì.&b- EH f£´b D* f£)*HxD* e*2%°* f£ JxE&°*H Hx D* hFbC b E z£gFbAx~6 fEb + d-bC bG$b/ *K 2É+ (* H2 gJ*H4 f+bgC ¯ D bK Cx¹ hFbC ¤gD*H b £A bG$b/ ¤gD* f£Ab jD* µb D* ,xC*3 E $y/ ¤G i¡~{£C £Kz 1 ¢+* ,4f H f JvE ·b@@<&* ¯ b £D(* &bmgD* ¤gD* -4b E z£g Ax~zD b C H ¥2 i¡~{£C H2" ,vDb³* gJ*H4 f+bgC ¯ x~7 b £AH x)*y±* Hv 1 + 0xD*vc< fEÉ D*H u4'¡ D bC v A "b~{g E° lÉ. ,vE bK g E b £D(* &bmgD* Ix1&* ,4b E 1406 1332 ) $y±* dgC b £AH 1378 b D* ¶(* 1375 b D* E i*¡ ~6 b~z~6'¡E bK /xE qc~8&* ¥wD* "fEv ´*" Ì ~{D* +bgC E H&°* *x D* < ¯ ¢ < "iHy=Hb- ,4b E" ¢ ~z- ¤gD*H Hv 1 +* ,4b E v/¡ i4b£- fJ°¡D f +bgD* ,vFxA f JvE E f £ B i*ÆE¡ £C v + C 400 ¡pF v + ¢ <H f£ g~6xD* fDHvD* f ~8b< ix £-

wG ,vFxA f Jv§H f ~8b D* x)*y±* f JvE ex= e¡ / ¡GH H&°* Í ~z´*H ex D* Jv~8 Ì+ b/ x~{g~z´* vDH


,zMz/ L'K4

¿ÉJQɨe ôFGõ÷G ‘ ªk¡D4f G "m§ ªF £K2" mzGKK £Kz 1 ¢+* "jHz H" mzGKR f ¤ªD ¥H*yD* ÍE&* ,vDb1 fJyE4 « i¡­ ° °K É; « f:b~z+ +H b F&° 94&°* wG ¢ < Ix1&°* CbE&°* c~{- ° CbE&°* } + R N N + bg c-4* Í-4b E J54b+ ÍFb E ~}J ¤+x D* µb D* ¯ f0b~zE ÄC&°* v cD* x)*y±*H É<&* E JÌcC Í ¯ b D* *wG x~7 Í-4b ´* Í-bG ¯H " z£gFbAx~6 ,4b E" f£FbjD*H " Hv 1 +* ,4b E" ¶H&°* f£Fb~zF(°* tJ4b H2"H Hv 1 +° "fEv ´*" b F(* 4¡~| D* xE ¢ < f£Fb~zF(°* f+bg D*H Ì gD* ¯ fB4bA fEÉ< *v J Í+bgC f+bgC z£gFbAx~zD "i¡~{£C 4¡ + 2*25¡ + ¤0 ¡£D* ¢ ~zJ ¤p+ f ~8b D* ·b<&b+ v/¡ D ¡~6x- ¤gD* ~zD* dB*xJ ; b ´* *wG E bK +b~6 ¶(* ,2¡ D* ·bgDb+H b E v0*H ÇE ¢ < 4bp+(ÉD bK Jx: vmJ b£Fbc~6(* v + m~6 E z£gFbAx~6 ¥2 £m£E eHxG fDHb¹ h c-4* v D c~6 D i&b£GH -v<b~6 ¤gD* ¤GH fJx)*y/ ,bg D d0 f~| + ¤gD* ~{ D* fBÉ< m~6 vBH ,4b ´* ¯ $b g1°*H eHx D* ."i¡~{£C H2" gJ*H4 ¯ f £ ±* ,&*x´* w + g / ·b<&b+ ,4b E ¯ z£gFbAx~zD "i¡~{£C H2" fJ*H4 ivDH v D ¡14'¡EH 2b F Äg J ¥wD* ¤)*HxD* | D* ¡GH x)*y±* f JvE ¤@@)*Hx@@D* 2x~z D f£ £ ²* ,2°¡@@ D* ¤´b D* ¤@@)*Hx@@D* e2&°* ¢ Q © i¡~{£C H2 E f£´b D*H f£+H4H&°* e*2%°* ¯ kJv²* £ / ¯ f0¡g ´* f£+¡ ~6&°* i*x@@Eb@@ @´*H ¤@@)*Hx@@D* AvgD* f£)*HxD* 2Hx~zD* f ~8b D* x)*y±* b ~6 b £ ~zJ *w G " z£g Ax~6 ,4b E" gJyEx+ ÌcC $b~}A f@@ @Jv@@´* ·b@@<&b@ + ,2¡@@/¡@@´*H ¡@@£@ D* z£gFbAx~6 x~7 ,4b ´* wG ¯ f£´b D* f£Ab jD* -°°v+H fJ*HxD* wG b~{gFbE° ¥2 i¡~{£C H2 Ì ~{D* < f+bgC ¯ bK Fb¸ y£Ab~7 ¡ £G 0*xD* ¤ JHy D* z£)xD* b E 5H ¤gD* ·b D* e2&°* *¡BHwg£D £ :*¡E ¢ < fs~zF ¡£ E ,4b E" @@J¡@@«  d@@²* @@E Ì@@j@CH $b@@Cw@@D* @@E £ + Í£)*HxD* C £D(* npJ b E ¶(* x)*y±* f Jv§ " z£gFbAx~6 b JxE&*H b£Fbc~6(* @@E z£gFbAx~6 ¤c¹ £ /H Í£´b D* *wG ~{ J &*  Ì+vgD* E £ +H µb D*H f£ £-ÉD*

ªkIfD| 6 ,4f H x)*y±* E fcJx= fJb 0 1616 1547 z£gFbAx~zD IxC3H e2&*H d0H m~6 fJb 0 bE *wG "*K 4bp+ H&* v D* ¯ *K x/b- H&* bK GbC ¡ - &* bE(*" ¢ < ¡ sJ ¡GH z£gFbAx~6 £m£E eb~{D* +° e&°* DbB e¡C4 f.ÉjD* E Ì@ @1&°* *wG 4bg1* &* bCH ,b£²* fcg< N K b<bm~7H bK £C3H bK p/bF D3 ¯ b A xpcD* f+bg D* f£ ~7 ¢ < f0¡g E ivDH -*xEb EH xpcD* f£ ~7 &bCH z£gFbAÌ~6 IvD f~{Gv´* fJ2x~zD* b g£cJx©H E f£Db J(°* z +bF E bK E2bB fF¡ ~7x+ f JvE ¶(* *K v)b< Hv@@D* @@E f@@Db@@~@64 ÉK @ Eb@@0 f@@Jx@@p@c@D* @@-É@@04 @@E ,v@@ 0*H ~6¡g´* xpcD* Ä - -x1b+ 3(*H b£Fbc~6(* E ¶(* ¥Hb~z D* 2¡/H Ä1 ¥x@@)*y@@±* ¡ ~6&°* ,4bp+ b ~6&* ¶(* ¢Gb f£~|s~7 xpcD* ebc< xs­ f £ ~6 ÇE ¢ < f E f£~|s~7 ¥x)*y±* ¡ ~6&°* 9Æ<* b£Fbc~6(* E ¶(* fDb~64 « z£g Ax~6 b gE ¢ < bC ¤gD*H " z ~7" ,b ~z´* ,x1bcD* ¡ - f E fJvA ¢ < *¡ ~|pJ &* E&* ¢ < bK £m~6 H2bgB*H E fDb~64 " Eb0" b § K b £m~6 b + £D x)*y±* f Jv§ m~6 ¶(* z£gFbAx~6 2bg J 4x0 $*x~7 v + °(* gJx0 v g~zJ µH 1580 ¢g0 1575 øe Hb0 wG m~6 ,vE É1H 1580 Ä gc~6 ¡ J&* 19 tJ4bg+ bC F Ä< eHx D* E ­ vBH ,ÌjC i*x@@E eHx D* ,4b § ¢ g1* k£0 $b £´* ¢ < f ´* f+b Db+ $b £´* ~|J

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

72


‘ ,Ò°üb §FÉM ÜÉàμdG ¿CG º¡«∏Yh ,ájQÉéàdG ádCÉ°ùŸG ¿EG Gƒ°übôjh GÒãc Gƒé¡àÑj äóLh hCG ,áØ«ë°U º¡d äô°ûf ô°ûæàd Ée Ék ≤jôW º¡Ñàc

¶(* ix/x/ Í0 i*¡ ~6 w E ¤ E lv0 bK +bg g~6* f . &* ¢g0 ~|0&* µH b< ,v´ ¥v + ¯ f£ ¹ f £p~8 ¯ f+bg D* ix~z1 D3 E ÈC&* f £~zcD* f ~zD* "*K x ~7"@D* - ¢ < · hpgA ¥wD* c D bK £E&b- bC hB¡D* D3 ¯ *K ÌcC bK cE gCx-H bK Jx ~7 Jw - &* 9Æ ´* E bK +b~z0 f £p~|D* £A ¢g0 f~|0 x ~7 C E g~zJ cD* ÍF*¡ D bK c F *w G f+bg D* b~{F =x+ ~zC E b@@< 4Hx@@E v + C ¢ gF* ¤ cDb J fE*x~|+ cD* ¤ c:b1 D3 E ÈC&* x g~z´* + D J2&* cE 2*v~z+ $b£g~6* £A *K ÌjC bK EÉC hcgC fDb~6xD* ¢ < i224 *K Ì@@1&* ¤)bc<&*H ¤-°b ~{F* dc~z+ f+bg D* < 4*wg<* *K Ì@@1&*H ¡DH ¤G bE D b~|-°* $b/4 f m+ 2xD* Á$b/H ,Ìj D* b JvD f+bg D* E ­ ¤gD* 'Hbc<&*H -°b ~{F* f~8b1 f£-b£0 4¡E&* Ì~z g+ dDb:&* ,xE H&°H Ix1&* fEv~8 v£~84 É+ ¤ /bg« f ± b~|-°* fCx~7 IvD ¥v£~8x+ b D¡0 E $¤~7 + E°%* ix~9&* ¥wD* µ'¡´* EyD* ;&* *¡m gcJ &* £ <H fJ4bmgD* fD&b~z´* ¯ Ì~|B )b0 ebg D* cgC iv@@/H H&* f £p~8 D ix~{F (* *¡~|BxJH *ÌjC ¡ ;¡J » HÌj D* b + E'¡J fJx F wG x~{ gD bE bK Jx: ¤gD* v£~84 É+ /bgpF f/4vD z£D D gp ~|´ f+bg D* ¶(* h~}E f J¡: i*¡ ~zD fJx~zB ,2b@@<(* b F(* b D h~9x °3(* ÍF*¡ D b£~|F°* E v+ ° bC Í0 ibJ*vcD* b@@J&* Ì gJ µ bK _£~7 &bC *v+(°* f0b~6 ¯ $b cD* /&* E *v+(°* f B*H *y- bEH v g- µ bK ~}J&* f+bg D*H v gJ µ x D* &bCH µ ¤gD* fJ*vcD* fJ*H4 fJHx D* fFb~|²*H ¡ ExC fJ*H4 v < A fJ*v+ I¡~6 -

71

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

ebg D*H *Æ0*H f+bg D* *Æ0* b£~6 ¯H £ < 4b g´* -¡<2 g- &* b -bJ*v+ ¯ g+bgCH Í)vgcE *¡FbC ¡D ¢g0 f ¸ H&* f £p~8 ¯ *¡cg £D -¡<2 H&* b E ¥&* ¯ b~{F ¥&° b gc£G f£<*vD* f m DH B¡ 0 d-b D - fÂxC f Jx + f£ G&* f / H&* bE v + ¯ f£E¡ 0 f / hFbC&* $*¡~6 b gFb EH v£~84 É+ }C4 xJx« z£)4 H&* *K 4x¹ &* cB E ~zF µH f+bg D* *K x~zB cg g~6*H g £p~|D x/ ¢g0 d-bC 1 f£Ab jD* ibp ~|D*H Hx E *wG *K ÌjC fm)*4 f ~6 h~z£D b -bEv1 < $b g~6°* H&* bG'Hb D(* ~zJ ¤gD* ibp ~|D* E fp+x´* ibFÉ<(°b+ f £p~|D* i&ÉgE* *3(* ,vJv~7 fD¡ ~z+ H&* f@@J*H4 4Hv~8 Ä1 jE ¯b . Ä1 ¥&° ÂH bK @J4b@@© x g J &* b GH b G ,HvF H&* f£~zE&* fEbB(* Ä1H x ~7 *¡J2 lvpJ vB bE *K 4x~9 f . &b+ 6b~z0(* ¥&* É+ *K 4¡ ~7H £+b~6&* 4bc1&*H f<b~zD* 4*vE ¢ < x~{ - ¤gD* ÉK jE ~6&°* 4bc1&* z + ¯ b§ p~|D* ¯ f EbC ~6x- ¤gD* f£~9bJxD* ib~zAb ´* ib ~6*4 b Fx~}0 J vB ¤)ÉD* i*Hb ~z²* ¡@@/H D3 Ì ~7 ¤+H4H&* d E ¯ ivGb~7H ¡/¡D* ¢ < G2É+ É<&* f£0b£~6 A*¡B Ì ~|D* ¥vDH E rb²(b+ ÍEb< w E -45 ¡~|p D $bs~z+ ¡ AvJ 6b D* ib_EH iÉAb²* E c Cb£ D* E 4¡~8 b gD* H&* v@@B ,x@@C d<ÉD ,4¡~8 ¢ < f ´* x D* ¤c<ÉD f~8¡~8x´* wG ebg g~6°* ,¡<v+ ´* |s~{D* ¢ < 2xD* g~6&* µ bK 0 ¡ 0 v/¡- G x A&*H ,ÆA )b~64 ¯ v0&* h ; ¤gJH*5 ¢ < &b C&b~6 G "v£~84 É+ *K v0&* dg g~z- f £p~8 IvD ÉK Jy/ *K x ~7 b -&bAb E f£<¡ - fJH*5 qc~|- &* h A*H (* ,&bmA ixCw- f p D* - ¯H x ~7 H2 E ¢g0 b§4 H&*


,zMz/ L'K4 bEH i*¡ ~6 x~{< w E £A h < x~7 f . Bx+ h ~|-* Í0 %°* ¢g0 £A bK Db< hD5 24b+ a2bG i¡~8 · ox1H q J bC gE D3 v + hAx< b C ¥¡Fb. dDb D i*Ä D* °K b F bK -bGH bK £DbE bK <2 ¤ E d J b@@C <vD* d J *5 bEH fAx E +b~6 ¥&* É+ f £;H ¢ < 4¡j<H x D* ¯ Ev - =x+ E gF*H bG4¡ -H -*¡ D* +bgJH f/H5H ¶(* ¤ £~6É D* b£C¡ D* -bG E 6b D* 5b - ¥&* É+ 7 ¡A ¥%* %°*H ¾¡~zEb~zD* ¤ D f+bg D q ~|- f~|B *y@@- bEH hFbC ebgC ¯ b E *K Ì@@ @~@8 *K $y@@ / ix jg~6* 2bc- x@@1%* ¯ x~}s´* ~|g´* iÄ@@1&*H ¡GH bK ~{Gv E *vcA gcgC ¤ F&* E )b~6x D b <&* /4 g ; "d-bC hF&* G 22x@@J ,v£/ fJb F f~{Gv ´* f ±* - · iv+H x~z« bK @c@Db@@=H i*¡@@ @~@6 x~{< *2 gD bK GH 24b J F&* J¡: hBH ¢ < eb~{D* ~9&° ¥vJ vE&* ¡~} D* ¯ 4b= bF&* %°* f<x~z+ b cp~6&*H bGvE&* l4*¡ D* xCw-&*H *3b´" ¡ - BxD* E fDb~64 ,&bmA ¤ £-&bgD ,xE Jx~{< E ÈC&* D h F4 " ~|g- ° ." b~|-°* vJx- °H K É A ¤ g JH gBb£D v< ¯ bK A °K *'¡~6 bC ~|g´bA v£~84 É@@+ @@£@D(* ob@@g@0&* v<*¡ D ~|-&* µ Í0 x~| E ¤ F&* 9Æ J g´* ¤ £ 0 b~|-* É+ ¤c : ¯ q J ; Bx+ "°K H&* hF&* E hcgCH *K v@@/ bK m<y E h C "bK £Fb. ÁvJx- *3b´H bK jJv0 i4v~8 f£E¡J f £p~8 pF dgC ~|-* f£<¡c~6&* fJH*5 ¯ +bg g~6* vJxFH £~8b gD* Äs D f£E¡J f £p~8 x- &* ~7 É+ fEv~8 hFbC ~|pJH ~|gJ &* /&* E d-b D v£~84 É+ &° f£ £ 0 fEv~8 +bg g~6* Ä@@1 ¢ <

¢ -&* h ; h C bK cJx - ÍEb< ¡pF w E ¢ < f gE ib@@ F4 bK £c~zF f J¡: ,Æ@@ @D vBH ¢ ~z- b C f )b~9 ib@@F4 H&* ¤ -bG É+ @@£@D(* ob@@g@0&* · f@@J*H4 ¯ ,x@@E b gcgC ¯ fJvm+ g0x: bK <¡~9¡E D3 bCH v£~84 ~8¡+ Ix1&°* £~9*¡´* ~9 E fJ*HxD* |s~7 vJxJ &* f+*x D* ¯ fJb= bK <¡~9¡E &* ° v£~8x+ hF&* - &* £ < q JH bE v£~8x+ gJ bGb -&* h ; ¤gD* f g´* ibFxD* hFbC ¡£D* ¯ i*xE lÉ. H&* Í-xE ¡c~6&* ¡pF f@@+*x@@ @D* 4b@@ :(* ¯ ¢g0 f@@A¡@@D&b@E Ì@@= Hv@@c@ ¤ A v£~84 É+ £D(* obg0&* f+*x= ¤ <&*H ~|F H&* ¡£D g´* ~|g´* q J ,2b@@ @D* bJ&* v + b§4 b~|-°* 2Hb £D h ~|JH ¡J É:(°* ¢ < Ix1&* ,xE ~|gJ ° H&* x ~7&* H&* x1%* |s~{D v£~84 É+ /b£g0b+ /¡gJH ¥&b+ b~|-ÉD *K v g~zEH °K b F*H f D ÈC&* ~|- f gE fF4 - E v0*¡D ibF4 b F&* h ; fJ*vcD* ¯ ,4b~z³* ¢ < =x- ¤gD* fE¡ ~z´* bB4&°* ~zD $b@@~@z@ @D g E n@@ @= i*¡@@ ~@ @8&* k@@c@ -H DH *K v+&* ib£ £ 0 pc~|J DH ib£ £ 0 b + ExmJ x/&°* f<¡AvE i*x A Jv-xJ f ~6 $*¡=(°*H ÌjC 2b~|0 f . dDb D* ¯H ~z- µ ¡D ¢g0 b £D(* ¢ ~zJ E b GH fm)*4 f £ D* x ²* - EvJ E b GH £D(* b E oHx@@ @³* 2¡@@ J °H f@@J*¡@@ @ D* x@@ : ¯ g+ xJ ¥w@@D* BxD* Db:&* h C *K v@@+&* E b@@1&*H b~|-ÉD ¥vJ vE&* ex g~6&*H bGv0H $*¡=(°* *x~7 h~z£D b C *x~{D* v/¡JH bK ~}J&* fAb jD*H f+bg D* *x~7 DH ¥&* H&* Í D'¡´* bB4&* ¢ < ¡ ~|pJ HÌjC i*H2&* ¡ JH bK £)*¡~{< 8bs~7&* ¥&° bB4&* bCH f 04 ¥&* É+ hB¡ D *y g~6*H bG4(*

x~zD* ob- ÌE&*

πX â– áHÉàμdG

∂LÉàëf ó«°UQ ÓH

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

70


¤~6b~6&* ~{+H ¡£D* v g - /b +¡C f JvE ¯ ,b£²* (* *w DH ¤E¡£D* D* )b~6H G&* E ,v0*¡C ib/*4vD* ¢ < r¡ : E bK £~6b~6&* bK cFb/ j­ ib/*4vD* fAb . £<v- (bA E f£Db1 µb D* ¯ f ~8b< H&* qc~|- ¤C f Jv´* wG i*4*2(* 2025 f ~6 ¡ p+ D3H ¡+x D* ,2bE

69

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

,vJv/ ibJv« ix ; ,Ì1&°* ,x~{ D* *¡<&°* ¡~}= ¯H 9¡ D* ¯ fc=4 b G v@@´* E bGÌ CH 4b¿vD* ¤ A /b +¡C ¯H ¤1b ´* Ì gD* fpAb EH fEb D* fp~|Db+ fj£j0 2¡ / hDw+ Ix@@1&°* f£C4b¿vD* v@@´* E vJv D*H fp~|D bK <2 b s£~6x-H + ib/*4vD* fAb . ¢ < b p D gEÉ~6H gm´* £ + Í@@£@C4b@@¿v@@D* E v < Æ@@ @- f@@/*4v@@D* (* ,Ì1&°* *¡<&°* ¯H fp~|D*H É F°* jE f£+bmJ(* %°*H f£Fb ~z±* fBb D *K y@@E4 f/*4vD* e¡@@C4 bC E hFbC b C fJx~| D* fJb= j gD f/*4vD* i2b@@< i*42b@@c@´*H ¤ gm´* 4¡ gD* ¶(* @@D3 Iy JH cB x~| D* ib£~}g ´ f@@£@<*¡@@D*H fp/b D* f£~6b£~zD* f£C4b¿2 vE lÉ. ÄC&* &* ¶(* ,4b~7(°* 4v© b GH ¯ h :&* "¤~zF2H&*"h " 6¡G4%*"H /b +¡C" ¤GH b D* f ~6*H f£ J¡~z- iÉ 0 ,Ì@@1&°* i*¡ ~zD* hEbBH ¤@@+b@@m@J(* x § ib@@/*4v@@D* ¤@@c@C*4 ix@@ @;&* ,vJv±* ib<Hx~{´* ¯ ib@@/*4v@@D* ¤cC*4 *x~7(b+ b -4* b©°* *wG ,x . hFbCH ib/*4vDb+ f~8b³* ÈC&* v@@E 2b@@m@J(* < ÉK ~}A ib@@/*4v@@D* ¤cC*4 2v@@< fJ¡£0H fp~8H fAb F


¯ ib@@/*4v@@D* ¤@@C4b@@¿v@@D* b@@´Ä@@D* $b@@~@}@<&* E g~zJ ~6H ¯ "ox+yFb£g~zJxC " x~| + b´ÄD* x E ¶(* Jx: /b +¡C f JvE E ÆE¡ £C f_ +4&* ¡pF /b +¡C f JvE h~|~|1O vBH |s- ¤gD* b £~6°H 4Hx@@ ´* i*4b@@~@ 7(*H ib@@/*4v@@ @D x@@ @D* f Jv D f£gpgD* f£ cD* h~z~6&b- vBH ib@@/*4v@@D* |14&* h~z£D ib@@/*4v@@D* &* f £ ² *K 2b g~6* fp~8 ¢ < bK ;b 0 b@@GÈ@@C&*H F f £~6H x@@~@ 6&*H E v@@²* ¯ E Eb< ¤@@G @@+ d~z0H x~{cD* bK ~}J&* ¡+x D* lb cF* gº E 6b D* g~zJ /b +¡C f JvE ¯H ~6*H b F ¢ < ib/*4vD* f£<b g/°* ib c D* f/*4vD* ´* ebp~8&* E vJv D* 3bs-* < ÉK ~}A vJÄD* ,b ~6 *vsg~6* &* b C b gF* f £~6¡C bK +b: j f/*4v D 5b@@ @´* fEvs+ Í Eb D*H ib/*4vD* 4b~{gF* ,H43 ivgE* vBH 4b~{ D ÉK £~8&* Jx~{ D* x D* E ib£ £g~zD* fc 0 ¢g0 ¤C4b¿vD* o3¡ D* x ; B*¡D* *wG E bK BÉ F*H ib/*4v D f~|~|s´* i*4b~z´* E f c~7 bK ~}gE 4¡ gD* E vJy D ~}s- ¤GH x D* ¡ + vg­

} + ib/*4v D Ìc D* ~{ + /b +¡C b ~6 x< vBH ¶(* Jx: ¯ -b/*42 ¡ g~zJ A 12 < x D* E D3 ¶(* bEH f~9H4 E b :&°* 4b~}0(* v <H D* f~6b£~zD* 4bcC &* bK ~}J&* x D hAÉD*H f£E¡£D* ib:b~{ D* DwCH bK £E¡J ib/*4vD* ¡ g~zJ v cD* *wG ¯ ÌGb~{´*H

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

68


vย ยน ย + ย ~z0 d-bย D* eยกย ยฑ* ย E bGvpJ 4y/ ย < ,4bc< bย g0b~zE kย . fยฃAbFvย ย ~6(ยฐ* b+H4H&* ย H2 Iv0(* ย 4bยฟvD* fย ~8b< ยคG ย /bย ย +ยกC ย *ร =bย ~6 xpc+ ยฐK bย ~7H ibย ยฃ-bC nยฃย 1H ย ยฃย ย cD* xpc+ KbBx~7H ย bย ~{D* xpc+ Kb+x= ,x~8bยน ยคGH bยฃFbยด&* bย Fbย ~6 ย E %50 ยกpF ย &ยฐ ib@@/*4v@@D* fย JvE dย D ยขย < ย ~|ยซ ยตbย D* Iยกg~zE ยขย < fย JvE ย H&* ย /bย ย +ยกC vย -H ย ย ย ย J kยฃ0 ยตbย D* ยฏ KbEb025* ร C&ยฐ* ยกG qc~8&* bย ยฃA ib/4vD* 4b~zE ย (* ยขg0 KbยฃEยกJ ib/*4vD* ย *vsg~6b+ ย ยกย ย ย gJ ib/*4vD* ebC4 ย E Kbย D&* ย ยกย +4&* KbยฃEยกJ

67

55

Oรณ``````````````````````````````ยฉ`dG 2 0 1 7 ยฃfCCย CCย CCยชCCI ย CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*


¾(* |-

äÉLGQódG áæjóe ..øLÉ¡æHƒc

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

66


fJxs~zD* +b: ¡G 8¡~| D* mJ bE &* f~8b1 8b~|gE*H Ix1&* 8¡~|F ¯ 2*vgE* ¡G |F CH ,x@@C*w@@D*H | D* Í+ ~| - ° fJ2x~6 $b + @@A&* ¯ ¯ ­ Iv@@ E ¢@@ @ < x@@~@ 7'¡@ - Ì@@c@ @g@ @D ib@@J¡@@g@~@z@E f@@ @ . f0b~{E °H fJ2x~zD* f+bg D* A E ¤c0xD* 2¡ ¹ ¹ C dJx© ¯ f£~9bE fE¡ ~9&°* w@@G (* ¡@@ @D* ¯ ¯ 4¡c D* /&* E f D* eÉpg~6*H r¡c D f ´* x D* D* ¢ < f+bg D* ,4vB IvE < ~{ D*H JH&bgD* f 0xE ¶( E ¶(* vJv/ E )b + ,2b<(*H µb D* h£g h£g K -b£ ¹ x@@Jx@@­ ¯ b@ ~@ 7b@@G2(* È@@ C&* Hv@@c@J b@@ @G @@8bb@@ @ D*H D*H E Kb@ BÉ@@ @ F* @@ @A f@@+b@@g@ @Db@@+ ¤ g J ° ¡@@ @A @@-b@@J2x@ J2x@x @~@ 6H 6H ¡ A 2x@@~@z@D* ib£ - D &bm J b@@ ¿(*H ,x@@C*w@@D* ib@bb@@£@<*v <*v@v@ f£~|~| D* f+bg D* µ*¡ + b~|gD*H 6b­ fDb0 ¯ ¯ Kb )*2 wG &* b C Kb£)*H4H Kb£~|~|B ~8b²* C*ÆD* E E £ ~{gD*H f+bg D* Í+ f/H*y´* h­ 8¡~|³b+ f<¡ m´* (* k£p+ f£~|~| D* f+bg D* ¯ fEv gE f 0xE w@@GH E b -°°2 ¯ ¢Gb g- f£ £ ~{- f0¡D ¡G f~|B C qgg E {Jb gD* f£Fb E(* ¢ < ,4b@@~@7(* D3 ¯H |~| D* ibF¡ E 6b /&°*" Kb£<*v+(* £ < J bE *w@@GH b C ¡ D* Í+ b F&bCH ¡£D* 6b /&°* Í+ ¡s- b G v - A "f sg´* °(* 4*¡A ° k£0 ¤<*v+(°* "¡-Ì~{F¡ D*" E5 ¯ {£ F A *v+(°b+ E ¤@@)*H4H 8bB ¤c0xD* 2¡ ¹ &* ¶(* ,4b@@~@ 7(°* 4v@@© “¤ cD* ¡ D*” ,Ì~| D* f~| D* b¸ ¯ D 4v~8 b < ,2006 f ~6 ~zE “ b£~z D* fCx+“H 1996 f ~6 ~{E2 ¡A f0¡/4&*“H 2007 f ~6 24&°* “"¤ E ry­ ° *3b´“H “ *H5 f<b~6“H 2009 f ~6 f£Ab jD* ¤@@+2 f ¸ “Í E5 2015 IHyF f ¸ “ ¡m D* ¢<xE“H 2012 f ~6 24&°* iHÌ@@+ “µb²* f Jx1” @@D 4v@@~@8 f@@J*Hx@@D* b@@¸ ¯H ib~7*xA“H 2010 iHÌ@@ @+ “,4¡p~z´* e42“H 2010 2011 f ~6 24&°* "Áb0HxD*

65

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

f@@J24*H2(°* f£Bbc D* f£ cD* wG $¡~9 ¯ E . °K H&* fJ2x D* ,xC*wD* E ib~8b - < ~{ J ib<¡~9¡´* wG jE &* 4bcg<* ¢ < Kb£Fb. f£<b ±* ,xC*wD* f£ + @@j@E Kb@ Eb@@­ ib@@<b@@ @ ±*H 2*x@@ @A&°* Í@@+ Æ@@~@{@E @@G f£Fb~zF(°*H f@@Jx@@²* £ D x~|g J ¥w@@D* Áb D* gm´* E ¡ s- ° f£~|~| D* @@6b@@ @F&°* w@@G ,$*x@@B (* ,b@@£@²*H - ° f ~zg~zE fF2b E iv+ (*H ¤ A ,x<H ib/x E ¤)*x D* }JxpgD* A AH b g~7°* < ~z F %°* ¯ Kb~}J&* ¤@@GH ¡@@ @J(* ¡@@-Ä@@E&* ¡ § f£ JH&bgD* ,42b@@c@´* ¢ <H ibEb E ¶(* @@+ /¡gD*H 2x~zD* d£ sgD d~|1 $b~}A E Kb£ C 4xpgE @@A&*H f £~84 f + ¡ p´* £ ~{D* r¡c D f£)b + i*È< ¥&* 2¡ ¹ 8b D* J " *x_ D* Jx0"@+ fE¡~6¡E f~|B ¯ ¥wD* Jx²* l2b0 E fJ2x~zD* g£ +&* k£.&b- ¯ ¤c0xD* *Æ0b+ £ D* $¤~9&*" 24b~zD* ¡ J $b£ D* h£+ ¯ d~7 eb@@ @³* $b@@ @+ ¯ f£ gD* w@@ GH "$b£ D* ,&*x@@ ´* f~{Jx< 4*vE J¡ gD b £D(* $¡m D* ® b¿(*H ,vJv/ h~z£D ¥2x~zD* ¤ £g1bcD* ¡ ´b+ fc ~6&°* E ¡F f~64b ´ . °K H&* f+bg D*


h tD fN t 9 ¢ M ½ ìôé∏d á∏ªàμe ÒZ IÒ°S øY

42

6* f m

K

z I

¥xJv³* v£~74 KbjJv0 i4v~8 ¤gD* "d~zpA b p~9 J µ" f£~|~| D* g<¡ ¸ ¯ ~6¡g´* m²* @@E fp ~8 82 ¯ @@J5¡@@g@D*H x~{ D i*$b~}A 4*2 @@< E ,vJv< i*4*¡@@0 ¤c0xD* 2¡ ¹ Áb D* 8b D* ¥xmJ 2017) &* ~7 °H fB4b ´* ¢ < ¤ c - fJ2x~6 f£ + ¯ ÍF&°*H ox±*H ,xC*wD* fc Db+ Kb£Eb gE Kb£<H z J f<¡ m´* w D 4b£g1* ® ¥w@@D* *¡ D* )b D* n£~z D* *w@@G @@1*2 f£~|F iÉ£ ~{- @@< Kb@ @)*2 Kbjp+H fJ2x~zD* iÉ ~{gD* ¯ f£~6b~6&* fcg C *¡ D*H i*$b cD*H 2Hx~zD*H y£EÆD* E F¡C E g£ G&* ¤ g~zJ h£ £/ 4*Ì/ vBb D* Dw+ x~{+ b C fJ2x~zD* tJ4bgD*" f+bgC v£ J ¡ A fJxs~zD* ¶(* £pJ KbJ4'¡+ KbJÌ_c- KbF*¡ < b< ~{+ 2Hx~zD* /¡JH C f<¡ m D "¤-*wD*

gA ¤~6b£~6 Ím~zD ¤~|s~{D* ¤~9b´* b gC ¢ < bFvg<* d£G4 ob£~z+ f:b¹H b £D(* fc~z Db+ f~}Eb= hFbC f 0x´* 9bE É+ b/4 $*5(b+ b F&bCH 4w²*H b g D*H h ~|D* E ¯ Ì - b_£~7 DH bG4b.%* *¡~zFH 4b+%* ¯ f +b~zD* bJ&* *¡ A2 D v J µ 9bE < Kb0bcE É D* qc~8&*H ,Ì1&°* fFH%°* b + bB ¤gD* f<¡c ´* i*4*v~8(°* ~} + D3 5y -H ¡J3 kJv²* 4b~|A ebgC < b D&* H&* ~z F&* $b m~zD* } + " z/¡gD*H ¡@@ ³* 4b@@ :(* o4b@@ 1 Kb@ @ @» f@@ @0x@@´* @@ @- @@< 10 /9 8

8b D*H ´* *wG ¯ f£Bbc: f£)*xB f£ + ¶(* i*4b~7(* f . i*wD* )bB ¥2x~6 E5 Í+ ibB4b ´* wG rx J Í0 b G ¶(* ¢ ~zJ ¡ A ¤~9b´* E f g E ,¡C ¯ Kb_£c1 ; x1%*H ¤<¡D* E 6b~6&* ¢ < b -4Hb¹H É D* wG 8b~|gE* vC'¡´*H c g~z´* *x~{g~6*H x~9b²* $b + ¯ ¤~9b´* f £ +

4b jg~6* É@@1 @@E f£~| D* @@´*¡@@< v£~{J ¡@@GH 8b D* (* ¤ B*¡D*H ¤ ££sgD* Í+ oy´* Ä< ¤~9b´* ibc~6x-H ,xC*wD* f£~|F ,xC*3 bE&* ¤ g´* a4b D* ~}J ~z F hB¡D* ¯ ¡G < b@@E H&* Ix@@ @1&°* 8¡~| D* @@E b@@GÌ@@= @@E f Db gE wG ¯ b g~7°* @@A&* &* f~8b1 ¤@@~@9b@@´* i*$¡@@g@F @@E b + bE f +b~zD* b@@ @<&°b@@+ Kb~6b£B gºH xJb E f<¡ m´* b ~z F v - ,vJv±* f£~|~| D* f+xmgD* w@@G &* £ F f<¡ ¸ ¶(* £«H fm~9bFH f g E f+x© b@@ @F&* ¢ < Ìc gD* f £ + ¤<¡D*H 7bG2(°* ¯ f =¡´* fJ2x~zD* *HvD* fE¡ ~9&°* wG ¯ ¤ / ¡G bE DH f _~6&°b+ ob~}D* ¤ D* fc=4H fJx0 E b~zF(°* £ D kpg~z´* 2b ´* b +b: ¡G "b £D(* lvpgJ *2b@@E x g~zJ ¤~9b´*" &* @@=4 ,b@@£@²* ¯ 8¡~| D* @@G&* ¯ f .bE DÉ;H ¡@@G i*4¡£g~6 Ìc g+ v D" :"d~zpA b p~9 @@ @J µ" f~|B ¯ 24b@@~@z@D* ¡@@ @J

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

64


fj0b+” ~8bF ¤ 0 E ,x<b~{ D lv@@0 b@@EH gm´* ib+bgC x D* ib@@J*v@@+ ¯ hcgCH hEHbB ¤gD*H “fJ2bcD* £ g D %°* ¢g0 q ~|- hD*5bE ib/4vD* E f/42 ¥&b+ J ° ,2b@@J5 ¤§ b0&* bE DwC ¥wD* 2v g´* £DvgD* =4 @@DHH b£ £/xA D h~9x - b < f~6b~zD* 4bcCH Jx ´*H ebQg D*H $b+2&°* E + ¤ « hFbC h@@0*4 @@BÉ@@ @D* } + Ìj- b -b+bgC i&*v@@ + bEv < @@ @DH £ ±* b Cx-H b £ pgDH bGv~9 - b £ / Hb ´* iHÌc+ “fJ4¡ ~| D*” ¯ b gDy<H b -v0HH b g ¹ {£ 4b~7H b £A h BH fg£ E f<v1 AH b G&° bc F hpc~8&*H ¥wD* ÁbpJxD* ÍE&* b Jv~8 *v<bE bG4b A&° ¡~|1 b £A i¡ gD ,xGb D* ¶(* i2b<H f~6x~{D* f p´* - E bGw F&* 4¡scD* ¡BxpJ *¡FbC JwD* C x~|+H Í< h« vJv~7 $ c+ ¯ fJÈ D*H fJx ~{D* i°¡ ´* ¡cg JH b g.¡F&°H b Db ± bG¡Cx- £ < ¤~6b£~6H ¥4b~}0 E H&* ¯H b -x~}0 $¤~7 ¥&* ¯ E&ÉD ,vBbAH f gº c~7 i¡­ b £Q + b ; h ; ¤gD* ¢~6¡E fJ¡cF ,v£~zD* ~6¡J ¢~z J °H b -Ì~6 d-bC @@EH bGv + *¡@@-&* JwD* @@EH b £ Jb¸ E b ~|J 2b@@C ¥w@@D* 2b@@ @~@6(°* ¡@@+&* v ¹ 4¡@@g@Cv@@D*H k0bcD* e¡ Fv+ fG¡c~{´* b gBÉ< vC'¡J r*4H y£ ½(ÉD fDb Db+ hFbC fJ4¡jD* fJb= ¯ ib+bgC b D ¢~6¡E fJ¡cF &* =4 b~7b+ “f£<¡c~6&°* ÉcD*” ,vJx/ ¯ b cg ex0 F&* ¢ < xE&°* 4¡Q ~8&* &* vJ4&* ° ¡ D* ¶(* ~6¡J ¤ g JH ¤+2&°* v ~{´* v~8xD q :&* ¤ DH Í:b£~7H f )ÉE Í+ ¯ <bA 4¡~}0 b D bC ¤gD* ib+bg D* fAbC Ä< ¤)b~z D* h~9x - ¤gD* ib+bg D* - %°* ¢g0 Jx~{ D* x D* ¤~6b£~zD*H ¤<b g/°*H ¥x~{cD* 2¡/¡D* ¯ $b~z D* f£~} D £ gD*H -24b EH c££ - gJ v ~{´* D3 DH ¤@@+2&°*H f~{)b<H ~8bF ¤ 0 EH ,2bJ5 ¤E w E F&b~7 E J¡ gD*H f £ ~{D* b~z D* fc£½H ibJyD* f £ D ¶(* °K ¡~8H fJ4¡ £gD* ÌG5 2b ~6H ¥H*v ~zD* *¡FH *x E fJ5¡AH f£pg D IÄ D* b~6xE bÂ(*H b j< *vg<*H ¥ÌpcD* ib FH x + ¥¡ ~6H $b/4H zF¡J *v£ 0 bÂ(*H *vJ5 f £E&*H fA2b~|´* Ì ~6H < bAv D f £ < fJ4*v/ ~8 ¤-ÉD* E GÌ=H f F fJx²*H b ±*H ,b£²*

63

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

f~6b£~zD* eb~z² *v+(°* < H¡ J ¤+x D* b Bx~7 ¯ b -*Ì FH b£ £/xA f~|B Í+ ~6¡J +xJH E ¯ DHH b£ £/xA 4bpgF* Í+ fJxG¡/ HxA v/¡- ÉA fJ4Q 2H ib£ £g~zD* ¯ ibJyD* ibJb < 4bpgF* Í+H ib£ £ +4&°* Hx D* ib£ £ ~zgD* ¯ qDb~8 ¥H4&*H ib£ £ c~zD* ¯ £ ~7 b ´*H bEyD* ¯H £~8b gD* ¯ 4bpgF°* 4*x D i*Ìj D* h A2 ¤gD* ibJb D* < *v£ +H ibc-b D* E i*Ìj D f ~6'¡E ibJb F b A ~6¡£D É D*H ibEv ´* &° D*H f~6b£~zD*H e2&°* ¯ i*54bcD* ib<vc´*H E b ~7&* ¢ < ¥¡ - hFbC + h:b0&* ¤gD* f£<b g/°* -b£0 ¯ h.v0 ¤gD* f£<b g/°* ib~z+É´* . ³* f´b<H f+¡G¡E fc-b A ibJb D* - ¶(* ¥2'¡- &* v+ ° hFbC Í+ ~8¡D* f +*4 hFbCH f£Â2bC&* ,3bg~6&*H f~9bJxD* ¯ ¯ f£+bc~{D*H f£+É D* fCx²*H fJx~|´* f£+É D* fCx²* z 1 b D ¤ £+x~{D* ¤ £D f~8b D* ¤GH 1968 b< b~zFxA ¤~z D* ³* } + b D lv0 vBH f£~|~|B ib<¡ ¸ `~7 ¥&* b < v0&* x J &* H2 fEb- fDy< ¯ b -b£0 h gF*H i*2b£B 5x+&* hFbCH ¥Ä~8 b ~6 f£+É D* f ~9b ´* DwC ibEÉ< hCx- ¤@@g@D*H ib£ £ c~zD* ¯ f£+É D* f@@Cx@@²* o*H5 ibcg< ¢ < b -b£0 h gF*H EbC £/ ¯ f ~6*H f£+bmJ(* f£~z D* 9*x<&°* b +bg -H ¤ £+x~{D* ¤ £ + p gD ~7bA fc-b D “rxA” fJ*H4 ¯ ~6*H ~{+ b -Ì~6 i24H vBH b -*3 vQ <&* b < EbC ebgC 4v~8 DwCH 4¡~7b< ¥¡~94 f 0*xD* ¤+bcE(* ¤pgA ¤)*HxD* d-b D* 4x0H b ´b< ¯ fc-b D* ,&*x@@´* D 9x g- bE &b@+ ~6¡J Æ JH b£/¡D¡JvJ&°* < b ~7&°* E ~7 ¥&b+ °K ¡~| E z£D ¤+x D* Jx - H&* £ - ¯ ,¡ + pg- ¤gD*H ,x £~z´*H ,v)b~zD*


42

f 6* m K I z

jª E |q M ifkF á«FÉ°ùædG áHÉàμdG ≥MÓj …QƒcòdG OÉ¡£°V’G fN ª¼f<K fN ª+|< JvD* rÉ~8 ¥2b~7 9x< ¥4¡CwD* 2b ~9°* f£Db ~7(* ""K*v C ibc-b D* i¡­ *3b´" +bgC ¯ ~6¡J bc ~7 d-b D* nDb J $b~z D* ym E ¢ < D3 x.&*H Jx~{ D* x D* É1 b £~6 °H fc-b D* ,&*x´* D h~9x - ¥wD* < iÄ<H 2b ~9°* *wG hEHbB £CH b -*3 ,&*x´* B¡E ¶(* x gJ b C ¤<*v+(°* ¡pF ¢ < y£CÆD* E KbE¡ < ¤)b~z D* e2&°b+ Eb gG* b£~6 ¯ ¤-&bJ ebg D* &* ~6¡J vC'¡JH ,xCwE z£D ¡ A -bJ¡g~zEH Db ~7&*H fc-b D* ,&*x´* ¢ < 64¡E ¥wD* D* f£Db ~7(* ¢ < 8b1 ,4Hx~9 ¯ H&* fAbC ,b£²* ibc gE ¢ < ¡~|²* ¯ ,&*x@@´* f£ 0&* < f ¹H f £~84 bA2 fJ2b~|gB°*H f£<b g/°*H f£~6b£~zD* ¡ ²* ¯ /xD* jE jE Áb~zF(* )b C b £D(* x D* E $b~z D* F&* °(* f+bg D*H e2&°* $*x.(° ,x<b~7H f£)*H4H -b£0 |~|BH ~{£ gD *K x F eb£ D* ¯ D5 bE $°'¡G µ&°b+ f_£ E *'¡~6 ¡G b¿(*H f+b/(* ¶(* f/bp+ °K *'¡~6 z£D ebg D* *¡ <H bc ~7 |~|1H S f +b~zD* ib@@+b@@/(°* }AxJ ¥4b g~6* } + b G D £A ,&*x@@´* v~9 y££ gD* f£~}B ~6¡J z£D *K v C h­ µ f )É´* 5bF jE bG2x~6 ¤gD* o3b D* b < dNgC b F&° b@@¿(*H f £ E fJx < f 0xE h s- b F&° f£Ab jD* ,b£²* fF¡ J&* ,2bJ5 ¤E hFbC b C HÌjC b/4 DwD Í j´* 4bcC x~}0H Ev - hFbC ¥wD* ¡Db~|Db+ f£ ~9H ¡@@GH $*4H Ì~zD* dmJ ÌcC Hx~{E $*5(* p A fJ4¡CwD* eb 1 bE&* fc-b D* ° DHH b£ £/xA f£ £ D* fc-b D* 4bpgF* &* d-b D* IxJH ¤gD* fE5&°* b ~7&* < fAbC b ~7&°* E ~7 ¥&b+ ~| J DwCH ,2b²* -b£~8¡~|1 D ¥x~{+ )b C ,&*x´* 0É JH&b-H ÍF*¡ D* 9x + £ < ,x £~zD* 2*xJ ¤<b g/* )b C ¶(* ~|- ¤gD* f/4v D x D* + v~9 f£ JvD* 8¡~| D*  bgE ¶(* b J¡«H ,&*x´* f £ D |£1xD* £ ~zgD* vQ 0 d-b D* Ì~{JH f£~6b£~zD* f ~zD*H f£ JvD* f~z~6'¡´*H /xD* B¡g- µ ,2v g´* f£-b£²* ¤~6%b´* fc0b~8 b£ £/xA &* ¶(* h /bG ¤ A DwDH f gs´* f+bg D* *v+(*H bG*'H4 rx: < *¡FbC JwD*H ¡£C*Æ~7°* b cg J bC ¤gD* ,x~7bc´* f+bg D*

$b~|B(°*H {£ gD* ¡GH ¡~9¡´* 4b£g1* ebg D* bJ*yE EH b C f£+x D* fAb jD* Ä< %°* ¢g0 lvpJH lv0 ¥wD* ,&*x D fAb jD*H *v@@+(°*H x D* E f E bG4bg1* ¤gD* o3b D* &* f£+x< fDH2 E ÈC&* E ib<vcE e4b© v~8ÌD f£+x D* tJ4b- ¯ fJ¡B $b ~6&° *x D*H x)*y±*H Í ~z AH x~| C fJ¡cFH ,2b@@J5 ¤@@EH ~8bF ¤ 0 E jE f<vc´* ,&*x@@´* GÌ=H µb~6 b g+*H ¥ÌpcD* ib FH ¢~6¡E ¤+x D* :¡D* ¯ ibc-b D* *¡0&* < lvpgJ ebgC H&* ¡GH 8¡ J ¥wD* rx±* ¢ < vJ ~9HH ,2v gE o3b¿ vS B k£0 ibc-b D* i°Hb¹ E { S ´* *v+(°*H b£~z D*H $b~z D* µ&* ¯ e¡ ~6&b+ Âv - ® ebg D* &* b C D vB ~9¡E vmJ & * M £ ±* © ¤gD* i°'Hb~zgD* E vJv D* rx@@:H £ + ¤@@+2&* ebg D* y£Â bE ¡GH b D ib+b/(b+ ~{ J ¤@@+2&°* *v@@+(°*H $b~z Db+ £« ¤gD* f g D* ¡0 4Hv@@J ¡GH ,&*x´* ¢ < f £ E ib~6b£~6 h~9xA k£0 ~6b /&* gs§ iv g<* ¤gD* f Abp´* £ D* E f<¡ ¸ 4b:(* ¯ bGx~|0 ,&*x@@´* i¡@@~@8H < dm0 f@@DHb@@¹ ¯ 2v~{gE @@¿ ¢ < h /bG ¤gD* fJ4¡CwD* ~{ggD ¥x~6&°* 4b:(°* ¯ bG5bmg0*H f£~{EbG ibBb F ¯ bGx~|0H b D* bm D ,&*x´* oHx1 ~9xAH b D* bm´* BÆ1* G4¡~}0 &* ~6¡J {Bb JH v ~{´* ¯ bG4¡~}0 v£C&bgD rb D* E vJy´b+ ,x²* -2*4(* fc-b C ,x~9b0 hFbC ¤+2&°* tJ4bgD* Ä< ,&*x´bA ¤<*v+(°*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

62


¤Gbc~6 xGbE

*N z/ ,Ô E E

ôFÉãdG ¢SQÉØdG πØW IAGôHh

πØW IAGôH

ôFÉãdG ¢SQÉØdG

vD*H : &b~6 K "¥vD*H bJ *v/ ¥¡B hF& * G Q K ¤ + bJ Q b c: ",xm~{D* ¶(* y - &* £ g~z- G eb/&* oxp+ £ g~6&* ° bK c: ° " E I¡B&* /4 b G G F "¡G EH bEx+¡~6 FQ (* ",xm~{D* ¶(* y J &* bEx+¡~6 £ g~zJ GH ¤ + bJ v£C&* " bEx+¡~6 ¤E&* oHyg- µ *3b´ *K 3(* 2x D *K w E v/H ¢g0 ÉK £ B j -H : *'¡~z+ e&°* `/¡A +b/&bA oHygE bEx+¡~6 DH ¶(* y J &* £ g~zJH bK ~}J&* ¥¡B x1%* /4 b G GH ",xm~{D* *5x: F(* ¥vDH bJ F " *5x: ¤E&* oHyg- µ *3b´H &* £ g~zJ ¥¡B /4 < & b~z- *3b´ DH bK ~}J&* oHygE FQ (* Q "¤ + bJ ,xm~{D* ¶(* y J ,xm~{D* ¡A ¤-xC h A d D&* h C

£ £< bgBv0 h ~z-* ¢g0 @@~@6&*4 ¯ x ³* 6H'¡C i4*2 £~6 E&b- 2b m D bK J2b E ~6 Í0H *K 4*x 0* b -2*5H £~zD* ~{gEbA v£ + @@E5 E 4*v@@±* ¡@@A Q ´* vQ @ / 2b ±* f C ¤ J *K x)b. ¢~}EH £+&* b~|0 ,¡ ~8 ¢ g<*H Q FQ (* 3(* x~| Db+ bK £ g¹H bK £~{g E 2b< d£ ´* v < Q C 0 +b ~6 4Q 3H Í-b~zcD* ¯ 24¡D* b <&* ex~9H f Jv´* 4*¡~6&* rbJx D q D* b£~}D* Q ¤~zgpJH $b~zE C -2b C i¡Fb²* 2b-ÌD 2¡ F JvD v - µ b~|²*H ox~zD* b@@+H £+&* b~|0 < /ÆA Q x ³* vQ / £~6 b+ ¤ £D ,&*x´* ,x~7b § Hv<H bEv <H

61

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*


fcs D* b GbmgJ ¤gD* EÉ0&*H G4b A&* bE cB E fJÌGb / ,v<bB J¡ g+ d-b D* *wG ¡ J &* v +H ebg D f£DHvD* 94b ´b+ fEb ´* £B¡gD* iÉ 0 ¯ vGb~{F 9Æ J ¢gE < A*v- f ~6 ¶(* ,v<b D* w@@G ¡pgg~6 f £C4 f D H&* I¡g¹ E v J bE ¢ < fcs D* ¢  b» ¡+x J ebc~{DbA e*Æ@@=°* *¡@@D&* E ¡D *wGH < Ä J F&* HxJ $b~}A ¶(* i*4x ´* 1*2 £ < eÆ g~zA f£c /&°* ib D* - E b 0 hDbF ¤gD* f_ D* bE&* fJx²* H&°* bG4b ~7 Ix1&* fAb . ¯ f£ C 6b F°b+ *K x cE ¤+x D* b B*H E b E2b~|- &*vcJ b GH 2x D* f £B $É<(*H }Ax+ ¤ D* e*Æ=ÉD ¥2'¡@J b@@E(*H 2b~|gD* Bb gJ bE(bA gAb .H g DH B*¡D* ¤ D ebc~{D* fF*2(* ¯ x g~zF &* *¡0&°* E b0 ¥&b+ b  ° ¥¡ D* e*Æ=°* ,xGb; ¤~{ - ¯ fC4b~{´* f c~7 2b +(b+ ¡ F b ´* ¯ b -b< ¢ < - bG*4&* f£DH'¡~z´bA b < ebc~{D* Í+ ,2v gE 42b~|E b <¡J3 ¯ ~zJH H&°* ~}AxJ eb 1 E eHxG fDb0 h~z£D ¥¡ D* e*Æ@@=°* (* 4H2 {£ - ¢ < ¤c ~zD* 9*Æ<°* E ¡F F(* A ebc~{D* gm D °K ¡~8HH ,x~6&°* E $*vg+* *x D* *wG v~z£D D* ¤-&bJH f£ ~6xD* 4*H2&°* /*Æ- b GH ibBb£~6 ¯ f£~} D* rx £A £ ±* Í+ fCÆ~{E f D ~8¡+ q£+b~|E f@@J*H4H ¡cEbcD* b~6 f@@J*H4 jE f JbcgE f£Ab . ¥&* < *K v£ + b g~{Bb E ¢ < ,4v@@B È@@C&* ¡ £D £ ~74H&* ~{£ - ¶(* ¢ ~z- f ~6

¯ w1&°* E f£~64v´* b cg + 2¡/¡´* ¤ D* I¡gp´b+ fF4b E f£FbjD*H f£Fb. f D b ~8¡+ f£+x D* 64v- ¶H&°* &* 4bcg<°* &°* f D* b ~8¡+ b ~64vK dFb/&ÉD f£+x D* £ gD b£DH2 ,v g ´* dg D ¤ D* I¡gp´bA E 4¡ £A ,2vmgE fAb . b ~8¡+ f D* v J @@F&° Ì gE f£F%°* bJb~} D DHb -H +b 1 d£Db~6&*H -b<¡~9¡E 64v£D $b/ ¥wD* gm´* E <b - fDb0 ¯ dDb D* ~}J / &* v½ +b ´* ¯H fAb jD*H x D $b<H b ~8¡+ g D xJ¡ gD h~} F* i*¡ ~6 4*v@@E ¢ < hEvB ¤gD* i°Hb@@p@´* ib_A qDb~|D o*42&°* f~z£c0 h ; f£+x D* zJ4v- nGb E f£ E5 f F v < *K v mgE $ { D v ´* eb ³* A b £ + eb~{D* dDb D* ¤ g´* Í+H £+ ,¡ D* h ~z-bA b £ + G&*H E x A b FbC4&* b gCb+ °(* bG4b j+ *K v@@+&* ¤-&b- D xJ¡ gD* f£ <H ¯ ÉK <bA ° ¤ ~7 £j­ 2x¸ b £A C4 ¥&* 4bcg<* v@@<H xJ¡ gD* f£ < i°¡« E £ < &*x: bE + ebc~{D* ¤ g´* 2b cg~6* ,x AH Ix1&* ib+b 1 ¯ gDb~9 < kpcJ &° g A2 f£ <H f£Ab . i*¡ ~6 Ä< 1*2 h C*x- ¤gD* 4¡ D*H ,¡ ±* fDb0 v + f 1*vgEH ,2v gE E*¡< $*x/ fcBb gE i&b± f£c /&°* ib D* - E bK 0 - µ ¤gD* f_ DbA ÈC&°* f )bB h« ¡/4v J f£+x Db+ ¡cg J ebgC ¶(* ib£Db m+ H&* f D* I¡g~z§ *w@@F%* Í£ E Ì= b £cE < *3 H&* d@@-b@@ @D* *w@@G Ìc g+ gJb < 4v@@B f+bg D*

¬à©aO ᫪∏Yh á«aÉ≤K ä’ƒ– øe ¬«∏Y CGôW Ée πμH ÜÉÑ°ûdG/»≤∏àŸG OÉ©Ñà°SG Iôμa ¬∏NGO âªcGôJ »àdG QƒØædGh IƒØ÷G ádÉM ó©H ,iôNCG äÉHÉ£N ‘ ¬àdÉ°V øY åëÑj ¿C’ á∏NGóàeh IOó©àe πeGƒY AGôL áÑbÉ©àe äGƒæ°S ÈY

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

60


ebc~{ D /¡´* ¥¡ D* b +b 1 vJvmg+ b B G 'Hb~zgD* fcC*¡´ ¤ JvD* eb ³* vJvmgD f /¡´* ,¡<vD* 4*x= ¢ < v < ¥¡ D* e*Æ=°* ,xGb; ¤~{ g+ b _/¡A G "x~| D* b +bc~6&* 2¡/H yJy - ¯ f J¡: i*¡ ~zD b ~6&* vBH ebc~{D* dDb D* b £~} J f£DbggE i*¡ ~6 Ä< £ < n E E fJ*v+ ~}D* fDHb¹ =4 b D bK G4bC oxsg£D &°* g D 64v£D G DH ¯b D* b gG°* E b gD b -b/42 Ax+ £ < z D* vC'¡- f £ ²* " gG* nE*x+ ¶(* x F &* HbpF oxº < kpc- f~|0bA ,x + yC*x´* } +H f£c /&°* ib Eb±* ¯ dFb/&ÉD f£+x D* £ dDb D* gJ £C &b~zFH f£E¡ ²* ib Eb±b+ ,2¡/¡´* i*¡ ~6 z 1 H&* +4&* ¡~}= ¯ f£+x D* ,2b@@/(* b DÉ1 E EH f£FbjD* f D* b F¡C =4 d0H ~{+ b £ < ÉK c E A ,4b~}²* ¯ Ix1&* nE*x+ f~6*4vD 8x D* ÍpgJ ~7 xA tJ4bgD*H f£+x D* |p D*H f~6*4vDb+ xJv/ dg D* w D ¤ D* I¡gp´* (*

59

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

}Ax- ,v<bB ¡C ¥xJx gD* eb ³* *wG 4b~{gF*H f£jpcD* bE } + {Bb -H E gs- *K xJb E bK +b 1 ¢ cg- f+bgC ¥&* Ì= ° EyD* Eb< dc~z+ fg+b. bK ~z~6&* Äg J E d~6b gJ @@G "ebc~{D* @@E d~6b gJ eb@@ @³* *w@@G @@G v~{²* fAb . b c~6b J b £ + f_ D /¡E eb 1 F&* "bFx~|< 4*¡²* ° K p~|D* ¢ < b@@c@B(°* /*x- ¶(* x D °bjE b@@F24&* (*H d =&* ¯ ¥xJx gD* eb@@ @³* *w@@G b £ c- dc~z+ f£E¡ D* fDb0 1 ¯ f£Ab jD* iÉm´* } + hp½ (*H b -bp ~8 a4b D*H d-b D* Í+ ·v±* 4*¡²* E K A bF3&* 4bcg<* H&* eb ³* E ¤ g´* 2b cg~6* f£ < (* h ~6&* 2¡ < 4*v@@E ¢ < hp+ ¥xJx - eb 1 f=b£~|+ +b E ¯ eb ³* *wG < ebc~{D* Hy< ¯ x~7bcE ~{+ a4b D* ¥&*x@@D h~| J ¥w@@D* | D* f£)Hx E fc~zF b -4* ~z­ f£B¡A f<yF H2 E z mJ 4*¡²* ¯ bK Jx~7 m+ 2Hb<&* b GH h~9Æ<* H&* h g1* (* bGx F ~z- ¢~| Db+


6* 42 m f z IK

…ƒ¨∏dG ÜGÎZ’Gh ÜÉ£ÿG 4bgº ,HxE 2 ¢ < 7b D* x)*H2 E ,ÌcC f0b~zE ¥¡ D* e*Æ=°* ¡ E ~{J i°b ´* } +H f£jpcD* ib ²* I¡g~zE ¢ <H ¤@@Â2b@@C&°* I¡g~z´* f ´* ¡ ²* 2bmJ(*H bGx~|0 fDHb¹H +bc~6&* ~{C ¶(* Kb£ ~6 ,2b±* rx@@:H f ~{´* 9x< ¯ iv g/* i°Hb@@¹ b c =&*H ,x@@Gb@@ @D* w D fc~6b E b -&b-4* ¤gD* ¡ ²* } + £D(* ¤ gF&* b@@F&*H ebc~{D* v E ¯ z /&* &* b ´* *w@@G ¯ Hb0&b~6 eb ³* vJv© ¶(* f~6bE f/bp+ pF G f _~6&* ,v< rx:&*H Kb0H4 G "¤ JvD* eb ³* vJv© ,¡<2 4*x= ¢ < ebc~{D* ¶(* /¡´* ¥¡ D* £pJ &* ¥¡ D* e*Æ=°* -4 v~zJ b +b 1 G " D e3b/ b +b 1 "¥¡ ~6 eb 1 ¥¡ D* b +b 1 G " ¡J v + KbE¡J f £ < ,¡G ¶(* /&* E x1%°* E Ég1°* c gD 94&°* v ­ ¤gD* fCÆ~{´* ~}A&* =b 6x £~6 G "¤B¡ D* eb ³* *wG ¡£D* £/ c g£~6 G x)b ~}D* E ¤ ~|J eb 1 F(* " gAb j+H g + *K 5*yg<* £A ."x1%°* ¡G" ¤~| JH "bF&°*" K bAx - 2*2y£D nD2'¡´* b~zF(°* c gJ eb ³* *wG &* 4¡~|-&* ~8¡+ ° x1%°b+ E'¡J IwD* ·v±* D* d0b~8 ~}AxJH 2¡/H ¢ < °K *2 ~8¡+ D 4*¡²* ¯ bK Jx~7 d < fJx A i*4b~zE q£p~|- ¶(* 6b~6&°* ¯ v F pFH ¥¡ D* e*Æ=°* ,xGb; f±b E x-*¡g´* f+bg D* e¡ ~6&b+ ~|gJ eb ³* E x1%* ¡D ¶(* g F *'¡~zD* f£ G&* GbmgJH bK JxJx - bK +b 1 ¢ cgJ ¥wD* b JvD Ég1°* f£ G&*H ¤~| J *wG b E¡J ¢g0 ¤~{ g´* ¥xJx gD* eb ³* *wG (* ~{+ f£=b~8 bK F3&* Äg J ¤ gD* f£ < E v cg~zJ x1%°* f+bg D* b £~6°H f+bg D* ¯ bK A¡D&bE bK ¿ *v= ¢g0 2x E

< f ~| E ¥¡ D* e*Æ=°* ,xGb; {Bb F &* £ g~zF ° ¤<b g/°* e*Æ@@ =°* jE b £D(* h~}A&* f£Ab . ibBb£~6 wG ¯ f~8b1 f ~|+ yC4&* ¤ F&* v£+ ¤~6b£~zD*H ¤sJ4bgD*H ~6&*H b cBO E ebc~{D* ¶(* v ´* eb ³* ¢ < f0b~z´* ,xGb D* wG ¤~{ - ¯ K ~6x F ¥wD* $b gF°* E b<¡F j &°* f D* d0 &* *v/ ° f£+x D* b gJ¡G ¢ < b p D x ~|D* E b@@F2°H&* 6¡ F ¯ f£ EyD* fc ²* wG ebc~7 ¡ < d:bsF &*  G DH h~|~|1 ¤gD* ib£ g ´* d =&* b + qgg J ,x-*¡gE i*4bc + E @@B*4H&* } + b ~}g-H f£+x D* f D* bJb~}B f~{Bb ´ ." É:(°* ¢ < ib D* ~}A&* f£+x D* (*" £cB ebc~{D* d=xF °H f£+x D* vsF ° b E*vsg~6* 4*x g+ pF 6x F ¶H&°* f/4vD* E bK £)b~|B(* bK +b 1 F pF b £A EH f gs´* -b + x1%°* b© ¤c ~zD* y££ gD* E bK <¡F £A bK £)É g~6* bK +b 1 eb~{D* 64b £~6 b GH f Jbcg´* -bAb . . f£Fb~zF(°* ib0b~z´* < kpcJ DH fJ*vcD* E x1%°* ¢ <

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

58


,2xÂŒ´* ib˜•’D* Ă?+ vÂŁ0ÂĄD* dJx†gD* ÂĄGH "4b˜g<°*" ”b›GH Âœ< ¡bÂ?E ÂŻ ixC3 b˜CH f£•~8&°* fD°vD* ÂœE eÆÂ?J ÂĽwD* ¤ÂžÂ?A q•€~|E ‡E –1*vg- "fÂŁÂ˜Cb²*" f˜•C Â?&b+ f˜C¥²* Â?&* vJxF °H ,x˜†D* f~}JxA fJ2&b- ¤Â›Â†J bK ~}J&* "4b˜g<°*" Â?(bA f+x†´* ibp•€~|˜•D Ă?Evsg~z´* IvD zc•N D* ÂœE vJyF ĂŒ+b†gD* fE$*¥´ –jE&°* "—b˜<&°* ,2bJ4" dJx†gD* Â?&* I4&*H Ix1&* ™£GbÂŒ´ Â&#x;gAb~9(* ÂœÂ’Ă‚ 3(* fΥgÂş i°b¸ ÂŻ fcCx´* –jE  bF2&* ĂŒ+b†gD* ÂŻ —b²* ÂĄG b˜C Social Entrepreneurship fÂŁ<b˜g/°* ,2bJxD* Political Entrepreneurship fÂŁ~6bÂŁ~zD* ,2bJxD* Corporate ib@@@˜@ @ƒ@ @›@ @´* H&* ib@@@Cx@@@~@ @{@ @D* ,2b@@ @ @ @ J4 Entrepreneurship Trading Entrepreneurship fJ4bmgD* ,2bJxD* Manufacturing Entrepreneur f<b›~|D* ,2bJ4 Agricultural Entrepreneur fÂŁ<*4yD* ,2bJxD* f£›Â?gD* ,2bJxD*Technical Entrepreneur

f~8bÂł*H fÂŁEÂĄÂ’²* ib˜ƒ›´* Ă?@@+ fÂŁC4b~{gD* ,2b@@Jx@@D* Joint Entrepreneurs

57

55

OĂł``````````````````````````````Š`dG 2 0 1 7 ÂŁfCC„CC€CCÂŞCCI ÂœCCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

–L Eb~7 ¤<b˜g/* xL .&* bžD ¤gD* ,xE O f€c-xE H&* fJ2xA —b˜<&°* —b/4 ib0b½ Â?ÂĄÂ’- d•=&°* ÂŻ —b˜<&°* 2*H4 bE&* 2*xA&°* ÂœE ,ĂŒÂ‰~8 f<ÂĄÂ˜m§ H&* ™ž-É)b†+ i*4b~}²b+H Âź&°b+ }ž›- f•Eb~7 fJÂĄÂ˜Â›-  Â€1 ™žJv•A f_£ž-H fE5ÉD* 24*ÂĄ@@´* Â™ÂŁÂƒÂ›-H 42b~|´* ĂŒAÂĄgD Â?HvžmJH 4bÂ’g+°* ub›E ibJ°¥D* ¤ÂŒA 2b~|gBÉD 6b~6&°* ,v<bÂ?D* —b˜<&°* 2*H4 Ov†JO ‘x~7 —H2H fÂŁ+¥›¹* b@@J4ÂĄ@@CH Ă?~|D*H Â?b@@+b@@ÂŁ@D*H ,vpg´* ÂŻ f£•<bÂŒ+ Â?ÂĄÂ˜Âž~zJ v›žD*H Ă?~|D*H bÂŁCx-H –J5*Ă„D*H bÂŁ~6%* fJb<xD* Â?ÂĄEvÂ?JH xJ¥€gD*H 4bÂ’g+°* yJy†-H ib†˜gm´* kJvÂŤ ,yÂŁÂ˜g´* —¥Â?†D*H dG*ÂĄÂ˜Â•D @@ D v@@ @ÂŁ@ @ 0ÂĄ@@ @D* d@@@Jx@@@†@ @g@ @D* —b@@ @ @ ˜@ @ @ @<&°* ,2b@@ @ @ @ @J4 h@@ ~@ @z@ @ÂŁ@ @D ‘2&°* b§4H °K H*v- ĂˆC&°* bž›’DH "entrepreneurship" ,2bJxD*H ,42bc´* ”b›žA ¤Â•~8&°* ÂšÂĄÂžÂŒ´* fD°2 Âœ< *K ĂŒc† bÂžÂ†ÂŁÂ˜/H fJ2bJxD*H x²* –˜†D*H ˆHx~{´* $b~{F(*H ,&*2bc´*H ĂŒc†gD f/b²* ¤c•- °H ,ĂŒjC Â?b†E œ˜~}g- fEb< i°°2 i*3 "—b˜<&°* ,42bcE" ”b›GH f£•~8&°* f˜•’•D `AbÂ’E 2v@@š "—b˜<&°* Â™ÂŁÂƒÂ›-"H "—b˜<&°* ,2bÂŁB"h "—b˜<&°* fA5b¸"h


º«gÉØeh äÉë∏£°üe

z IK mf 6*42 x<b~{D* 6*xA

=4 i*4b D ,x+b D* ibCx~{D* E Ìj D* b JvD v½ °H f £ E i°b¸ ¯ b -bmg E 4b~{gF* bFv£ J " c~}Db+ "entrepreneur" f C ¤ - *3bE DH ¥wD* |s~{D* ¤ - f D* &b+ Áb JÄD* 24¡ ~zC&* m E fA5bm´* E *K 4v@@B pgJH ibCx~{D* H&* b@@ @<&°* z~6'¡J b D v £A ¤ JxE&°* Æ~z+H m E bE&* q+xD* ¯ ÉK E&* f£Db´* b <&°*H ib~z~6'¡´* xJvJH J ¥wD* |s~{D* F(* Jx gD* f£DH'¡~z´*H f@@A5b@@m@ ´*H ,42b@@c@ ´* @@E ÌcC 4v@@ @+ f@@J4b@@m@g@D* f£<b g/°* Ìc gC " b <&°* ,2bJ4" q ~|E vsg~zF bF&*v+ f£+x D* ¯ Jv D* ¯ b@@§4 "entrepreneurship" f @D `Ab E +b E b <&* v@@)*4 vsg~zF b F(bA DwCH A JÌ1&°* w E bK <¡£~7 È@@C&°* b-4bc D* b-bGH "entrepreneur" 4b jg~6°* i°bm§ :bc-4° b £ < ~z F ¡ ´* 9xA &* 4b g+°*H f C¡²*H xJ¡ gD*H rx D f/b²* bE $b~zgJ b E Ìj D* &*v+ H*vgD* ,2bJ5 EH ÉK ~8&* b <&* /4 Ìc - vsg~zF b F&* b´b: ,vJv/ f C /4"h " b <&°* v)*4" Í+ fJxG¡/ bK BHxA b G (* B*¡Db+ ¤ J b £A b Db /(*  " b <&°* ¢ ~zJ b £+ q+xD* £ pg+ f ~|p´* ¯ b <&°* /4 g J B*¡D* 94&* ¢ < 0 v£~z©H -x A rb½(° b <&°* v)*4 d£Db~6&*H µb D* Ì£ gD £ ~6 ¯ D3 E ÈC&° dGwJ b§4H £+" cB µb D* £sgF &* b£~zD* *wG ¯ b ÂH {£ D* E b <&°* v)*4 .vpJO &*  *3bE 4v D v +H " zg£= b -b£0 ¯ ¥4w/ ÌM £ P E 4v@@B @@ B&* ~9 4b jg~6ÉD b@@ @ <&°* @@/4 ¢ ~zJ fA5bm´* E ub E ¯ b <&°* v)*4 x jg~zJ b £+ ,x:bs´* f~8b1 fJ4b jg~6* J2b ~8 |~|s- ,2bJxD* H2 hpc~8&* vBH bGv g - ¤gD* fA5bm´* ¡ + 4b~|E b GH fA5bm´b+ b <&°* 2*H4 9*xB(° ibE¡ ²*H IÄ D* ib~z~6'¡´* fJv£ gD* ibmg ´* ¯ b <&°* b/4 E Ìj D* x jg~zJ ¯ b <&°* 2*H4 x jg~zJ b £+ q+xD* E 4vB ¢ <&* « ¤gD* H&° b 0x: gJ ¤gD* f.vpg~z´* ibmg ´*H l¡pcD*H 4b g+°*

f <&¸* ,2fM|G j F Õª I| G* LzG ªG z£)xD bK E¡J bB +°* 7¡+ o4¡/ ¤ JxE&°* z£)xD* (* b J Í£~zFx D* E f ~{´*" Ì + Á¡- c~6&°* Áb JÄD* $*45¡D* ." b <&°* 2*HxD f C JvD z£D F&* ¤G f£~zFx D* f D* vsg~6* @@F&* ¤@@G f14b~|D* f@@B4b@@ @´*H ¯ fJy£ ½(°* f D* b -4b g~6* ¤gD* "entrepreneur" b D&ÉD ¤sJ4bgD* m ´* d~z0 1880 1875 ,Æ D* H&* bCH x~{< ~6bgD* x D* ¯ b~zFxA ¯ q ~|´* x ; 3(* ~8¡D " £g~z£+b+" ¤~zFx D* 2b~|gB°* µb< Evsg~6* E ¯ 4H2 b D ¡ J ¤gD* fjJv²* ib<Hx~{´*H fJ4bmgD* b <&°* 2b~|gB°* ¯ 6¡ E Ì£ - l*v0(* ¤sJ4bgD* bG4¡ - Ä< i4b g~6* fJy£ ½(°* &* ¡ ´* EH i*2x ´* m0 &*H f£~zFx D* ib D* E ÉK )bG *K 2v@@< %45 bFx~|< ¯ b DH*vgF ¤gD* fJy£ ½(°* f D* ¯ f£~zFx D* h 12 ¤gD* f£~zFx D* ib D fc~z Db+ *wG xJv - B&* ¢ < f£ £-ÉD* < y § fJy£ ½(°* f D ,x~7bcE ,2b g~6b+ dDb J ~} + &*v+H bK c~}= ¡£~zFx D* xm F* vBH ,2b g~6b+ + fJy£ ½(°* f D* ¯ b E*vsg~6* x 0H f D* fJy£ ½(°* b -4b g~6* f£~zFxA ,2x E @@D&* 80 E È@@C&* Í+ ib D* ex0 $*¡/&b+ xCwJ ~8¡J ° A 2Q 4 ¯ D3H b~zFxA h~94b< bEv < 2003 b< Í£~zFx D*H Í£ JxE&°* ¤ JxE&°* e*¡ D* z ¸ b A *x D* ¯ ex²* ¶(* ebGwD* b:b cD* q)*x~7 2*v<(* < B¡gDb+ <b ´* £ / fcDb § b D*vcg~6*H French Fries f£~zFx D* b:b cDb+ x - ¤gD* yc³* qc~8&* DwCH Freedom Fries fJx²* b:b c+ fJx²* yc1 ¤~zFx D* v~| J F&b+ z£)xD* ¡B *H4x+ ¤ JxE&°* É<(°* $*Ä1 } + c-xJ bE 4v + f Db+ c-xJ ° xE&°* &*H Db+ ¡ J bE "entrepreneurship" b <&°* ,2bJ4 ¡ E ¡ ´* B*¡+ £Gb E b -bCx~7 ¢ < c - ° b~zFxA &* ¡G 2¡~| ´* &*H £Gb E Ì£ - ¶(*H ~6¡g D g- ° ¤ A b@@ @<&°* ,2b@@J4 f£ JxE&°* ibCx~{D* ¢ ~z- b C x~{cD* ,b£0 e¡ ~6&*H µb D*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

56


(4) ,24b~6 . °K H&* fDb04 ,24b~6 ",xC*wD* x ~6" ¯ ,24b~zD* x g~z- hFbC bE ÉK £ A gJb F ¶(* x ~zD* fJ*v+ E f £ E - ¡ - bE bK cDb=H ,x)b D* Ä< g- k£0 bE $b~}A ¯ ¢ < f£0b£~zD* 9x + H&* ¤ ~64 £j­ H&* f£ E fJb D iÉ0xD* ¢ < x gF ibJx ~zD* wG Ä A Db+ bc-4°* {EbG £ < hAx - ¤gD* ib£~|s~{D* E Ìj D* ibAb .H i*4b£g1* ¡ D* e4b~}-H £ D* *x~8 k£0 b £ < *¡Ax -H fc-b D* |~| D*H bJb ²* E Ìj D* vDH b» B*¡´* bK Fb£0&*H $É D* 4v~8 f+b0x+ b /*¡- ,24b~zD* hFbC bE bK cDb=H ¢~|B&*H D* Í< < JÄ ´* Í/3¡ D* Jw + ¤ g FH x1%°* i*4b£g1* *Æ0*H qEb~zgD* ib/42 {£g gD* 4¡+b: E i*xE ¤/*x1(* ¯ bK cc~6 ¤+bm0 bC" &* f+xmgD* wG E h - ¤ D ,2v~{gE f Eb E Eb<&° H2H f . + ¤ < £ Â bE cB&*H {£g gD* +b~}D p~9&* ~z F b£~zD* ¯ &*x F b g<b + ¤<¡D* f/42 £ gDH " 7b F b -*H3 ebc~6&* E ¤G bK Fb£0&* b JÆ - ¤gD* d~} D* f/¡E" ."b -bAx~|- E b ~{g J b D¡0 E v D (5) x ~6"@D f£~| D* b g+4b E ¡ m´ b c£Cx- ,2b<(b+H ¡ D* f / m~zF ¤~7¡ cD* ÃxE f£-*4bE(°* f~6v ´*H fc-b D ",xC*wD* hmgF&* b C f E&°* E ibB*v~8 b D f£ 04 8¡~|F b F&* E b <b g+ f0¡g E f@@£@+2&° h~z~6&* @@+ f£Ax E f£Db / eb s DH ib£E¡£ D b ~8b~|gEbC ib@@+b@@ @³* f<¡ ¸ eb ³* . ¤ ²* £~8b - ¯ 4b jg~6* É1 E ¤ JvD* Dw+H ¯bp~|D* É g~6°*H fDb~6xD* z /H ¤sJ4bgD* f£Db / i°¡ p§ pJ bK Eb/ bK ~|F fJx ~zD* w@@G ¡ f0¡g E fJ¡J'H4H

55

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

." b G&*H bG¡/ f£/*yE ¯ fc g´* f Jv´* - ¯ v0*H ¯ *y- °H b £D(* xAb~6&* µ ¤gD* CbE&°* C ¶(*" $*vG(°* ¤-&bJ . { < zJx - ¶(* "b cgC&* &* ¢ ­&* $b~}£+ ibp ~8 ¤-xC*3 $*H4(* v~| + f~9Æ E Ix1&* CbE&* ¶(* x ~zDb+ b 0H ,24b~zD* k£0 a4b D* f£ ~7 qg - bK ~}J&* fc-b D* &* b EH { D* *wG b -xC*3 x ~6 ¯ ibJx ~zD*H f E&°* ¢Eb g-H vD*¡gg~6 (3) c-xJ bE C bE&* "¤~7¡ cD* ÃxE" b ~}- ",xC*wD* x ~6" ¯ B*¡EH vGb~{E E i*$b~}A ¯ lvpJ bE *w@@CH gDb+ ,24b~zD* + h gD* Ix@@1&* b@@:H&* E 8bs~7&* E i*$b DH *Ì D* ¯ f~6v E g~{- ¤gD* fDb0xD* Ix1&*H f£+x< vE i*$b~}A ¯ f£0b£~6 H&* f£ E iÉ04 ¤G bJÆF¡E" £cB E f<¡ gE i*4b@@BH ib£A*x / EH f£´b< ,4¡Ab ~6 f£Bv cD* £ / f0HvD* bJÆF¡E Í + 5¡D¡." £~z ´* x gJ b/Æ~6°* Ä A @@Ey@@D* ¯ Ix@@1&* iÉ@@04 ¤G . ¯" ~|A ¯ b@@²* ¤@@G b C v£ cD* ¤~9b´* ¢ < a4b@@ @ D* E ¥x ~8 ¯ h C" fc-b D* fD¡ : x~}pg~zJ ¥wD* "¤sc E f:b£³* f£ £C b F¡ J *¡FbC b £A ¤gD*H fJx~6&°* f£+ÆD* ¤c¹ "tc F £C @@G&°*H ,x@@~@6&°* H'¡~7 xJvF £C fCb£²*H &*x FH " v + < fJv£ D* rbc~8"@+ ¡~6¡´* ~| D* ¯ ~z FH 9¡ D* ¡G f C · fc~z Db+ v£ D* rbc~8 bC" bK ~}J&* ¤~9b´* ¢ < x gJ b C " ,É~| D ¡cGwJ JwD* E *K xCb+ £A ¤<vg~z- ¤gD*H "f+x D*H $b £G" ~|A ¯ b C dJx D* h - ¤gD*H ,x~9b²*H f£ £ ²* "$b £G" b g Jv~8 fc-b D* :¡D* ¯ f+x D* e4b@@© ¶H&* $b £G ¤ g < Ìj D* b E *wG Hv J DH " ~z D ¤<b g/°* ¥2b Db+ b E h pgD* k£0 6b _g~6* I¡~6 ¡ J &* ,2x g´* f Jv~|D* w D 4b~}pg~6°* &°* b :H o4b1 IÄ D* f+x D* wG f /*¡´ b +


b@@E&* ¡ F @@Dw@@+H "2*xA&°* } +H } +H ¤ J *wGH f 0xD* e2&* ¶(* ¤ g J ebgC ebgC £A gº z / ¯ b :4¡g~6 fc-b D* &* ¤/¡ F&* ¡G bEH ¯*x /H ¤sJ4b- ¡G bEH ¤+2&*H ¤)b 0 ¡G bE ib£E¡£Db+ fBÉ< D bEH ¤c)bm< ¡G bEH ¤/¡D¡+HÆF&*H (2) f gºH bK F¡ E ÉK ~|A Í +4&*H v0*H E ",xC*wD* x ~6" ¡ gJ m²* E fp ~8 Í.É.H b .H Íg_E 2*vgE* ¢ < ¡ D* M b C 2015 2010 Í+ bE ,Æ D* ¶(* bK £ E5 ¤ g -H ~6¡g´* É<(°* *wCH f+bg D* CbE&* < rb~|A(°* ¢ < fc-b D* h~8x0 E5 fBb + < fc-b D* fJx - DH b g£B¡-H b sJ4b- < ¯ b JvD f+bg D* i*2b<H 6¡ : E b cJx - F&b~7 E f+bg D* f 0xD* e2&° 8¡~| D* $b gF* < ¤-bEv ´* eb ³* J Í0 b -2°HH f+bg D* w D ¶H&°* f ~{D* < . bK +b~6 b ~6&* b C i&*v+ b< ¯ bJÆF¡E ¯ 4¡ ~zD* wG dgC&* i&*v+" b <x<x-H b E ¯ x ~7&* f~z 1 ivgE* f J¡: ,Æ DH ,ÌjC |~| C

z IK mf 6*42

zIôcGòdG ôØ°S{ ‘ á∏MôdG ÜOCG « 7§ gG* Ë|H jª-*4fH(¸* jg-f G

¤ g´* Ñ* vc<

(1) ¤~7¡ cD* ÃxE f£-*4bE(°* fc-b D 4*v~8(* kDb. ",xC*wD* x ~6" Í< x­ &* Â °H " ~{A&* µ" h " £ g~6&* ¤ DH" v + E = F&* GbcgF* ÌjJ &* H2 É D* ¡A 2b£p+ ¤ g´* ÃxE" fc-b D* ~6* *x~7(* I¡~6 E ¤~6b /&* bj£E ¥&* g£ + E g£~|F d~zg J ° ·¡ D* b D*" 4bcg<b+ "¤~7¡ cD* d~z0 " | D* 4Hv+ $¤~}£D b £A 1vgJ + d~zpA f£ 1*vD* f D'¡´* ~6* &* ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ u¡~7xA v 0&* ¤+x ´* vBb D* £ Db+ h J ° ¢g0 | D* <x~{J b C £ ~zJH | D* ~zJ ¥wD* ",xC*wD* x ~6" *¡ D* ¤-&bJ . ibAb~z´* BH £0xD*H gD* ¢ < £pJ x ~zD* k£0 DygsJ f +b~zD* e4bmgDb+ b g0°*H GwD* ¢ < ,xC*wD* ¡« Í0 ¯ b Jys-H $b£~7&°* $b cg~6*H eb ³* ¯ &*x D 2vcgJ b jJ4 ebg D* z ± eb£ D* *wG &* v£+ ¯ i&*v+ iÉ04 ¤G ,xC*wD* x ~6" fc-b D* ¡ +H ¤-bEv ´* f£GbE f+xmgD b«4°*H ¥vpgD* ¢ < A*H&* &* £A i4xB ¡J /x-&° ¤ < h~z F* ¤gD*H b g~{< ¤gD* B*¡´* C ¤G f+x D* l*v0&ÉD ¤gJ'H4 É1 E + i4xE bE wG ¤-bp ~8 Í+ b G

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

54


7

|

2¡@ D* f / ¤ <

ÉØjEG Kb~7Æ E N £~84 4R b gF°* ¥b~z< *3bE O * N &b~6 (R * ¡B& ¡F¡ ~zD* <H b -$*x+ < b gEb~zg+* xp~6 R b -*x F <H P4*x~6&b+ I&É´* "4R bpcD* b m~z + Rh DR &* N N } +H ¤0H4 ¢ < 4R b Q ±* Rh~}EH Pv£ cD* A&°* ¶(* Ix ~6 Mf £ C P *43 ¢ < O b qJxD* P Q &R * O O « 7x- d²* S 4R *¡cD* 94&°* ¯ ¤gD* b J(* ¤ gR <S2H bE b 0*xm+ Rh s.&* ¤0H4 RhCx- bEH K £c~6 4R *¡p D É

53

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

Rh ~64 ¤gD* b J(* *x:&* ¢ < bGÆA2 4R b: Q . KbEb 0 b £04 v + N2b< bE O cQ ~{D* ¤ £ J b Q y²b+ O b = vBH 4R bg~zD* P bcQ ~{D* < Rh+b= b -O 4¡~8 O EvD* Q ;H Kb0¡ ~zE 4R b:(°* /H ¢ < Rh 04 O b ´* *5bEH b ~6b F&* E 4O b J O b~6&* O O g J O £ DQ *H 4R b D* N : b Q C r*xA&°* f B4 E Q E&°* N v£+ Rh~{C Pv£0¡D* 4R b£1 É+ Ri42b= bE ¤gD* b J(* KbE¡J b gcN £ 0 b O )b~64 d E ¯ ¤ gR <2 Q P y²*


Hx@@1&°* ¢ gF* k£0 E &*vcF &* b £ < ¤ c J b C ngF&* ng J bE vJv/ f +bgEH fAx §

vc´* f E ¡G fJ¡jF&*H fJ4¡C3 v < E ¡ D* « bE yF I¡g~zE ¯ ,&*x@@´*H /xD* IxJ bK £Fb~zF(* bK )bC ~8¡+ x ´* £¹ D b Ab~9&* f c~zE b 0&* H2 vcJH v0*H

fN Hfk1 jgF*§H i¡E b E i°¡ ´ f £ B i*¡ ~6 cB D oH4O bE &b@+ xCwgF A*vg£D fJ*HxD* E5 EyD* &*H tD(* f~| D* i¡EH x ~{D* bK E¡J +bgF *w GH b g+bg D $bc:&°*H i¡£cD* ib+4H ¡£ p~|D* I4&*H x ~{D* i¡§ £ ±* v~8 &* v + ¢ ²* - ¡J v + E $*x ~{D* G + i¡Â ° x ~{DbA f gº ,4¡~|+ xE&°* x ~{D* i¡E z£DH -*¡§ y/&* DwDH vJv© < *Hym< ¯ 2v/ Í0 ÁH2ÄD* Ñ*vc< 0*xD* x<b~{D* b G xCwgFH $*x ~{D* E Ìj D* v < ¥wD* hB¡D* ¯ fJ2¡ D* ,v£~| D* ÌcC vcE ÁH2Ä@@D* &°H x@@²*H f £ gD* ¶(* bGxmG ¶(* ¥xG*¡±*H ¤-b£cD* A DwCH Ãv D* ~{D* ¢ + ¯ 2v/ E 4¡ + Í J ¢ < bF&*H f£Fb~zF(* ,4Hx~9 x ~{DbA GÌ=H fJ*HxD* £Fb g~6 ¡£D* x ~{D* £Fb J bE &* ¢~{1&*H FH2vmJ µ (* Ix1&* ¡ A Áb g~6 DwCH b D J2vm´* ym + *K v= bGvJv© ¯ x+bjJH | sJH E'¡J E v© K bJ2x~6 bK ~|F ~|- H&* bK <vcE ~|- f ~8¡D 2¡/H ° F&* FH E¡ < ¯ *v+(°bA 64S vJO ° xJb E * &*H *K y£ gE M M |F obgF& c~zg J bEH d-b D* i*4vB ¢ < v g J ¤ G3 obgFH ¥2xA A -*4v + E'¡J &* vc´* ¢ < DwDH f£ C*x- i*4b E E Ãv -H y£ gD* ¢ < £ J bEH bK +b~6 bFxC3 b§ bK p ~zgE 8É1(°*H ,x+bj´* Ì - d~|F ~}J &*H {Gv´*H xJb ´* Jx1%°* 5Hb© . EH -*3 5HbmgD + ¡ J b´ ,x+bjEH b@@Â(* @@+ d~zpA fcG¡E H* fc=4 z£D *v@@ +(°* f cGxD* f/42 ¶(* ~|J 8É1(*H

D3 HvcA bK £Fb~zF* ¡ D*H ib<*v+(°* lv0&* dC*¡F &* 2vmgE *v@ M P ¯ b@@ @~@6(°*H v)b~zD* 5Hb@@©  ° M @ +&* 1 ¢ < *K x 0 h~z£D b £ / ¡ D* (bA b ~6&* b CH xJb EH D3 E $y/ vc´*H b< Áb~zF(* A ¤G + £ + g¸ ¶H&°* ibJ*vcD* } + hFbC (*H ɳ* Áb~zF(°* *x²* °(* dC¡ D* *wG ¢ < bE b E E h jcF* £ + ¤+2&* z ± &* vc´* ¢ < DwDH b< <b -H Áb~zF(* obgF 4¡ - &* i°bm´*H Db¸ ¯ vJv/ + b´(ÉD v / I4b~|B wcJ f£c ~{D* fAx ´* b G(* *wG ¤ J °H + f ~|D* i*3 bE eb £g~6*H b + b´(°* vc´* ¢ < + fJv£ gD* ¡ D*H bG5HbmgJ µ (*H b £A vJvmgD* fDHbp´ +b £g~6*  xJb EH vJv/ ¡G bE Ãv gD ¥wD* ·bj´* | D* H&* Eb D* | D* v/¡J ° e2&°* ¯ £ / ¯ DwCH 5Hb@@ © v@@<H -bCb¹ b £ < 9x J ¤ J °H mJO y½&* bEH DwD } cD* oHS 4N &*H ¡ D* ¢ < F &* @@+ f@@£@ D5&* f£ ~|C v < B¡gD* @@DÉ@@/(* bK £ 0xE bK £Fb~zF(* *K 5b@@½(* j ¡@@GH dJxmgD*H vJvmgD* &* b C H4&°*H /&°* Ãv -H 5HbmgD ¤~}´b+ DwDH b + 5HbmgJ ,xJb E b <&b+ ¡-&b£~6 bFÌ= &* F &* b £ < Ì gD* f£ ~6 wcF dmJ b G bK F¡ ~}EH ÉK ~7 b <v+&* bE ¤ J ° dJxmgD* &* FH q)*x~{D* } + ¢ < x £~z- ¤gD* b´ *42(*H fAx § v)b~zD* rƽ &* + É D* ¯ y D*

¬JÉcÉfi Éæ«∏Y ¢VôØj …òdG ‹ÉãŸG ¢üædG hCG ..πeÉμdG ¢üædG óLƒj ’ ÜOC’G ‘ πéjo õ‚CG Éeh ..∂dòd ¢†©ÑdG êhs Qn ¿CGh ..¿ƒæØdG ™«ªL ‘ ∂dòch ..√RhÉŒ ΩóYh ,ÖjôéàdGh ójóéàdG ≈∏Y πª©f ¿CG πH ,á«dRCG ᫪æ°üc √óæY ∞bƒàdG ¬dÓLEG »æ©j ’h Ék «∏Môe Ék «fÉ°ùfEG Gk RÉ‚EG πãÁ ƒgh

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

52


obgF D* D3 C ib<ƺH ¡ AH b£/¡D¡ - E b D¡0 bE *K x~z£E ~{£ F bE bC b´ °¡DH £ D* ¥x~{cD* b£³* AÉg1*H -&*x/H gJx0 < Ìc g D 2x D* ,*2&* b£³*H £f I(* y£­ ¤<vJ E CH b@@J2&°* ¡A ¡ ~zJ Á¡C )bC vc´* ibJx D* - C (* + G*H bG*¡~6 < bJ2&* H&* ib£E¡B vc´* GH bGÌ= H2 ¡D H&* *x<&* y£­ < b F¡ J ¤gD* $b gFb+ bK E'¡E ibJx D* - C x AH Db£s+ 5Hb© b~zF(* D* ¡ - &*H £ < Áb~zF(* x F ¶(* $b / fJx~{cD* f E H&* fFbJ2 ebp~8&* H&* f£E¡B ¢ < *K x 0 z£D ¥x~{cD* f £~}D* -*¡<v+ x.&bgJ ° &* dmJ vc´* x AH f£A*x / b )b gFb+ xs F &* b £ <H b@@ < Áb@@~@z@F&* A *v@@+(°b@@A ¤)y±* z£DH ¤ ±* D b /bgF /¡F &*H Áb~zF(°* ¤ ±* ¡ ~zD* E vJy§ b <*v+(* ~z£D

51

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

+b ´b+H b £~9xJO ¥wD* Ég1°* D3 b AÉg1*H bF4b A&* 0 6v F µ (* Í<vcE ¡ F A bFÌ= Ég1* c gF bFy£­ ¢ < F &*H mg F bEH b ~z F&* É1 E Ég1°* e¡ ~6&*H bK <*v+(* Ég1°*H y£ gD* Í m~{E b + £pJ b < f<H4 ÈC&°* ,b£²* 2vmggA Jx1%°* 4b~{F Dw+H ,b£0 °K b /H fª»* ¡ J D b£³* H2 EH b£³* 0É~6 vc´* ~7 É+ F v / Ì= D d~zpJ ° B*¡D* Bb A {GvJO *v+(* b G b + y£­ ¤gD* f£~8b³* b£³* D3 )bB¡ D + 5HbmgJ °H bE ¢ < x.&* ¯H -*3 ¯ bK Fb A g / ¤gD*H *¡~6 < b~zF(°* 4¡ -H ¤B4 E fJx~{cD* £D(* h ~8H b´ E&bg´* (* ¢g0 D¡0 -°b£s+ £ pgD* Hv£mJ E f B b£³* cc~6 &* vmJ C v½ DwDH {GvJH GwJ bE ¥x~{cD* gm D ÍEv E


z IK mf 6*42 *x < ¤+x D* v ¹

ô©°ûdG äƒe ¢ù«dh ..AGô©°ûdG äƒe øeR ájGhôdG ¢TÉ©àfGh ÉA f£<b g/* H&* f£ J2 2¡£B H2 fJxp+ vc D b CÉgE° x.&* ¥&* H2 EH @@-*3 2x D* ¡ £DH b~zF(ÉD °(* f£~6vB ¤~z F hD&b~6 bE *K ÌjC DwDH *K Ì1 FHv g J bEH Jx1% ÉD U ;&b~6 ¢gE ¶(* x ~|D* w E ¤ < ¤ E&* bE . 6b~z0(* h« "¤~z F ¡C&* ¢gEH ¥Ì D fgGb+ fs~zF

h«H 2017 /2 /8 tJ4bg+ $b ~8 ¯ f~| D* ¥2b + ,HvF ¯ ebg D* E 2v< lv« "¥2x~zD* dJxmgD*H ,xJb ´*" *¡ < hDHb - ¥4Hv+H 4¡~}²* ebm<* *H4b.&* vBH ¡~9¡´* ¡0 b E D3 ¡0 b F ,v< jM|CC0

,&*|/ f£AbC ,&*x@@/ b CÉgEb+ °(* *K 4*x@@0&* ¡ F &* Â ° +b ´b+ 2¡ ±* Í@@+ f ~8b D* ,¡@@ @³* - b@@F4b@@ @A&* @@< Ìc g D ÌM j A {Gv´*H ¥2b D* Í+ ¡pg´*H h+bjD* Í+ ³*H rb~|A(°* ,&*x/ H2 ¡ g J D fcG¡E ebp~8&* x~{cD* E G4b <&* ¡~} J Dw+H @@+ Hx J b <H Hv g J b < &* H2 E ¡-¡Â f ´* ,¡ ³* - ¢ < *H'HxmJ &* H2 b Bb <&* ¯ fJx²* c - &* ¤ J ° *K 3(* xCwJ *K x.&* *¡ U sJ b £S A ,&*x±* ¤G 4¡ D* ,wAbF 4¡ D* bF4b A&* Ix- &* H2 b gJx0 < Ìc gD* - ,&*xm+ ¢ pgF &* Í<vc C Ñk1¸* °H ¤c ~6 ¡ § £D(* x D*H Ég1°* fEHb E ¢ < b c/ ~zJx - b £ <H f£BÉ1&*H f£Fb~zF(* f £B Ég1°* &* 4vF &*vcF &* bK C¡ ~6H *K x A f £ < f£Fb~zF(*H f£F¡C f £ C £mc-H < Ìc gD* Ég1ÉD o3b C b Ev F ¤gD* b -*H3 E

*K xJb EH *K y£ gE bK <*v+(* vcJ A *K x0 J µ (* d-b D* 2¡@@ @±* @@E b@@g@ @ F°*H x@@ @ @D* f@@Jx@@0 f@@Jx@@²b@@+ ¤@@ @@<&*H f£<b g/*H f£ J2 £Gb § ÉK jE ; (* d-b DbA fJv£ gD*H bK Jv£ - bK )bC x < {£ £~zA D3 ¤ J &* H2 < c ¤ E&* bE + ¡ ¹ f£ JvD*H f£<b g/°* b -b_£cD obgF b C i*$ÉE(°* - E sgD* dmJ DwDH x ~|D* w E b £ < bK )bC °(* ng - ° fJv£ gD* fAb jD* / &° x0 x A J¡ gD bK Jx A gsJ b@@EH -bBÉ<H -b£0 ¯ Ì + bK £c~7 bK gGb+ ¯ D¡0 ´ ,4x E fK s~zF -*¡ ~6 {£ J Dw+H bK £<*v+(*H xG¡±*H ~{D* fJx0 b + ¤@@ @<&* ° ¤gD* f@@Jx@@²* ,4Hx@@~@9 ¢ < yCxF Í@@0H E bG*xJ vBH b ~6H'H4 *K 4¡~|gE xG¡±* fJx0 + 4¡~{ D* Dw+H bK ¡B FHxJ b§ bG&ÉE&* &* dmJ f£<H&* 2x¸ b D¡0 E ¢ N O- bE &b@ + y@@/&*H H2*4&* b§ ÉK ¹ 2x D* {£ J *w DH bK BÉ1 bK )bC 2x D* E s- ° ib ~zEH ib £/¡ fJx²* hFbC *3(*H b + < bE C E bF¡ < Ì g+ b £ < ¢ ~zF &* dmJ y£ g´*H 2b~|D*H x²* *v+(°* ibcg< ¶H&*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

50


| 7

u – »Yƒ∏°V o ºo £ n o ≈≤«°Sƒe ≈∏Y ¢ü o br ôdG s o sπc ìÉÑ°U m

QGóLp

¤S N <N O U ~6N O&* rM bc~8 S CO S Peb+ PfcgN < ¢ < ¤ O<2U HN O&*H fP Q ~{D* P P1*vD* ¶(* O2¡<&*H ,M ¡ B N bm PA Tv P<O&* fM ~7R 4N N HS &* O ~7O 4R &*H O PE PÌAb~| D rO ¡U DN O&* bF&*H P bcQ ~7 ¤gAxR =O fK £F&* fK Q 0 ¥v-4& * O N b cO P~6b -O M O <O f +R 4 4O bg1&*H fP Db~|D* ¯ zPO /&R * S .O P4*v P±* ¢ < fN S N O ´* 4N ¡N ~|D* T KbcPB*xEO ¢ N £~6¡´* }P R +N ¶(* O P gN ~6&R * Pi*xCU wN O ´* P,$*xPB ¯ O&*v+&*H N b N R 1 ¤gc£c 0 b N gR CN xN -N ¤gD* K*ÌjCN O pN ~9&R * N N CR &* ¤ +&*H È P4bpPgFR °* ¯ P xO U AN O&* S .O S ~zD* T xO ~}U 0N O&* K*v£U / fN /b/yT D* oT 4O &*H ¤ P A ¶(* b N A4R &* &* N cBH )b²* fO <b~6 PO R -O P K*x~|< PfjDbjD* N b­

¤U ~9P 4R &°* P P+b D* ¯ 4O *v P±* 5P ¡m N D* U O&°* P +P b~8&b+ O&bAS vN gN JN 9b0xP P ´* ¶(* ,K v£0HN O 0N yR - ¤GH P £D(* PkJv²* ¢ < b jT pO JN H O&*vN ~|D* S N BN b~zgN J &R * N cR BN P N N D* < P P f S N O ´* b P-xN mN R 0 N R PE RN Í N P0 rO xN R JN H b P/HR 5N ¤R S CN O N © Ph£R N ´* P Pp R ~6 ¢ N N <N R PE R N fK PG*xOE RhFN bC ¡R DN b C O N © N K*4¡G5O b cP £c² b N jR PE dL £U : 4L *v P/ O FS °H &P bGN$b +R &* O xN R JN F&* bGÄ O P sR JO ÉA N P £ < G4N ¡N ~8 O OhcU jN -O JwD* Ì P Eb~z´b+ ¤ cR - b FN ¡ N mR JN R F&° N S CO P £DN (* RixN F b S O ES O&°* S O ~zR JN ib P P+*¡ D* ¯ fP £Q ~9P 4R &°* N EN N ¡~{£ JN S OG'Hb +&* b N £R +N R P -P b/H5N S Pf£Db D* P P+*¡ D* ¯ N N v R P< DwD O ES O&°* i¡ O ­ bEN ib 4O *v P±* °(Q * S P £R N < O yN pR JN ° R P £ < xO N - ¤gD* fO +¡:xT D* bEH ,K &bmR AN O BS ¡N gN - ° ¤gD* ,O xJy D* O <O ¡EO2 °(*

49

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

¤ £ D* v ¹

¤gc£c0 ¤ -R xN mNN G &R * Nv R +N ,M xP.b gN EO M PN B ¶(* ¥v~zN / N N S N -N S N R -P ¶(* bgcN GN 3N N¥bENvBN P 4P *¡~{D* Kb E b £A O S ~zN gN F b Q CO ¤gD* fP £N P =R O&°* ¯ bg N P <N N¥bF3O O&*H ¢ < | R N BO xR FN &R * bFRvgN <* ¤gD* $K b~zEN b P<b J(* RhcN GN 3N H bGP4HR vN +P ¤ gR CN xN -N ¤ P+b~8&*H O * ¢ < b P +P b~8&* 4N b.%* N cN gR gN D P *4Rv± PwPA*¡ S D*H N S CO ¤ FR &*H O cP ~{R JO K*x R P< S ~7 b bGxN R P< b R PE rO ¡ JN ¤gD* P,&*xR N ´* N$*4HN N HN xR GN xO PR D* *wG ¤gc£c0 ¤ -R xN mNN G &R * Nv R +N ,M xP.b gN EO M PN B ¶(* ¥v~zN / N N S N -N b gO R +N bB ¤gD* ,O &*x´* N R -P Ri$b/ ¢g0 bGNv R +N N Pfc R DO ¯ µb D* P N fO +N b F&* ¤ gR N N BR &*H P PycN D*

¢ < fN S N O ´* ¤)*y/&R * Rh R ~9N HN Q fP DN HP b D* R sN -N ° RhDbBH N CN PO x<&R * R N v£<O&* £ fK £PFb. N N £ © O ¤P+ PR . ¤ R +N ¯ ¤ R <N Rh N ~9N HN b S P D N ¤ ¥Px R ; ¯ S £R <N H Rh N ~9N HN HN PÍEN vN N D* NP < Rh N R gN ~6*H Í P gN PDb gO´* ¤S gN )N 4P b O FN b EN ¶(* ¤N P~{E&R * &R * OhDR HN b0 b S CO kNN DR N°& P ¤~9b´*


≈ØæŸG øY áŸDƒŸG ¬Jɪ∏c øY áHò©dG ¬JÉ«HCGh äÉà°ûdGh ÜOC’G πLQ ¬à∏©L á«fÉ°ùfE’G ÈcCG øe Gk óMGhh ,»æ«£°ù∏ØdG øjô°UÉ©ŸG Üô©dG AGô©°T

p~|D* ibJÄC < gcgC bE &*x J &* {JH4vD 4vQ JO µH "fEHb ´* x<b~7"@+ ~|- " *xm £gD*" ¤Gb A f£c /&°* yÂb- 4¡J¡£FH "f£ £ ~z D* b~zJ2H&°*" Äg - hFv +vF(°*H < f+w D* -b£+&*H ibg~{D*H ¢ ´* < f´'¡´* -b C" (* ¡ ÄC&* E *K v@@0*HH ¤ £ ~z D* e2&°* /4 g / f£Fb~zF(°* µ C µb D* &* ¢ < vJ *wG " Jx~8b ´* ex D* $*x ~7 v0&* b gJ µ ¤gD* fD2b D* g£~} + bK ~|g E °(* {JH42 xJ f£´b D* ¶(* É F°* < -ym0H gJx<b~7 E hDbF b F&b+ f £ + c - &* hDHb0 ex D* 2b D* E f~9x E f 0 I¡~6 xGb; kcs+ h ~6H x~|B&* $*x ~7 fEbB E ¤ gD {JH42 fCx E ¯ fJ¡ D* gp ~6&* v0&* E Í£ £ ~z D* vJx© ¶(* 2bJ5 £A¡-H ~6b D* q£ ~6 £ £A4H {JH42 x ~7 ¡GH Ì~|´* ¥xmJ b» 2¡~6&* = pF*¡/ Í+ }£ J &* cB {JH42 ibE ~zgJH f£~} D* x ~|-H ¡ D* 1*2 Ä £A 6b 0H qgA Í+ ",xC*wD* b£~zF" f+bgC ¯ x~{J &b+ D *¡~6¡~6H E Jx: ¥&* Db+ < { J &*H " b£~z D ,xC*3" -b+b~z0 E ~zJH x~zp J ·b D* D*H bK £gJH *K v£0H b~|²* IxJ ¡GH ¢ ~9 f £ jD* ,*y D* fJw0&* h« i¡Â ¢g0

Í g g~zE @@-*3 ¯ F¡BHwgJH -b C Hx0 Í+ ~z F&* ¡~7 E Í :b g´* Ì= E *¡FbC (*H ¢g0 x c´* Db m+ Í£E2%ÉD f£ £c D* ,b£²*H fJb D*H fJx²* ¶(* {JH42 ¡B < ¯ < 4Hv@@J b £A bK £ E x D* @@ @E&* @@{@JH42 &* ¡@@D ,x ~7 iygG* bE $*v<&°* + v ~{J bE ²*H )*v<&* f £ºH gJx<b~7 < ¡ D* ~6&*4 ¯ *¡ ~7&* ´ ~6&*4 ¯ ,v0*H d£+&* - f Ebm+ ¤+x D* e2&°* 3bg~6&* t£E¡~6 b~6 ¡G b A fFb ´* ¯ JvD IHb~zgJH f£+x D* $*x ~7 ÄC&* E *K v0*H *xJ ¡ JH v£ ~6 24*H2(* @@0*x@@D* Ìc D* x ´*H vBb D* @@E ¯ ,vJv±* f£ £~6É D* fCx0 ~9 {JH42 ibJ*v+ hFbC" fJÈD* fJx ~{D* g D ixm - hB¡D* 4HxE E D x ~{D* d²* < dg A ¤~|s~7 ¡G bEH ¤~6b£~6 ¡G bE Í+ 1H ¥wD* b D* 4b:(°* ¢~z J &* H2 E E&°* fc£1H f )b D*H *¡~7¡ J e &* ¤ £)*x~6(°* dJ2&°* ¡G bGH "*wG C pJ *K x<b~7 bC" hGb+ $b.4 b E 9x E ¯ {JH42 < ¡ J g D @@< bK @ @/Æ@@E b@@C ¡@@D ¢g0 x ~7 &*x@@ @J @@EH *K Ì@@c@ C fJx²*H g=É+ $*x@@. E f £ < ,4¡~|+ x.&bgJ f£ ~8&°* ." ~z D bG5b/&* ¤gD* fJx ~{D*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

48


b£g£Ay- ebgC H&* ",24bcD* f£Ab jD* ex²*" yF¡g~6 z£~zF*xA É D* ¯ *¡~}£ g~zJ µH "x 1 ¯ e2&°*" Ì1&°* 4H2¡ 4¡=b:H ¤@@EHx@@D* JvD* É@@/H ¤c g´* 2¡ 1 x~6 < E ¯ ¡ sJ &* *H2*4&* A h 0 ;bFH ¡gFbEÌDH bC4¡DH *K 4vB £ < ~} + 64bE &* v + 6b D*H :¡D* E f = ibB4b ´*H ,4¡~|D*H 5¡ D bK ~| º ; F&° GbmgD* E Í+ @@{@JH42 bGx 0 ¤gD* e4b~z´* @@< F¡£< *¡~} =&*H x+b D* ¤E¡£D* Í+H b D*H 8b³* Í+H "È D*"h "f £ gD*" ¢ < e*Æ@@D* *¡ £ J &* *Hv -H tJ4bgD* fc / ¯ 5¡ ´*H ~{ D dgC {JH42 (* ¡ - ,Ì D* z ~{C f£ / f £ 0 b _ :°*H D*H d~} D*H b~9xD*H xm~{D*H x ´*H i¡´*H 2Hv²*H 2Hv~z D ,x+b D* f£Fb~zF(°* £ D*H x<b~{´* E Ìj D*H @@94&* ¢ < 2b@@ @³*H 2b cD* < dgC Í0 @@F&*H 2¡£ D*H f~8b~84 2x¸ *K v+&* - µ g+bgC (bA ¯b ´* ¯H Í ~z A bK £Fb~zF(* ÉK < hFbC + rbJxD* bGH4w- e*x- f 0 °H f~{)b: b +4b EH @@ 94&°* 4b~{E ¯ HÌ@@j@C Ix@@J *K v@@Db@@1H bK Jv+

47

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

£Ev D q~zA&*H *K xGb; *K 4H2 D hpFH f£-b£0 f £;H c0b~8 :¡D qEÉ´* g E *K yE4 4b~8 ¢g0 b0yD* ¯ bK pJxE bK Fb E ~|-H ,xC*wD* ¯ ¡Gy- f Jx1H $b D*H ÉgB°* ¢ < ¤~|< b ´b E h~z :H bG2Hv0 h C%b- b E $b´b+ $b´* ex D* e¡@@ @B &* ,x@@+b@@< f ² ¯ ¢~z J &* @@{@ JH42 2b@@C &* v + £ < h@@D¡@@< v@@B D¡ <H g ~}g0*H gAb~}g~6* x~|g J &* ~6¡+ bK @E2H +b D* E I¡@@B&* ib C Gv~{F&* E ,2b ~6 ÈC&* bK £m~6H 2ɱ* ew - f£p~9H £~zD* ¢ < dG3H $*24 1 ¡D D x J &* ~6¡+ v0&* J µH bm~zD* Jx D*H b~|²*H f£A¡ D*H xm²* E *K 2x¸ µb D* ¶(* $b ~zD* gEbG hDHb: ¢g0 AbgC&* ¡A ¡ A4 Jw D J µH vDb+ f+¡g ´* v)b~|B ¯ 4b D* ~7&* F&* ¡D bK )bB ¡CÆJ &* Eb J(* *¡DHb0 E ¶(* g~6*H ¡gJyD* hJ5H Jx D*H x D*H E °(* 1vJ ° "f.*v²* 6H2xA" &*H "f£~} D*" f£p~9 F&b+ x ; $*4H $¤~7 C x ebgC ¡0 {JH42 E 4*¡p D f/xA *¡pg J &b+ $°'¡G J µ


z IK mf 6*42

ÜÉ«¨dG ‘ ô°VÉ◊G ..z¢ûjhQO Oƒªfi{ ~z0 ¤ < 4b < 2 K g E {JH42 2¡ ¹ Ìc D* x<b~{D* 04 2008 f ~6 z ~z=&* E ~6bgD* ¯ :H £ gC < 0H É ~|J }Jx< x~z/ ¡A ,Ì@@1&°* g ¹ ¶(* xE @@E&°*H µ&°b+ ´* x ~7 x-bA2H r*x±b+ sj´* ¢~7¡´* 3b@@1&°* 9b£ D* x ~7 4b@@G5&* xAx- £cFb/ ¢ <H f£~} Db+ f.*v²* +xJH f~6b£~zDb+ e2&°* 4Hb~zJ H&* *x D* fc D 2H*x- &* cB %°* Db04 {JH42 pJ &* Ñ* $b~7H Jv+ b /H ,x~6%* f=Éc+ Ìc D* x<b~{D* &*H ibE*ygD*H b 0&*H b .&* ¥&* E K*2x¸ ,4Hx~}Db+ ¡ J |Db³* x ~{D* &* ¯ ~7 b:H&°*H 4b A&°* £Ev + Kb~zG*2 IÄ D* ibJ2x~zD*H fEb D* x:&°* b 0 ¡A µb D* ¶(* Ì~zJ ¥wD* ¡G ¤~9b´* 4b~z§ bc-4°* A d gJ f£´b D ¡~8¡D* &*H g<b m+ 2x D* +xJ ¥x~6 c0 CH £ D*H Í £ + 4bpcD* $*4H bE ¶(* ebGwD*H Ex D* c/ fEbG ¡A 6¡ ±*H £ ±* ÌAb~|< dp+ ¡p~{´* :¡D* e*x- KbE¡J bGx J µ *vB&*H v£~{ D* +w J ° AH D* ; b £A v-xJ ° 2b~z D* bGvc g~6* ¤gD* f ~zD*H f ~zD* b -¡=&* ¤gD* f£~zE&* x1%* ¯ {JH42 BH b £ £~z+ b£ gD* Jw D* J¡1&°*H ~8HH f~6b£~zD* xmG £D f£~zFx D* " 4(*" f Jv§ bGb£0&* :&* ¤gD* b³* ,2b´* JvD hFbC ¶H&°* &* bK £~6bF x ~{D* ¢ £~6¡´* ex:H ,4¡~|D* f gAH f D* xp~6 b Db~8H&* ¯ q E x~8b ´* ex D* tJ4b- ¯ ¡c~zE Ì= *K x ~7 ~|£D

fJb<vD* ,¡G ¶(* x ~{+ bK E¡J ~zJ µ {JH42 &* =x+H ¤gD* ,vEb±* ib£/¡D¡JvJ&°*H z)bcD* <¡D*H f~|£1xD* £04 E x ~7 cB w1&* v A D* f£ AH e2&°* f£+2&* g £p´* E 6b Db+ +4 ¥wD* bJx~{D* rxmJ &* ¯ x J £D(* iv g~6* ¥wD* 4*v±* E ib cD } + y JH n£ ³* ¶(* fEHb ´* E ¡ + bK <¡AvE h0*Æ~6*H b C fJx ~{D* g+x©

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

46


| 7

¥vFHÉD* v 0&*

p t åjOÉMC ádƒØ£dG G ør ep oP b/N yT D* P$*4N HN R PE O gO /N HR 5N O pN ~}R gN AN 4O ¡jO £N AN bNGvO PGb~{N JO ° O gN DN ¡/O 4O S &* N PGÄ R £O D ¤ O N ~|R £N AN *O yN -N O O -N N$b N ~zD* S ¡ ¤~}E& P bA ¤~}P ÂH RN O O PN D* xT ­ P £ S D* ¯ i*4b M,4b/ N R <N P cR gS D* P )P b+N R <N kO pN +R &* *Ì K jC ¤P -R 2H*4 N N <N N R P~zgN R JN M,¡N ~zPR F R <N H P` P:b~7 ¢ PxpR cN DR * rR bcN ~8 N S CO ON P £ S D* ¯ i*O 4N b PN D* xT ­ T fK <N Æ N R EO N Pe¡pO ~{Db+ ,K 2N 4P b~7H O +N b~{N gN JN ¥wDS * 8b P ~8N xS DbC N N R f<N b~6 ¯ fR N P:bA bJN PexR ²* P N xU N D* NP < ¤P pR FN N ¡R ~6 b N N OG xU N D*H S fR N ~8b P N D* Pf+N xR ~}D*H O O PN D* xT ­ P £ S D* ¯ i*4b Pf S pN N ´* £ P ~8P 4N N ¡R AN Ov O BR &* b~zK cP gN R EO H Pd£P S D* ¯ b~zK cP gN ¹ R O Pd£P N´b+ N v´* e¡ fR N PE5R &°*H )*N O /&O * O BO &* &R * N$b N ~6&R ° N £R CN H ¡ Pib N T D* 6P 4R vN DP d£ N PmgN ~zR -N R N PvNJ S N DN P,¡N R ~8 ¢ N N <N b JP¡gN « ¥ N * P ¡R ³ fR N P O´* Pf N pR S D* ¯

45

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

¯H ¤P +R &* PhBR ¡N DR * PfcN CR 4O ¢N <N O bFN &* ÁÄ T O P sR JO qP cR ~|D* N O R b+K ¡R C eN xN ~{£N DP O bN<2N RvB O cN P0b~8 N S &* S N PE ¥b~{D* N tP £R ~{D* P S ,xN ~}R 0 ¯ R : N fR 0b N BN HN ¯ O +O wU CO&*

O O PN D* xT ­ P £ S D* ¯ i*4b P ¡~zD* ¶( * PebNGwS D* Nv R P< N¥Uv/ N xO CO 3R &* T O$bBN Pv~8&R * bJ fK cN R DO · N bgN cR £N D MÌ P NE M$b~zN EN ¯ b N OG b £P gN BR &* 2O ¡ O JN ° O S DH


b J( zFbmgD*H f£F*v/¡D* ibp D*H Q M b+ ¤-¡~|D* O * £A AQ vg- vD*¡gE ¥4¡ ~7 £1 ¯ f JQ x ~{D* ± M X M $b£D*H D&°* Ä< vQ ´* b pg J fM J¡: fM A2H fE¡ ~}´* *vQ D* Ä< bK £Q Db / *K y -xE f£Ab D* ¤-&b-H i¡~|D* ¯ *K 2*vgE*H *K vQ E ¤/4b³* b J( °* q ­ ¤QgD* Q M b£~6 ¯ b -*H2&*H ,v£~| D* x~8b < ~}gD Ì.& bgD*H Q ibJxCwD*H ¤~9b´b+ ,x<b~{D* '¡ ­ ~|QgE ¥x ~7 Q z£ D* axE* ¤~9bE b@@E&* b F&bCH $b cD*H Áb@@E&°*H d£c0 IxC3 E cF b B ÉK )bB D* ¯ b + ¥wD* M P y EH Tkc- v ~{´ b- ,x<b~{D*H M fK £0bg E ,K 4bc< cF b B w1& P ¡ - bG*¡½ £A

¤)bcS 0&* Tv+ b D bE *w D P cF b PB b £~9bE P ¡N 0 xCwFH b Q C b OG N b £FbEN &* Rh~7b< b OG O * 7b<H N 2T ¡P D*H dT ² Í D* ¥wG N ¡E2 Nh£ A Áv ~zvO + £ +&* &R ° *¡ + *¡JvD* ~6¡+ h AQ HO vB ,x<b~{D* S &* v½H b £~6¡EH f£ :b< fM Bb + fF¡p~{´* ,v£~| D* w@@G b £ - ¯ f£Db ±* b g+bmg~6* ¯H ¤ g´* ¤m~{ f~8b³* b g D Ãv - b@@ @-°Hb@@¹H ¤+x D* x ~{D* rhythmic ¤<b J(°* ¯ i2b/&*H 8b³* b ~}cFH f+xmgD* A2 ¯ ~6&* C *wGH rhymed ¢S ´*H ÁbjD* b F*¡J2 ¯H *¡JvD* ¯ 4¡ gD*H ¤Eb gD* ¶(* f£ + Í p D

¯ fJ Uvcg´* f£ £~6¡´* dF*¡±* b DHb - b F&* ¤<vF °H b C bGb + £ gD f~6*4vD* ~zg- ° 3(* b Q C v)b~| D* ¯ bGb ~z´ ,M vS @ < NÍEb~}EH xN @G*¡@@; ¶(* Ì~{F b F&* } + bFxC3 bE b E b £A kpcD* b D qNgJO µH *¡JvD* fJ4¡ ~{D* f+xmgD*H f£F*v/¡D*H f£)b DbC ¹ÉE eb ³*H 4*x gD*H yExDbC £ < cU F µ bE b EH f+xmgD* w + b gG°* f~6*4vD* wG 5 Uy - &* Í/*4 :¡D* d@Q @0H O @@ NGx@@O´* 6b~z0(°b+ f O´* fJ¡jF&°* f£S Fb~zF(°*H fEQ &°*H

b £~6¡´b+ *¡@@Jv@@D* ¯ f £ gD* ,v£~|B i5b@@g@ E*H ¥2¡ D* $b cD* v)b~|B ¯ bGbFv/H ¤gD* f£)b D* $¡m Db+H ~9¡E E ÈC&* ¯ ,v0¡´* f£Ab D* 5HÄ+H f AvD* 2*vgE* ¯ ~zJ ¥w@@D* ¥x ~{D* xJHvgD* ¶(* fJS x ~{D* x ~6&°* ¢ < fJ4¡ ~{D* f £ gD* $b gF* ¡G ¥2¡ D* x ~{D* ¯ xJHvgD* bC *3(*H ,vJv/ f £ - ¶(* f D* 2*vgE* E H&°* x ~{D* ¯ *¡JvD* v)b~|B ¯ v½ µ *wGH ÁbjD* x ~{D* ¯ 6b~6&* ¢ < ¡ J f £ gD* v)b~|B ¯ F(bA fJ2¡ D* U q  *wGH xJHvg D ~}1 zM N F C ¯ f £ gD* x~zC f£<b J(°* f ±* ¤ g - &* ¶(* bK Av-H fK J¡£0 | D* b D¡B D3 EH f£ £~6¡´* f ~8¡Db+ ¤ g´* - ¤gD* Í / ,v£~|B ¯

R P/ Rh N =N H Í NN bN FP b /&* ¢ < b¿H R JyP 0 N L xR CN O yS D* xN .N b N -N H ¡gJ Pv£±* N ¡A R P jS D* 4U TvDbC Í v´* x0 v + ¡ D* x0 4*x - 5Hx@@+ q~9*¡D* E R É<b gE £JwgD* Ä@@< £ ~z- @@. $b@@£@ D*

,ÌcC f/42 ¶(* b J(°* ¢1*Æ£A Í N Cb~6 bE&* ¡ D < vCU '¡´* Jy²* ¤ 1*vD* i¡~|D* + b E x ~{F zR S D* ¯ ¤ £~6¡´* BR ¡D* *K 5 Uy EO ,x<b~{D* 6b~z0(* S K É£ EH y@@²* fDb0 @@E m~z ´* v@@Jv@@´* b J(ÉD dp~z JH Í . Jy0 Í / f D* v < ¡B¡D* b C ,v£~| D* ¢ < *wG f £ - ¢ < | D* bG$N b + vm A xJHvgD* |sJ b £A bE& * T Í-xE f +b~zD* f0¡ D* ¯ xJHvgD* $b/ vBH <b gEO

´É≤jE’G íæ“ Gk óe q »LQÉÿG q kGOGóàeGh ,䃰üdG ‘ ,ÒKCÉàdGh ô°UÉæY º°†àd q ,Ió«°ü≤dG É¡JGhOCGh ¥É«°S ‘ m …ô©°T q √Dƒ∏“ π°üàq e IôYÉ°ûdG ,»°VÉŸÉH ,äÉjôcòdGh ,ÊÉeC’Gh AÉμÑdGh

Í jD* 4U Tv@@Db@@C Pv@@£±* ¡A O ¡@@ gJyQ @ D* x.b -H

55//5/5/ 5/ / 5/ 5/ 5/ / 5/5/ 5//5/// R @<b@@ @ gR @ E @@ @ @ @ @ @<b@@ @gR @E @@ @ < b@@ @ @gR @E @@ @<b@@ @g@E É@ @@£@ Jw@@- 4b@@ @ @ @ ~@ @ 9(* 4b@@ @ @ @ ~@ @ 9(* 4b@@ @ @ @ ~@ @ 9(*

4 1 E 4 1 E 4 E 5) ~8*¡ Db+ Ì - E 1 E T ,v£~|B ¤ A Ç <b EO b E*vsg~6* ¯ xE&°* DwCH ¯ fK m~9bF fK +x© ,x<b~{D* vQ O- 2*2¡@@D* ¢~6xE

vQ gD f£Q D* Ìc gD* i*H2&* n~7*¡ggA f £ gD* ,v£~|B f£Q )b D* fJQ x ~{D*H ,x.U '¡´* ¢ £~6¡´b+ bK p~9bF bK ~|F Q

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

44


vO @ £@ @ @ @ P< b@@ J iRN v@ @ @ @ @ <O M b@@ @ @ 0 f@@ @S @ @ J&b@ + Lv@ £@ @ @ @ < vO @Jv@@ @m@N @- @N @£@ A xM @ @ @E&b@ + R &* ¢@@~@ }@ EN b@@ @ §P ¤@@ @ CO x@@p@U @ @ - ° ·b@P @ @ @ @ @ E b@@ @ @F&* ,L x@@ @ @ @ @ s@ @~@ @8&* vO @ @ @J4P b@@ @ @ @ @ =N &°* ¥w@@ @ G °H O *v@@ @ @ @ @ ´* ¥w@@ @ G b@@ N @ O @ @ @ @ ~@P @6H'¡@ C ¯ xL @ @ @ @ @ @1&* ¤@S @£@ Bb@N@ @ @ @~@ 6 b@@ J vO @ £@ P @ @ @R @ @ @~@ z@ -N H @W @N @ @ G b@@ N @ O @ P @ @ @ ~@ 6H'¡@ C ¯ R &* g£c+ v ~{g~z- b C

¤@@ P @ FS (b@ A ¤@@-P ¡@@~@@N 8 Ì@@ = Mi¡@@ ~@ @8 S @ @ C R 2N HN INv@~@@S |@D* xO @ @ @1%N °*H ¤@S @ P @p@´* qO @ )P b@@~@@S |@ D* b@@ F&* | D* $b~}A ¯ 4N ¡~}0 vC'¡gD ,x<b~{D* x.T &b- Í-v£~| D* E bGbFÆ1* ¤gD* ib£+&°* E qL ~9*HH Ég1* E =xD* ¢ <H i*2x ´*H $b cD* ¯ ¤c g´* ,v£~| + f+4b gE f£F*v/¡D* fDb²* (bA b £+ ¡ ~}´* ,x<b~{D* |F ¯ J ¤c g´* |F ¢ < $b -U °* *wG v½ °H U U b C f£Bx~7 8¡~|F ¯ ¤-b£cD* g~6* &* c~6 v A v)b~|B E vJv D* ¯ g£~|s~7H ¤c g´* 8¡~|F ix~}0 x~8b ´* x ~{D* L U e2&ÉD f~6PN 4*2 ,x<b~{D* &* q~9¡F £ pgD* ¯ f£U <¡~9¡ DH qL ~9*H xL .&* f£<b g/°* b g_£cD ¡ £D cgC Í+ L f_~7bFH ¤+x D* bK ~8¡~|F b ~8¡~|F } + ¯ h g~6bA f£Ax ´* b g£ /xE ¯ *K 2b g<* bGb 1 O fK ~zN ~6'U ¡E b ´*¡< ¯ {£ gD bK £ A b g~zE° fK £~8&* b ~z N N + fJx ~{D* b g£ +&* hm~z A bK £Db / b +b £g~6* ¢ < S fM p~9*H fM £)b = fM J4¡ ~7 fM Av+H 8b³* i*H2&°* b D ixs~6 U fM £F*v/H M4¡~|+ b B*¡EH b ~z£~6b0&* < Ìc g D fc~6b ´* ¥4¡ ~{D* v~|Db+ fM E K ,vS @< i*x@ M @E *¡@@Jv@@D* ¯ ix~}0 v A f £ gD* v)b~|B b@@E&* b£FvD* v J 2¡/H 2*2¡D* ¢~6xE Í ~6b£D* rb~7H Í /

Íg £ gD* ¢ < ,x<b~{D* b g~7* bFv/H f£F5¡D* f£0b D* EH <b gEO f£-¡~|D* b :b E ¯ Íg£~6b ³*H Íg£<bc~zD* ¢~6xE ¯ b C Ç <b EO H Í ~6b£D* rb~7H Í / ¯ b C ,x)*2 ¶(* b£ g - bg £ - b GH b£FvD* v J 2¡/H 2*2¡D* f£ D* b g£ +&* ¯ fK D%bgE f £ gD* v)b~|B 4HvgD -'¡´*

43

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

,x<b~{D* ¡ -H rb@ O @ @ ~@@S }@ AN O @ @ @ @ER vS @ @D* *w@@ @GH ¡@ N @ @ @ D* ¤@@ @@1&* *¡@@ @0*O 4N v@@B eb@ O @@ @@ @cN @@0&°*H Ä@O @~@@8&* @N @£@ C @@+ N @ @A r¡@ xL @ N @@@ @@@BN b@@FN 4P b@@ N @ @ @ @ ~@ 7&* b@@ @N@@ @@@~@6 ¡@ O @ @ @JN N @ @ E UN 2¡P @ @ @ @D* O @ @ @ @G&*H *x@ N @ @ @ D* ¤@@ @c@J *¡@@ @0O ° b@ ¯ +b gD* E £~zcD* xpcD* ¢ < bg£S cE bgJv~| D*H ÉK ~}A ¤ £~6¡´* 6x±*H gCx0H ¥HxD* x0H f£Ab D* b :H ¶(* b B¡~7 < b ~|F ¯ lvpg- ,x<b~{D* & * < U m~z JH :¡D* d0 ¯ Í-v£~| D* b£~6 vpS g£A D b cU 0H U ,2xU g´* gFb § £ D* 6b~z0(°* @@E ¥x ~{D* i¡~|D* b Gv < b £A ¡ - ¤gD*H Niv< b0 f M JS &b+ b -v£~|B ¯ bE&*

vO @ £@ @ @ @P @ @<*¡@@N ´* b@@Fb@@£@ @ D @@ P @ @ 94&* @@ < Rh@@ S @ @/ vO @ @ @J4P b@@ @ @ @ @ =N &°* b@@ FN b@@ £@ @F2 d@N @ £@ @: Ri42b@@ @ @ @ @=H @@ @ O @ @ @~@R @z@EN Pd@@ @ @ D* *v@@J¡@@~@ 6 ¡@@ O @ @ P0*xS @ @D* vO @£@ @ @~@z@-N d@N @ @ @ D* ¢@@ N @ ~@ 9&* fO @ @ cS @ @ 0&°* @N @ @ J&* vO £@P@< bJ NiRv@< O b@ q)b M 0 f O O ~|D* N S@J&b+ bK @ g£+ b@@ NGÌ~8 S J ¡D S ¤ p´* T U b £A ¡ J ¤gD* ¤c g´* ,v£~|B ¶(* b -b gD* *¡ D* E qO ~9¡gA


*42

f 6 z IK m

· « ª 6§¼* ª kG*K «¡ G* $f¡gG* …Ò£ŸG áî«°T IôYÉ°û∏d (OGOƒdG ≈°Sôe) ¿GƒjO Hvc D* *¡C5 2 v£~74 ~7bG H4bG x<b~{D* D SvB vBH HQ &°* ¥Ì ´* fs£~7 ,x<b~{D* *¡J2 ¡G 2*2¡D* ¢~6xE

S ,vQ < Mib~6*4v+ ¤ 0 b C f S ²* b gJx<b~7 K*vC'¡E KbEb gG* p F &* Ì= E £Eb~}E hp~9H M ¥x ~{D* b /bgF ,4¡Cb+ Ãv gD ,x<b~{D* b + h ~6¡- ¤gD* fJÌc gD* i*H2&°*H ¤ D* $b cDb+ K*2Q b/ h ~6&* ¤gD* f£S D* qEÉ´*H xG*¡ D* } + ¢ < $¡~}D* $b D(* ¶(* f~6*4vD* wG ¢ ~z- b G E b -4¡ cD h~zN ~6&S *H b £ ~{-H f+xmgD* f=b£~8 ¯ N FO &* ¡/xF M,vS @ < 4Hb@@¹ v < ~6 b F(bA *w@@G ¢ <H µ*¡< ¶(* f@@±*¡@ P @D* ,x<b~{D* b £A ~| } + ib£Db / ,$b~9(* ¶(* ÍA2bG b F*v/H b £ < i&É@E K*4¡~8 ~6xJ 8b1 X zM N + fJS x ~{D* K f£ D* dC*¡J ¤<¡~9¡E Ã ¡ ¶( * ° ¡~8H fJx ~{D* 8¡~| D* ibF¡ EH ibFb gD* X¥v F M X f+xmgDb+ $b -4°* ¶(* b A2 ¯ ~zJH f£<*v+(°* ¡ - Í cD* &* b )b.4 ¤ A 6x±*H

O EN v-H O £0xS D* b O´'¡J O$*v£+ O + Pf@c£c²* Pv N+ PE 4O *SvD* T Rh /¡-H bG O F&°* S &* O mN R JO ° b P+ EN H Pe¡ D* C Pv cO D Í S f£)b.xD* ·w D* dJ'H3 ¤+&* ,O v£~|B b g£ /xE E } - b GH £ < h£ +O ¥wD* ¥x ~{D* xpcD* ¯ +b gD* p FH bK ~}J&* dJ'H3 ¡+&* ¡ J 3(* Eb D* ,v£~| D*

N * O ymN JN EN MdPg § z£D xO GSvD*H O /¡g- b cP J4H P ¡ ´* E& P S O mN R JO E b@@ cDb+ O D¡JO ¡~zDH fL Gb ~6 N$b cD* S &* I4&* v DH ¥HxD* x0H b -*3 f£Ab D* ¶(* i&b± ,x<b~{D* &* qL ~9*HH E Jx~|gD* < ÉK ~}A bK ~}J&* f ~}D* gCx0H @@-*3 dJ'H3 ¤+&* ,v£~|B ¯ i24H ,M vS < ib C ¯ ¤BÉgD* b £A zpF ¤gD* ¡ D* ¤ 1& * b -v£~|B ¯ xE&°* DwC T ¡ J 3(* f£ ~{EvD* ,v£~| D* ¯ ÁbcS D* b £~6¡E ,4*xp+

rO *xS @ @ @ D*H @O @ 6&b@ @ D* ¥w@@ @GH @O @~@ {@ E2 ¥w@@ G O * @O@ @}@ @ @ @ +H d@T @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 0&* rO b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ +S 3N d@U @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ² @@ @ @O @ @gP @Jv@@§ ¤@ P @ @£@J*x@@ @ @ @ @~@7 R @g@ @p@g@A ¡@@ @ DH N @ ~@ @ 8&* ¤@@ @ PE2 ¯ @@g@ R @ @~@N @6 *¡@@ @ 0* O 4N @@ EN i*¡@

&* bK E¡J 0&* µ" *¡JvD* fJ*v+ ¯ ¡ - ,x<b~{D* hFbC *3(*H Ix1&* fM + vJ4&* bE ¡B&* &* Oh 0 bE 4v + ,K x<b~7 ¡C&* fJS x ~{D* f~|£~|1 g­ ° b F&* ¤ J ° *w A "x1%* }c + M *wGH 8b³* b ~6b~z0( * H f ~8b³* b g D * i2*4& * b¿(* Uv - & Q S &* ¥2b D* eb ³* f D "lvpg- fM D fJ&* < *'¡~zD* qg J "x ~{D* f D f D* °(* ¤GbE Ix@@ 1&°* ,x<b~{D* f D &* fK @ J*v@@+ q@@~@@U9¡@@F U ¤ g´*H lbcD* Í+ ÈC& * H&* fK £Fb. fK Db~64 `~{ - ¤gD* fJx ~{D* P K v@@C'¡@FH ,K v@@@0*H f@Db@@~@64 ¥2'¡@ @´* ¥¡ D* b g~6ÉD bK @AÉ@@1 ¥2¡ D* Í)b cD* 6b~6&* ¢ < b ~8¡~|F £ ~{g+ b E*ygD* vJv D* ¯ ¥2¡ D* ~{D* ¢ < 2b g<°* p A f £ gD* $b.4 ¯ ¤ + bK <*2H Jx~{g+ rx/ ¢ £D ¡pF v)b~| D* E ¡ D* ¤ 1&* £0xD* v + v ¹ bK @<*2H ¥2b~{D* 4*y D* 4bc´* 5bE 2 ¶(* $*v ~{D* xmA ¤B*x< d B ¯ iÉE&b ¶(* iv< b0 fJS &b+ 2b ~6 fc0&°* ¢ =&* f £g£D* f:¡ s´* f£pgD* E /xD* &* bFv/H b E fJ2¡ D* v)b~| D* £ g+ b£ D* IvDH S fJx ~{D* *5H&°* fK E Uv EO fJS 4b ´* wG f£D%° fL gE ,x<b~{D* b <H b -bAb05H b :b EH b -É£ gD £ < M ¤<¡+ M v)b~|B ¯ ,x<b~{D* x.T &b- ¡G hAÉD* D b JH4H b £A*¡BH ¢ £~6¡´* k£0 @@E ¤+x D* x ~{D* o3b@@¿ } c+ ,M vS @ @<

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

42


| 7 v£ ~6 ¢ ~|E v 0&*

√ƒLh

b £Ex- :H bJ *3b§ Ix"$*x D* 2°H&* pF b g ~|D Í_:*¡g´b+ $*HyF°*H &* Jv cg´b+ b Db g0° °%°* wG C fJ%* ¥y³* D $*y< °H $*v ~{ D

41

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

&b~zFH R * b -4b0 fA%* C& d£m D* dDb D* bB b£~z D* d=b~{´* dDb D* b~9&*H b~z²* b -4b0 fA%* d£ D* bBH b £~{D* b -4b0 fA%* K*v£ + ¥Hy ´* xCb´* bBH b~zF(°* b -4b0 fA%* e*¡~8 C ´* bE&* KbBv~8 CÈC&*H xCb´* *wG )*vD* g ~|+ ¤<vJ E G Æ e G $ JwE + b g + ¥wD* Jw´* *wG ib£)b~} D* b £ < J (* bE $bcF&°* z -&b+ bFx  ¢g0 v~|D* ¯ ,2bJ5H $b cD* Ìj- vGb~{§ v ~{g~zJ D3 =4 gBbF&* < S sgJ µ $b <xD* gEb~zg+*H $*x A

f²bC ¡/¡D* ¥2É+ ¯ f²bE bc±* b B4bA ¤gD* 94&°bC ¥vJ&°*H x ´* f~6¡c¹ fG%°* 4Hv~|D* ¯H dDb j DH f Jv0 ¥2ÉcA f0bcg~zE h = bE Ì:*¡ D*H ~7¡:x1 *¡+¡~8 fp+b D* eÉ D* ¢ < :H :¡D* h Ab= Í0 "¤ ~6" ,4¡~8 iw1&*H K*xGbF d~} + ¤ +w/ K*4¡A b Awpg A ib J° ibg C" f 0 /&* E&* " "i*y F ¤~9*ÆA°* ´b<4*H5 E &É´* ¢ < bGx~{ g~6 4*H5 f ~7 ÆmgA fp ~|D* ~6&* dg -H ¤ :H *wG Ñ* bpc~6 dm g- ° 3 ¡B yJy< *¡ExC&* $b ~{Db+ D *¡<2bA f«b D* £ < *H'HxB* H&* KbEv E E ´* bB K £ B ¬ R Ê A bJv£/*x- E É tJ4bgD* £AÆD* ¯ hB¡D* ¤Bb+ DH


rx~zE ¡@@G ¤ D* b@@£@³* rx~zE &b@ + D* &b@ @³* @@EH f /*¡E ¯ f@@£@Fb@@~@z@F(°* bJb~} D* rx~zE @@ F&° i*2x@@m@@´* ÌjJ rx~z´* *wG &* ¤ J *wGH ibAb~{ g~6°*H ib<Æs´* i°b£1 ¤ c- ¶(* D* AvJH f£Fb~zF(°* z D* ¯ i°'Hb~zgD* D'¡´* AvJ b C )b ²* ¶(* ¡~8¡D* @@/&* E fp ¸ h« *¡D&°b+ })bAH $*x=(°b+ E *v+(* ¶(* bK E oxs´*H fc ~8 ,v<bB ¶(* v g~zJ rx~z´* *wG (bA C *w DH D* f E fjJv²* ib ~{g ´*H ,vJv±* ib~9*ÆA°* E } + ¯H )bBv+ B*¡D* A (* ¡ F b mJ v - bE f£ < fJ'Hx+ c g~z´* ¶(* x D* (* b C gJx - b£0&°* £A ÍcJ bK 0x~zE vcJ ¤ D ¤0x~z´* d-b D* AvJ f E E'¡J mJb C b@@~@z@F(°* ¢ < fjJv²* ib@@<Æ@@s@´* x@@.&* ¤gD* f£-b£²* e4bmgD* &° ¤ g´* ¯ @@E&°* rH4 h£cjg+ &* v@@+° ib@@<Æ@@s@´* b g~9xA E &*y@@m@g@J ° *K $y@@ / bGÄg F E ~}g- bEH ,b£²* bJb~}B ,bFb EH ib+*w<H ib<*x~8 tD(* rx~zE (* v@@ @- b@@E @@C v + J rx@@~@z@E ¤@@ @ @ @D* b@@£@ ³* o¡0&* pFH 4b ~|D*H 4bc D* ¥&* E ,x~8b ´* b -b£0 ¯ £D(* ¢~}E E5

¶(* 4*x g~6b+ AvJH ¤ g´* J &* dmJ ¤~9*ÆA°* B*¡D* d~|s- ¤ D c g~z´*H x~9b²* Í+ fJ4b£ E ibF4b E $*x/(* b£³* x~}sJH 4b A&°* ¤ D* b£³* f+¡ ~8 < ¡.vpgJ JwD* < d£½ ¤ DH rx~zE (* ¡ F rx~z´* *wG j´ b :&°* c - v< <H bgE(°*H @@7b@@G2(°*H J¡~{gDb+ E rx~zE ¤ D* b£³* ¡ J ° *3b@@´ *'¡~zD*H p+ x~8b E rx~zE ¡ A ,4b@@.(°*H )b~6¡D* + ,b£²* £A 4y@@J &* £ g~zJ @@D'¡@´*H DwC " f0bg´* f£ D* K Í+ x~7bcE Ì= *4*¡@@0 ~}gJ ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE (* £A bgE(°*H Æs´*H ¥x~{cD* D* Í+ ¥&* fD%°*H b~zF(°* bE bK cDb= ¤gD* ,vJv±* ib ~{g D ¤ D* rx D* E c J -b B¡-H ¤ g´* i*4¡~|- ¢ sg ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE ¯H 9x J &* d-b D Â f JbcgE x@@ @F ib@@ @ /H b <(*H }c D* JxpgD A2H y£ «H x D* g« i*$b@@~@ }@ A ¡@@p@ F @@E&b@@g@@D*H $*x@@ @ g@ ~@ 6°* fAx ´* g- @@Dw@@+H ib@@Jx@@ @ @D*H x@@~@9b@@²b@@+ f£ c g~z´*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

40


xG*¡ Db+ Ì gD*H x~|cgD*H bc g~6°*H $*x g~6°* d0b~|J D* bA%*H ¤ D* b£³* e2&* ¤ D'¡E E £ B £D *¡~z£ g~6 ¡ J c g~z´* fJ'H4 ¯ x~|cgD*H 4v³* E f/4vD* wG ¶(* ~|J ¢ < £A pgD*H 4¡~|- x@@:&* vJv«H x~9b²* 4¡ § b~zF(°* b£³ Ì ~9 v - ,xGb+ n)bgF ¶(* ¡~8¡D* E&* -Ì~|+H ¢ < 2x~z- ibJb 0 2x@@¸ z£D ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE (* oxs´*H d-b D* £ < g~{J &* dmJ ¥wD* 4¡p´* &° fc~{³* b£³* É1 E c g~z´*H x~9b²* Í+ fBÉ D* Ì~z© ¡G b£/¡D¡ g D 2x ´* v gD* ¢ < 2b g<°b+H bJ5bgFb D* Ä<H ÇÂH ¤ < b£1 rx~zE 2¡/H gpJ v gD* *wG &° *K x F ,x~8b ´* ,4b~}²* x:&* *wG (bA ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE ¯ bK £~9*ÆA* B*¡D* bC _DH

39

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

J ¤gD* f@@J'Hx@@D* ,4¡ + @@/&* @@EH rx~z´* *w@@G E ¢ <&°* b -4¡ + ¢ < D'¡´* rx~zE ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE &* ¡G @@D3 E -v~|B b@@EH b£³*H D* < ¯ ¢ ~{g- fJ'H4 rx J F&° $¥x/H $¤~}E fAx ´*H ,b£²*H d)bm D* ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE ¯ b ~z - *3(* f+*x= °H  b F&* °(* fcJ4 ~9¡E ¡ - vB ¤gD* ib0Hx D*H d)*x D*H *wG B*¡D* 94&* ¯ ib<Æs´* B*H ¶(* 2b g~6°b+ pg- &* ¥x D* E&bgD*H f ~6 ¤ GwD* ~| D* £A *v= ¥wD* B*¡D* Í<vc´*H Íj0bcD*H Í g´* vJ2 ob~}F(* ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE *vG&* E (bA D3 ¢ < $b +H £/ @@£@±* @@Jx@@ @-H Ì£ gD*H }c D @@Jx@@«H ¤<¡ D E *xF &*  bEH £¹H ´b< ¯ 4HvJ b§ c g~z´* rx~zE rx~z´* *wG &* ¤ J *w@@GH c g~z´* ¯ ib<ƺ


z IK mf 6*42

∫ÉØWCÓd »ª∏©dG ∫É«ÿG ìô°ùe Iô°UÉ©e IQhô°V f/*¡³* ¢£pJ j£G 2 v£ J ¤ < b£1 rx~zE /&* E f+bg D* ¶(* b :&°* rx~zE ebgC ,¡<2 (* £A 0Ég- @@E5 ¯ ,x~8b E ,4Hx@@~@9 ¢p~9&* Db£1 ¥È@@JH b@@ @ :&°* mg J bE eb £g~6* ¢ < K*42b@@B ¥x~{cD* D* v J µ k£p+ ib<Æs´* D**wG obgF ¡G ~7 É+ D3 &* E µb D* B&* v J b :&ÉD /¡´* ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE &b+ Æ F &* b G v+°H ¤+x D* b :&ÉD f /¡´* 9Hx D* Í+ £ D* b£1 $*x@@.(* ¯ f£ G&* E D b´ rx~z´* *w + g F &* v£ ´* E F&* y@@/&*H ° c g~zE /&* EH ,x~8b E ,b£0 /&* E J4v-H x A £ -H D* fcm EH f GwE ib<ƺ E v £~6 *3bE x F

v£ g~zJH ,vJv±* f£ D* £~|D* E qg ¤@@+2&°* z ±* ,x gc´* ib<*Æ1°*H ibAb~{gC°* E < ¤ sgD* ¤ J ° v - bE &* ¡G £D(* ,4b~7(°* dmJ ¥wD*H ¢ < v£C&bgD* ¤ J b¿(*H rx~z´* ¯ 7bG2(°*H bgE(°*H d D* ¢ < x.'¡J ° D3 &° b C f£0x~z´* d£<°&°* E ,2b g~6°* ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE Ãv - ¶(* v J ¥wD* b D* ³* f£.*ÆD* ibJb ²* < ¤ sgD* ¤ J ° B*¡D* E ,2b g~6°* (* rx~z´* *wG ¯ D3 £;¡-  F&* D'¡´* v/H *3(* b B*H ¯ f£ G&* ¤c ~{D* | D &b@ + Æ F &* v@@+° b GH h~z£D H&* fJx A f£ < *K 4Hw@@+ 45 4bcg<b+ f£+x D* b -b£0H ib<Æs´* &°H fjJv²* ib<Æs´* eb£ D *K x F f=¡Q ~zE ,x~8bB c Db+ hFbC fÂv D* *wG ¯ bJ5bgFb D* E v£ g~zJ &* ¤0x~z´* d-b D* d=4 *3(*H v D* ¢ < f Abp D ,y£ gE f E d gJ *w A rx~z´*

rx~z´* *w@@G *v@@ G&*H ib ~6 ¢ < ,4b@@ F(°* &b@ + iv@@/H v D *¡DvJ ¤ D Í<vc D bm´* q~z J 2b +&*H BbA%* ¢ < ,$b~9(°*H b£³* rx~zE ¯ *v+(°* f+x© *¡~9¡sJH $°vD* Í+ )°v+ ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE ¯ f£+x D* b gcg E - ¤ D ¤ D* AH b :&°* e2&* ¯ ,xEb< ¤G b C $b Db+ ,xEb< ¤ D* rx~z´* "¤ D* ¤ D* b£³* rx~zE ¡G b A ,x F Ä< c g~z´* ¶(* JH B*¡D* {Bb J ¥wD* rx~z´* F(* B*¡D* E J b£s+ ,x:'¡E fJ'H4H b £ « Â fJ'¡c Ìj D* fJx~{c D v - &* Â f£ < bA%* ¯ pJ . EH b£³*H D* b´b< ¢Gb gJ ¤ D* b£³* f£0x~zE ¤ A ¡G z£)xD* ¤ D* b£³* f£0x~zE vG &° b gsJH ¢ < $b +H D* 0x J bE AH bJb~} D*H 4b A&°* } + rx: *wG &* rx~z´* *wG D'¡E 4vJ &* ¥4Hx~}D* E F(bA D3

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

38


E H&°* Jx~{- ¯ *K vJv«H x ~7&* ,v + 9x ´* *wG cBH f£A*x=¡-¡ D* 4¡~|Db+ 8b1 9x E £B&* ¤~9b´* b D* $*x ²* f0b~zD* ¯ f B*¡D* ¤ ~zAHxC¡+ f£)*4v-b + f~8b³* ~}g« b F¡C f~8b1 ,y£§ "bJb £-4¡c~6 " f ¹ ¢ « HÆ£´b+ bK ~8b1 bK pgE f ~zD* @@6&*x@@+ -°b g0* f@@ @Jv@@´* b ~6 HÆ@@£@ ´* 4b@@~@{@J < Ä - ¡~6x+ HÆ£´* i*4b B ÍJy- gJ k£0 fJ2É£´* ¡m+ Í :*¡´* x ~{J bE ¡GH b + gJ bE CH fc~6b ´* f£ G&* f~} s ´* 94&°* ib c: ¢g0 + b g0°* 2*vgEb+H v£ D* 2v< HÆ£´* ¯ D Ì~}pgD* gJ bE x1%* |~|sg~6 ¤gD* ,vJv±* ib+x D* E E ÍE2b D* Í m~{´*H ebCxD* D 6&bC ibJ4bcE f +bg´ 94&°* b + ¢g~7 F&* xCwJH 2018 b< £~8 ¯ µb D* Fb~8 cB E ib+x D* wG £ ~|- ® i*4b BH ib+b+2 ¡ J%* -bG ~7 ¢ < f ~|E ¤GH ¢ < ib+x D* - 2¡@@/H x~|g J @@DH Ix1&* bK FvE ~{£~6 + ¡ ~6¡E HÆ£E h@@Fb@@~@ 6 f@@£@ Ab@@ @ j@ D* f@@ @ ~@ 8b@@ @ D* @@j@ E 2*4b A¡F 4¡c Jx-b J vEH 4¡+Æ£+ 2*x=b D¡AH

37

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

Í+ g£A 4*¡~{D* ¯ Ì~zD* b £A 4w gJ ¤gD* ,24bcD* ¡ ~6¡E f Jv´* ¯ Ì ~{D* Í ~7¡+ pgE ib<bB 1vJ C :¡ 1 HÆ£E &* ¶(* ,4b~7(°* E v+ ° Í ~7¡+ pgE xC3 ¢ <H fBb + $*x~7 ¤ J k£0 94b ´* E Ìj D* ~}gpJ ¡ ~6¡E -b0¡ + g gD*H 9x ´* fJ'HxD pg´ f£A*x=¡-¡A 4¡~8 9x E b@@C 94b ´* w@@G x@@1%* 2017 b< E H&°* x ~{D* fJb F ¯ £ - ® Í ~7¡+ fc~6b E bE&* D* b~{<H HÆ£´* ebC4 E ÌcC bcB(b+ ¤ 0H Í ~7¡+ pgE z£~6&bgD 105 IxCwDb+ b g0°* ¡ A 9x ´*


¤~z D&* D&bg´* ¥4b ´* v < B¡gF &* °(* b  ° HÆ£´* dFb/ ¶(*H ib p´* E *K ÌcC *K 2v@@< ¢ + ¥w@@D* Í ~7H2 ¯ ,v <&* ¢ < f £ < HÆ£E f ¹ ¢ + E H&* bC D3 ."¤ ~zA¡CbJbE" f ¹ ¤GH µb D* § 6§H KΪ¼ L|1&* ¦§/K HÆ£E (* · bB ¡ ~6¡E ¯ Í~64*vD* ex D* eÉ D* v@@0&* ~{J ÉK £D ib<b~6 ~}cD °(* D* < B¡gJ ° ¥wD* f Jv´* i*$bg~7 ¯ ,vJv< ib<b~6 £A ¤~} bK £ A K&bm E D fc~z Db+

*HvDH JwD* b :&°* 2v< + k£0 v£D¡g D 4H2 ¶(* hD¡« ÉK : 217 fc£~| D* i*¡ ~zD* - ¯ b £A f ¹ ¤G bGHv£Q ~{E b ~8H b C fEbsA È@@C&°* f p´* wG vQ - ¥x)*vD* ³* ¢ < f B*¡D* "bJb ~zD¡Eb~zEbC" bC DwD f Jv´* x)*5 c g~zJ bE H&*H ¡ ~6¡E f+*¡+ f p´* b -¡BH f£g££A¡~zD* f ~8b D* f + 4*HyD* 4b +(* ¢ < 8x²* D* v£m gDH v D* *wG £ pgD v / H&* bE x1vJO A ,4b D* Ä< £ -H ¤ £Dbg~zD* ¥4¡:*ÄE°* x D* *K 5HbmgE *K Æ@@E 11.5 ¶(* ¥yCx´* D* x B ~8H ¡G f p´* ~6 &* b C JÆE ,2b@@< cJ ¥w@@D* ¤~6b£ D* f ~8b D* HÆ£E b F&* ¯ ¢ <&°* ib@@0¡@@D Áb@@ @j@+ f@@ @Jy@@E f@@ @ p@ ´*H ob/yD* E f<¡ ~|E f£)b~z £~zA fÂx D* 4bm0&°*H 45&°* ¡ ~6¡E HÆ£E ¯ ib p´* Ä@@C&* f Jv0 ¥v£+b+ 4b@@+ f ¹ ¤G ¯ b@@G'Hb@@ @+ ¢ gF* ¤gD* x~| D* 84 b < cJ k£0 2008 b@@< b £A fCxpg´* µÉ~zD* ¡:H *K ÆE *K ÆE 128.6 f@@ @Jy@@EH *K Æ@@@E 64.4 b@@ @ <b@@ @ -4*H b£~6H4 ¯ f£ :¡D* ex²* ib0¡ + f£FbjD* f£´b D* ex²*H 1812 ib ¹ ¤)b Q + G&* < kJv²b+

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

36


h« b - f D&bg´* f ~8b D f J24 f£Fb. f JvE bE&* ¡ D b Jx)*yD i%b/b ´*H xp~zD* E Ìj D* `cs-H 94&°* AxJH f+¡m<&°* Gym § 6HxD* xsA E vJyJ *wG C ¡~6v ´*H b D* ¤ 0 ¥wD* HÆ£´b+ G5*yg<* f/42 E Bb F&* Ä< ¶H°* f 0xD* x~{+ )b c+ *¡EbB JwD* b .H f_E E ÆE¡ £C f_ .É. E ÈC&* ¶(* ¡£D* HÆ£´* vg h :&*H ÍDbg~6 v < ¯ ib p´* wG h£ + f ¹ ÍFb .H ¯ d ~{D* fEb D ib0¡ + h J5H d ~{D* 4¡~|B f£ ~z- b £ < Í0É D*H 2¡ ±*H eÉ D*H b D* E f£g£A¡~zD* fc ²* ib ¹ f . D @@94&°* h« HÆ£´* ¡ 1 d =&* x­H ¡ ~6¡E x F ¡A f E 4¡~z/ ¢ < fEb E ib p´* w@@G hEvsg~6* f£FbjD* f£´b D* ex@@²* ,Æ@@A ¯ i*x@@)b@@ @D*H @@A*v@@´* ~|B @@E b ~zD* fJb ² `/É C bK c- i*xE ,v D iÌ - ib p´* } + $b ~6&* &* b C f£Fb´&°* b£~6H4 ¯ f£~6b£~zD* i*Ì g D °(* N R JO µ ¥wD* ¡ ~6¡E HÆ£E vCQ &* ex²* i*¡ ~6 É1 f ~8b< $É@@1(* 4*xB < É@@<(°* ¡J ,x+b< G f ² ¯ gFb E 1941 b< E H&°* Jx~{- 16 ¯ ¤g££A¡~zD* 2b«°* + b ~z D `/ÉE A ~{- µ 94&°* h« f£Fb. f Jv C

35

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

¢ < xQ @­ ¤)b jg~6°* b ±* @@D3 + ` g» h@@F&* b £+ c~6&°* ¤CÌE&°* z£)xD* b DbB ¤gD* ib D* - Eb~zE ¯ ¡@@©H 1988 b@@< ¯ ¡ ~6¡E 4*5 bEv < J4 v@@Db@@FH4 b£FvD* d)bm< E f+¡m<&* F(* HÆ£´* ib ¹ b £~8b - ¯ kpc- f+¡m<&°b+ ÈC&*H ÈC&* c BH b £< g 1875 b< ¶(* « ¤gD* fJb ²* < ¯ 8¡ D* °K Hb¹ D ¡ ~6¡E HÆ£E $b + ,x A ,2°H v ~7 ¥w@@D* b D* ¡GH ¯ w£ g+ x~7¡+ ¥w@@D* Hx~{´* /'¡- hFbC ,ÌjC bK AHx; D¡: v0*H s+H 1935 b< 4bJ&* ¡JbE E x~{< zEb³* ¶(* "¤£ £ D¡C¡~6" f ¹ E vg *K Æ@@E ¡ £C x~{< v@@0&* ."¥4¡gD¡C 4b+" f ¹ ,v£ 0 b £ ~7H2 b£Db-bF ,4b D* tJ4b- ¯ f~|gs´* ¡ Í~6v ´* (* Í£~z£)xD* HÆ£´* ,b + v0&* Í ~7H2 ¤~z D&* ¡ ~6¡E ¶(* ÍDx+H zJ4b+H v D E -¡<2 h­ JwD* ¯ b F&* HÆ£E $b + f£Fb E(* v@@< *Hv@@C&* ,4¡~{´* Ãv gD v£ gD* f Db+ f£ p´* f@@+Æ@@D* ib ~8*¡´ *K x@@ @F ¡ ~6¡E Í~6v E @@E f£ :¡D* 42*¡@@ @ D* ~} +H @@D3 @@E @@ @DH fE¡ E $b~{F(* ® ÍJ4b E Í~6v EH Í£/¡D¡£/H4v£GH f£ £ 0 4*¡~7H ib0b~6 E fJ4b ´* i*$b~} D* E f s~9


,fยช0 ย fร &*

ยงย ย 6ยงH jยชย 6K|G* jย ย 8fย G* Kร ยชH ยขVQCโ G รขโ โ ร ยฉdG รคร MQ ฯ ยชLCG ร ย - ,2bc< fย ~8bย D* x)*5 xย gย - ยคgD* ย ย - 94&ยฐ* hยซ ยตbย D* iร 04 ย ย /&* ย E ,v0*H KbBx: ย D 7xย - ยคgD* fย Jvยด* Hร ยฃE ibย ยน ร + ย ย ย gJ ยกGH ยกย ~6ยกE fยฃ~6HxD* 5*xย D* ยขย < fDยกย ~{E K*4ยก~|B ย ย 1v- bย G4ยก~8 5x@@+&* ยฏ fEbsย D*H fย +&ยฐ* ยถ(* ย ยกย ยด* ob/yDb+ bGwA*ยกF fย ย ย E yFHร D*H ย b1xD* ย ยฃ.bย g+ fF*2yE ยคย FyยฃcD* 4ยก~8H ,bยฃยฒb+ }cย - fยฃย A ib0ยกD ย E ย /ยกD Kbย /H ย Cร -H $b~zย ยฃ~zย D*H ยขย < bย -bJbย 0 hย ย 0H KbEยกJ ยตbย D* hย ย ~7 ยคgD* fยฃsJ4bgD* ibยฃ~|s~{D*H ,2bย D* dgย D* ย ยกย + ยฏH 6bย D* fย ~zD&*

55

Oรณ``````````````````````````````ยฉ`dG 2 0 1 7 ยฃfCCย CCย CCยชCCI ย CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

34


¤cGwD* x D* ¢ < $b~zE 0 f0¡D v½ .b» v ~{E ¯ fJx)*y/ ,bgA H4¡C £ C ~64H h~zF4&* DH24 b D 1912 4¡~|J &* zJ*2 z£~6xF b D* 2bg<*H d~{ D* ¢ < ¤ g~z x ~7&* EH f~8b³* )*v²* ¯ ¤1Æ~z- f£CÆD* iÉ)b D* ¯ zJ¡D J4vJxA b/ f0¡D hFbC 2v~|D* *wG ¯ ib0¡ D* ¡~9bF&°b+ £cD* f Jv0 b g£+ E ,&*x´* oHx1 hDHb - ¤gD* ,Ì ~{D* £~9*¡´* v0&*H *¡~6&ÉD ,¡~z D* ,4bJyD ¡Bx~{g~z´* b ~64 ¤gD* ib0¡ D* Hv£E(* b D*H ¤+bA ¡£+bA ·b@@ @ J(°* b DbC i*4*5b@@c@ D*H v ~{E ¡GH µb D* ¡0 fD¡/ ,Ì ~{D* g0¡D ¯ ¤gF¡ £~6 2bm~zD* £+ b¹ v0&* ¯ - ibJ4¡~zD* i*v£~zD* E 2v D ,Ì ~{D* ¤CÆD* d-b D* f0¡D ¢AH EbE&* b ~zcJ x/bgD*H ¶(* b-&*xE* g~z- 1840 b< ¤ JH v£A*2 Ì~zD* b ~64 ¤gD* ¡g D £ < bGbg E&* fDb~64 b £ < &*x J d-bC ¯ f@@Gy@@ @ @D iÉ@@ @04 ¯ @@/x@@s@ J bK @ ~@ }@ J&* $b@@~@ z@ @ D* h@@Fb@@CH JbB ¢<v- f £~9 f £ 1 e4*¡B ÇE ¢ < f£ £ ~z D* g0¡D ¯ Ã5 z £ A b ~64 vBH ¤cGwD* x D* b£E ¢ < b ~zD* JbB

4b gF* ¯ nGbc´* E x1%* ¡F b G bC b£ JxA(* b ~7 ¯H Ä@@D*H 4b@@ @F&°* b£E ¯ b pg~6°* jE ib£ JxD* $b~z D* ¯ ,2b ~z+ ¡ - $b~z D ib0¡ D* E *K 2v< £ J2 b£gJ(* ~64H $b~zF E f<¡ ¸ 4¡~|- bg EHxA Í@@/H&* f0¡D ¯H $b@@´* ,2b ~z+ ~}CxJH f ~{g¹ f J¡: z+ÉE ~zc - ibJx)*y/ z ~{D* eHx= v < f+b D* ¯

33

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

1*2 4Hv- ÍBx~{g~z´* K 5b ´* v0&* IvD b £~9 ¡ £E&* H2 vF¡E2(* bC 1875 b< ¯ GxF µ 2*xA&* i*¡~8&*H *vB&* BH b ~6" -vGb~{E m~6H fgA° bK EvB ¤~}­ f£ ³* ,b£²* hFbC b g«H b B¡A EH rH4H b ±* &* ¡D b C *4v@@/ Í+ bK 0 b F&* ¶(* b GbcgF*  ° ¥wD* $b~} D* D3 ¯ b D &bm E *ws-* vB f )b D* ¤ +H £A ¤0x~zE 9x C b ~z F&* pF b C ¥wD*H B*Æ1* bK ~}Eb= *K y D y ´* oHx@@ ³*H ¡@@+b@@g@D* *w@@G x~zC ÍBx~{g~z´* @@E 2v@@< Hb@@ 0 f£Db D* 4*¡~6&°* o4b@@1 ,b£p DH $¡~} D F*¡D&*H -b~7x + g £c: ¢ < $¤~7 C k£0 b G $b~z D* ¡ cggJ Exp D -x AH 2Hvp+ ,2Hv¹ Ͳ* D3 ¯ f£Bx~{D* ,&*x´* xJHb~{E hFbC bE(* ¤ A EyD* D3 ¯ b D *K v/ f £~}D* f£<b g/°* ,b£²* G&°* £AÆD* ,*2&* f+bj§ bCH ¤c ~{D* b p D dGw- &* dGw- &* bE(*H f£ EyD* fc ²* - $b~z D fc~z Db+ ÄC&°*H 8xAH x+b ´*H f0x~9&°* ,4b@@J5H i*4*5bcD*H *¡~6&°* ¶(* H&* 4*vD* $b A f Jv0 1*2 bK cDb=H *K v/ f £_~9 hFbC y gD* fJx F fGyF ¯ oHx³* H&* p ~6 ib£Cx- $b~z D ib0¡D £+ ¥v 0 b j<H ¤ J5b+ ¡-ÄD&* ~64 Ãx0" ¤ £~6b+ f0¡D v -H f£ J4 5b E ¯ f E )*v0 ¯ ¤1Æ~z- b £AH ~64 bE /&* E "4¡ ~6¡cD* ¢ < JxD* ¯ ¯ v« ,v0*HH fCx+ exB ,2bm~6 ¢ < ,¡~z D* E f<¡ ¸ f£+x~{E Ä< $b´*


fยฃQ <ยก~9ยกE ,4ยก~|+ fยฃBx~{D* ,&*x@@ยด* ย vย - ยคgD* vGb~{ยด* ย E 4ยก~6x+ ย bยฃย JHH zJยกD ย JxJ2xA ย ยก/ ย E ร K C ย &* vยฝ ร K jย A iยฐยกย ~{EH ibย ยฃ~{F ibJx~|ยด* ร xยฒ* bย ~64 ย ยกย J2 ย F*xA ยคEยกยฃD* ย ย ย Db+ *wG ร Bx~{g~zย ย D ,4b@@@.(* ร @@ C&ยฐ* ย b@@ย @ ยด* ย @@ย @Ex@@ยฒ* ย b@@C *K 4bjE bK ย )*2 ย bC fยฃDbย D* 4bm~7&ยฐ*H 4*ยก~6&ยฐb+ ย bpยด* ยขย cยด* ibEยก~64 ย ย ย E bK ย )*2 bFv/H ย DwD ibย ย ย gD*H iร ยฃsgย D

ย ยก~zย D* ย ย - bG*x- ย ย A fยฃBx~{D* ,&*x@@ยด* fยฃGbE ย ยก0 ร @@C&* ย ~|J 1878 fย ~6 xmย J5ยกย C e 6 bย ย < dgC ยคgD* ย &* "fย Dvยด* ย < ย )b~7 ยกG bย C ,ยก~zย D* ย ย - bย ย Av- ยฐ" ibJx~|ยด* $b~zย D* ยขย < ย ยกยฃD* ย *ยก: ร ย ย g~zJ ย ย F&b+ 2bย g<ยฐ* ยถ(* ร xยฒ* ,bยฃ0 i*xGยกmยด*H dGwDb+ ร ย pJ ibJยกย ยฒ* ย BHwgJ ร .H ย *ยก@@J2 bย ย ย mJ ยคgD* ยฅvJ&ยฐ* ย ย - v)b~6ยกD* ยขย < ย ย ~}JH ย cgD* ย ย ~{ย g~zJ vยฃcย D* ย E lbF(ยฐ*H ย ยกยฃ~|sยด* ย ย J bย ยฃA fJbย ย D f_ย gยป ย ~zย D* ."ย ย -bCx0 ย ยก@@c@ B*x@@J ย @@ย @ Eb@@E&* hย Db+ ย %* ยฅvยฃย D x1%* ย ยกB ย bย GH ย x~{D* ยฏ ย *vย + ,v< i4*5 ยคgD* fs~6*4 ,vยฃย < ย ย JvD" :1878 ย b< ยคG fE*xย D*H fย Ebย D* ,2bย ~zD* ย &* ."ย *x0 ย H2 6ยกย ยฑ* ย ~64 ร Fbย ย D* ย @@E 2v@@< ย b@@ย @GH ย ย gยบ ย ย ~{+ ibยฃBx~{D* $b~zย D* fยฃDb1 ย ยฃย < ยกG bย < fยฃย B*H ร @@C&*H f@@J'Hx@@D*H fยฃDbยฃยณ* ibย Dbcยด* ย E ร Fbย ย D* }ย + ย Hb0 ยคgD* fJ2b0ยฐ* ย bย ~6(* bย Dร 1 ย @@E ร @@ยฃ@ +H4H&ยฐ* ย ยกFbย A ย ~64 vย A bย ยฃย < ย ย )*ยกG&* ย @@~@64b@@ร ย @@ GH $b@@~@z@ย @D* ย Hx@@ @ 1%* ย ย ย ย J H&* f@@@<*4y@@@D*H f@@0ร @@ย @ D* ย GH H&* z+ร ยด* ย ย ~zย J H&* $b@@ยด* ย D3 ร @@=H ย ยฃcD* fย ย E ย ~64bร

55

Oรณ``````````````````````````````ยฉ`dG 2 0 1 7 ยฃfCCย CCย CCยชCCI ย CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

32


b@@Gยก@@ย @ย @/H b@@ย @ ย @ < ย @@ย @ -b@@0ยก@@D bยง fยฃDbcE ร = ย ยฐv@@+ zย ยฉ fย ยฃ/ร D* ย 1v-H bย Dยก0 4HvJ ร 1vgD* ย bC vย A ย b< ย /ยก+H ร + xย ย ย D hAยฐ ย ย ~{+ *K x~{gย E fยฃ<bย g/ยฐ* ibย cย D* ย ยฃย / ย cgD* ย )bย D H&* fย ยฃ/ร D* $*ยก~6 ย cยฃ-ยก= ย ยฃAยกยฃ- d@@J2&ยฐ* dgCH ย bย ย g~6* ย )ร J $ยค~7 v/ยกJ ยฐ" ย E ร @@ C&* f@@Jx@@ย @~@{@D* 4b@@ ย @ @A&ยฐ* ,ร @@.H f@@ย @J4&* ยขย < $bย ย g~6ยฐ* xย ย ยด* Iw@@~@ {@ D* ย b@@~@{@ย @g@~@6*H ย @@ยฃ@:*x@@1 ย @@E $b@@ยดb@@+ 2ร @@ @ยด* ย ยก0 fDHvยธ $*xย ~8H $*xย 0 ย E ย ย mJ Iw@@@D*H ร @@<*4w@@D* ย E HM b@@ยฒ bK ย +b~{E ย ย ~{ย g~zE ."ยค<bA&ยฐ* ย E dย ย J ,xGbย D* ร Bx~{g~zย ย D f+4b~}gยด* ย *ยกB&ยฐ* ย bย ย g~6ยฐ* ib@@Eร @@< i4b@@ @.&*

31

55

Oรณ``````````````````````````````ยฉ`dG 2 0 1 7 ยฃfCCย CCย CCยชCCI ย CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*


·v< b~74

jªDf . £*§G&*

!?¢VGÎaG ΩCG á≤«≤M :Úbô°ûà°ùŸG äÉMƒd ‘ ICGôŸG ¯ GH $b~z D ¡ ~64 ¥wD* 2bg ´* x ´* -b0¡D ¯ bFv/H )*4&°* ¢ < °v+ ib£ g~zE Q GH H&* ib g¸ H&* <2bº ¥wD* v ~{´* *wGH i*¡=&°*H ¥4*¡±* + £pJ f£Fb j D* bK c ~8 4*x - xA E qc~8&* + b Eb J(* ¡Bx~{g~z´* 2*4&* Ì= x1%* $¤~7 f<b ~8 Fb E(b+ bC Ãx²* $°'¡G &* 4¡~| bK <bc F* ¤ J ¡ A Ex²* *4v/ 1*2 °v+ $b g~6°* ¥4*¡±* ¢ < f gEH f+¡ D fD¡~zC f£Bx~{D* ,&*x´* &b+ bK s~6*4 b + pJO ¤-ÉD* f£Bx~{D* ,&*x´* ~7 ¢ < n D*H 4bg g~6°* E vJy´* $b ~9(°H E ¯ f £/ÊD* ¡Fb D* ~9H ÍBx~{g~z´* b@@ @<&* ¯

ÍBx~{g~z´* b gG* E *K ÌcC *K y£0 f£Bx~{D* ,&*x´* h g0* ebm²* b G Í +*ÆE Í<¡~9¡§ ¡£+x D* ~7O v A fDb0xD* i*4¡~|- b +bgC ¯ Hx+bE ¥2¡/ ¡ - Ãx@@²*H vB b@@+H4H&* (*" @@~@ 6H&°* x~{D* ¯ $b~z D* < Í£+x D* v A v0*H %* ¯ b E ix FH Ãx²*H ebm²b+ ixp~6 dB*x´* Í+ fD¡ £²* ¢ < ¶H&* f / E *yExD* *wG < JvD J&* b» + b~|-°* H&* $b~z D* f@@J'H4H ¤@@ +H4H&°* v A f£Fb. f / E bE&* Á*Hv D* ¡ ~zD*H bc0(°* x<b~{E f£F*¡ ~7H fcJx= e4bmg+ qJ¡ gD*H b£³b+ r¡ ±* f~8xA xAH b´b: DwDH x~{D* $b~zF ,42 H f p g´* f £ ±* E

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

30


á«YGóHE’G ¬àdÉ°Sôd á≤Kƒe á«∏ªY ÈY ,»æØdG ¬eƒ¡Øe ∑GQOEG øe ¿ÉæØdG "AGOC’G øa" øμÁo ¿ÉeõdGh ¿ÉμŸG OhóM ‘ √OƒLhh √ôgƒL ô°ü– »àdG

b D¡0 E µb D*H ~z F < Ä J & Q * x)*y D  £CH D fCx²*H i*$bÂ(°*H 4¡~|D*H ib D* É1 E f.ÉjD* ÍFb D* ib£ g E ¢ < bK ~}J&* ¥¡gpJ ¤c£CÆD* DbA £~9*¡´* @@E f<¡ ¸ ¤ - f<¡ gE 42b@@~@|@EH fcg EH ¤~9b´* xCwg~z- f£ A B E J¡pJ b§ D* *wG 5ÄJH 3(* EyD* Ä< ¥x~|cD* <b gD* ,¡BH x~9b²* É1 E ¡£D* ¢g0H ib£ £.ÉjD* v < E f ~8*¡gE f£ A f ~z ~6 2x~zJ h£ £+ J¡ ~8 £D&b- E ib£0x~z´ ¡Jv£A iÉ£m~z- Ä< b D f£cJxmgD* ¢ £~6¡ D ¤)*2&* 9x<H hsJx+ i¡ -Ì+H ÍFb A *v@@+(* E f£ £ ~{- b <&* ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ nJbC ¡/ " 6b~zCÉA" fCx0 ~9 ib£ £ c~zD*H ib£ £g~zD* ¥v < E 2b g<°* ¶(* f£<b~6 ,Æ D* - É1 ix~{gF* ¤gD* f£ D* ,b£²* E ¡ D* nE2H ¤ D Db+ 4¡ ±* <b - ¢ < fCxpg´* ib0¡ D*H ¡Jv£ D* b <&* ewg© b £+ f£E¡£D* ° ¤gD* £~9*¡´* - ¶(* bcgF°* f.ÉjD* ¡Fb D* b <v+&* ¤gD* EyD* y/bp+ Æ £ - ® ¥wD* Í~| D* 4b: b D* < 9x ´* ~9 b C Ãb /¡/ pgE $b + 0*xE v~8xJ £AH f_£ D* cB E b + ¤c;¡+&* ¯ ibJv ~zD* ,xJy/ ¯

29

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

|1%* zª 6 §M b~z0 GH ÍFb A f.É. fAb jD*H f0b£~z D ¤c;¡+&* f_£G h C ¤c£Cx- < w£ gD 2*yJxJbG ¤ CH4H Í@@E*4H b£Fb 04 $b/ ¥wD* D* < ~{ D* ®H "f£<*v+(* i*4b~zE" 9x ´ 4¡ m D 0bggA* ¡J "2017 2016 x1%* v£ ~6 ¡J" *¡ + F¡C f.ÉjD* ÍFb D* ¢ < 4b£g1°* BHH ¤~9b´* 64bE 7 f£Fb~zF(°* ib~64b ´*H v/*¡gD*H <b gD* < Ìc gD* ¯ *¡p½ ,y£ ´* dF*¡±* E vJv D* b© ibAb j D ,x+b< fJ'H4 ~9 x~8b ´* D K f£c£Cx- °b@@ @<&* Æ~{´* < ¯ f.ÉjD* ¡Fb D* v@@BH 9Hx<H ib0¡D b £+ E f<¡ gE f£ A b <&* E 1*vg Hb gD* É1 E b <&°* - g -H ¡Jv£AH ib-¡p EH $*2&* ¡£ A ¡ ~z EH ¡Fb A £+ @@E @@Jx@@1%* Í Gb~zE @@E "x1%* v£ ~6 ¡J" < dGwJ &* ¯ Gb~6 bE ¡GH ¡£ £~6¡EH bE ¡@@GH ¤0x~z´*H ¤ D* $*2&É@ D ~|- f 04 ¯ JvGb~{§ ¤c£CÆD* D* ~9 f£ D* b <&°* E <b gD* ¢ < Gy pJ b <&* H&* ib 0 Ä< fD¡± 9x ´* 4*H5 ,¡<2 g£~6 b C ~z F ,2xm´* f £c D* < Ä - 9x< i°b~8 ,v< ~9 f +*ÆE Q


i*4b~zE" 9x E E kDbjD* ~z D* É1 EH 2¡/¡D* ¢ < x gD* E 4*HyD* £D v/*¡- *¡ + $b/ ¥wD*H "f£<*v+(* Ìs~zg+ x~8b ´* D* b + y£ gJ ¤gD* ,vJx D* d£Db~6&°* ¢ < fFb D* ¶(* bGv0(* 2¡ J f£c£Cx- b <&* Ä< ¥x~{cD* b£ D* £ ~{- A b£A*x=¡J4¡ D* Í+ nEv- ¤gD*H bF¡ 0 *5¡~6 Í+ b < mJH f£E¡£D* ,b£²* ¿H 5*¡g´* |BxD* f£ £.¡- ÉA&*H ¤c£Cx- ¡Jv£A 4H ¢ < ~64

¯ fJv£ - Ì= d£Db~6&*H f£E¡J 2*¡E E*vsg~6b+ J4¡ ~{´* {£F&*" b D s~}D* ¤ D* D* dFb/ ¶(* f£ D* Db <&* 4¡+bC bCH 2003 b D 2¡ JH "x 0&°* ¤ :H" *¡ + "4¡+bC 3°¡AH x¹H ¤gJyD* $É D*H ~{D* *vsg~6b+ w F vB <f Ä< ¤ D* E¡ E *42(* E b D* "$*2&°* A" ÂO 2¡/HH xG¡/ x~|« ¤gD* f£<*v+(°* gDb~6xD f .¡E f£ < Ìj D* b gG* vJ*y- dc~zD* *w DH bEyD*H b ´* 2Hv0 ¯ ¡GH ib£ £g~zD* fc 0 ¯ ¤ <b gD*H ¤)*2&°* Db+ ÍFb D* E +¡ ~6&* vJv«H xJ¡ -H $b~{F(° b©°* *wG ¡ cgJ / bE i*$*2&* H&* fJ¡ < i*$*x@@ /(* Ä< @@D3 b@@C&* $*¡~6 ¤ D* gJ'H4 d~z0 4¡ ±* £/¡- Ä< H&* f~6H4vEH f ~|E " <b -" ~zB ¯ 9x ´* 5Ä@@JH b £A C*x~7(*H f£ D* E ÍEx~}º ÍFb A b <&b+ bK £ g¹ ¤ D* n D* *wG "ibGb©*" < 9x J ¥wD* ;bC v ¹H Í)*4%* v£~74 *¡D&°b+ ¡Jv£A y£ © < ,4bc< ¡GH 2002 b D 2¡ J ¥wD* fF¡ E ib c: 4 @+ f£Fb. ,x~{< z 1H Íg £B2 ,v´ i¡~8 E £ JxC&°* *¡D&b+ b Gw F Í£c~{1 Í0¡DH ib ~| ´ z/*§ ¢ cJH @@Db@@ @<&* ¯ fp~9*H f~8b³* b D* f ~|+ ¢ c *K x~9b0 D¡0 G E H&* ~z F b D $K *¡~6 Áb~zF(°* 4¡~}²* v- ¤gD* f£FvcD* fCx²* fCx²b+ *wG ¢ mgJH ¤ D* D* ¯

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

28


A -*3 vp+ ¤ D* D* z£DH ££ -H f£ D* g £B ¯ b E f£ £~74&* 2*¡E f~9Hx ´* f£ D* b <&°* wG d0b~|g~6H ,v~z¸ Q f£ £~74&* )b.HH ¡Jv£A ÉA&*H f£A*x=¡-¡A 4¡~8 9x £~6H G4b g+*H Eb D(* 42b~|EH ÍFb D* f£m ´ bCbFb- ¡C¡~z-&*H HH5b@@C bB*Ì~{@ @D f£ A °K b <&* " £ ~{-" b+b£D* "f£ D* ¥b-¡/ f~z~6'¡E"@+ b :bc-4b+ ÍAHx ´* fJ¡£²* f£ D* c£Db~6&b+ *x g~7* Jw D*H 1972 1954 b C 1961 b D 2¡ J ¥w@@D*H ¤gJyD* ¥vJxmgD* D* jE ib £g~6 A 2*HQ 4 E Ix@@1&* f<¡ m´ °K b@@ @<&* ~z D* ~}J xCH&* ÆF¡=H bA hFb~6 H2 ¤ £F E "¤~9b´* x D*"

27

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

f:b~zcD* z - f£ A f+x© x)*yD* {£ J &* ¯ Gb~zJ bE gº 4¡ § f£E¡£D* ,b£²* ¯ 9¡ D*H ª 4¡p g- °K b <&* ~}JH 9x ´* b~zB&* v0&* " £ ~{-" Äg J ÍFb D* @@E vJv D* Äg J 3(* ¤ D* ob@@g@ F(°* f£ < ¡@@0 ¶(* fJ*vcD* E 0*xEH ¤ D* obgF(°* f£ < &* Jx~8b ´* Ä< £ < &*x - ¤gD* i*Ì gD*H £A fEvsg~z´* 2*¡´*H fJb D* G&°* E*¡ D* ¤G Gb© 4¡ ±* A 2H24H EyD* 4HxE


tk CG ÉfnG* 9| ¼* · k± jª<*z+(¸* m*4f ¼*

z»ÑXƒHCG ËÉ¡æLƒL{ v ¹ 4¡F tJ4b- ¯ © ¤gD* f~8b³* ib £jD* E vJv D* fJb D* ¯ ¢ cgJ D Db£/&*H ÍFb D* ib£~z / Ég1* =x+ £ ~{- <b -" *¡ + $b/ ¥wD* ¤c;¡+&* Ãb /¡/ pg´ ÁbjD* ¤~z£)xD* 9x ´* £cJ bE *wGH x~8b ´* D* -b~64b»H f£)b jg~6°* -bEb ~6(* -y£Q E ÍFb A b <&* gBH4&* Í+ mJ ¥wD*H "f£<*v+(* i*4b~zE v/*¡- f.É. £ - ® ¤c£Cx- ¤ A < dFb/ ¶(* %°* fJb DH ¤~9b´* x D* ib£ £g~6 w E x~8b ´* D* tJ4b- ¯ ,vJx D* "2017 2016 x1%* v£ ~6 ¡J" *¡ + 9x D Kb~|£~|1 w£ gD ÍFb A

G § * £ f .

jªD

i*ÆAH f gº ib£~z /H e4bmgD ¡ g J *K x~8b E bK £´b< µ fJb D* ¯ b F(bA iv<bc- H&* h+4b - (* DH f gº f£ E5 E b A D f~8b³* f ~|cD* ¡p­ &* g~z f@@£@A*x@@=¡@@-¡@@A 4¡@@~@ 8H ib@@0¡@@DH f£c£Cx- b@@ @ <&* b@@ @ @A ¡0 4¡p g- 4H ¢ < ib@@E¡@@~@64H ¡@@Jv@@£@AH ib@@-¡@@p@ @EH £Gb E ¯ f j g´* f£~z£)xD* lÉ@@j@ D* @@9x@@ @´* ib@@ @£@. f£ ¹ ¢ < b <&°* yCx- k£0 v/*¡gD*H £ ~{gD* <b gD* v DH ¤c;¡+&* b E f gº f£A*x / B*¡´ ¤ g - b <&* E 9x ´* ¥x@@)*5 Q gD ¡£C¡:H zJ4b+H 4¡@@J¡@@£@FH ¡GH b -bAb . Ég1* ¯ +b~{gD* /H&* ib£Db / b~{gC*

jª<*z+(* ,| I ¯ fAb jD*H f0b£~z D ¤c;¡+&* f_£G - ¥w@@D* 9x ´* v J 2b D* ¡£D¡J 29 fJb D ¤c;¡+&* ¯ ibJv ~zD* ,4b E ibAb j D ,x@@+b@@ @D* f@@£@<*v@@+(°* ,x Db+ 4¡ ±* Jx gD 0bggA* 4x ´* ¤c;¡+&* Ãb /¡± ¤ pg´* ¥2x~zD* b£~zD*H F &* v + ÁbjD* 9x ´* ¡G Äg JH f c ´* i*¡ ~zD* É1 f_£~}E 2b +&*" *¡ + 2014 b D* ¯ H&°* ~9x E pg´* ¯ yC4 b £+ "¤c;¡+&* Ãb /¡/ ib£ g E E i*4bgº bK Fb A 18 E ÈC&° ÉK < 25 < vJyJ bE ¢ < 9x ´* *wG

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

26

&*


v + p£~6 v0&* ° &b+ k0bcD* z£gFbAÌ~6 ~{ J ~| D*H | D* n)bgF fD¡ ~z+ =¡= ~{ J bK £Db0 D E b +bp~8&* È J b gJb + b gJ*vcD f ~8 ° f E bK .¡p+ ¡mg g~zJ °H b F¡ GbmgJ . ¶H&°* ibp ~|D* ¯ ib0*ÆB°* k0bcD {Bb E bB vBH ,Ì@@1&°* ibp ~|D* ¯ bK _£~7 b E bK -bg+ v/&* µH jp+ h~|pA Á(*" *4¡gCvD* ¢ < ~|0 ."fp ~8 fJ&* ¯ g ~9H ¥wD* *¡ D* Hb g &* ¡GH ¤+bmJ(°* 4b£³* 2b g<* E v+ ° t D* *wG d mgD £ ±* v g J ¤gD* ibBÉ D* ~{ JH xG*¡ D* k0bcD* pJ b Ax J F&* K b g0* b@~@}@J&*H fD¡ ~z+ dg D* ¢ < ¡~|²* f~8xA (* f£Ab ~{D* (* I¡g~z´* A4 9x + fD¡ ~z+ ibBx~zD* b~{gC* i°b g0* E vJy- b D ¤ D* zAb gD* Hx~7 E vJy Hx~z´* $b 1(° JxpgD*H t~z D* ubsA ¯ ¡B¡D* ²* ,4v D* ÌA¡- E 42b~|´*H /*x´* E Eb - f Jx: E v+° ib£ ~9H ¯ b E*vsg~6*H 4b@@ @ ´* £~|«H D* ¢ < ,y£E H&* &° xJxpgD* ¯ ,v)*yD* f=ÉcD* d © E ,vJv/ ¡ ~64&* bB b C r¡~9¡D* ¤G e¡ ~6&* ¥&° ¤G bE dg D* 9*x g~6* z£DH 6b~6&°* ¡G £ pgD* Ì~|J fDb~64 v - £C" +bgC ¯ ¡ J(* ¡-ÌcE&* d£mJ " £ pgD* fJb= ½ &* - ¤G ¤ £ pgD* kpcD* E fJb D* (*" :" *4¡gC2 ¡D Ì= D¡ £D J µ ¥wD*H J µ bE r¡~9¡+ ¡ J D'¡´* &* b cA fAb~9(°* x~6 J b G " *'¡~zD* z F £ < rx: y£ gE e¡ ~6&b+ g- &* y A h<b~7H iÈC £DbpgD* E z£D F&*H f~8b1 n DH fJ'Hx D x g J ´ $*y< ° D b gF°* 4b g~6°*H ²* ¢ < ¤ cE ¤ £ - b F ¯ ~zD* obgF(°* ¶(* 4*Æ/°* E kpcD* ¶(* ,w gD* E g£~6 v@@0H ¡ A n ´*H fJ'HxD*  ´ *wG pgJH ¥wD* ;b D* £³*H ´* vmJH ib£ ´* Ì~z - E 2v gJ ¥yCxE ¡ E ¡0 *K 4¡p gE jp+ ¡ £~6H b mJ ~zF ¯ b c-xJH ,ÌjC vG*¡~7H f jE&* ¥¡gp£D h@@J5 f cC bGx~z JH t£~{D*Z D xA¡J &* v + A d-bCH k0b+ C ¢ < bE *wG Í< f~{E4 ¯ dg D* E Ì + 0 Y =¡=

25

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

¡GH É@@:&°* ¢ < JH ,xGb D* ~zJ bC ¥wD* $*x ~{D* f pA fBbF e¡C4 <yJ x £~6 kpcD* x@@¹ v < ¯ ¤ Eb±* kpcD* &* HvcJ /*xE oxsgA =¡= ¯ f C f+bgC ¤ J ¢@@ @<&* I¡g~zE t£~{D* ~zJ f ~|gE 4bp+ jE } cD b ~} + ¥2'¡J B*¡EH + b -bE*vsg~6*H b £Fb EH ibp ~|´* x.&* $b gB* =¡= fF4b ´b+ 42b~|´* f@@B2 ¥x@@«H fE¡ ´* E Q pgD* ~zJ ...É¡æ«H v/ h@@BH ¯ fDb A b£A*x=¡ c£+ xA¡£A " H5bE&*" B¡E b@@E&* H&* h£ £/ 4*Ì@@/ ebgC $*x~7 ÉK jE k0bcD* d J Ì~|B f g~zEH ,vJv/ bK s~zF B¡´* £ < 9x £A Íg1b+ £)bs£E *HÆ~7* ebg D* *wG *HÆ~7* E (* f£cG3 fE¡ E D £~}JH f ~8 i*3 2x~zD* < dgC JHb < B¡´* v JH bK @~@}@J&* &* k0bcD* ¢ < £pg~zJ h£ £/H Íg1b+ ¤+bgC ¤<¡~9¡§ ibcg ´* ¯ x < ¢~}B ¡D ¢g0 b mJ v~|g J b£A*x=¡ c£cD* ¤~| - v / v~|g J k0bcD* 4b~8 v D < b JÆ~{J vBH b pJ vB F&° dg D* < kpc D gD* v / E hFÆF(°* f c~7 h~| B *w GH cg E ¯ ¡GH ~|-H v + gºH ÉA&°*H 4¡~|D*H 4b D ¡~8¡D* ¯ ,*Hb~zEÉD* Jx - E £~9*¡ D bK ~9x< xA¡- bJv£c£ JH i4b~8 )b.¡D* "k0bc D ¢ c- *3b A ,4¡Cw´* ib£~|s~{D*H £Gb D ¤+bmJ(*H ¤c ~6 *4b£1 D ¢ c f£B4H ,vJx/ ¯ b E x ; vBH x~zJH t~z g~zJ &* D ¤ + vJy D b G ~9* f ±* w + ¤ g J f£+x E tA ¯ J &* D ¤ + ~| D*H | D* ¢ < v g J &* D ¢ c ÆpJ E &* DwD 5x+&°* ¤ mgD*H £~|« fD%b~9 ~{C x A E *K v@@0*H *K x ~6 4xpJ &* ¢~z £A ~| D*H | D* h - ~| D*H | D fm£gF £ < *vD* 4¡~|-H 8b³* d£ J b C ,2b´* ¯ ¤ £ pgD* z²* d£ £A f£ £ ²* f _~6&°* &* HvcJ f BxE 7b B C kpcD* HvcJH ¥v D* z²* +bg D DÉ g~6* ¤ A ¡£D* &*vc- µ ~| D*H | D* f£ < fBx~zD*H p D* £0 z£gFbAÌ~6 9x J " -¡s£C H2" Í D'¡´* @@E Ìj Db+ v ~{g~zJ eb@@g@C @@< kpcD* rÆ@@ @JH D /4 k0bcD* &* Í Ab D* G¡£~6 *wGH £ < 2b g<°*H _ JH Ì.&bgD*H f+b ´* ~|J *w@@GH + v ~{g~6* E


« E4 $f D

»©eÉ÷G åëÑdG ó¡Y ‘ πZƒZ ñÉîah ¢Uôa yJy + v ¹ f£ Eb±* ,2b ~{D*H fAx ´* e*x¹ ¤G f Eb±* $b@@ @ +&° f@@c@~@z@ @Db@@+ Ì@@c@ C ¥y@@ @E4 b@@ E @@ @ 6&*4 ¤@@G IÄ D* v´* ¡ 1vJ Í0 4b ~|D* Í0É D* ¢ < ¡~|p D f £~6H ¤ Eb±* kpcD* Äg JH 94b g- °H x@@ < É@@+ @@1v@@D ,4v@@ E 4b@@ @ E Evs- + ¤ c D* ¤BÆD* E fAx ´* b GH ib£ ´* £ « dmJ kpcD* f £< ¢ < @@D3 c J 4¡ D* ¯ x D* &*vc£~6 kpcD* ¯ Æ~{JH ib£ D ¡~8¡D* E v+° £ pgD* cB ¯ cB dgC b» bK _£~7 c0b~8 GbmgJ °&* x gc´* ¤ D* ,x F" +bgC ¯ ¤~z +*x D* v¸&* D¡ J bE *wG <¡~9¡E ."e2&°*H f D* ¯ ex D* v < £D&bgD* fCx0 ¯ f£sJ4b É1 ¤ Eb±* kpcD* f£ ~9H < ,x F ebg D* vB vBH avgc´* `~7b D* F&* b§4H" ¤~z +*x D* ¡ J xB ~|F )b~z´* E fD&b~zE f /*xE H&* jp+ x~8b < R / ¯ gBH E w D ¡~8¡ D " 6x g´* Ìc³* D3 ¯ JO bE b ~9&* D¡0H cg E ¶(* z mJ &* k0bcD* obgpJ ib£ ´*H x~8b D* /b ´*H dg D* E "Ì + 0" 9x g~6 Y =¡= t£~{D*Z ~} cA vJv/ ¢ E b G bK £Db0 ib 0b~{D* x~|< d~6b - ° b F&° Ì cD* < ,4b g~6°* wG ÌE&* v J DH *K Ì + dCxJ µ k0b+ b Evsg~zJ ,4b g~6*

Ãv -H b£ < ,2b ~7 ¢ < ¡~|²* vJxJ ¥wD* k0bcD* vmJH E Hb gJO µ ¡~9¡E ¢ < 4¡j D* ¯ f+¡ ~8 f£<¡F fAb~9(* bK £FHÆ D(* bK B¡E f£+x ´* ·b D* £ gD* ,4*5H h :&* vBH cB kpc D b £m~z- H&* b £ < b g~7°* ® ¤gD* £~9*¡´* < ~{ J 9x J &* vJv/ ¡~9¡E 2bmJ(* v +H k0bcD* ¢ < DwD b £A v+ B*¡Db+ f ~|gE g~6*42 ¡ -H cB E x O- µ bK A*vG&* kpc- x ~{D* < ib~6*42 jE f g~zE H&* f£)b~{F(* ¡ - &* D ¡~9¡E ¢ < 4¡j D* v +H c~zD* ib ´* rx~7 ,2x1 ¯ b Jx -H kpcD* f£Db ~7(* f=b£~8 k0bcD* ¢ < f 0x´b+ Iv~8 f +bB Ì= ib~9*ÆA* d © E b < d£mJ Ix ~8 f _~6&* ¶(* f GÄ D bK Jx F *K 4b@@:(* obg« ¤ A fgg~{E f _~6&°* - ¡ - ° ¤ DH Cb~{´* &*vc- b G EH £Gb EH kpcD* n E E oxsJ ¥x D* 4b@@:(*H kpcD* f£Db ~7(* Í+ f ~8 x - &* dmJ Í0H f£ JÌcE&* &* f£ £ « ¤G G f+4b ´* x - &* dmJH

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

24


9*xE&ÉD f.4¡´* ib £±* fD*5(* Ä< " ~z D* Ix@@1&* ib £/ ¯ *Hx@@.'¡@ J &*H eb@@ @@<&°*H ib ~6 oÉ D ~9b³* |s~{D* d~z gD ¡ g~6 ib ~6 ¤@@GH ,v@@Jv@@/ "f£/¡D¡£+" f£<b g/*H f£ G3H f£Ab . ib.4¡E bK 0° ibF¡ ´*" (* " ¡~z JH 24*H2(*" µb D* ¡ J (b@ A ·b@@g@ Db@@+H "fAb jD* @@ @« f@@£@ .*4¡@@D* b - &* Â bG'H*x/(* g£~6 ¤gD* iÉJv gD* ·bgDb+H f c ´* b£/&ÉD f£/¡D¡£cD* ib ~zD* f£<b g/°*H f£Ab jD* b -b ~6 b g~6 ¤gD* f Gw´* ib0bm D* &* f:b~zc+ *wG ¤ J 2¡ g~6 " ¡ £±*" b¸ ¯ ¡j0bcD* b pJ f£<b g/°*H f£/¡D¡£cD* ib ~zD* vJv« f£Fb E(* ¶(* fJx~{cD* ,vJv/ b£/&° f£ GwD*H f£Ab jD*H 4¡ gD* *wG *vsg~6b+ ,wAb D* i*4bcsg~6°* ,y /&* ¡ g~6 q ~|- ° f :b< e¡ ~7 ¶(* bG$*v<&* ¡« ¤ D eHx²* ¯ fJ43 £ ~|g+ f£p+xD* i*Ägs´* ¡ g~6H ¡m D* H&* bAv D ¢ < *¡ ~|p£D *¡E&°* ¡ A*2 bG*xJ b C ¡ gD* ib ~6 « Gx F f /H E ¢ <&°* ib ~zDb+ ¢ pgJ ¡ gE ~zF ~|p D Av ~6 ¥wD* " ¡ g´* ~z D*" (bA *¡0&°* £ / ¯H ° ,4¡~8 ¤GH b ´b< ¯ "dDb D* ,4¡~8" I¡~6 ¡ J D £ < b g£~8¡~|1H b jJ4*¡E z - °H b c~{ ¯ ¢ <&°*H ¢C3&°*H I¡B&°* fAb jD Íc g~zE $b ~}D* ib+ b CH Íc g~zE bK ~}J&* ¡pc~|J vB F(bA "`Ab gEÉD* 4¡ gD*" µb< Ì 1 xE&* ¡GH f£ GwD*H f£/¡D¡£cD* -4¡~8H ¤ £±* c£CÆD Í ~zD* °%* IvE ¢ < b ~z£+*¡C &*¡~6&* C4v- µ

23

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

Ì.&b- b D ¡ £~6 f£ £±* ibAb~{gC°*" (* bB Í0 ,xGb Db+ ."f c ´* eHx²* ¯ ÌcC f£ D* -bAb~{gC* $*x/ +¡F ,y)b/ ¢ < JH5 ~|0 v D *K $y/ 6xC b C "f£Fb. ¡g £ D*" @+ gJ bE bK ~8¡~|1 ,x c´* ¥wD* "¤/¡D¡ - ¡Fb D*" ¡~9¡´ f£ D* -bEb gG* E *K ÌcC Ìc D* E ¯ bG*x/&* ¤gD* lbp+&°* } + ¯ *K ÌjC v<b~6 f£ £±* )b~z´* 8¡~|s+ f£ JxE&°* " £gDbC" f Eb/ ¯ ,xGb D* ¯ bG&b~{F&* ¤gD* " ¡ D JH5 f JvE" É1 EH gJ bE ¯ bK ~8¡~|1 f£ £±* lbp+&°* } + 4¡ J &* b g~6* A*x~{g~6* ¯ J ¡GH ibF*¡£²* } cD ¤ £±* d£CÆDb+ fJx.H f~}Jx< f£ < ,v<bB E *wG 4Hv § ¡ £~6 F&* ¤ J D3 (bA JH5 B¡- bE q~8 *3(* Ä< b )*v<&* ib £/ Ì£ gD )b~6H g­ &* Hv@@D* } + e¡ ~{ D f£ £±* )*x³* ¯ d<ÉgD* ¢ < ,4v D* b CÉgE* bAvD* ¢ < ,4v D* bGv J b§ fAv g~z´* vB f c ´* eHx²* &* µb D* *wG I&*4 D3 ¶(* *K 2b g~6*H 4v + i*x)b D*H ib+b+vD* *vsg~6* ¶(* f/b0 ¯ ¡ - ° f£ D* )b~6¡D* - *vsg~6* ¶(* b g/b0 " ¡ £±* b g/* <" ~6* ws-* vJv/ < &b~{F v D ¤ J ib £±* ¯ pgD* &* ,x A @@E J ¡@@GH b~zF(ÉD ¥H¡ D* } ²* i*2x E Ì£ - ¢ < ,4v D* Í+ x FO £CH ¡ F E 2vpJ ¥w@@D* $¤~{D* ¡@@GH £ < pF b§ 6b D* *¡ ~zpJ" &* ¤ £±* oÉ@@ @D* $b < 4Hv@@ @§ ¡ £~6


jM| D fª:&*

¥-f¡ªq+ «Jf kG* ¾(* hGf Gf+ G§G* ¢H ?ájQÉ°†◊G ÉæJÉKhQƒe zΩƒæ«÷G{ »æØj πg yJy D* vc< x~6bJ ,"e¡~7¡-¡A" nEbFx+ ib£Fb E(* fAbC KbEvsg~zE q£-b E f0¡D 1 z mJ ƹ ¤ + ¡ J bE c~7&* xE&°* fJx~|cD* g D*H ibF¡ ´* fAb~9(*H J¡ gD*H £ gD*H f@@D*5(°*H w²*H ~| D*H | D* ~}g- ¤gD* &*v+ ¤gD* f£)vc´* ,4¡~|D* < KbJ4w/ KbAÉg1* gs- 4b g+*H £D&b- E ,4¡~8 ¢ < fJb D* ¯ ~|p£D ,vJv±* ,4¡~|D* £ < ¡ - &* dmJ b < K*4¡~|- z - b F&* b²* f £c + D3 E G&°*H b £ < < c0b~8 qDb~|E °(* vsJ ° ixA*¡-H f£ JxE&°* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡Db+ ¥x~{cD* ¡ £±* "¤cJxD* } ²*" ¯ v<*¡ D* ~z ~z- &b~{+ f £ . ibE¡ E DNA" J(* (* ¥2" @+ Hx ´* Ím~zC&°* 8¡ ´* ¥H¡ D*

bJÉ1 ¯ f.4¡E 35000 ¡pF ~{- ¤gD* b~zF(°* ib£ c~8 ¯ ibE¡ ´* E 99.9% ¡pF &* ¶(* Hx~{´* *wG | 1 vBH Hx D* &*H 6b D* £ / v < f .b gE ib.4¡´* ¯ ,xA*¡g´* b~zF(°* f£~|s~{D y£ ´* rbg ´* ¤@@G f£ cg´* ,Ì ~|D* iÉ ~{E ,2b< dc~z- ° Hx D* wG &* EH ~z/ )b;HH vB b F&* °(* fJ¡£²* )b;¡+ H&* 4¡ -H 2x D* ¡ + g 2v« vBH f £ E f£p~8 iÉ ~{´ 9x g D 2*v g~6* ¯ x.'¡ f gº E*¡< E ~z±* <b - f£ £C f~8b³* ib~6*4vD* 4¡ - Hx~{´* *wG v)*¡A f / E bCH iÉ@@1*v@@g@D* v@@Jv@@« ¯ kpc- ¤@@g@ D* ¤@@E¡@@ @£@±* oÉ@@ @Db@@+ f£)*HvD* ÌBb D*H ib.4¡´* Í+ Interactions ¯ }Jx D* @@E&°* fJx~{cD* b~{gC°* *wG q  bE 4v +H ·bgDb+H ¢~9x D f@@£@.*4¡@@D* £~|D* ¶(* £BvD* x gD* d£CÆD* ¯ Ì.&bgD* Ä< /É D z ~zD* Jx~zD* 1vgD* 8xA bE&* f ~6*¡D* e*¡+&°* qg J bE 4v + e¡ ´* ¤ £±* x~{cD* fJ¡G ¯ pg D ,*2&bC 4¡ gD* *wG *vsg~6* ~8b²* ¤ JxE&°* ¥x~|´* µb D* bC 2015 Ä ~zJ2 20 ¯ ¤ < Ivg E ¯ lvpgJ @@JH5 v@@ @0&* @@+¡@@F ,y@@)b@@/ ¢ <

lvpgF b DH ÉA&°*H 4¡~|D* obgF(* < b G lvpgF ° pF ."f£.*4¡D* -b ~6H b~zF(°* fJ¡G" obgF(* < Alvin x A¡- @@ @ D&* ¤@@ @ Jx@@E&°* ib£ c g~z´* µb@@< d@@Gw@@J lÉ. v ~7 µb D* &* ¶(* "fjDbjD* f/¡´*" +bgC ¯ Toeffler ,4¡jD* ¤G f£FbjD*H f£<*4yD* ,4¡jD* ¤G ¶H&°* f~z£)4 i*4¡. 4v~8 ebg D* *wG D f£/¡D¡ - ,4¡. fjDbjD*H f£<b ~|D* ,vJv/ f c: 4*v~8(* x A¡gD E&* ¡D b§4H 1984 b D* ¯ ,4¡jD*" bGb ~6&* b§4H ,vJv/ f +*4 ,4¡. b~9&° ¡£D* E ."f£/¡D¡£cD* K K JÌ1&°* Jv D* ¯ *ÌcC *4¡ - " ¡ £±* <" 4¡ - v D ¯ f£.*4¡D* ,2b´* f~6*4v+ g JH f.*4¡D* < HxA v0&* ¡GH f~6*4vD* gD ¤ D* bm´* ~}gJH f£²* ib )b D* b~z/&* EbC ~{+ ¥H¡ D* } ²* ~z ~z- vJvpgD f j E *2¡ / ¡ £m D f £BvD* )*x³* ~64H 1*2 lv« ¤gD* xG*¡ D* E *K 2v< f~6*4vD* - ~{- b C Í+ iÉ<b gD* E bGÌ=H Heterosis Ím D* jE ¡ £±* ib £±* ¡ ¸ j ¥wD* ¡ £±* 1*2 f gs´* ~9*¡´* ¡G ¡ £±* A ·bgDb+H C&b+ 2x D* )b + f~8b³* } ²* I¡g~zE ¢ < n£~z D* H&* f£ ³* ¯ ib £±* f~6*42 .DNA " J(* (* ¥2" ¥H¡ D* Hx~{E ib@@~@ 6*42 h gC* 2003 b@@< @@E @@Jx@@+(* x ~7 ¯

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

22


E ,&*x@@´* Í g+ Eb gG* vC'¡gD ¡ ~6 ib C i$b@@/ vBH ¡ C ,&*x D x F b F(*" f£DH'¡~z´*H D* /xD* fC4b~{E ¯ /x D f Jx~7 ¤GH ¤-*4bE(°* gm´* ibF¡ E E ¤~z£)4 fFH%°* ¯ f£-*4bE(°* ,&*x@@´* £D(* h ~8H bEH D* B*¡E C f J¡: ,Ì~z´ nJ¡g- ¡G + bK _/b E *K 4¡ - J µ ,Ì@@1&°* Ñ* 3(b@ + D 4¡ ´* vD*¡D* z~6'¡´* v)b D* b :¡ 1 ~64 *x. Ñ* d£: b£ F %* b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* v < ¯H b F(bA *x. d£:H Ñ* 04 z~6'¡´* v < ¯ b CH fDHvD* z£)4 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 Hxp+ b -*5b½(* f£-*4bE(°* ,&*x´* ix ~6 b<4H Ñ* 0 ,x)b D b -2b£ C ,vJv/ i°b@@¸ h pgB*H dGwD* E d: µb< b EbpgB*H f£<x~7 fFH3&bEH f£~9bB D*H HÆ£´*H i°bm´* - C fJ¡/ fcB*xEH f p C D*H *Ì D* f£-*4bE(°* ,&*x´* ¢ < ,vJv/ b£ D* d~8b ´* ¯ b D *K v E f£-*4bE(°* ,&*x@@´* iym0 b C ,&*x@@´* i*4v + ,v£~7xD* ,2b£ D* f . hcjJ b» fJ2b£ D*H fc£ D* 94&°* wG 4b <(* ¯ /xD* 4b~{- ¤gD* f£-*4bE(°* y<H dG3 E d B b D H'H4 &b+ i*4bE(°* fDH2 ¯ b £ 0 v D vJv0 E h + f :bA fs£~{D* ¡ ~6 i*4b@@E(°* &* b EQ &° d D* E f£Q « (* ix+bF¡+ ¡£ +bF bB b CH bGb<4H Ñ* b 0 4bcE 4v/&* EH bG4b~z£+ µb D* Qy - b £ £+ xJx~zD* Qy - ¤gD* &°* !?"i*4bE(°* &*" bK £ / b EQ &* E ¡ D* *w + P

21

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

b C ib£A¡D* fc~zF 9b sF*H ,2°¡@@D* i°v E b -4* < i*4bE(°* fDH2 &* ¤)b¿(°* ,vpg´* ¼&°* nEbFx+ xJx - vC&* fJx~{cD* f£ gD* £D2 ~6 ¯ v g´* b B¡E ¢ < h Ab0 Fbpc~6 Ñ* F&* v A f£Fb~zF(°* ,2b£ D*H ,2bJxD* b¸ ¯H ¢ < ,4v Db+ 4bcE h + f :bA fs£~{D* ¡ ~6 ¢ < ¶b -H Hx1%°* + ¥wgpJ ¥wD* ¥2b£ D*H ¥2bJxD* o3¡ D* Ãv fJ¡ gD*H f£Fb~zF(°* i*42bc´b+ gJ bE ¯ E Hv£ g~zJH E h=b~8 bG¡ ~zD f<¡ gEH ,ÌjC f£ = e4b@@© b GH v@@J*5 f 0 @@E 6*Ä + $b D* @@E f@@JQ x@@. ,Ì~zE b DÉ1 Í ­ ¢ < bK ~|Jx0 bK )*2 bC ¥wD* oHy@@D*H t£~{D*H e&°* *K v£/ bG*y E h@@ C42&* ¤gD* fDb~6xD* ¤@@GH i*4b@@ @E(°* f +* ¡ J ~z- hFbC ¤gD* ¤GH ° £C f :bA fs£~{D* ¡ ~6 fJ2v D* f£0b D* E gm´* ~|F A h~z£D ,&*x´* (*" b£/&°* f_£ - f£DH'¡~zE ¯ b gC4b~{E k£0 E DwC ¤G + ."f Eb gE f £ ~6 f£+x- b g£+x-H ,v<b~|D* ,&*x´* ¢ < 2¡ J bE C £ pgD ,2*4(°b+ bG¡ @@~6 h @~|-* v D &* d + f E hFbC ,2*4(°* wGH f£ gDb+ fD¡ D*H ,x~6&°*H dG3 E d B F(* H'H4 ¯ ix g~6* vB ,&*x D i*5b@@½(°* wG &* E v+ ° DwCH z£)4 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 v < ¡ gDH bGx~|< ¡ - i*5b@@½(* pgD Ñ* 0 fDHvD* ¢ < b D v gE v E ymp+ f£´b D ~|-H b -*5b½(* rHx~8 µb D* f Jx1


..äGQÉeE’G ΩCG f¤kIf ¯ 9§¤¡G*K ,&*|¼* Õ µ · jª)f¡nk 6¸* ,zª G* jM| D fª:&* Jx~7 v 0&* f £j+ ¤)b~z D* 2b«°* z£~6&bgD h ~6 b jE bG¡ ~6 &* v½ DwDH ¢ < f£Fb£c D* ,&*x´* f~} F f£ /H fDHvD* I¡g~zE ¢ < b D* f£ gD* f~z~6'¡E z£~6&bgD bK ~}J&* h ~6 b F(bA ,4b@@E(°* I¡g~zE ib~z~6'¡E ¤GH fD¡ D*H fE¡E&ÉD ¢ <&°* z m´*H fJx~6&°* b £ « ¶(* ¢ ~z- *vG&* AH b 1H b ¸*x+ b D qc~8&* ,&*xE* °" ¡ - ¤gD* ¤GH f£-*4bE(°* ,&*x´*H ,x~6&°b+ 9¡ D .",&*xE* H2 ,x~6&* °H ,x~6&* H2 + b£~zD* *wG ¯ i*4bE(°* fDH2 2Hv0 v < bG¡ ~6 - µH ¡ gD C ¤+x D* µb D* ¶(* ¤+bmJ(°* bGÌ g+ b -5Hb© ÍgJ5*¡gE Íg£+x< Íg ´ f~z~6'¡´* f ~{D* ¤G b -42bcE ,x~6&°* f EH f£+x D* ,&*x@@´* f E b G Íg Eb gEH f£+x D* i*4b@@E(°* f@@DH2 ¯ ,&*x´b+ bG¡ ~6 b gG* 2¡ / h/¡- v D v gD f£ :¡D* f£m£-*Æ~6°* É@@1 @@E ,vpg´* f£+x D* f£+x D* i*4b@@E(°* fDH2 ¯ f£~6b£~zD* ,2b£ D* 8x0H ,&*x@@´* fA2b D* f£ £ sgD* nE*ÄD*H ib~6b£~zD* <2 ¢ < ,vpg´* /H ¢ < ,&*x@@ ´*H ¡ D* @@/H ¢ < ,x~6&°b+ 9¡ D* ¶(* f£~z£)4 J2b£E f£Fb . ¯ b gC4b~{E Ä< D3H 8¡~|³* ¤<b g/°* @@ @ @D*H É@@ @<(°*H 2b@@~@|@g@B°*H £ gD* ¤@@ GH ¤~6b£~zD* ÍDbm´* ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ f_£cD*H ib Jx~{gD*H fp~|D*H H2 *K y/b0 - ¤gD* ibB¡Q ´*H £B*x D* fD*5(*H ¥w£ gD*H fEb D* ,b£²* J2b£E £ / ¯ <bA ~{+ ,&*x´* fC4b~{E ¯ fC4b~{´*H fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* ¯ b ~6(°* ¯ bG4H2 £~8&b-H 4*x D* 3bs-*H ~8 fD¡ D* bG¡Q ~6 h@@DH&* v A fD¡ D* fJb<4 b@@¸ ¯ b@@E&* E bK Db+ bK Eb gG* b /4b1H fDHvD* 1*2 b :&°* fJb<4H f £ ~zD* fD¡ D* &b+ b E bFbÂ(*H Áb~zF(*H ¤BÉ1&* E v D* b£/&° £ ~zD* c g~z´* f+*¡+ ¤G fD¡ D ,vpg´* ¼&°* Hv ~|D ¥¡ ~zD* xJx gD* 2b~7&* vBH ¢ < ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4b@@E(°* f@@DH2 -5x0&* ¥w@@D* v gDb+ ngF ¥w@@D*H b :&ÉD fEv ´* f£p~|D* ib@@Ev@@³* I¡g~zE

",zG*§G* h E *z< fH ,zHfJ i§ G* F" f£FbjD* ,4HvD* ib£Db A Db:&* bF&*H ¤c ~{D* j´* *wG · x 1 ¥wD* Jx+(* 4 64bE 26 "i*4bE(°* &* b/x E" øe $b <H fJ'Hx+ $b g0* fAb jD*H f0b£~z D ¤c;¡+&* f_£G ¤)b~z D* 2b@@«°* f~z£)4 4b@@c@E h + f :bA fs£~{D* ¡ ~6 z m´* f~z£)4 fJx~6&°* f£ gD* f~z~6'¡´ ¢ <&°* z£)xD* b D* £C ¤~z F ¯ h BH "i*4bE(°* &*" fD¡ D*H fE¡E&ÉD ¢ <&°* ,&*x´* <2 < f ² B¡- bE ¥wD* ¡GH &*v J &* Ìc D* b c D 4bcEH b EQ &* bJ c B 4bcE "b gFb § 9¡ D*H b £ ­H £G*x+(* Ab0 x<b~{D* J µ&* ¶H&°* b g~64vEbJ 'Hb < *x<&°* d£: bK c ~7 i2v<&* b -2v<&* *3(* f~64vE &°* Ãv D* bFÆA2H H&°* b +bgCH ¶H& °* b g~64vE hF&* F P Q ¥w@@D* vJv±* -x~6&°H -b cD gEvB bE C £A bFx ~6 i*4bE(°* b :¡DH fD¡ DH 4bC&°* b Eb 0 u¡£~{D* &*H "i*4bE(°* &*" ÍF¡ - ° £CH fEv³ x <H ~z F i4wF ¤gD* hF&*H Gb<4H Ñ* 0 t£~{D* Ñ* 3(b+ D 4¡ ´* b £Fb+ fJb<4H f£g D* b gDH2 $b~zF h C v A *x. d£:H Ñ* 04 b£ F %* b ~6 + vJ*5 ¯ @@+42 f £A4H 2b@@«°*H f@@DHv@@D* $b + ,Ì~zE ¯ g Jx~7 :¡D* $b +&* f_~{ K K w E b£DH2H b£ :H b -*5b½(*H bG¡ ~6 ,Ì~6 64vJ E (* - 8b1 ~{+ B¡g~z- &* v+ ° ¡£D* ¢g0H 1966 b< ¤gD* ib~z~6'¡´*H i*42b@@c@ ´*H f~6H4v´* n@@E*Ä@@D*H ³* bG¡ ~6 b g :&* i*4vB f£ g+ bG¡ ~6 b gG* p F ,&*x´* f£ - b¸ ¤ A fJb ²* H&* Í gD* H&* £ gD* k£0 E $*¡~6 ,&*x´* ib£Fb E(*H x~|gs- ¤gD* f£+x D* f/x cD* tA ¯ ¡B¡D* H2 f£F¡Fb D* xG¡±* < *K v£ + x ´* ¯ ,&*x´* Í+ ~| D* v< ¢ < Ñ* bGb<4 h~8x0 bG¡ ~6 &* b C f ~6*H b £A ,&*x@@´* ~{- ¤gD* ,x~6&°* f£ -H ,&*x@@´* f£ 2b <H h£cD*

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

20


| 7 Ì~| D* v½

ájQƒJÉμjQÉc äɪ∏c

(4)

(1)

KbE¡J x Q AO&* µ ¯b² oN 4b1 ¤ /4 U Q vE ¯ ¤ :H ¯ N £ D* S D L J¡: O ¤ 1*2 ¯ ¡³*H ¡Q Q D* < O BQ ¡gJ °

T v£ + E P *xJ E C ,24H P Q J O f~7*xA P F&b+ 4vJ °H O N 0 °(* N ~}J &* HbpJ Í P £ < O vJ (2)

(9)

(7)

(5)

P ~6b 1&* ex~9&* µ ¤~6*v~6&b+ Q ¡F P +b~6 ¯ ¤ - ¤C

N2b ~8* ¥wD* xO ~z Q D* fK £Q B4H ,K x)b: $b ~zD* ¯ Q O 1*xA N :&* E b £ < Kb+¡g E N bC bE ib C

$*¡~9&°* Nh« Ä J ¥wD* N Q ; hF&* z£DH N

¤-bcF xL <b~7 ¤ FQ (* ¢ < KbA*x1 Sv<&* &* N v+ ¡ Q D* N cB ¤ +b~8&* K*4bm~7&* Tv<&*

(6)

(3)

O$*Qv D* bF&* Q 5N bg/* ¥wD* PfJb Q D* 1 P ~6&*x+ £EvB N cB

N N bC G &* £ < ¤ Q «O N ¤ 1*v+ bE x gD

(10)

x < fO p)*4 xN <b~{E h J&* e¡ B ¯ fK )bF hFbC ,4Q b´* Ì N ~zD* Q N HwQ J *¡0*4H $*4H ,xGb EO ¯ FQ &bCH

19

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

(8)

Q I¡ D* ¢ < Ì O D* O b J O ¤ D* T O E :b g£A ¡ Q D* ¶(* Ov sJ °H ¢ < Kbg~6¡+ N ~}J &* N cB ¡+ z£A D3 £A OvCQ '¡J


dJ¡~|gD i*wD* E f /*¡´*H Jx1%°*H b ~z F&* E f£B*v~|§ a2bcE } + E | sgD* &* b A¡G ¤ Fbg~6 v g JH D* H&* $*¡G&* A*¡gD b JH&b-H ib£ ´* xJ¡«H eHx D* ° b )*2&* ¯ l2b²* 4b£ F°* b J(° ¥4Hx~9 x~7 2v±* Í Abp´* bK -xE fAx D ¤<*¡D* o3¡ D* JH ,x+b< f £~9 qDb~|E f£/4b³* f~6b£~zD* 2b g<b+ j´* ex~}JH f£/4b³* f~6b£~zD* b» f j+ µb D*H D* E ~8*¡gJH 4¡ gJ ¥w@@D* m § b JvD xA¡gg~6 b £+ f ~7b D*H fc ~|D* ,¡ D* ¢ < f£ JxE&°* Jx1%°* < fAb~9(*H b -b ~8 £~8&b- ¢ < Ì gD* ¯ v<b~zJ ¶(* bK ~}J&* ¡<vJH f <b D* ,¡ D* ¢ < iv g<* *3(* ÄC&* 8xA iÉ<b -H i°¡@@« Ä< bK c~6b E *x@@F bE w1&b A b < ¶(* ,4*2(* ¯ n C fJ2v gD*H f£DbJÄE(°* Í+ rH*ÆD* < B¡gD* ¢ < f£ cEH ÍG*ÄD*H )°vDb+ fE¡<vE fp~9*H f£ E i*4b ~7 E bK £)b F | sgD*H f£DHvD* ib<*x~|D*H f~6b£~zD* ¯ f@@£@ @ @ @ D* ib@@ £@ @ @ @ @ @´* f@@DHv@@D*H | s´* f@@DHv@@D* x g~z´* b <b~z-* CH w ´* fDHvD*H v)b D* ~zggA f±2'¡´* fAx ´* bE&* @@Jv@@D* @@E g~{E ¡@@G b@@E E ¤:b gD* IvD b F°b+ fAx g´* f£ :¡D*H ,á∏YÉa á«YGƒdG áaô©ŸG Áb@@ @-H ¤@@ @ @ @D* lH4¡@@ @´* @@)b@@ @ 0 5x@@ @ @ @+&* @@ @E (* b© z/*¡GH Hbº E ¯ f@@DHv@@D* ,¡@@B &* bFx~|< ,ôKCÉàJh ôKDƒJh ∫óÑJh Ò¨J H2 ¡@@p@ J b@@» f@@Ax@@ @ ´* - ° f@@j@ Db@@j@ D* f@@£@ @ D&°* ä’ƒëàdG AGREG ∂ÑJôJ ’ fF5*¡gE Ì+*v- *vsg~6* f@@J2b@@~@ |@ g@ B°* f@@Fb@@ @ ´* ¯ ä’óÑàdGh f@@£@Db@@ @ @F* f@@Ax@@ @ E ¡@@ @ g@ A fJv£ gD* fJx ~z D* ,¡ D*H ,Ì@@~@ 6&*H 2*x@@ @A&°* y£­ ° fAx ´* ¯ b@@¿(*H d~zpA b gJ'H4 x:'¡- v<*¡BH z~6&* bK @ ~@ 6b@@~@ 6&* Knowledge Ì gD* (* k£0 ,vEb±* fJx ~z D* ,4v@@ @ D* ¢gpA @@E ¡@@ @ F ¤@@ @/¡@@ @D¡@@ @Jv@@ @J&°* ¶H&°* f G¡ D Hv@@c@ - ¤@@g@ D* ¢:b gJ ¥x D* £cjgD* x@@~@ 7b@@c@ ´* ,¡@@ @ @D* x@@~@ |@ @ < 2¡@@£@ B @@ @ ~@ 9 @@ @@ @@D* @@ @E Hv@@D* f£Db A ¯ z£)xD* 3(* f£F%* qDb~|EH Hx@@;H ¯ b@@ @ g@ £@ @ G&*H b@@ @ @ @ @F*5H&*H - b£/¡D¡JvJ&°* &* E b¿(* f£DHvD* ib<*x~|D* v < f@@£@FÉ@@ @< ,x@@ @ F @@E bK @ @ £@ .H bK @ @:b@@ c@ @-4* @@c@ -x@@ o3¡ D* (b@ @A b ~z£~6&b f@@£@ /¡@@D¡@@ @ @ g@ D* ,4v@@ @ @Db@@ + Ì~6&* J n@@D2'¡@´* ¯x ´* ¢@@ @< b@@ @G4Hv@@ @+ ,v@@ @@g@@ @@´* 4b ´* gDb0(b+ A&°* £~9 hpc~8&* k£p+ f@@Ax@@ @ ´* fg+b. b 0&*H z£Jb E ¶(* 6b£B ÌJb E @@G&* fAx ´* ,¡ D* ,¡ D* *vsg~6* x~|g J ° bE y££ gD* b G @@ @´* @@E ¤gD* Hv@@ D* ¢ < f <b D* fAx ´*H f£<*¡D* fAx ´* Í+ b@@ ¿(*H b@@ @-b@@E¡@@ @E @@ @g@­ bK ~}J&* 2*xA&°*H ib<¡ m´*H ib~z~6'¡´* *vsg~6°* *wG ~{J x.&bg-H x.'¡-H vc-H Ì - f <bA f£<*¡D* fAx ´bA f±2'¡´* $y/ 4*x~6&°*H d)b D*H ¡ m´* fAx E ¶(* Hy D* bC _DH b F5*¡- ¢ < Ab« b¿(* i°vcgD*H i°¡pgD* $*5(* c-x- ° fB2H g¸x+H Hy D* *wG £ - (bA fJx~{cD* ,x D* E ¡~8¡ D f£m ´b+ ~|g´* ¤<¡D* bK £ ~6 bK ££ - b~9H&°* £Q -H pgD*H gCx0 ¢ < ,x £~zD*H £;¡- ~z0H £/¡- kpcD* Ä< f£<*¡D* fAx ´* ¶(* ¡~8¡D* ,*2&* ¡G f £ ²* ¶(* 4b ´* ¢ < ¡~|²* ¯ rbm D* IvE 2v« E*¡< 4b~z§ kpcD* nGb E xJ¡ -H f£ D* )b ²* f+4b EH ¤~| gD*H 4¡ gD* vsJ b§ b D jE&°* *vsg~6°*H b £~z -H b g C*xEH b 0&°*H z£Jb ´* f <H £~8&b-H b~{ g~6°*H ~{ D*H rbm D*H v gD*H ¤+bmJ(°(** )b ²* |£s~{- ¢ < Ä@@C&* ,4v@@BH È@@C&* f@@B2 ¶(* bK £ ~6

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

18


fJ2b~|gB°*H f£-bE¡ ´*H f£EÉ<(°* i°bm´* ¢ < f£ :¡D* f£ :¡D* fJ¡ D*H ¯b jD* bm´* ¶(* bG*v gJ b¿(*H f£~6b£~zD*H Ì - ¿H ,vJv/ £Gb EH ib£C¡ ~6H £B 9x + f£E¡ D*H £ s-H ~64 v£ J b§ £ D*H ¡~8&°* ¤+x= v cD* ¥2b0&* f£F¡C fAb . bE&* bE ~{+ b F&* ¥&* b~zF(°* fJ¡GH f£~|s~7 -H ibE¡ ´* /¡- f B + pg- bK £F¡C bK Fb~zF(* ~| ibCx~{D*H ib c~{D* 3¡ F ;b - ; ¯ *w@@G gJ b A2 ÉK )bG bK ~9 b g~64b»H bGÌ.&b- Bb -H f£~z ±* ,2v gE | J b» b -bF¡ E + ibE¡ ²*H Hv@@D* ¢ < *K vJ*ygE fJv£ gD* b -b ~6H fJ2b£ D* b -*4vBH ¥2b£~zD* bG4H2 £ ~zJ < bK -¡ ~zE bK £ 1 *K $y/ eb 1 C ¯ &* b G b < d£ J ° ¤ £F4bC f£ BH xJx - 4b~7&* $b~|B(°* f£ < eb ³* < fD2&°* *x D* ¯ Eb~{D* 4bEvD* fp ~6&*" *¡ + ÉK jE É~z D b £~z£/H Á¡£~z£c~6Ì~6 J5¡/ v@@<&* ¥wD* "ÍEb~}´*H ÁbjD* ¡FbC ~|g E ¯ 4v~8H {g£A¡CÌ+ o4¡/H 6¡£.bE &* HvJxJ b§ f~6b~zD* b ~8 vJHy-" v - f ~{E ¶(* 2004 HvJxJ bE ¡ ~zJ 4*x D* ¡ Fb~8H tJ4bgD* *¡: ¡ ~zJ f ~|+H f<b / ¥&* &* ¢ < bK ~}J&* v~|JH £D(* b g~6°* f E f_£+ ¯H fJx~6 ¯ - &* v+ ° f<b / ¢ < f~8b1 ."Group Think ¤<b ±* Ì g D fAv g~zE ¡ hD*H Í £g~6H b A¡G ¤ Fbg~6 E bEbJ¡C¡A z£~zF*xA -* H2 gº v < C*Æ´* ¡³* fD*5(* ¶(* b JxE&* f/b0 ¢ < hEygD* *3(* °(* ¡³* HyJ DH ~7*H ibAx~|- E µb D* E*Æ0* v<H Bx1 < h B¡-H ·Hv@@D* ¡Fb D* b JxE&* H&* ¡£ J4 4¡J¡£F f m§ ¡ ´* Db E ¯ b A¡G yC4 vBH fJ2v - fEbB(* ¶(* ¡<v- ¤gD* bEbJ¡C¡A fp£~|F ¢ < zC¡+ ib~z~6'¡E $b + ~{gD fJ2v gD* ¡ E £~6¡- ¢ § f£DH2 Áv´* gm´*H ¡ D*H fAb jD*H x D* ¯ f£´b< ,vJv/ b A¡G b £ < JH f£DH2H f£ £ B(*H fJx F ib~z~6'¡EH AH f£ £ 0 fC*x~7 ¶(* f/b²*H ·HvD* b D* f£:*x Â2 *wG ¢ < f£ 1*vD* i*x.'¡´* < *K v£ + f£DHvD* iÉ ~{ D <&*

17

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

xCwgF Í0 f@@B2 È@@C&* qc~|-H Db+ f £B2 f~8É1 w@@G tJ4bgD* ¯ IÄ D* ibJ4¡:*ÄE(°* &* H&°* Í .* JxE&* hF5*H bEv < 2¡/¡D* ¯ ÉK J¡: ix g~6*H $b cD* ¯ hp½ £c~6 ¢ < fÂv D* bEHxA ,v ~|D*H f £ D* Í-¡ D* Í+ bE v£c D* Ì= @@E i*x g~z´* ¯ bGbJb<4 hp E b@@j@´* f£FbEHxD* f£~z ±* £FH ¤<b g/°* ¤BÆD*H £ gD* 8xA b g~6* b C ~z F bEH4 ,x:b+&* 7x< $Ég<* ¶(* °K ¡~8H ¢g0 x@@E&°* b@@C DwCH Ì@@=H ÉCxC jE ÍJ4¡~zD* E vJv< *x<&°*H bJ2&°* + hAÆ<* ¤gD* f£Fb j D* fDHv D fc~z Db+ ¤ g J &* Â ,v0*H f£Fb j< fJ¡G ,4¡ + ¶(* xE&°* b + ~8HH fJ4¡:*ÄE(°* ¯ 2xA ¥&* b £D(* E vJv D* g­ f£ JxE&°* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* &* ¡G ÁbjD*H f£:*x ÂvD* E f £ D* ,¡ D* ¯ f Eb D* ew@@±* x~8b < Áb@@=&°*H b £~6¡´*H zc ´*H @@C&°* b@@¿&* ¶(* f@@Jx@@²*H ¶(* fAb~9(* *wG b£/¡D¡ gD*H D*H ¡Jy gD*H b £~zD*H xE&°* &* b´b: " DH fp~6b D* b -¡ + µb D* $b ~9 4b cF* Í+ f@@F5*¡@@´* ¯ ,È gE b JxE&* Hvc- *3b@@´ ¡p D* *w@@G ¢ < Iv´* ,v£ + I'HxD* eb£= dc~zD* G ",v ~|D*H f £ D* Í-¡ D* b JxE&* x - ¡G &* bK » *K xE&* fF5*¡´* wG E © ¤gD* xJx - ¯ b 0H e¡ ~{D* fJx0 ¢ < )b D* ~z F b sJ4bgD ,¡ D* &* &* "¤ JxE&°* É g~6°* É<(* |F b C Ì~|´* ew±* ¢ < D* £~} - ¶(* fJb D* ¯ £­ f <x g´* .""f ~zD* f~64b ´ f £~6¡C £DH E *Æ~7°b+ cgC b E ¯ ¥bF J5¡/ rx~7 &* c~6 x £~z- ¡~6 £C f£/4b³* H'¡~{D* f ¸ -x~{FH yF¡/ ~} + bK cJxB µb D* ¢ < bK £~6b£~6 f£ JxE&°* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* 2vcJ b» ,v ´* f£EÉ<(°* D* obE2(* ¯ f )b D* b -4vB ¤EÉ<(°* *Æ1°* ,&b:H h« Hv D f£E¡ D* ,2b£~zD* £Gb E ¢ < ,42b D* f <b D* ,¡ Db+ $*Ä@@³* E 2v< ~8H ¥wD* fJv£ gD* f£)b gD* fEHb ´* f£~7bpgE $Hv + b g £G ~z+ ,2b£~zD* b gF* x~|g J ° ,*y@@ @ D*H Hy@@ @D* v~9 e¡ ~{ D


jM| D fª:&*

áªYÉædG Iƒ≤dGh áaô©ŸG ÚH Ée 0xD* vc< JvD* Ì1 2 ¯ o*4 v@@BH K*x@@1'¡@E f <b D* H&* f £N D* ,¡ D* q ~|E ¡£~7H b g~6* vJ*y 4¡~z£AHÄD* ¡@@G q ~|´* *w@@G x gcE &* µb@@ @D* ¯ @@. @@EH ,vpg´* ib@@J°¡@@D* ,4v D* " + v~|BH 1990 b< ¯ 24bA4bG f Ebm+ ¥v£ £C v E v£ < ¥bF J5¡/ ,v ~|D* ,¡ D* f +b § " *xC(°* ° ew±* ,¡B Ä< vJx- bE ¢ < ¡~|²* ¢ < fc~zF D v D* *wG £ pgD fJ2b~|gB°*H fJx ~z D* ¡ ~}D* vsg~z- ¤gD* B¡- 2¡ + c A f £B2 h~z£D ¥bF J5¡/ ¶(* f <b D* ,¡ D* q ~|E 4b g+* K jE ~7x~{- ¡g~zFH ¢ < v g - ib@@J4¡@@:*Ä@@E(* ,¡ D* ib@@J4¡@@:*Ä@@E(* ¡ - &* É ¥x~{cD* b g/°* $v+ vB ÃvB b F¡ ~}E (bA ,vJv/ f£ ~zgD* iv+ _DH x D* ,¡ D* f£ <bA f~|s E ¡ - f£Fb JÄD* bJ24b D* f £p~8 hcgC vBH 94&°* ¢ < fAb jD*H £ D* ¯ + A ¢ £~6¡´* ¯ J ° f £ D* ,¡ D* x~6 (*" f <b D* ,v ~8 ,¡B g­ ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* &°H ¡ ~zD* b¿&*H v<*¡ D*H ib~6b£~zD*H z£ D&* bGv~z/ ¤gD* gC f £ D* ,¡ D* ¶(* bGÌ= E È@@C&* obg« ¤ A f )bG " 6b D* ¡ <H e¡ B ¶(* ¡~8¡ D ¤ ~zJx+

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

16


¢Só≤ŸG º°SÉH πà≤dG ¢SQÉ“ »àdG ∂∏J ;ájƒeÓ°SE ’G …ƒeódG ∞æ©dG o äÉYɪL s s á°Só≤ŸG á«fÉHôdG s s √òg AGóf ¤EG Ék «Yƒ°Vƒe »¨°üJ ’ ,»eÓ°SE’G s IƒYódG IÉ«◊G ‘ ºgOƒLh áeGôc ¢SÉæ∏d ßØ– »àdG áŸÉ°ùŸG

ÍAxU g´* Ex Islamists ÍJ¡EÉ~6(°* E f£Q <b<xD* y)*x= Jx~|gD f£S E f £~6¡C ¤ J UvD* 6Sv ´* H&*x J JwD* *K 4b / 6b D* ¡ g J GH ~6¡ F ¯ fJHbjD* x~{D* ¤+x D* :¡D* ¯ b FQ &* b£~zD* *wG ¯ ~6'¡E ¡G bEH 4 N $°'¡G f£/¡D¡ £~6 f~6*4v+ Í g EO Ì= ¤EÉ~6(°* µb D*H ¶(* f/bp+ pF A bK £<b<4 *K v~{0 ~8¡+ ÍJ¡EÉ~6(°* 6vS ´* fJ*4 h« O D* ebp~8&* ¡ ~6 ,$*xB ¢ < y£CÆD* x~|EH b£c£DH zF¡-H bJ4¡~6H *x D*H x)*y±* ¯ b £~6 ° :b E f£ + < ÉK ~}A ¤+x D* n£ ³* f E H2 f£ + ¯H N µb Db+ ¤ J UvD*H ¤cGw´* *x~|D* {0¡gD* ib£+2& * b £~6°H O D* ib£Q +2&* f~6*42 ,4Hx~9 5 T K bJx F bK m E ¤ J UvD* 6vS ´* ~6¡gS ¤gD* - ¥¡EÉ~6(°* @@74H |£~|s- @@+ b@@FÌ@@=H b@@ @Fb@@:H&* ¯ bK £ < ÉK £c~6H cgg~z- bEH ib£Q +2&°* wG D¡B vJx- b´ fJS x ¸ f£ £ « {0¡g´* < ib+ vBH bK ~8¡~|1 f )b~7 < b <& * E O U f£´b< ,xGb; wsgJ £Gb D ,2Q b~}E £Gb ´ 4ÄS ´* ¤ ~z D*H ¯x ´* J¡~zgD* 6 d~zp+ 6vS ´* ¤ J UvD* O D ÍAx g´* $°'¡G fJ'H4 n~z - ¤gD* f<b~7(* D3 EH fJS 4w±* fJS ¡EÉ~6(°* ib<b ±* eb 1 Á*x D* D*H ¥Ì gD* D*H ¤jJvpgD* D* fAb . x j´* ¤0É~8(°* D*H Áv´* D*H ¤ Jv gD* D*H f£S ~zF(°* fJ¡ D* 7b EO H <ÉD* 6vS EH ¤ ~zD* 6vS ´*H ¡T pgD* f£m£-*Æ~6° f£~6b~6&* ib cD ¤GH fCÆ~{´* f£ ~8*¡gD* µb~z´* ¤~zF(°* 4b gD* e¡~8 {0¡gD* ,2*4( * E ¤ £ ²* T |£s~{- Ä@@< "f£EÉ~6(°* f£S ~zF(°*" f EN $b@@£@ 0(* 7 ¥Hb ~zD* ¤ J UvD* 6Sv ´* ¯ b~zF(°* ¡ ´ f£F%*x D* fJ'HxD* ¥¡c D* kJv²* fE¡ E ¯ D3 i°°2 dFb/ ¶(* ¤EÉ~6(°* Jv~7*xD* $b ³* ib+b 1 ¯ DwCH Jx~{D* K b~6vQ E °K *2 ~8¡+ "¤~zF(°* 4b gD*" f EN £~6¡- 8 ,4¡~6" ¯ 24H bE ¶(* *K 2b g~6* ¤~zF(°* ¡ m´* e¡~8 bK /¡E S £Gb E E 2b~}gD* ¢ < gD°2 gD "13 i*x@@m@²* 2b~}gD* ¢ < DwCH ¤ J UvD* H&* ¯b jD* H&* ¥4b~}²* 2b~|gD* x~{D*H ex D* ¯ f£)É g~6°* ibJyCx´* £Gb E C E ib£ ~zEO h« f£Q <b ±* ,2b+(°*H Ì gD* £Gb E < £GbF f£S EÉ; f£S )b A f£ J2

15

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

fE*xC 6b D « ¤gD* f´b~z´* f~6vS ´* f£Fb+xS D* ,¡<vS D* wG vJxJ bE i°°vD ¤c ~6 JH&b- ¯ bG*x- + ,b£²* ¯ G2¡/H ¡ J &* E °K v+H 6b D* Í+ 4b gD* &b~{+ %*x D* D¡B ¥4w±* ¥ÌEvgD* C¡ ~6 IxF fJ%°* w + °K ¡ E 6b D* 0 f~6¡ E f~6vS E i*4¡T ~|- 6xU £D bK £ < bG*2Q '¡E J5*¡E d J ° *v~|D* fBÉ< Ì-¡- ¢ < bK .b0 Á%*x@@ @D* 6vS ´* © 6b D* Í+ 4b gD* mfª 8§ Æ~{´* {£ Db+ x U F &*  b FS &* v g F bF*x- fJ'HxD* w + z£D ¤ J UvD* 2xS m´bA f » f£Q EÉ~6(* f£Q +x< f£~zF(b+ x´* *w G Db³* &* =x+ 2¡/¡D* E ¡pF ¢ < d~z0H -*wD qgA Ñ* ´* Db³* & b+ v g F bF*x- DwDH g £c: ¤G N b£FvT D* ,b£²* ,2b£B ¯ bK £ £ 0 bK Jx~7 ¡ J ¤C b~zF(ÉD bK A&* < e*Æ=* ¡G ¥Hb ~zD* ¤ J UvD* 6vS ´* ~6b+ O D* (* @@C&°* b T G y)*x= e*Æ@@=* ¡@@GH @@-*3 6vS ´* f£S FÉ~8&* 2b /" @@6vS @ @´* f@@J*4 h@@« z ±* f@@~@64b@@»H ex@@~@{@D*H fJ¡G 7b EO < f©bF f£CÉ g~6* 5b E b CH "rb D* xS gE A fcg< ¤ J UvD* 6vS ´* E wsgJ f£CÉ g~6* ¤:b pF* ¡ ~6 ¶(* É1&°*H b ±*H ²* £B E y D $b£0 H2 E @@Jx@@1%°* $b@@E2 f@@B*4(b@+ °(Q * -bJb= ¤~}­ ° 6vS ´* ¡ G¡gJ x~{cD* E ~|D* *wG b Q < S &° xCwJO É ´* x ´* x1%* ¶(* ¡ Av £A bK JyJx= ¤EÉ~6(°* ¤ J UvD* D Ñ* 2*4&* ¥wD* ¤~zF(°* ~8&* < +*Æ=* s£D ¡ J ° S D f £04 ,bm E ,2*4(* E ¡T pgD* ¤ gcJ b@@¿(S * f@@E5&* *w G E oHx@@³* (* b Q E d S g£~6 bE ¡GH ¤~zF(°* 4b gD* ,2*4(* ¶(* {0¡gD* T K b £ / 6vS ´*" fD°2 DwCH " 6vS ´*" fD°2H ¡ E vJv« 1 bK AH b -$*xB vJv©H q~9*H ¤0É ~8* ¡pF ¢ < "¤ JvS D* f G*4 e4bmgD h« O D*" q ~|E fD°2 ¢ < bK £EÉ~6(*H bK £+x< b -°* 2 ." 6vS ´* O D*" H&* "¤ J UvD* O D*" H&* "¤ JvS D* 6vS ´* fJ*4 ib )b D* w@@G Iv@@D fJQ ÌEvgD* f£ GwD* fDb0 $*x g~6* 3


¤/¡D¡£+ ¥Hb£0 ¡pF ¢ < vD*¡g-H b -H ex~{-H C&b b~zF(°b+ gBÉ< ¯ Á%*x D* 6vS ´* Uv J b ~z F f@@J%°* ¯ O D* < bK J4w/ *K 2b g+* cg~zJ bK £ ~8*¡- bK £~zF(* bK <Hx~{E ¤ J UvD*H ¤Bx D* ·b gD* $*¡g0° "*¡A4b gD" ¡ E É1 E x@@-O ¡@@D b £A ¤ O D* 2b~|gD* 9Æ J ¥w@@D* ¤ :b ´*H b~zF(°* fFb § f£<*¡D* Ì= fJx~{cD* ,yJx D* ,2*4(b+ ¤~} ¤/¡D¡ F&°* ¡T gD* $*¡@@g@0* @@Dw@@CH f£S F¡ D* ,4¡ ´* ¯ Db E H&* ¤ £cD* v~|gD* ¥Hb E ¯ ¡ ~zD* E ibB¡ s D O D* b g~6* ¶(* bK cDb= ¤~} J ¥w@@D* ¤ £cD* 2b~|gD* b£FvD* ,b£²* ib£E¡J ¯ ¡ ~zD* r2bA ¥¡EvS D* 64b­ ¤gD* - fJS ¡EÉ~6(°* ¥¡EvD* O D* ib<b / (* $*vF ¶(* bK £<¡~9¡E ¤ ~|- ° ¤EÉ~6(°* 6vS ´* ~6b+ g D*

fjDbjD* fJ%°* -v+&* bE ¡GH £ ±* gE N ¹ ¯ O "¤~zF(°* N O * ,4¡~6 E ,x~{< 6b O S D* b N JT &* bJN b £A $b/ k£0 i*xm² O O R CO b N R N /N HN ¢jN FR &*HN xM CN 3 N R E P R CO b N R N 1 b N FS P(* *¡AO 4N b N gN DP N )P bcN BN HN b+K ¡ O ~7 N S S N Ì P Nv R < P R O EN xN CR N&* S P(* L cP 1 N L £ P < N Ñ* S P(* R CO b N -R &* Ñ* z£DH " 6b D*" Ìc - ¢ < ixA*¡- f@@J%°* &* b G 0É´*H E ÈC&* ¤0HxD* ¤BxD* D ¥wD* zF(°* E 6b D*H "x~{cD*" E Ahv+ £g~zJH b JH ex~{JH C&bJ ¥wD* x~{cD* 2xS ¸ ,yJx D* ,2*4(* 6v²*H Ì gD* D ¥wD* ¤~zF( °* 2¡/¡´* ¡ A b~zF(°* bE&* R f£S ~zF(°* ib ´* wG d:bs- bGxC3 +b~zD* fÂx D* fJ%°bA zF(ÉD ¥wD* ¤0HxD* ¤<*¡D* dFb±* d:bs- b FS &* ¢ § A ° x~|cg-H x U - ¤gD* f£S A4b gD* ,2*4(°* d:bs- ¥x~{cD* S

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

14


 ° b FS &* ¢ < v£C&bgD* E E%°* ¤~zF(°* {Jb g D ~z F 6vS ´* ~6b+ xU gO´* O D* *vsg~6* eb 1 ¶(* x F &* N 2xS ¸ z£DH 7b EO µb< ¯ xs E 2¡/¡C °(Q * ¤ J UvD* ¡ A ¤E¡£D* *x0 < y E ¤/¡D¡JvJ&* H&* ¥x A eb 1 " D3 £ A A p D ° D ¡ ¸ 2¡/H f£<¡~9¡E f@@ @B*H É@@~@ 6(°* ~6b+ O D* *vsg~6* qc~8&* ib gm´* f£ + ¯H f£EÉ~6(°* f£+x D* b -b g¸ ¯ f~6¡ E Á%*xB ¡ § Jx1%ÉD gB &*vcJ *K 4H5 ¥2b ±bA µb Db+ £;¡gD 2b@@º ¡ ~6 *w@@GH "ÄC&* Ñ*" ¡G D3 6vS E xU g´* ¥x~{cD* O D* ¯ 6vS ´* « I(¸* 4f kG* ¶(* ¡<vJ ° ¤EÉ~6(°* 6vS ´* eb 1 &* ¤ J *w@@G @@CH ¯ Db ~7&* ~z+&b+ O D* ¢g0 °H + {0¡g´* O D* zJx U K K ~7 ¥&* v~9 bpJx~8 b+b+ Á%*x D* Ç´* qgA v D b£FvT D* 4*2 4b gD*" ¶(* b<2 bEv < zF(°* Í+ BS ¡g´* O D* b ~7&* E

13

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

jªT IfwM4f- ,|Jf; b -b£0 ¯ f~{0¡gE U f£FbsJ4b- ,xGb; O D* *wG ib+ v D x)*y±b+ D tJ4&b- exB&* ¯ 4¡ ; w E f£EÉ~6(°* f£+x D* e%* E $*vg+* *x Db+H Jx~{ D* x D* ib£ £ ~z- E ¯ £~z±* b +*x1 b~7 ¤gD* ,xGb D* - 2003 z ~z=&* b g£ D&* E H&°* v D* i*¡ ~6 É1 ¤EÉ~6(* ¤+x< v + Ì= f£S FÉ~8&* ¶(* $b ~8(°* d F &* ¶(* ¡£D* b Av- fjDbjD* I'H4 @@E b £ < @@C*x@@- b@@E xJxpgD b ~z F ¤ J UvD* 6vS ´* fJ*4 h« f­b D* ¥¡EvS D* O D* $b ~6HH f £ ~7 iÉJH&b-H ¡ ~{E b~zF(°* J &* ¡ ´* E z£ A ¤ J UvD* 6Sv ´* 3(* + vg JO bK ~8É1 j ° µ'¡E v ~{E *w G $*5(b+ ,2*4(°* "¤ J UvD* 6vS ´*" øe "¥¡EvS D* O D*" ws-* b jEH @@FQ (* Á%*x D* Ç D fAxU gE f£ JH&b- ,$*x@@B @@AH -4b~7H £D2 £D2 $b~{F(* ¢ < ,4v D* b p  &*  -*3 Ç´* *wG S (bA ib » E v²*H J UvD* ~6b+ O D* *wG fE*HQ 2 E ,bm D ¤EÉ~6(°* J UvD* 1*2 EH fJ'H4 $b~{F(* Ä< f £s´* -ÉJH&b-


jM| D fª:&*

¢Só≤ŸG ájGQ â– ∞æ©dG o s « I(¸* 4f kG* ,2*4(* ¾(* 0§kG* ,2*4( * ¢H W ¡~64 v S ¹ ¡~64 2 f £c D*H b~zF(°*H Ñ* ¢ < Kb0É ~8* b £~} F f ~8 Sacred 6Sv ´* 4bcg<*  k£0 E Kb£AÉg1* KbEb E f£Q /¡D¡ F&°* ib<¡U g´* w D ½ k£p+ b ´*H bEyD*H b ~64b &*  ¤gD* Ì.& bgD* f ~6 k£0 EH fjJbp´* H&* ,2xS m´* b gF¡ £C f £c: O tJ4bgD*H f £c D*H gm´*H b~zF(ÉD f£Q E¡£D* ,b£²* ¯ b ~6Sv E ¢ ~|EO ¤cF ¢ < Kb£0H yS ´* ¤ JUvD* eb ³* fE¡ E ¤ A ¤ JSvD* 6Sv ´* bE&* EQ b- $b cD* ¹ 4b EO 4v~|E < yS E FS &°H f~8¡~|º f£ D(* ,2*4(b+ 6b D* E O -bJb=H 2¡/HH gF¡ £C fJS 4v~|E f / E 6Sv E ¡ A }Bb - H&* | F +¡~{J ° O 4bgº ~6x EO ¤cF Ä< 6b D* ¶(* £ c- v + kJbp´* ~7b EO H

¥x© f£Q < ib@@~@64b@@» 2v~|+ pFH b@@²* @@G*4 ¯H fAxS gE fJQ x~{+ fJQ yJx= ,¡ ~{+ Av E ¥ÌEv- + b D¡~|A 6vS ´* < kJv²* wcU pF ° b FS (bA ¤ JvS D* 6vS ´* fJ*4 h« ¡pF ¢ <H b G*vJ b A Dw+ c~7&* bE H&* Ì:b~6&°* µb< ¯ +b~8&* ¢ < ¤~{ ¡GH ¢ ´* e¡ ~zE ¤ JU2 6vS E ¡G ¤E¡J ¥¡EvS D* O D* ,b<2 wsgJ ¥wD* *3 7b EO ¤E¡J B*H ¯ e¡~8 f ~{cD* Db <&* ry D f £~6H Extremists xU gO´* f£0b D* E .S '¡E -P bA ¡pF ¢ < bK T ~z-H bGxC ¡EHxJ bE d J ¥x~{+ ¡ ~6 O DbA ¥yJx= £;¡- ¡GH fJQ 4b£ ´* T gD* ¥¡~zD* ¤~zF(°* ¤ D* D* ¢ < £A ¤c ~zD* ¥yJx D* S K b » 4b~8 ¢g0 Ì D ,4¡ ~z´* f£Q G*x D* $*¡G&b+ *K v~} S EO ~7 ¡GH Sacred violence 6vS E < < kJv²* O *xA(* ¶(* v J ¥wD* ¥¡ ~zD*H ®b D* b g~6°* b ~7& * E T J bE b £ J 3(* ÁÉ~8&°* b E E -*3 ¤ J UvD* 6Sv ´* x~{cD* q+w+ *¡ Q J bEv < {)b D* b g~6°* *wG b Q < D3H "ÄC&*H Ñ*" ,4bc< ¡Evsg~zJ ~zF b C G*xF b G¡- 6vS ´* A ¢ < *2 £;¡-

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

12


"·HvD* gm´*" ¢ < fJb~8¡D* ¡£D* rb@@g@ @F°* *w@@G v@@~@9 bK @ @EH2 xQ @~@|@g@ f Ab ´* b -b+b 1 @@E @@=x@@D* ¢ < C bK @ Jx@@ @ F H bK @£@ @ @< @@m@Q @~@{@- ¤@@ @A fJ4¡:*ÄE*" b@@ @©* ¯ Ì@@~@ z@ J b@@ E @ T - µb D* ² C "¢~9¡ D* *Æ@@ 0* v@@ < f@@£@ @ G&* eHx@@ @0H H2 i°b~| @F* f£~6b£@~zD* i*2b£~zD* $¡m D* ib£Bx D*H ib£cGw´* 2¡ ~8 ~8*¡JH " + d<ÉgD*H ¤ JvD* ¶(* O ° fE5&°* (*" ¤ 1*vD* b D* xs K b~}J&* xs - + d~zpA ib gm D 4b~{gF°* ¢ < È@@C&b@ A È@@C&* y -xJ ¥w@@D* ·Hv@@ D* b@@ @ @D* ,x~7bc´* fEHb ´* b <&* S &*H b~8¡~|1 ¤ JxE&°* ·bJÄE(°* E *K vJyE fB4b ´* ¤G wGH Ìj- 4b~{gF°* *w D f£ s´* H&* ."bK ~}J&* f£ JxE&°* f£ 1vgD* EH f´¡ D* fk»* · Ì Q bE ¤G b D* $b~} D*H JvD* Í+ fBÉ D* hFbC _D ¶(* JvD* ,2¡< &b+ D3 *H4 ££ @£DH&* f~6*42 g + bE AH + f£Ab . fG*v+ ~7 ¯ ~|« i2b< bE b D* $b~} D* v£Db - H&* " }¹" ¤ JvD Q ¤Gbcg´* 9x D* f Cb~7 ¢ < qDb~8 ~7bG 4¡ § Í£ ~zD* ,x £~6 hFbCH ,2b g~zE @ jD *K v£@~z© ,x@²* ib+bsgF°* Ab¹H f F&°* ¢ < £mpgD ¤~}g J ¥w@@D* @jD* ¡GH t@J4bg@@D* Ä< l*Æ@D* "f£@D¡~8&°*",x@Gb @D* &° pgJH ~6¡gJH x £~zJ Cx b gDbG Hyg~6H b g@J2Hv@¹H b @+b @<&* D3 Ä< ~{ @g~6 ¡pF Ì~zD* ,4Hx~9 ¶(* dGwJ xB o4¡@@/ (b@A f£~6v D* < f@@DHv@@ @D* z~6&b­ f p+ ~| J "Áb < bj£E" E ~8*¡gD* 2Hb J" &* D3 &b~7 EH J UvD* z@~6&b @ ~9¡D D3H rbg F°*H f£g£D¡+¡ @~6¡ D IÄ D* v£Db@ gD* q~9b D* É g~6ÉDH f£´b D* b £g£D¡+¡£±* ibA*xpF° vQ 0 ibJx²* b E C ¯ 2vQ J ¥wD* lÉjD* fJv£0¡gD* bJ2&ÉD "f£Db D* fc~zg ´*

11

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

gs- ¤GH tD(* $*w D*H f ~{R ²*H Í~z ±* Ég1*H P f£EÉ~6(* fAb . D¡ + ¡£+x D* ¡Bx~{g~z´* £ J b < ,b£²*H fJ4b ´* f~6v D*H D* ¢ < g~{- ¤gD* tD(* fJx~}²* n "á«æjódG" IôgɶdG áo ŸƒY kpc D y@@ U @¹H f~{Gv D Ì@jE @~{+ x@@B o4¡@@/ rx~|J v0*¡@D* x@ D* ¯ f£@ @JvD* fD&b~z@´*" +bgC ib@J*v+ ¯ x D*H 4¡N ~8 *¡@ @D&* - µ x@@B ~|F cB" É)bB " Jx~{ D*H O f gs´* -b£@ ~z- + ÑbA JvQ D* N *¡@D&* -*4¡ J2H µb @D* qg J A b £ -H i*4¡ JvD* Jx - ¢ < bK AxP ~{R EO J µ O Q M4¡N @~@@O 8 ¡@ IxJ R &*  f 0x´* - ¶(* 2¡ - x~{ D N @c@D&* ib+bm²* E bK ~}J&* Q B&*H f£EÉ~6(°* ¢p Q D* E ÉK £ B b £A ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* ¯ H&* b+H4H&* ¯H $b~z D fc~z Db+ f£EÉ~6(°* bK Fbc ~8H 2¡ £D* 6&*4 ¢ < kippas zFÉB IxF b C b Q B E {£ J F&bCH Hvc@J @Db D* bC *wF%* Í£p£~z´* 4v~8 ¢ < f£@Fb @ < f £@~z+ f£@BÉ1&* &* HvcJH Ñ ¤ Q @ D* 4¡~}²* H2 f ~6*H :b E xJx«H 4b g~6°* f@@D*5(° f£-*'¡E f£Fb~zF(*H Ͳ* D3 ¢g0 b D hFbC bE f£´b< hc~zgC* vB µb D* E 4b@£@g@1* ¯ b @0 b ~z + bGx@£@~|E xJx@ - ¯ e¡@ ~{D* 0" f£ :¡D* i*2b£~zD* *Æ0* ¤<b g/°*H ¤@~6b@£@~zD* b @Eb @F ."tD(* µb D* ¯ i*HÈ D ~}A&* J5¡- £c~6 ¯ ·HvD* Hb gD* ¤<vQ - ¤gD* I¡ D* (*" ¡ D* ¶(* ebg D* ¢ g E ¯ ~|JH


f g~zE f£Db / bK Ab ~8&* b ~8¡+ bK £<b g/* *H4 vmJ D3 $¡~9 ¯H D* jE bK £-*3 fAb jDb+ :bc-4* ¯ Jv D vJvpgD* *wG &* JvDb+ ¥&* ¤ JvD* $b jg~6°b+ v ~|J" i*v g E b@@ @ F ¡@@ @ J &* @@}@Ax@@J ¥w@@ D* @@F&* v@@C'¡@J @@F&° Ix@@1&* f F&* Í@@+ bK £~z+ b@@J2&°* w@@G f £ ²* ¡ J H&* f £ ²* f£Db gE f£´b< fDb~6xD f Eb0 b ~z F Äg z£D bGv < b@@Â(°b@@A "ibAb jD*" ¢ < *3(* "f£<b g/* f£DbjgE* H&* bK £~z+ *K 2b g<* bJ2&°* ¯ *H4 ££ @£DH&* ~8*¡J bK £Q P E b E&b f £ ²* b F b gE b F ¶(* /x- ¤gD* J2 Í@@+ b £A f@@BÉ@@ @D* &* v@@½ @@ @ @´*H &° f£Ax;H f£~9xN < fBÉ< ¤@@G fAb .H &* d@@=x@@J ¡p D* *w@@G ¢ < bK @ C4v@@EO @@Jv@@D* ¤ £D¡.bC B¡E fAb . C E v +&* ¡ J £c - ¡@@G ¥w@@ D* ¯b@@ @ j@ D* o*4v@@ @F°* @@E H&* f@@Ab@@ @j@D* ¢ < q£~z´* v~z© T ¡ E ¶(* f£ J2 ÌJb E ¡Q « ¤G fAb . obgF F&* f cNg~zE ibC¡ ~6 ¶(* ¥&* ¤/4b1 x E ¢g0 2b g<°* °H bÂ(°* ° cg- ° fg+b.H IvD ¡@@D&b@ ´* *v@@s@g@~@6°* ¯ *w@@G x JH k£0 "f£EÉ~6(* fAb @." ¡ @´ Í ~z´* f @)b @D* |s- f@£@Ab@ @. ÌJb E 2¡~|@ ´*

iƒ≤dG ¿EG" »YóJ q »àdG ájÉ°UƒdG Ωƒ«dG ™ªàéŸG" ≈∏Y "‹hódG Ék ehO ±ô°üàJ q Gòg ó°V ,ìÉàØf’G ºZôdG ≈∏Y É¡JÉHÉ£N øe .á≤aÉæŸG ™é°ûJ »¡a q Éjô¶fh Ék «∏ªY Ò°ùj Ée πc √ÉŒG ‘ ájQƒWGÈeG" "≈°VƒØdG ºμ◊ §ªæc ⁄É©dG

ib@@0¡@@g@ @D* @@Jx@@: @@< @@~@Q@6¡@@- i*4HÌ@@ ~@ @6 ibAb . ¯ b gF* x@@G*¡@@;H b@@ @g@<°* H&* xT gD*H f£ £ B(°* f ~|D* f@@D*5(*H f gº fJ3¡+ É~6(* f£p£~zE fJ¡£F2 fAb . ¶(* f´¡ D* h~}A&* v A" fJ2¡ J f£~6Hv G f CN b~{E" *H4 £ ~zJ b§ D* v£0¡- ¶(* $¤~7 E bE" k£p+ " ¡~zD* f ~6*¡+ ¤ JvD* + bK AÆ E bC bE °(* J2 F&b+ JvD* xU J /&° " ¡£D* f £ ´* fAb jD* cBP E JvC ¤G f CN b~{´* wG h~z£D&*" *H4 $b~zgJ D3 o3¡ D f£Ab jD* f £ D* f £~|0 f:b~zc+ IxF bEv < 5bmJ(b+H "·b ~{D* ¤ JxE&°* "°¡C f Q E" H&* "vDbFHvCbE É0" 4¡ ; f E "2¡A h~6b D* H&* f Jx~{D* "q+*xD* A fAb jDb+ gBÉ< ¯ JvD* ""b :&* H&* v + *H4 ££ @£DH&* ~{Bb J ´* *wG E ¢ < £pJ H&°* Í£p E i*3 fAb jD* f£Db£1 9Hx<H fJyE4 f F&* ibmg E nDb J bE ¡GH gm§ f~8b1 ib~z~6'¡EH N JvD* b g/°* $b <H f~6bF(°* $b < £A Ix@@1&* f F&* Í@@+ bK @Jy@@E4 bK Eb F ~8¡+ fAb jD b U gE ~8¡+ 4N vJ JvDbA . EH ÁbjD* ¢p ´* bE&* fAb jD* E F(* ,2vQ ¹ f@@E¡S @ @´* f@@Jy@@Ex@@D* ib@@m@g@ @´* ¢@@ @< £p£A

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

10


f~6b£~zD* ¯ 4Q ¡gJ F&° ,xQ E C ¯ g < ¶(*" z££~zgD* *wG (* %* ¯ fJx0H f£ c- b~zF(* C ¯ &* 9Æ J F&°H f£E¡£D* (* ÍEy N EO JxE&* Í+ f:b~z+ + 4¡~|¹ ¤~6b£~zD* ¤ JvD* J °H bK JQ 2xA °(* ¡ J ° bÂ(°* D fp£~}A bÂ(°* v< dmJ £ ±* &b+ )b D* &*vc´* ¢ < °(* ¤~6b£~zD* ¤ JvD* *wG bÂ(°* *wG ~}J &* £ g~zJ ° D Í E'¡E *¡F¡ J &* Ãv - E bK £Db-  bE ¡GH x ´b+ v£Q gD* 9x J &* £ <H ."bGx~6&b+ f<b / ~6b g- bÂ(* < Ìc - F&* ¢ < ~z F j¡ ª¤¼* jDf nG*K " 6z ¼* ¤¹*" 2b @g<°* @@D3 *H4 ££ @£DH&* v < " 6v ´* ±*" 2 UvpJ $b + HvJxJH ¤ c JH ¤ c@ J vB ¥wD* " }p´*" ¤ @JvDb+ C y pJ ¥wD* ¡G ±* *wG &* IxJ ¡GH ibAb jD* o4b1 bJ2&°* ¡~6 ¯ zAb gD* ¶(* b AvJH fjJv²* ib£D¡~8&°* b -b~64b» b¿&* D* ¯ v0¡J b -bAÉg1* Bb J b £+H Q H&°* b@@ @ ´* ¯ v@@~@|@ @J @@Jv@@D* @@< lv@@p@ g@ J Í@@ @ 0*H4H t@@J4b@@g@D* Ä@@< h@@Ax@@< ¤@@g@ D* -" "IÄ D* bJ2&°*"

9

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

tJ4bgDbA bK Gb+ ¡ £~6 ¡Av´* jD* &* dJ4°" £~}JH f_£G ¢ < ~z F E -b+b~z0 ¤ ~|J H&* ,2b< $b~{0&* &b£ gJ bE *wGH ~8¡- ° fJx~{+ °%*H f£ )b: 45b¸H f£ G&* eHx0 f£ D* wG &b+ b D ¡ - tJ4bgD* f ~z A DH %°* £D(* b ~8H ."fJ4bc/(* |~|sg´* ¤~zFx D* k0bcD*H d-b D* ¡GH *H4 ££ @£DH&* IxJH E5 6v ´* ±*" JvcD* x ~6 ¯ f£D¡~8& °* ibCx²* ¯ P ¤ JvD* ",2¡<" S &* x ~7&°* qDb~8 f /x- "fAb . É+ J2 4vmJ D3 /&° ¥x~|cD* G¡D* £cB E ¡ - &* Hv - ° f´N ¡R @ N D*H f @ @ D* &* ¶(* x @Db+ d~z0H ¡T « < kJv²* < b~|@ @F°* ¢ < b@@J2&°* bg =4&* b¿(*H ¤ @Jv@D* ÉJyOP - µ ¯ b -*3 $b + v£ -H f g~zE b ~z F vS O - &* ¢ <H f@Ab @jD* +*xDbA ¤~6b£~z D b ~9b1 v J µH bK £ £ B(* v J µ $b~}A A 2Q 4 z£D Ì1&°* k£p+ ¤ JvD* 7b F(°*H f D* Í+ £.H ¤ JvD* O ~{A" *H4 d~z0 m JH b -x . ¡G + f D* v~9 f~zAb E 2*4&* F&* E f£ J2 fE¡ 0 fJ¡EÉ~6(* "¤~6b£~zD* ¤~6b£~zD* $b~} Db+ *H4 2vpJ ¥wD* 8b³* b F*v£E ¯ f D* jE HO'¡J *w GH Á¡FbB b F 4¡g~62 :*¡EO fDH2 fEQ &*


jM| D fª:&*

j¤/*§G* · ]jª¡MzG*^ ,|Jf G*

ៃ©dG zäÉ«`q ©ÑJ{h ¿ÉÁE’G ájôM

¤Bb- ,v£ ~6 Kb£~6b£~6 ¡E&b´* Ì£ gD* « µ "fE¡<y´*" i*4¡jD* H&* ",xN ~8bp´*" ib~9b gF°* &* f£~9b´* i*¡ ~6 h~zD* Íc f /*¡D* ¯ f£~6b£~6 f~64b» ~8¡+ " JvD*" ~9H E h ­ b D {£ ´* B*¡ D KbJx AH KbJ2b~|gB*H Kb£<b g/*H ,xGb D* 4 Tv~|-N H&* "¤ JvD*" ,2¡@@< D¡ - ¥w@@D* b A v D*H £ pg D eÆ E E È@@C&* ¶(* E&bgD* ¤<vg~zJ b» " £ s- ¥wD* bE H&* "f /*¡ D "f£ JvD*" cB h DvF* ¤gD* f£F*xJ(°* ,4¡jDb+ xJb@ J 25 @D fJx~|@´* ,4¡@jD* i*xGb gD* &* qDb~8 vC'¡J D3 /&°H f ~6 Í.É. E ÈC&* Ax- µ zJ4b@+ ¯ f£~zFx@ D* ,4¡j@D* b g F ¤gD* ,v~7b²* xJ¡ gD* f ~6ÉA 4¡@@~@8 h@@ @A4 b@@ ¿(*H @@Jv@@D* b@@ @/4 4¡@@~@8 ÌgD¡AH ¡~6H4 Í+ bg~7H ÌgD¡AH ¡~6H4 b/ b/ |1&°b+H bgJ'H4H *2b~}gE bc B b F(*" ¥Hb~9x D*H ¤ £ ³* Í+H ."µb D bg gº »* §tI m*§ 1 z kG* /&* ¢H ¡ E $¡~9 ¯ ¤~9b´* ¶(* ,2¡ D* - qDb~8 ~7bG x~z J 4b~|gF* ¤ - ° b F&b+ "tJ4bgD* x E" H&* " D* x E" £G A*vG&* pJ DbA bG4b~zpF* fJ*v+ b F(* + f£ ~zD* fCx² ,2b~}´* f£c ~zD* I¡ D* *vsg~6b+ bK Fb£0&* tJ4bgD* ¯ gp´*H i¡c ´* tJ4bgD*" (* -*3 v gD* /&* E v gD* c~{J ¢g0 ¤ )b D* vJv~8H p£B xm J &* ¤ c J bK £sJ4b ¤G wG $*v ~|D* z gJ &* tJ4bg D  w)v + *K 4bm F* ." 8ɳ* Jx: ¢ < ,¡ 1 H&*

,| 8ft¼* ,4§nG* ÑE i*4b ~7 E ib~9b gF°* g A4 bE Í+ ,vg ´* ibAb~z´* (* cJ i*5b@@½(°*H )bB¡D* I¡g~zE ¢ < « bE Í+H Ì£ gD* E ¤~9b´* ¶(* ,2¡ D* b F(* ",2xD*" H&* 2*v-4°* v0 bK Fb£0&* l*v0&°* H&* ib~9b gF°* H&* i*4¡jD* ¯ 2bg ´* &* =4 vJv/ ¶(* x~| -H ¤~9b´* E f £ D* lv« &* f £ D* IÄ D* n)bgF i5y<H "v +b´*" < " cBb´*" ~| J vJv/ v££~{ ¤ ~zD* Á*¡1(°* rb~zgC°b+ ¤~9b´* ¶(* ,2¡ D* - ib+bsgF°* H&* f£.*v²* e*y@@0&°* f£c ~7 /*x- ~{C b» ·¡@@~@8&°*H ~{J ¥wD* ¤:b£g0°* Hys´* $b<vg~6* fD¡ ~6H f£Ev gD* H&* f~6b£@~zD*H @JvD* Db@« qDb@~|D @ ±*H f£E&°*H x D* d-b D*H x ´* qDb~8 ~7bG IxJ b jE ¤~6b£~zD* Jv@gD* f£+x D* ib~9b gF°*" +bgC ¯ b~zFxA ¯ £ ´* ¥4¡~zD* qDb~8 E $b~zgF &* b G ÂH "tJ4bgD* f ~z A $¡~9 ¢ < *3b´H JvD* b/xD ,2b~}E f£~zFx D* ,4¡jD* hFbC *3b´" E bG2b£B g ~6H + D f ~9b1 f£+x D* i*4¡jD* hFbC £D(* hD%* bE qDb~8 ~7bG c~7 v A "",x0 ib+bsgF* É1

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

8


*3(* Á¡D&b~6H ,4HvD* gcm<&* v D ¡ - ¤GH ¡pF h~}CxA E D* ¯ G'HÉE5 g£D Ix@@1&* i*4H2 v@@B&* h C bE ¤cJ2 ix g~6*H b -v<b~zEH b <v+ b /H5 x g~6* 4¡~}²* 2v~z- hFbC b D $*È D ¢ ~z- - µ i*4Hv@@D* fEbB(b+ bm´* *w + h ~6¡- bK J2bE b g )b< I¡g~zE -4* vBH ¡JvD* 1 d£CÆ+ ¡ -H ¥4b© |£1x- ¢ < ~|pgD bC ~{+ M hEbB b F&* b C ,vJv/ f/É. $*x~{+ hEbBH ¥4b© -bG h ~|0 bK ~}J&* C D3 v +H ,vJv/ ,4b£~6 £Db - vJv~zg+ ¯ bGxJvE bGÄ1&* g E ¤ ~64 *H2 ¢ < b /H5H ¤G b -Ä1 ¡G ,y£» f£-*wD* b -Ì~6 / ¥wD* $¤~{D* &* D* b ~z + b + bK ~8b1 ÉK < xJv- hFbC b F&* f £ 0H dJ4vgD* ¯ ¤gD* b <&°*H J4b~{´* E Eb gD* ¢ < b -4vB ¶(* Ì~{J b» fCx~{D* - ¯ Db+ ¤cJ2 ix g~6* ¤-*3 £/¡- ¶(* obg« Hx~{E w£ - b £D(* /¡J bC ¡J C ¯H bK Eb< x~{< fg~zD °" hDbB bEv < b -vD*H i¡~8 ~z- hFbC vJv/ H&* d ~8 b ~6x F ¤gD* fAb jD* b F(* " Hb0 *3(* °(* qm J &* $x D Â ~{D + ~|£~6 ¥wD* 2*yD*H fBb D* ¤G b Db :&* ,v_A&* ¯ g D v ±* w+ ¤ - fAx ´* ¤ - y£ gD*H *v+(°* bE&°* ¡+¡G¡´* vD¡J b G E eb ~|D*H ibJvpgD* ¢ < Ä~|D*H bF24&* *3(bA ¡-&bJ Jx D* *wG EH Hx gc´*H Hy£ g´*H 2b g<°* fAb . A Jx D* *wG ¢ < Ì~zD* b Db :&° G4b ;&* fE¡ F w E z D* ¢ <

7

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

b g ~64&*H f£)b<2 i*4¡~{ E £ ~|g+ hEbBH b + 8b³* b F&° f~8b1 ,x 1 fA5b¸ - hFbC ibCx~{D* £ ± b JvD f£ cg´* f £ D* i*x1v´* E hAx~8 b -vD*H fD¡ E ixCw- b D xE&°* rb½ E ,vC&bgE - µ ¯H ÍE¡£D 2H2xD* ¤cJ2 ix gF* fDHb¹ 2x¸ ¤G DwD 1*v+ iv/¡A x D* hpgA 24 H&* h g~6* kDbjD* ¡£D* ¶(* f/bp+ hFbC vBH v~|- µ J2x D £m~z- d :H bK £~7 vJy´* h - Í<¡c~6&* É1 b J4b~|E f£ gD 2*xA&* ,x~{< eÉ D* 2v< bC b D f~|0 H&* ¯H ibc D*H ib £~{D* E ib F ÌA¡gDH x-¡£c D* ,y /&* Ì/&bg+ hEbB x~{< f c~6 dJ4vgD* ¡J ¯H b -v<b~z§ b /H5 bB d£CÆD*H £~8¡gD* *¡Bx g~6*H x-¡£c D* ,y /&* *Hw@@1&*H b /H5H ¤G h/x1 b £ < nE*ÄD* £ «H ,y /&°* o*x1(* ¯ f£DbgD* f<b~zD* ¡~6 Ñ* p+ A&* ¥wD* bE b ~z F ¯ ¡ -H ,x-¡gE hFbC gC*H hB¡D* b0 bEv <H D*¡E&* 2*2Æ~6b+ $°'¡G ¤ cDb J . h ~zg+*H ¤cJ2 h 12 ib<b g/°* fAx= ¯ eÉ D* 2v< bGv / I4b~|B hDw+ f )b D* h /*4H D b ~z F hEvB iw1&* . 64vD* y£ mgD 2*v g~6°b+ f ~{ E b F&* x gD )bB2 É1 rx~{D* i&*v@@+H eÉ D* ¢ < b g<5HH *4H&°* vJv~{D* x-¡gD* E | sg-H ¤1Æ~z- i&*v@@+ ,4Hv@@D* $b .&* Jx~6 ~{+ ib<b~zD* ixEH f£ D* ,2b´* D h0x~7 ,y@@ @/&°* £ g+ bGv<b~z£D b@@ @/H5 $b@@/H ,4Hv@@ D* h gF*


jM| D fª:&*

¤<H4y´* f :bA

äÉjóëàdG á¡LGƒeh ¢ùØædG ≈∏Y OɪàY’G áaÉ≤K f £c:H ¥vpgD* ¡ E ¤+x D* b ´b< ¯ Ìj D* < d£ J ¤gD* ib+¡ ~|D* ¢ < d gF £CH &*v@@c@F £CH b@@ @ <&°* Q (* £sJH b /*¡ wG j´ f£gBH f£F%* ib±b § ¡ F b F&* · fJb ²* E f £= v§ b£0&°* } + ¯ ¡ F + iÉ ~{´* b ~9H b GH ¢ < fD°v D f £= b g£ ~6&*H b Db :&* ¤ gD iÉ ~{´* E ¢ < I¡ - ° b DH z ~{D* $¡~9 dm« vB ¤ A f £B ¡0 b Db :&* jF °H F ° pF ¢ § eb ~|D*H F °H v ±* w+H iÉ ~{´* ¢ < d gD* f£ £CH D* v g F b ~z F&* pF b F&° ,b£²* ¯ Jx: ¡ ~{J £C ¤~9bJxD* fD¡ E c~{J *wGH bm´* *wG ¯ fE5ÉD* fAb j D $¤~7 lHv0 x g J ¥wD* |s~{D*" z JÊG l4b/ Ì ~{D* ."ÉK J¡: x g J vB /&* E *K v / wcJ &* H2 bE vJ4&* b´ bK p£~9¡- "Í C&* ¤cJ2" ¢ ~z- ,v£~6 f~|B ¯ DH &* $x D  °" bK EH2 bGÄs- b E&* hFbC k£0 D ¡~8¡D* f ±* wG b E&* E ¤cJ2 h ~6 vBH " Hb0 *3(* °(* qm J Hb« hFbC bEv < H&* b gD¡ : ,Æ@@A É@@1 ,vJv< i*x@@E bE $¤~7 D b £m~{ b gDHb¹ $b@@ @.&* iÉ ~{´* E vJv Db+ ix@@E ,v£~zD* w@@G ® &* v + f~8b1 b g )b< ib/b£g0* + v~zgD < < kpcD* b F&* ixCw- kpcD*H Ì gD* $b .&*H g £;H E b /H5 qJx~z f ~8b D* 64*vE Iv0(* ¯ ·%°* d~6b²* ¯ 64v+ hEbB . D3 ¯ f )*4 hFbC b F&* b -b Jv~8 Iv@@0(* b g +&* vBH ." Hb0 *3(* °(* qm J &* $x D  °" b -vD*H fD¡ E ixCw iws-* *wD &*vcg~6 J&*H £C ¤G ¤cJ2 IvD f ~{´* hFbC D f<bB < kpcD* ¤G ,¡ 1 H&* hFbCH 1 h ~9HH 4*x D* ~|pgD fJ4bmgD* fAx D* ¶(* hcG3 b £E&b- v +H ib<b g/* d~6b²* ¶(* b g F . f£ p´* ibCx~{D* JHb + f )bB ¢ <

55

Oó``````````````````````````````©`dG 2 0 1 7 £fCC CC CCªCCI CCCCCM|CCCCC+&*

6


‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗــﺼــﺪر ﻋــﻦ ﻣــﺮﻛــﺰ ﺳــﻠــﻄــﺎن ﺑــﻦ زاﻳـــﺪ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ وا!ﻋـــﻼم‬

x@@JxpgD* z£)4

26 3

¬4§ ¡¼* «¤ < zª 6 4§ ¡H x@@Jxp@gD* 4b~{g~zE

Mf/ 2§ Á « ¡0

22

x@@Jxp@gD* x@@Jv@E

CC=5 uCC-fCCD zC CCtCH 2 ox@@ @ @ @s´*

CCCC;fI 5*§CCCCD ¡ ~6*x´*

ex@@ @ @ @ @´* x@@)*y@@±* x@@ @~@ @ |@ @ E @@ z@ @J4b@@ +

¤@@ @ @g@ @´* Ñ*v@@ @ @c@ @ @ < ¢@@ @ @~@|@E ,y@@ @Jb@@ @A ·v@@ @ @ @ @< b@@ @ @ @ @ @~@ @ @ @ @ @ 74 @@ @ @ Jy@@ @ @ D* Iv@@ @ @ @ @ @ @G

K~CC< zCCM'§CH ¥4*2(°* x@@ £@-x@ @~zD* x@@Jx@p@gD* iÉ~6*xE dr.fatehz@gmail.com 00971 2 2223000 -fCJ 00971 50 6252829 Mf+§H

J5¡gD* H'¡~zE

6fg< z 0&* marketing@cmc.ae 00971 56 3150303 -fCJ

Emirates_CMC

www.mags.ae/culture/

104


äÉ`` ` `jƒ`` ` à` ` ë`ŸG

54

| 7 £§¡/ 93

N *z/ ,Ò E E 61

Çf º*

«4§F{G* 2f¤ 9¶* 62

ªHf 6

ª<§G* 94

ª I*§ G*

j jM2fH ¶ ,|Jf; ,2fº* µ |.'§-

z ¿ Jf G*

*3f " jM*K4 98 *3fH j j© E*K lIfF §G

ª ©G 4fº " 2§ 0 f+4

)f+ ,fDK 100 v v} H §qkH

j©)f ¡G* j+fk G* 0ÏM

¢MzG* vÏ 8 «2f 7

Nf t 9 ¢ M »" 64

¼(* | -

j¡MzH ¢/f¤¡+§F 66

mf/*4zG*

,4Kf G* ¥ G* zg<

«2Ï©H xM4f- 109 | 7 ift G*

x© G* K| <

i&¶* ©D 110 fg G* ¨º

j G* 113 | 7

«K*~G* ÓH&*

v*zE L'K4

§ G*K &¶* 76 «2§·* £f 0

j©H§H&* ,2f¤ 7 78 ½fqº* fI¶

«Ò º*

oM2f0&* ¢H 45

| 7 jG§ G* «zIKÏG* z 0&*

MK42 2§ ¿ 46 if© G* µ }9f¸*

¢ 0 ª < 4f <

| 7 E|G* 49

ª¡© G* z ¿

$*| G* m§H ¢H5 50

h G* 4*§·* 82

£*| < ª+| G* z ¿

,2|H5 ʸ* l± 84

2§ G* j / ª <

Ϻ* |Hf<

jM*K|G* 7f kI*K

jM| D f©:&*

2f k<¶* jDf . 6

j¤/*§HK ¡G* ¨ < mfMztkG*

ª<K4~º* j :fD

µ j©¡MzG* ,|Jf G* 8

£fÈ(¶* jM|0 j¤/*§G* jº§ G* mf© g-K

ªEf- ,z© 6

jM*4 l± ¡ G* 12

6z º*

§ 64 z ¿ § 64

,§ G*K jD| º* Ó+ fH 16 j <f¡G*

¢ 0|G* zg< ¢MzG* Ò1

jM4§-f M4fF mf F 19 | 7

Ò G* zÃ

m*4fH(¶* &* 20

M} G* z 0&* j¡©n+

§¡©·* ª¡ M J 22 "jM4f ¸* f¡-f.K4§H

~M~ G* zg< }6fM

ª E4 $f D

µ ª Hf·* otgG* 24

| 7 f M(* 53

yfwDK 8|D /§/ z¤<

6§©G* £fÈ(*

É|º ",|F*{G* | 6" 54

j©Df . £*§G&*

ǧ 6 fI4

ª kº* ¥ G* zg<

µ Éf¤¡/§/ tkº

©Jf HK

z ¿ 4§I

§k H o© + j :fD

~M~ ¡+ z ¿

ª 7§ gG*

j©<*z+(¶* m*4f º* 26

|1%* $§ 9 88

mft H 56

ªg;§+&*

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

|<f G* 6*|D

ª¡H s|1 86

¢H m*4fkÀ 114 *| G* 2§ ¿ )*K

»f G* mfDf .

¨ H z 0&*

z0K |Df H fM 80

«4K24zG* ¨ ©G

j©Df . fH*4§If+

j/*§¹* n©J

| 7 ¦§/K 41

Kzg G* £*§F5

§ M(* G* oMz0 74

zI¶ ¶ ª)f¡ G* © G zI¶ ¶ ª

z IK mf 6*42

} G* sf- ÒH&*

z ¿ z ¿ «2f¤G* zg<

4f 6K& 4f ¶* 104

Ï - ,2fg<

jw© G " 2*2§G* ¨ 6|H "

£f-4f H 72

m*zJf H

ª I~©gG* 5*| G*

,zMz/ L'K4

z©G§k z©G§kG {D*§I 102

«2f¤G* zg<

¨ < jG§ H 4§ E

z ¿ ¢+ ¢ 0 £*§M2 µ ª¡ G* $f¡gG* 42 z© 84 Ï+ /fktI 70

G* ¢H jEf G*

§ 6§H KÌ©H 34

ªg0|G* 2§ tº "h tD ª G* f©¹* v} H 38 «|Mz¹ z© 74 f :&ÏG

| ©H |.4%*

© 6 j +

ª-KÒ+ £f¡0

mf0§G µ ,&*|º* 30

¨nI&* mfMf 0

£*§ I&* Ï0&* ¢H 90

i*Ì=¶*K if ¹* 58

&* j © 0 ÓE} k º*

}8fI É|H

ªH*|F§+ z© 6

4fkÀ ,K|H

½z< f 74

ÓMKf¡ G* 5&fH 122

42

ªJfg 8 |JfH

,f©0 fÅ&*

§w© -

Ǥ G*

" 9*ÌD*


2z G* jª0fkkD*

x@@ @Jx@@p@ gD* z@£@)4

¥4¡~| ´* ¤ < v£ ~6 4¡~| E

äÉæ«÷G ¬∏ª– »ë°üdG ¿É°ùfE’G Qóbn O b £+ EH b 1 ¯ É<H S / v+& » £ < v/H& *H vJxA £ ~|g+ N ¡ D* Ñ* 1 M SN N * f£0 ib )bC 1 b M N FS &* N2%* ¤ cD Ñ* Ãx - EH Db+ y ~}S N AN E*¡ £S E ¥wD* b~zF(°* P N BP H NgN _£G 6N Nv NGH N S ~7 ¥&* JR Nv£N +P NN 2%* Gb+N &* N N 1 D *Hvm~zJ &* fN )É´* xN EN N&*H 1 x)b~6 ¢ < R -O i*4v D* rbg EH fp~|D* eb+ ib £±* bFK ¡U N EO Äg J b E $y/ CH DNA bFvD* Jx~7 ¯ ,Ì~|B $*y/&* b F&b+ ib £±* x P H'¡~zE ib £±* E $L y/ £AH ~z±* ¡: £A 2 UvpJO x1%* $y/ EH ¡£ D* H&* x ~{D* ¡D jE JvD*¡D* E f.4*¡gE f £ E f ~|D $*2&° f £ E ib £-Hx+ $b cD f£ ³* £/¡g+ ͱ* ¡ J x~|²* ° bj´* £c~6 ¢ < ¡G xO C3 ~6 bEH f£S T gD*H f£ D* i*4v D* < Í/ D&* Í.É. yGb J bE ¢ < b~zF(°* ~z/ ¯ f£ 1 T C ¥¡g«H b E f+¡ ´* b g E K K ,x : H&* °Ég<* 9x´* *wG ¡ J &* bE(* b ~z F ib £±b+ b c-xE b cK c~6 9xE D S &* b£V < Hx ´* E fJx~{cD* *x<&°*H ib £±* K ¢ A f£ £±* i*x D bF*v£E ¡ - Í E ¤1b E x; h« f £ E f£A*x / f E ¯ {£ - ¤gD* fJx~{cD* *x<&°* DH f£ £/ x D* bE&* h£» ¤c~|< 9xE ¡GH " zCb~6 ¥b-" Ím+ ¥2¡ J x< ¥5b ~7(°* x D* E dO BP b g´* O ~z D* eb~|JO bj´* £c~6 O 9x§ ~zF f+b~8(* b g0* ¡ £A ¡£ £~|D* bE& * f£ m ´* f£ ³* b£ £F&* 9xE ͱ ÉK Eb0 i°b g0°* ÈC&* ¯ ¡ J FS (bA ¤ JxA(°* ."Í+¡ /¡ £ D* | F b£ £F&*" @+ x JO ¡GH *ÌK cC b£ £~6ÉjD* vJv±* ͱ* O 45 2*x´* f£ ³* ¯ < ¥U2'¡JO ° Í/ b E £ ~6 Í/ ~9H f£ < F&b+ ¤ £±* oÉ D* x JO <*¡F&*H ¤ £±* oÉ D* ~|J 9*xE& M ° E v0*H Í/ b £A dc~zgJ ¤gD* 9*xE&°* ¯ f£ D* wG vsg~z-H £ ~6 ~{+ ib £-HÄD* $b + f£ < ggD b £A M4b/ kpcD* &* xCwJH ¤~z£ D* £ gD*H iÉ~} D* 4O ¡ ~9H ¤.*4¡D* vD* JyF b£ A¡ £ D* b EH bK cJx - 9xE 2800 ¶(* bGO2v< O EH Í/ E ¤ £±* oÉ D* x: ÈO C&* b ccU ~zJO ¤gD* ,vS ´* 9*xE&°* P$b ~7(* fDHbp´ P S Jx~{D* 1*2 b /É< 2*x´* f£ ³* ¯ 2v¹ Ì= b E ¯ e¡ ´* H&* ´* b E £ ~6 Í/ b12( * f£ < ¡GH ¤ 1*vD* ¤ £±* oÉ D* 1 ¤.*4¡D* k£p+ ~z±* o4b1 b /É< ¤ c J ¤gD* bJɳ* o*x1(* É1 E ~z±* o4b1 I xN mR JO ¥wD* oÉ D* ¡GH ¤/4b³* ¤ £±* oÉ D* 2 N N Ix1&* ,xE ~z±* ¶(* 2b - . f £ ~6 bJÉ1 b £D(* b~}-H f~|~|º fJ¡ 1 f_£+ ¯ O ~9¡O S gJ f£ ³* ¯ 4b~}D* Í-HÄD* $b + < B¡gJ ¢g0H ~z±* ¯ 4b~}D* 4H2 < Ab J(* f£ + D3H DbgD* ͱ* < Jv - 3 D )*2&* N H2 ¡pO JN H g ´* ͱ* E vpSg£D f£.*4H f ~8 pJ ° DNA bFvD* E $y/ b12(b+ cm0 b E ,v< x + ¤ £±* oÉ D* f £~6H x~|0 ÂH f£ ³* ¶(* Db12(* 2*x´* £ ~zD* Ím D ÉK Eb0 ,4b~}D* -b £/ E | sgD* v + 6HÌ D* / < ,4bc< ¤GH ¶H&°* f Jx D* 1 f£ ³* *Æ1* ¢ < ,4vB E 6HÌ D b´ "E.Coli" bJÆ + D3 bjE bJÆ cD* ¯ 2¡/¡´* ¥H¡ D* } ²* E Ì ~8 $y/ < ,4bc< v£E5ÉcD* *vsg~6* ¤G f£FbjD* f Jx D* 2 ib £m D ÉK Eb0 ¡ J f£ ³* 4*v/ 4¡c< E g£D 1*vD* E ¤)bEH o4b³* E ¤ G2 ~z/ £ s- H&* 2bmJ(° ¤ < kp+ b G 3 b g £c: k£0 E ¤)b´* ~6¡D* ~} - ib £±* (* k£0


2v D* 1*2 ¡~9¡E Y¤c;¡+&* Ãb /¡/Z 9x E E ¤ A <


‫ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ Emirates_CMC

2017 ‫ ـ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ ـ ﻧﻴﺴﺎن‬55 ‫اﻟﻌـﺪد‬

:"á«æjódG" IôgɶdG t n ៃr ©n dG "äÉ«`©ÑJ"h ¿ÉÁE’G ájôM j <f¡G* ,§ G*K jD| ¼* Õ+ fH t f :&ÑG « G* fª»* v| H t jª)f¡nk 6¸* ,zª G* m*4fH(¸* &* t ÕªE*| k 6¸* mf0§G · ,&*|¼* t 6z ¼* jM*4 l³ ¡ G* t f¡-f.K4§H " §¡ª¹*" «¡ M J t "jM4f º* « I*§ G* «<§G* t ,2f¼* · |.'§- jM2fH¸ ,|Jf; G* oMz0 t mfMf t G ¨ ¡N H ¬&W *K K§ M(* S ifª G* · | 9fº* " MK42 2§ Á" t "zI¸ ¸¸" «)f¡ G* ª G 4f 6K&¸* t

..±ƒî«°ûJ …ô≤ÑY IÉ«M øY IójóL πFÉ°SQ


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.