الإمارات الثقافية issue 28 to website r

Page 1


f£ :¡D* f0b~zD* ¯ ¤ D*H ¯b jD* *v+(°* yP R 0 ¶( N * É<(°*H fAb j D vJ*5 + b ~6 yCxE ¢ N ~6 4b:* ¯ E x D*H É<( °*H fAb jD* i°b¸ ¯ ,y£ gO´* f£ D* lbp+&°* bc g~6* ¯ NgcN =R 4N OyCx´* O P R JO f£+x D*H P Í~|gs´* E £ « O JxA bGxT P JO &* v + bGx~{ D fC4b~{´* ¯ Íc=*xD* ebg O D*H Í D'¡´* N 0 O O JO °* ebp~8& * 9¡ x~{ D* ¡ O N ~{R JN ¤ JxE&* M4°H2 7000h 5000 Í+ rH*ÆJ b£DbE bK cR E lbp+& N O }J¡ gD* N N O´ f /ÆD*H f<bc D*H P ÄN R O´* R vP R N D* tJ4b- E i*¡ D'D¡´*H yCx´* Í+ ´*H y M N ~6 N zP R 1 ,v

:‫اﻟﺸﺮوط‬ N * ~6¡gEO PebgN P DR * ¡ J t fp ~8 200H 150 Í+ ¥&* P mR ² H&* M,y)b/ ¢ < P ¡~|p PD vBO H&* O cR BN PE x P~{FO RvBN O D* N ¡ J °&* t N f£ £ - f~z~6'¡E ¯ oxT s-N P,2b ~7 f g´* {E*¡ D* H&* i°b@@ 0(°* o*42(b@ @+ b .¡EO O D* N ¡@@ @J &* t M ~|R AN CO PfJb F Nv R +N /*x´*H 42b~|´b+ fK <¡cO R EN N ¡ - &*H Mf £~84N H Mf £ ~6 f£+x< Mf N O +P ,O 2b@@N´* dN gN -O &* t < H&* yCx D ÁHÆ D(°* vJÄD* Ä@ N R @<N ~6N xR -O H KbJQ ¡P N DO fK pp~|N EO H ¡ ~}´* vJÄDb+ O ~6N xR JO nM EN vR EO 8xB Jx: f£+x D* f Db+ f C 200 2Hv0 ¯ D Kb~|sN EO d-b D* O P~6xR JO t O t £ pgD* f_£G E rÆ ´* Jv gD* $N *x/(* d-b D* yg J O P4*v~8(*H b P ££ -N H P b <&°* fN /*xE fL ~|gº £ « fO _£G ¶¡gN gN ~6N t M b PF&b~{+P ¤)b PF 4*xB

A¡O´* Ñ*H yCx´b+ fAb jD* ,4*2(* w w w.c m c . a e ½fkG* £*§¡ G* ¨ < ~F|º* E§H u - ¨/|M p§tgG*K mf 6*4zG* 8§ I f 64(¶


¢@@ @j@ F&* ib@@ Jb@ @0

øWh »Ñ∏b ‘ x~8bF ÃxE f ~6 h£~|B k£0 :¡D* < f+x= £ ~6&* bE É1H Á(* i*x´* v0&* ¯ hcgC < ¥vD J µH f£ :¡D* b -bc~6b E h 0 Í0 h£ + < ,v£ + bK cJx - ~|FH Á&° DH 2¡/H H2 ¥2É+ d0&* &* £ g~6&* ° Á&° z£D fBxp+H h£ + F + b~zE(°*H Db+ qJ¡ gD* < ,v£ + ¤ :H < ,v£ + Á&* C b g ² hC42&* i*4bE(°* b +¡ B ¯ pFH x1%*H dc~zD gF 94&°* b + C ¯ ¤~}¿ pF F ÈC&* b§4H cpF ¥wD* ~z F 4v Db+ b cpJ F&* x F ¥wD* :¡D* pF ,x~6&* b ~z F&* IxF b F&° Ñ* 04 vJ*5 b£< b ~z F&* ¤ ~zF pF i*4bE(°* ¯ b C c~zD* i*4bE(°* ¯ ,vg» f +*ÆE ,v0*H f £.H x~8*H&°* &°H ,v~{+ =b gEH 0ÉgE vpgE v0*H h£+ pF i*4bE(°* ¯ fD¡ ~z+ $b~} D* zEÉ-H vm´* ¡pF f .*H ¢ s+ ¤~{­ i*4bE(°* v© v0*H d D*H &* I¡~6 £ < bE i*4bE(°* ¯ 0 2x¸ Jx1%ÉD Hvc- vB J4b~{E É1 E B*¡C 0 {£ gD « £ « ¶(* ¢ ~z- ib gm´* C µb D* ¯ HvD* C jE b jE bc~6 ¯ pF pF ³* ¯ ¤~{¿ °H dCxD* p F ° pF ¹ C ¯ y£ gD*H rbm D* f .*H bC4&b+ rbm D* rbm D* ¢ < 4*x~8(* b JvDH fEyg E f .*H i*¡ s+ 4v~|gF 4*x g~6* f:b~zc+ ¤ J D3H rbm D* *wG ¯ ,x . ¥&* 2¡/¡+ q ~zF °H ,5Hy E Ì= y£ gD*H rbm D* d/¡g~z- f F b F&° i*4bE(°* f F ¢ < Ñ v ²* ¡ F pFH £g~zF ¥2É+ ¯ £ < &° fEb~zg+b+ +*x g~6* +b FH f D* wG ¡ J ° HÌjC x ~{D* H&* f£~6b£~6 rb½ f+xmgC bG¡~{£ J &* cB °K H&* f£Fb~zF(°* i*4bE(°* f+x© ¯ {£ D* b gG°* ~z FH + x ~{FH ~{£ F ¥wD* d²* ¤G ¶H&°* b g F Ì=H fJ2b~|gB* fDHvD* z~6'¡E Ñ* 04 b ~6 + vJ*5 f£~8H ¤G Fb~|´* cB b~zF(°* $b c+ "°K H&* b~zF(°* $b + E G&* ¡G bE b G G " D3 E ÈC&* b G G C ¥2É+ fp)*4H D *K 2b gA* ¤ +&* ¤ / vJ*5 )b c+ gG* ¥wD* b~zF(°* *wG bg~7&* h CH f£ ExD* bcj D* ¡D I4&* h C *4&* C&* µ ¤+ £pJ bC ¥wD* b ±* A ¤ :H ¯ £s D* fp)*xD ¥2É+ f F ¢ < x ~{D*H v ²* D D*


É¡àª∏c ∫ƒ≤J …ƒà°ùdƒJ É«aƒ°U ¿EÉa ¿ôb øe ÌcCG ó©H $*425¸f+ | - j/K5 gE ¢H ¡G* ¨ - "4~-K|F f-fI§ G j kw¼* £fº&¸*" f~|B &* iÄg<* &* v + z£D D h ~|+ Ìj D* h « b£A¡~8 (bA ¥¡g~zD¡-¡£D e ex ~}´* b /*H5 ,ÆA *¡: fAx g´* ¥¡g~zD¡- x F ib /H 9x - ¤GH 1889 b< ix~{F f~| D* 8b1 eb < "4y-HxC b-bF¡~zD f gs´* b²&°*" g/H5 g J 5*y_ ~7*H ,Ì= f ² ¯ ¥wD* ¥H*x D d~9b= o¡D¡F¡E É1 E f£~z ±* ibBÉ D*H o*HyD* b£0 ." ~|0 bE *wG D f~8b³* f£/HyD* b -b£p+ f~| D* wG £ ±* +4 *3b´ ¥42&* h~zD" b£A¡~8 hcgC b -b£E¡J ¯ ¥¡pF g ~7 < *HÄ< ~z F x~|£ D* ¢g0H ¥¡g~zD¡- f )b< f 0 4b@@:(* ~9 8bs~7&°* C f£Cb~7 h +b-H D3 · dc~6 vBH ¥v~9 f /¡E f~| D* &* bK ~9 <&* h C ¤~z F bF&bA Jx1%°* 6b D* ¯ - µ f ~{´* hAb~9&*H b £+ d0 E ¢ c- bE C xE2H µb D* Í<&* ¯ ¤ D3&*H *K ÌcC *K 4x~9 É+ f£ =&*"h "" E f =" bGx F ib /H b £A q~9¡- Íg~|B hcgC b F(bA fp£p~8 Ì= f~| D* &b+ f g E b F&°H ¡GH z-bC JbE cB E *K x1'¡E b Ab~{gC* ® ¢g0 ¥¡g~zD¡- pgE £~74&* ¯ Í-vB*4 bg~| D* h£ + "ib C fJy£ ½(°* ¶(* b /ÆA 4¡cDv£E f£ C ¯ f£Bx~{D* f£+H4H&°*H f£~6HxD* ib~6*4vD* ¯ |~|sgE v<b gE 4¡~z£AHx+ 6x+ £J f Eb/ < bK jJv0 ,42b~|D* "4y-HxC b-bF¡~zD f gs´* b²&°*" f<¡ ¸ ¶(* b Ab~9&*H fAb .H ,v£/ f£+x- ¢ < f ~8b²*H bK Eb< 18@D* i*3 "bF%*" ,bg D* f~|B ¤ «H 1894h 1891 Í+ hcgC "" E f =" bK E b g g~zJ ¡ D*H f ~z D* d0 bC4b~{gJ Í0H4H Jx A 2b«* F&* ¢ < o*HyDb+ f~8b³* bGx F f /H b DH f£Db< b Db :&* f£+ÆD b £~z F b~6x JH b ~z F f£ £AÆD* ib:b~{ Db+ x D* E DbcD* ¤ ~64H5Hx+ ÌE&°* f )b D* $bBv~8&* v0&* bcgF* Ìj- b F(bA f+*w/H bK Jx A f £~{F f_Jx/ b F&°H -bg DH ,Ìj D* bJ*vG 1 ¤ sJ bC ¥wD*H b£A¡~8 oHy- bEv < ¥¡g~zD¡- x < bC b jE bK Eb­ bGx < ~9 E ib g ´* } + b£A¡~8 i4bg1* x1%°* z ±* |sJ b £A fj£c1 x F f /HH *K Ì 0 *K x A fÂx D* f£<b g/°* x F f /H E ,x´* wG D fÂx±* . f.4b D* ¡pF mg´* o*HyD* *wG ~|- ¤GH bGv -H b ~{Bb gD 4Hy-HxC b-bF¡~6 ¤ :b D* bc~7(ÉD ¢jF&°* ¡/ Í+H /xD* v < f£~z ±* fc=xD* Í+ JbcgD*H d²* fc£1 hFbC £C ix ;&* ,&*x´* ~{+ ¥Hx- ¤GH ¤~z ±*H ¥x D* e*w½°* Í+ f )b´* 2Hv²* Ä~z- ¤GH 1898 b< hcgC "ib C É+ f£ =&*" ¤/Ì~6 ¤ £~6¡´* D'¡´* Í+H b £+ fJ¡ D* fB*v~|D* fBÉ< E b ~z F v© b D yJy< ,bAH Ì.&b- h« ¤gD* b g + Jx: < ££Fb b < bK =4 bG2¡ J ¥wD* b £~6¡´* µb< ¯ fm cD* v© &* ¶(* f )b~9 b£A¡~8 (bA xB E ÈC&* v +H *w GH ~z F D'¡´b+ bggA°* ¶(* b g C ¡ - &* h<b g~6* ¥¡g~zD¡-

161

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

:AGOƒ°ùdG ɪ櫰ùdG" ÜÉàc "¿ÉeRC’G πμd º∏«a 100 π°†aCG

CÉ´* f~}Eb D* ,&*x@@´* v~6b D* ¤:x~{D* 8b³* p´* Kb:xs E ~z F v@@m@J ¥w@@ D* y@@g@ @´* @@:*¡@@´* H&* @@z@)b@@£@D* $*2¡~zD* b £~zD* $*¡@@/&* ¡ -H *x@@/(°* ,b£0 ¯ fAv~|Db+ eb@@c@~@}@D* @@E Ì@@j@ @D* b@@ @£@A f@@£@~@6b@@B f@@­b@@B f@@c@ Jx@@= ,2b@@ < ,4b.(*H ¤~z / $*¡=(* E x)bm~zD* b12H É D*H ib 0ÉE *¡ + 4vJ*x~7 ¡cD b ´ K*x@@C3 ebg D* ~} ,v£~6" jE É@@A&* $b@@ @~@6&* ~}-H $*2¡@@~@z@D* b £~zD* @@< x~|J 4vJ*x~7 &* =x+H y JH ¡@@~@64H&° 1947 "¥b ~7 °(* 1952 ¶(* 1940 E ¤G $*2¡~zD* b £~zD* ,ÆA &* ¢ < (bA DwD D3 E ¡:&* vg­ ,Æ D* &* rÆ J ebg D* &* ~{-H ,Æ D* w@@G o4b@@1 - Kb £A 45 < J ° K*2v@@< xAb~z´* 1966 b< Á¡£F¡gF&° "e%*¡ +" jE f E KbEÉA&* 1960 ¡ ~{g£ D ¡ Jb~6 1975 u¡C 1920 b< E K*$v+ Ix/ q~zE v + É@@A&°* iÌg1* ¡ J vBH ,4b£~zD* vB 2011 fJb D ¥4bm£DbC 4¡gCvD* b £~zD* ¡ E &* £C ¢ < °K bjE Í £ D* JwG 4b£g1* µ ebg D* ¯ ÍC4b~{´* &* f/4vD q~9*H Ì= *5bE $*2¡~zD* &* e¡ ~6&* &* ¡F ¡G&* *'¡~zD* < e*¡/ ¢ < v + *¡ gJ "Kb E f.ÉjD* &* o*yE

b F2 ¡+ xJx« f£~zFx D* f Db+ fp ~8 688 E ebgC E 2¡@@~@ 6&°*H @@}@£@+&°b@@+H fF¡ E 4¡@@~@8 x@@D¡@@E @@=4¡@@/H ib/bgF(°* ¯ Kb )*2 d=x- " ~7b-" x~{ D* 4*2 &* Hx ´* ¢g0 @@ @.&°*H Ä@@C&°* ~7 É+ ¡G ebg D* *w@@GH f s~}D* < ,Ì~|B fs~zF Kb +b~6 i4v@@~@8&* vB fCx~{D* hFbC %°* v DH "2¡~6&°* £ D*" f:b~zc+ F*¡ < ~z F ¡@@~@9¡@@´* "$*2¡~zD* b £~zD*" g£ ~z- ¢ < f£+x D* b gAbp~8 h/42 ¤~zFxA Ìc - ¡@@G "film noir H&* 2¡@@~@6&* £A" *¡@@ @ @D*H E H&* &° f£~zFx D* fm Db+ DwC JH ¤)b £~6 b< @@F*x@@A ¡ £F Ì ~{D* ¤~zFx D* vBb D* ¡@@G Evsg~6* +b D* i*3 fJ2¡£D¡ D* É@@A&°* ¢ < fD°v D @@D3H 1946 @@ A*H2 b@@ @D ¤@@g@ D*H x@@1b@@~@z@D*H ®b@@ @ D* ¤@@ E*4v@@ D* ¤@@~@z@£@D¡@@c@D* 2H¡£D¡G ¯ $*2¡~zD* b £~zD* ,b£0 ¯ ,ÆA @@G&*H f£~z / ,$b~9(°b+ y£ g- ¤GH 1960 ¢g0 1940 b< E ,vg ´* ¤G 2¡~6&°*H }£+&°*H fgAb³* e¡ ~6&* ¡@@F ¡@@G&* $*2¡~zD* b £~z D 2v¹ Jx - v/¡J ° fAx E É1 E mg g~zJ &* $x D Â D "o*y@@E &* Kb +b~6 bGxC3 ¢ < b £-&* vBH ÉA&°* E ¡ D* *wG f£ ¿ Í+ rH*Æ@@- ¤gD* f£~z£)xD* f£~|s~{D* É@@1 E DwCH

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

160


< v£ + c g~zE £c~6 ¯ Db~}FH fJxp D dp´* d ~{D* *wG ,xE i*3 ¡ J z£14¡+ / ¡ D* *wG fJ4¡-bg JvD*H JvD* ."¢ ´* ¯ ¤+H4H&* F&bCH x ~{J Íg /4&°* ¯ F(*" zJ4*5bC ¡£+ ¶(* 4*5b-4¡C ¡£D¡1 E ebg D* (bA b< ~{+ H&* xJb~6 J5¡1 *¡@@1 i4%* ¡-x+4 ¡-b+b~6 ¡g~zF4(b+ *K 4Hx@@E *¡F¡DH Gv cD ¥¡EvD* tJ4bgD* ¯ bK £ < *¡c F ¡cEbCH* b £ £~6 +¡ ~6&b+ z£14¡+ A b < gº ~{+ ¤ £g /4&°* e2&°* ·bJ4¡~zD*H ·b£³* b g0ÉD f~8x D* wG zJ4b+ ¯ ebg D* ¡Db~8 g £~6H e2&°* y@@E4 4*5b@@-4¡@@C ¡£D¡1 ,2°H ¢ < b@@< f@@)b@@E 4Hx@@§ ¥w@@D*H Jx~{ D* x D* E ÁbjD* ~| D* ¯ ¤ £g /4&°* zJ4b+ ¯ f J¡: ,ÆA 7b<

159

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

b JvD*H Á¡gJyD* ¡ D* i*3 ¡ Db D* h g1* Í :b g´* . Í+xs´* g F pF" b D ÍD*¡´* v0&* ¡ J ."ÍDbcEÉD* *K Ì@@1&*H v + J&*4 *H2vpJ µ JwD* . E $b@@+2&°*H ebg D* b £ < &b~{FH b ~7b< ¤gD* $*¡@@/&°* ¤G wG ¡Db~|D*" Gb<2 fJb D* wG /&°H ¡£ £g /4&°* ¡Fb D*H fAb jD* wG ¢ < ~6H&* ~{+ x g D "¤+2&°* ¤~zJ4bcD* ¤+2&°* " z£14¡+ zJ¡D ¤14¡1" ¤ £g /4°* dJ2&°* bG2b < ¤gD* b £A C4b~7 ¤gD*H 1961 b< f£´b D* ,y)b±* ¢ < y)b²* h£ £+ J¡Eb~8 &*" r*y@@ ´* £c~6 ¢ < Í@@g@ @ /4&°* ¯ )b~7 ¡@@B Db G fJy£ ½(°b+ x JH f£Fbc~6(°* gJ ·b@@ @J(* ¤ £g /4&°* f £c: < ,x A ¤ - fD¡ ´* wG "bK £~zFxA ¡ J &b+ pJH


jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

" MÌ F¸* ,zM|/"h " M4f+ · ifk G* £§Gf 8" ¢<

…ƒeódG ¬îjQÉJ ‘ ¥ô¨j »æ«àæLQC’G ÜOC’G fAx § g J v0&* ° D bG¡C -4b´ "v m´*" fJ*H4 ¯ ÍD¡ ~{E £ ±* &° ¥4¡-bg JvD* ²* ; ¯ f+b/(°* E ¯ JxA f £ ~{- f +bg§H 1978 µb D* 6&b + ¯ D*H d<xD* $*¡@@/*& 9x< ¯ bG¡C x g~zJ -bJ*H4 i*3 ¡ DbA 24¡ D* ,4b£~6" x@@C3 ¢ < ¤-&b£A ,Æ D* xA b Evsg~z- hFbC ¤gD* ,4b£~zD* ¤GH "x~}1&°* ¡ D* ¡ Db D* ,4b£~zD* z F dJw gD*H g D*H s D b D* 6b J(° " | E +b E xm0" f@@J*H4 ¯ x - $*x~}³* f G*x´* ,bg D ,$*ÄD* ,ÆA fJb F < lvpg- ¤gD* vF°4b/ v0&* E $Hv + $*x~}³* ¡ Db D* e*ÆB* v ~{- Í0 b´%* fJ*H4 ¯ ÉK £gB J2x-H 8b~8xD* E +*¡+ x ­H b F*Ì/ £C z£ +H4 £C*4 f£)*HxD* xCwg- "4b ~|D* ¡+4bp´* "

$b+2&°*H e2&°* zJ4b+ ¯ ebg D* ¡Db~8 xQ C 34 @D* -4H2 ¯ ~}J *K ÌcC *K v@@AH b@@J&* f.É. ,v´ b~}g~6bA Í£ £g /4&°* 4*H5 ¢ < ¡Db~|D* 5H vBH *K x<b~7H bK Fb AH bK cJ2&* 50 ·*¡0 Db <&b+H + Jx g D ÍC4b~{´* $b ~6&b+ fp)° ¥¡pJ bK c£gC b £~6 f /ÆEH f£)*H4 b+¡ D&* *4¡@@D $b ~6&°* } + EH b~7É+ ¡DbA%* H4vFb£D ,Ì~|B |~|B fc-bCH ,x<b~7 *2b´%* Ìj D* GÌ=H ¤~z£ £+ bFbJ2 bg~z£-b+ ¤g ~z£A H2 AH ¤ £g /4&°* e2&°* E ¡FvD*  ° F&* B*¡D*H ebg D* b DÉ1 &b~{F ¤gD* f£sJ4bgD* ,Æ@@ @D* ¢ < É@@:°* v < ¶(* bg£ J(* g/H5H HÌ+ ,ÆA E Hx~8b ´* ¡£)*HxD*H x ~z D* 0 . ib+É F°*H ibJ4¡-bg JvD* $bc:&°* v0&* p´* &b~zJ " : dJw gD d~6b ´* x D* bE

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

158


¢H $« 7 f¡ F f¡ 1*2 · hOQÉH âÑéjôH

157

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

H24b+ h£mJÄD f~6x ´* dg D* E vJv D* b £D(* pJ b< C xJv´*H y£+Hx- b~6 v£D*¡E E "¡ £+ J(*" (bA ,x´* wG D f£~zFx D* fF¡ J&°* w D Iv~|gJ ¤~zFx D* TV5 ¡Jy gD b D* £A vGb~{F bEv < b G3 < d£ - &*  ° ¤gD* f cD* J(* b < dg J "4b g0°*" £A DwCH ",&*x´* Ñ* 1H" ,&*x´* wG +b J µ ¡ A b E iÉ+b E $*x/(* Jx: < z£D ¯ bGx.&*H "H24b+ ",xGb D* w D £ « É1 E D -b£0 ¯ b E *¡ <H bGHx~8b< » } + i*2b ~7 E bK BÉ F* gm´* 7H4 zF*xA Í~z0 Ì+H4 o4¡c~z £/ oÌ~6 Ã2bA £/H4 jE b -b D'¡E E ib g E É1 E DwCH GÌ=H bC¡+ b/H *¡£²* ¡ 0 < ib A*v´* &*x/&*H ÄC&* Iv0(* hpc~8&* k£0 f£p)b~}A È@@C&°*H °K b / È@@C&°* ,&*x@@´* H24b@@+ hcmJx+ " ebgC &* £C x J "i¡~{£C H2" x~{F 4*2 < 42b~8 "µb D* ¯ E i*¡ ~zD *K v0 h ~9HH v£Db gD* ¢ < i4b. f£~|s~{D* wG ¢g~{+ ib+bBxD*H i*4¡ p´*H f£p£~z´* f£CxJx cD* ,x £~zD* Ì ~{D* j ´* b £ ~zJ bC b C "¥x+ ¥x+" hFbC v A b <*¡F&* bEH - JvJv D* b Bb~{< v0&* bC vBH b£ £gF*x- ¥¡D b/ dB*¡ Db+ ,°bcE ¥&* H2 b D ¡ pJ bE hD*5 ebgC d0b~8H HxD* f~8b1H b £~6¡´* ¯ |~|sg´* ¡ £+ J(* b Bb£~6 ¯ f j C b g E f ~9¡E 2b<&* "q£~z´* E x ~7&*" ¢g0H b -bJ*v+ w E ¯b jD*H ¤<b g/°*H ¤~6b£~zD*H ¤sJ4bgD* yE4 ¡~|A ,v@@< ¶(* ~z JH )b.¡Db+ ¤ = ebg D* ¡@@£@D* z£D ¡ £+ ¡ J t@@D(* b Bb~{< f m D* f j ´* z ±* b £A b§ f£ :b D* ibBÉ D* E Ìj D* d B ¯ ¡ - &* bK +x g~zE ib£c)*x=H ibm ~{-H ib~}Bb -H ibc=4H 2b 0&* E f£A*Æ0°* b -b£0 i*4b£1" *¡ + ebg D* ¡~|A v@@0&* ¯ ,2Hv¹ÉD* b gJx0 dc~z+H hFbC b F(* d-b D* ¡ J "f~8b³*H DwD £A 4b~{- < C ¯ ¤EbF¡~z-H bK £ :b< bK m/&b- vD¡ D* ¯ b )bCx~7 *x= ¯ bK )*2 - hFbC ¤gD* fj£j²* b -24b E (bA f£´b D* b -x ~7 E x1%°* /¡D* ¢ < ¯ "4b g0°* " £A 9x< w E ¤ g - ° ¤gD*H b D 9x g- h-b+ bC bE dJw gD* F(* Í+x ´* v0&° x~z- b / 1963 b< ¥x+bC E exG&* &* ¤ < bC b £~zD* µb< ¯ 9¡1&* &* *K v+&* ¤ <


jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

IõFÉéH õFÉØdG ¿ÉZÉfÓa OQÉ°ûàjQ 2014 ΩÉ©∏d zôcƒH ¿Ée{ `dG gJ*H4 < 2014 b D "xC¡+ bE"@D* ,y)bm+ b=bFÉA 24b~{gJ4 5¡A < É<(°* ® x+¡gC&* E x~{< +*xD* ¯ £F¡CbE xC¡+ ,y)b/ ~6b+ Kb +b~6 x - hFbC "xC¡+ bE"@D* ,y)b/H " b ~{D* < ¶(* £~}D* Jx D*" f ´* ¯ ,4¡~{ EH fJy£ ½(°* f Db+ f+¡g E fJ*H4 D q ­H xC¡cD* ,y)bm+ f:b~z+ + x - %°* b D N (* ¢g0 ebg D* ¡~6 ¯ Ìj D* ¤ - ¤ A DwD Í£´b< ,x ~7H rbm + pJ ,y)b±* wG q  E ,vpg´* f£)b D* f~zAb ´* ¯ ,Ì~| D* fp)ÉD* ¶(* Db <&* ¡~8H 2xm´ ÌcC x~7 Db J ebgQ D* Æ£+H 1982 xDv £~7 f £ ~6 ·b£ C 6bE¡- v + ,y)b±* w + ¢ pJ ·*Æ~6&* kDb. ¡G b=bFÉA 24b~{gJ4 dgC 24¡ ~zCH&* f Eb/ ¯ e2&°* 642 2001 ¤ £C f+b~| D f£ £ ²* f~| D*H 1988 *v £~6¡DH 4b ~6H&* ¥4bC $*¡ D* GÈ + 4b£gD* z < ¶H&°* f£ :b D* f£)*HxD* Db <&* E fJ*HxD* ¶(* ¡pgJ &* cB tJ4bgD* ¯ d~} D* "fJ*H4H x~{< ~6bgD* x D* ¯ f/H2y´* ,v D* i*3 "fc=4 vD¡= ebgC "f£<¡~6¡´* gJ*H4 ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ Ä gc~6 11 v + bJ¡F*4bcD* f£p~9 qc~8&* Kb´b< ~|- ¤gD* " ´*H ¡ J4H2 r*x±* i*Ä1 ¢ < yCx- ¤GH b=bFÉ D f~62b~zD* fJ*HxD* ¤G " b ~{D* < ¡pF £~}D* Jx D*" x J bC ¥wD*H bE4¡+H vFÉJb- Í+ vJv²* f ~6 1 ¢ < ex²* Ix~6&° f£Fb+b£D* i*x ~z ´* v0&* ¯ yFb J(* B&* ° b F(* bE*42¡ £ D x.&* ¥&* H2 E fJb + f+¡g E fJ*HxD* (*" yÂb- b~{Fb Jb D* b < hDbB i¡´* f ~z+ "f£ A f « E HxE xJx -" b F&b+ b ²* b ~8H ~z F *¡ Db+ Áb+b£D* ¡ Jb D* x<b~7 "¡~7b+"@D ebgC E 3¡1&bE fJ*HxD* ~6* y pJ ¥wD* bE ~{ g~zJ ebg D* (bA fD¡ cD* ¢ E < D'Hb~z- ¯ "b Cbc~7 ¯ *¡ < JwD* C ¯ ex²* x.&* < + ¡ j E jE jE bJbp~9 Kb~}J&* G ¡F¡ J vB ,b ±* &* £C ÍcJH f:x ´* f£~{0¡D* " b ~{D* < ¡pF £~}D* Jx D* "f+bgC E d-b D* £A ¢ gF* ¥wD* -*3 ¡£D* ¯ ¯¡- ¥wD* b=bFÉA vD*H bE4¡cD i¡´* vJv0 f ~6 E )É D* Í/b D* v0&* bC ex²*H d²* b G e2&°* ~8&* ¯ Í£~z£)xD* Í<¡~9¡´* (* D¡ + b=bFÉA 4b£g1* ¢ < b ²* z£)4 < Í+ ex D*H x~{D* Í+ x~z/ F(* ÍgB4b1 ,¡BH fBbF&b+ dgC ex²*H d²* < f )*4 fJ*H4 ¡G ebg D* *wGH " cg J ¤ D b=bFÉA 24b~{gJ4 vDH ¥wD* ebg D* F(* fD¡ cD* <H dFwDb+ 4¡ ~{D* < f~|B ¯ x~9b²*H ¤~9b´* ,y)b±* f £B ¤G ¤ £DÆ~6(* £ / 50000 f £ + Kb £~7 b=bFÉA bF

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

156


"¬éM äGƒæ°Sh ¬d ¿ƒd ’ …òdG »cGRÉJ hQƒcƒ°ùJ" ¤gD* HÌ~7 g Jv~|+ xCw- b F¡C ¤~9b´* /*¡E 1*2 d -H ¡Fb£cD* ¢ < b Ay - hFbC f Eb±* E f£FbjD* g ~6 ¯ ,&bmA ¤ gsJ x1%°* ¡G *vJbG D &* £ < 0 bC (* $b~zgJ mJ b» dc~6 ¢@@F2&* H2 *K v£0H {£ J i*4b B 6v C oxsgJ ¥4¡C¡~z- (bA D3 C =x+ Ix-H v + _g J µ Ãv D* rx±* *yJ ° bK Eb< 16 v + D ~{+ -b£0 f +bgE < £ J D3 &* *4b~6 ,vJv±* g Jv~8 )bBv~8&* wcF y D pJH ¤~9b´* ¶(* 2¡ J &* £ < &*H ¤ £c: &*vcJ b GH + bc-4°* £ g~z- D b F(bA D3 H2 EH D ,v + E 2¡ - ¤~9b´* ¶(* 8É1H "n0 f 04" ¯ H4¡C¡~z *v A ¶(* bJ¡/bF gD¡ : iÄ1&* vB hFbC HÌ~7 g Jv~8 &* ¡GH x~zD* H4¡C¡~z- ~{g J dc~6 bE *w@@GH b c~|g=* vB H4¡C¡~z- &* f<¡ m´* f£ + i*¡ ~6 h~6 v + HÌ~7 D bK ~} + ~} + < C B*ÆA* iv/H fp/bF ¡Fb£+ fA5b< hpc~8&* &* v +H B*ÆA* E g Jv~8 Äs-H b D ÉK 0 v© µ f~}Eb= fÂx/ ¯ f0¡+wE Áb - hFbC b F&° £ < h+wC HÌ~7 &* ¡@@FH4¡@@C fÂv D* ¤~9b´* ¯ c« hFbC ¡FH4¡C ¥&* b F&* Äs- b C eb_gC°* - ¤p­H ~z + H4¡C¡~z- ¶(* f jD* v£ - f £ ²* wG 2b -H D ¡D °H 4bA F&b+ ~z F b© f_:b³* ,x D* bK ~}J&* dc~6 ¥&* H2 EH *4b~6 &* °¡D ¤~9b´* rHx/ Ev i*4b D* dB*xJ *K v£0H ¢ c£D Ix@@1&°* ¤G < ~| f p´* ¯ bK ~z)bJ bGx g JH

155

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

ix ; (* bE ¤gD*H ¤EbC*4¡E ¤CH4b D ,vJv±* fJ*HxD* b F(* fs~zF ¡£ E E ÈC&* h<b+ ¢g0 b+b£D* ¯ 2013 b D* ¯ $*x~{D 6b D* ~|J b JxE&* ¯ ¡£D*H H&°* b <¡c~6&* ¯ Ì+*¡: ¯ ~|J +b~zD* £±* bC b jE ,vJv±* gJ*H4 "¤EbC*4¡E Ì.&b-" 2b D* b ~6 b £A y g£cD* fF*¡ ~6&* $*x~{D i*4b D* ~{ J f Eb±* ¯ ¶H&°* f ~zD* ¯ ¤C*5b- H4¡C¡~z z + ¡D ¢ < ¥¡gpJ ° g )b< ~6* &* Áb JH x ~8 w E E $ymC bK F¡D E v0*H C pJ JwD* f +4&°* )bBv~8&* bC%* Jv~8H 45&°* v£~zD* "H%*" Jv~8 jE f )b D* ~6* g Jv~8H }£+&* f~zF%°* HÌ~7 g Jv~8H x 0&°* v£~zD*

f £ < fEv~|+ H4¡C¡~z- eb~|J 2¡@@~@6&* f~zF%°* ¡FH4¡C &b+ f£FbjD* f£ Eb±* g ~6 É1H bJ&°* v0&* &b/b J &* v + H2 FHwc JH ,&bmA E gBÉ< ¡ J f +4&°* $bBv~8&* _g J ° bK £ < bK 0x/ D dc~zJ b» DwD bK cc~6 D *HxCwJ &* F&* °¡D 4bpgF°* fAb0 ¶(* + ~|- 2b - f+%b D* E fDb0H ¢ E £D(* v£ J f Eb±* ¯ vJv/ Jv~8 "*vJbG" ¢ < x gJ ¶(* bK E b g~zJ b C f0bc~zD* f~64b» Jx: < ,b£²* £A x.'¡- b £~6¡´* wG "n²* i*¡ ~6 ",Ì ~{D* yg£D fAHy E


jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+ ½fCC CCG* mfCCDfCC CC. ¢CCCH m*4fCCCkCCCÂ

*x D* 2¡ ¹

ábƒ°ûe ájGhQ "»Fôe ÒZ" ¿ƒ°SôJÉH ¢ùª«÷ bK £cE GÈC&* EH ,x ~7 Í£+x D* ebg D* ÈC&* E v0*H ¡~6x-b+ z £/ Ä E" ¤~9b´* v D* ¯ f£c ~7 ~6É~zD* ÈC&° D'¡E ¡G b@@E5&°* C ¯ dgC b C "h£ £+ JbE p´* ibJ*H4"h "$b~z D fÂx±* ¥2bF" " z £D%* ¯ bK £Db0 {£ J f£~z£D¡cD*H f£~zFbEHxD* b E ¶H&°* fc-x D h ~8H ibJ*H4 +*H g/H5 E *vJ4¡ A ¥wD* +* D&* ,$*x D* ¢ < b :&°* £m~{- ¯ ~{+ ¡~6x-b+ y£ gJ z~6'¡E Jx~7 ¡GH ebc~{D* $*x D dgC f<¡ ¸ dg J &* *K 22ÆE bK )4bB bC D'¡E" d D bF ,vpg´* f ´* ¯ b :&°* i*$*x D |~|º Hv ~|D 4¡J¡£F ¯ " b :&°* 4b£1 ebgC" y)*¡/ J5¡- v < " b D* bK jJv0 i4v~8 z£ J(* v£A*2H ¡~6x-b+ z £/ £D&b- E "¤)xE Ì< " fJ*H4 ¤Â(* < fJ*HxD* lvpg- bK £cE ÈC&°* dg D ¶H&°* d-*x´* *K 4¡A i4v~|-H Jx0 ¯ b g1&* ,bAH v + b F&° D3H fF¡ ¸ b F&* £ ±* J ¤gD* ¥xCH2 bJb~} D* E ib_´* Í+ +*4 2bmJ(b+ f~6H¡ E hpc~8&* x ~7&* f£Fb . ¡pF w E Ì= ¥%* ¤+ &°* ¯ fj0bcC D* < h BH&*H ,2v¹ Ì= ,5b/(* h£ <&* v D fD¡ p´* Ì= µH ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ b E¡F fAx= *4v/ ¢ < f ´* v)*x±* ib~8b~|B I¡~6 b D cgJ µH Äg - ,2b D* jEH )*x²* 4x g-H $¤~7 C g - )*x0 < ,4x g´* z£+*¡ D** C $*4H bK F¡ ¸H bK J2b~6 bK Jx c< bK £ : ÉK -bB b G &* v0&* b Bv~|J °H l2*¡0 {g E +b~zD* b c£c0 ¶(* $¡m D* E *K x E fJb D* ¯ v© °H l*v@@0&°* wG ¯ ¤~z£D¡+ < I¡B&* Äg J ¥wD* b C¡+ zC¡+ ¡~zJ4bG Á*v£´* k0bc´* E ib_´* &b+ b Bv~|J ° ¡G ¢g0 D %°* ¢g0 f£~}B E h - µH *v£´* ¤Â(* v© &* ¶(* f +*ÆE g D* )*x/H eb~|g=°*H b g1°* ib£ < Gb© ¡~zJ4bG g~zJ µ ÉK £D2 f~8b³* b g Jx + b B(*H ,Ä1H f p+ fC¡cp´*H fc ~|D* b -v < b F(* "fJ*HxD* y£Â ¥wD* bE k£0 °H fÂx/ fp ~6&* °H A*H2 b D z£D ¤gD*H fE¡ ´* Ì= )*x±* E ib_´* k£0 ±* + cg~{E < bG$*4HH )*x/ b F&b+ b g~6 ¤gD* ¤Â(* *v< bE fBx gE l2*¡0 bGÄg J £ ±* + cg~{E "v0*H |s~7 )*x±* wG C $*4H ¡ J &* J&* x+vE ¡~6x-b+ z £/ E ,xJx ~{ DH ¡s D ,4b.(* ÈC&°* f£~z£D¡cD* fJ*HxD* ~7 É+ ¤G "¤)xE Ì="

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

154


v< k£0 "v ¹ ¡+&*" vJ ¢ < 1921 yD¡+ ¡@@+ ¤ JxE&°* ¤@@)*Hx@@D* 4*H5 E 0*xD* ,Ì~6 "¯b²* yc³* " /ÆE $*¡~zD* ¢ <H f@@£@-*w@@D* ¥x ~7 v ¹ ¶(* £ < @@J22Æ@@´* @@E Ì@@ 1&°* b@@C ¢ pJH "¥xF¡C ¡~7"¤ JxE&°* j ´* 4*5 " ~7x~{- ¡g~zF*H" Áb JÄD* &* 4b: c/ £~}E ¢ < ,x F ¢ D&*H b + 2x g- ¤gD* x@@.%b@´*H µb ´* w@@G (* f0¡g E i*$b~}A fDy § fm : f JvE H&* f£/4b³* $*¡~6 f )*vD* f0b£~zD* ¢ < fJ2b~|gB°* fE5&°* h D&* _DH f£ 1*vD* k£0 f@@ @Jv@@´* ¢ < b DÉ + f£´b D* bE bK <¡F f£/4b³* f0b£~zD* h~z gF* ·fº* ~g»* ¾(* fm : ¯ zgFbAx~6 rx~zE u4'¡- b <&* ¤GH yEb£DH ¤~z £-H yD¡+ ¡+ < -*xCwEH v~z© b jE fm + $°'¡@ G b £A b@@B&* ¤gD* f 0x D fBv+ 4¡¹ h ~7 ¤gD* fJx D*H f£+2&°* ib~7b D*H bJb~} D* f£<¡F ¤0x~z´* d-b D* (* ¡ D* ÂH f£~|s~7 ib ©H i*$b D ex ´* b ~7 ¢ < 22x@@- ,ÈC EH £F¡/ b/ ¤~zFx D* b ~{D* vE Iv0(* ¤GH " {)*x D*" f Jv§ AvJ &* 4bg1* b gA ¤gD* fJ¡ D* $b ~6&°* Í+ E v½ b F&* v£+ fAHx ´* " z£-bE" ¤´b D* b D* bG'H*¡~9&* ·bgDb+H fm : xp~6 y½&* f J¡: f£ E5 ,v@@E "Ìc D* v D*" ¯ b@@B&* ¥w@@D*H 12 h + b F(* ibJ*HxD* ¡ - ,v)*4 f£ A °K b <&* b DÉ1 E j­ 6b~6&* Eb D ",wAb D*" b~6b~6&* b £A x~}«H f0¡D < gBb<&* fJ¡B 4b E&* ¡ ~6 hA2b~8 gEbB(* f 0xE ¡C ¯ ·b ±*H ¤ D* *v+(°* ¢ < g<bA oHx³* b CH ¥x ~7 v ¹ 0*xD* (* bg³* ¯ ¡ D* ÂH ¤ g« &* H2 -¡E ¶(* Ä< F(bA f£ JxD* gJxB E ryF E f£+2&* f B E È@@C&* ¯ bGv 1 ¤gD* f Jv´* wG + ,Ìj´* -b+bgC

153

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

¤)*HxDb+ fm : f JvE ~6* @@c@ -4*H b £D(* ryF ¥wD* ¥x ~7 v ¹ 8b D*H ,ÆA ¯ "x £~7 ¤ +" f£ JxD* gJxB E ¶(* fc~zF ~6* ¯ @@~@ 8&°*H f<bm´* x g~6* bK £ AH bK £+2&* ~6°* &* °(* "¥Ì ~7 v ¹" -2°H b E eb£= fm : f JvE ¯ 0É´* &* v£+ "¥x ~7 v ¹" ¢ < D* ¤´b D* d-b D* *wG ~6b+ xCQ wJH xCwJ x.&* H&* f E ¥&* ex Db+ JH "¯b²* yc³* ¶(*" *¡ < pJ Ì ~8 E ¥x ~7 v ¹ e&*2 ¥wD* Ì ~{D* "ygJ4" EH v A E ex D*H f+4b ´* ebg D*H $b+2&°* E f<¡ ¸H £ < 22ÆD* H2 hDb0 f£ )b D* ib<*x~|D* (* f gº ib@@J*H4 ¡ -H &* hAÉD*H )b~64H -b£ g EH 4b.%* ~}gJ pgE z£~6&b ¤)*HxD* £A ~6 ¥wD* -*3 ¥x ~7 v ¹ l4(* D 9x - bE É1 E °(* xCwJ 2b J ° k£0 *y@@A5 v ¹ 8b D*H 4*vDb+ J4b ´* f § 2¡/¡´* *yA5 v ¹ ¯b jD* dCx´* $b~}£cD* b £ < i22x@@- fm + ¥x ~7 v ¹ ~6* @@c@-4* b jEH ibBÉ<H +*H4 hEbB&*H D*H e2&°* ¤ 0 E f£´b< $b ~6&* ib£E¡J f £~8 ¢ < b -b£0 E £~8b - HQ 2 ¥wD* ¥x ~{+ £F¡/ b@@/ @@< -b£E¡J ¶(* *w@@G ¯ Ì~{FH i*x@@Cw@@E H&*


¥x ~7 v ¹ ·bgD* ¯ v~zmg- fD*2 µb E f.É. BxG ,4b E @ &* zgFbAx~6 rx~zE @ e fAb²* ¢ E @ i c±* + ¯ 6Hx E c~7 C < ,4bc< BxG ,4b A b< Ab~{gC* «H 2É£´* cB 2500 ¶(* sJ4b- 2¡ J hFbC BxG f£~|s~7 (* g£ ~z- 8¡~|s+ b JH 1906 . EH xpcD* f ~8*xB f+4b¹ ¢ < b ´* i*3 ¯ v g gD* fJb + £D(* rb£~zD* npJH b+H4H&*H b£ JxA(* f+*¡+ Äg<* fAb²* ¢ ´ lvpJ bE -*3 ¡GH eHx D* x § f£Fbc~6(* fJ4b E f « Äg £A zgFbAx~6 rx~z´ fc~z Db+H xCw-H |s~7 1400 f+*xB ~z-H 1913 b D* ¯ h£ + ~9¡D* bC b´ ¤cGwD* x~|< 7b< F&b+ ibJ*HxD* E vJv D* f£ D*H f£Ab jD* g £B (* k£0 bK £DH2 fm : ¯ ¤~6b£~zD* ¯ b£Fbc~6(*H ex ´* Í+ ® b -* ¢ < $b + i¡ -H i5y zgFbAx~6 rx~zE" F¡<vJ / ¥wD* $¤~{D* 1925 b< ¡£F¡ F&* E ¡£´b< ¡Fb A gc~{1 ¢ < 22x- v DH "Ìc D* ¡ EÉ D* b £~6¡E xA ¶(* fAb~9(* ÍD2&* ¤-bJH H5H4bC {£ - ,4¡m E ¡£D* f ´* w@@G ¡ - &* ~6'¡´* @@EH fJvm+ Ì gD* gJ &* H2 ¡ ~z D ¤<*vgD*H bgD* b G(°* f £AxD* f£Ab jD*H fJ4b~}²* b g £B fFb£~8H bG3b F(* ¯ j£.&b- ¯ $*¡~6 *K v/ b £~z+ bFb E j £A fAb²* ¢ E bE&*H ¯ ~z£~6&b- .H )b+5H *4H5 + c g~zJ ¥w@@D* ~{D* H&*

E ¥4b D* $b@@<¡@@D* i*2*v@@g@ E* < bK £sJ4b- k@@Jv@@²*  @@. e*¡@@ +&°*H 4*¡@@~@ 6&°* @@E f<¡ ¸ ¤gD*H f£Db -ÄD* f 0x D u4'¡@ b gFb£~8H b £Ex- h<vg~6* 2H4bcD* 4*2 fc~| D* xC3 pJH e*¡@@ +&°* b@@ E&*H Áb@@ @c@B b@@ @/ xpcD* eb+H b~7xE eb+ b A ib~6*4vD* @@E f<¡ ¸ Ì~{-H &* ¶(* f@@J4b@@ @ @ ´*H f@@£@s@J4b@@g@D* o4v@@g@ E @@ @~@{@+ h@@£@ @+ 4*¡@@@~@ @6&°* 4b@@.%°* 9b F&* ¢ < @@D3 «H fÂv D* f£FbEHxD* v½ 4*¡@@ @~@ @ 6&°* 2v@@ @ g@ - b@@ @ @j@EH @@~@8&°*H $*¡@@~@z@D* ¢ < *¡@@~@ 6&°* *¡~6&°* < ,24¡g~z´* ibmg ´*H )b~}cD* ¡ - bG2v - ¯ e4b~}g- ¤gD*H b~zFxAH b£Db J(*H b£Fbc~6(* jE f£c /&°* b ~zD* E vJv D* &* hAÉD*H f£Fb.H ¡~6 Í+ b g .&* ,42b D* ibmg ´*H )b~}cD* $*x~{D °K b ~7 ¡mpJ f+4b ´* ¡~zD* |1 "¥x ~7 v ¹" 8b D*H ¤)*HxD* &* ¶(* Ì~{FH -Ì~6H ,*5*¡´b+ 1985 ¯ x~{F ¤)*H4 | + fm D ¤ 1*vD* f£~|s~7 ,b£0 v~8xJ ~9H "¯b²* yc³* " f£.É. f£-*wD* ,2¡/¡´* $b£~7&°* )bB2H £~8b - f)x g~zE ¡~zD* ¡© ib~8b³* A f ~6*¡D* i*$b~} D*H ib0b~zD* b@@E&*H £A Ix1&°* f£+x ´* v´* f£ + < fm : f JvE b + 2x g- ¤gD* ibp~zA b F¡C ¶(* ¤~{´* "¡£~6bcD*" ibFb E(* q£g- k£0 B vJvc-H 7b D*H ¥&*xD* 2bc- fJb + ·bG&°* Í+ mg D ¡~6 f0b~6 b E x~}pg~zF &* b -¡ J °H i*4b D*H i¡£cD* f0b~6 fm D ·HvD* Cbp D *K x E hFbC b F(* b JH y£Cb ´* 4*2 ¤ + f0b~6H *ÌjD* f0b~6 b~zFxA v/ f£DH2 ib ~8*¡§ f JvE o3¡¿ v~zmJ +b~zD* ¡ gD* (* ¡~zgD*H x D* xGb E =x+ f £B2 |.%fHK ½f H &* I4&* x.%b´*H µb ´* E f<¡ ¸ fm : f JvE ~}g«H b £ < rb£~zD* i*22x- ¶(* ¤sJ4bgD* dFb±* k£0 E bG5x+&*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

152


ebGwD* "ยกยฃ~6bcD*" ย ยฒ ibย ยฃBยกgD ย c~}Db+H ,bยฃยฒ* ib<bย J(ยฐ kยฃ0 " {ยฃF4ยกย D*"H&* "4bย ยฃDยกcD*" fย ~84&* ยขย < ร K ยฃD ebJ(ยฐ*H bG&bย - ย &* bย ยฃย < ยคgD* 94&ยฐ* *K ยกย ~6 ย *vB&ยฐ* `ย smf0fย 6K ย ยงย 6&* 4*ยงย 6&* f0ยกgย E fย JvE ยคG fยฃDHvD* fmย : fย JvE ย (* ย ยกย D* ย ย ร H fยฃ0bF ย @@E 2ยกย - 2vย gD* fยฃย /xE ย &* ย @@B*ยก@@D*H 2vย gD* ยขย < ยฏ ย jย gยด* ย ~6ยกgD* ยถ(* Ix@@1&* ย EH fยฃsJ4bgD* fB*xย D* ยถ(*

151

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 4 ย K&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF C ร ย ย ย M2

kยฃ0 o4b@@ยณ* ยถ(* bย ยฃย Cb~6 ย ย ย gA ย 2bย ย D* b@@E&*H fย ~84&ยฐ* ยถ(* H&* 4ยกg~6b+H zEbยณ* vย ยน ย 4b~7 ย :bย - "4bย ยฃDยกcD*" ร ย D* ย 5bย - ย .H {ยฃF4ยกย D* ย b~zD ยขย < 62b~zD* vย ยน ย 4b~7 H&* fcยฃย ~zD* zDvF&ยฐ* fJ'Hx+ ย ย ยซH ยคGbย gEร D* fB4yD* 2*vgE* i*wDb+ bย G ย E "f:ยกย + ย +*" bย ยฃย < ย vB&* ยคgD* ย ย gC fย 0x+ ,4*2(* ยถ(* ยฅvJ&ยฐ* ย 4b~zgA ร 1&ยฐ* ย Jyย D* ยถ(* fmย : ย ยฃD vgร H ย E n~zF 9bยฃ+ ยขย < fย Jvยด* ยกp~|gD ย bpยด* ย bย B&* ยฏ qยฃ-bย ยด* i*$b~}A H&* ย vE ยกpF bGHx/bG bย ย ยฃCb~z+ ร &bCH hย ~8H ย *xA v~zยฑ* ,2bย g~6* b@@ยฟ(*H ,xmย Db+ h~zยฃD bย F&* ย B*ยกD*H Ix@@1&*

ย BxG ,4bย E


fm : ¯ fAb²* ¢ E ªG ¢H j¡MzH

6* jMf 0

e&*2 b C b ~{D* 6Hx< H&* fm : f JvE x)*5 ¢ < ¤ c JH £D(* Ì~{- ° b» fc~6b ´b+ ¡GH 4v@@J &* b g F f+4b ´* ¤G b¿(*H 4b D* ¡G b E5 x - ° fm : &* @f0b£~zD* )°2 f +b~zD* v + $b~zE g~{J ,b£²* d£+vA £D E ivB f JvE ¤Gb ´* b +4b~{E ¡ - ¢ < fJ4bmgD* bp´* ¡p~|- k£0 p~|D* b~{C&*H i*xG¡m´*H f~zcD&°*f<b+H <b ´*H ¡~7Æ EH f Jx~zD* ibc/¡D* f@@<b@@+H iÉ@@m@ ´*H v@@)*x@@±*H

r¡g ´* Iv@@´* ¤G b§ fm : xp~6 ,x@@)*2 ¯ ¡@@B¡@@D* &*vcJ f£ JxA(°*H f£+H4H&°* Í-4b D*H ~6¡g´* }£+&°* xpcD* ¢ < ¤ J5bE&* F(* b J ¥wD* ~6°* *wG f£ /xE ¡0 *'¡~zD* E &* °(* " z£m : " ,ÌE&°* +* " zCbA¡~6" ´* ¢ < £pJ f ² ¶(* b /x- f£ J2 i*2*vgE* b D fJ¡ ~{D* ,4¡ ~6&°* k£0 f~z+b£D* < bK jp+ r¡F f £ ~6 É~9H bA¡ D* $¤¸ 0¡D* E ib ~|+ fC4b- f £ ~zD* ¡A « &* fEb ² }£B E d£Cx- ¯ iv~z© ibp£~8 4*v~8(* ¶(* ebCxD* h<2 fJ¡ ~{D* ,4¡ ~6&°* ,*5*¡§H "$b/" D*H "Í:" ~6°* "¤gF&*" f£~|s~7 ¡@@0 4Hv@@- f£ Jx=(* ¤@@GH f+¡g ´* f . f /b E ¢ < 8xpJ bC ¥w@@D*H "bJb="h " Hv£~6¡+" +* *vG&* /b / E vc E $b~{F(* ·bgDb+H gBH JxAb~z´* &* 0É´*H "fm :" ~6°* ¯ g » ~6* v s£D £+&° bGx~zCH bK £0 $b D* qg + fm : ~6* ibJHx´* wG ¯ h+bjD* f£ =&°* (b@ A @@~@6°* ib@@JHx@@´* iv~z/ b jEH x@@1%* bK £0 f£ =&* ¯ 24H b C ¡ D*H 2¡ ~|D* ¶(* ,4b~7(°b+ -v 1 f£c ~{D* 0*xD* ¤c ~{D* ¤+x ´* b D* bJ fm : " @@D¡@@ @+ bGb = ¥w@@D* "¥HÉ~zD* Í~z²* " ."b £D H&* b J4*¡~z+H f£Db< f£Db D*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

150


áéæW IôMÉ°ùdG

149

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

ª ³

JvD*4¡F Hv~8

148


Ax - D _cº E oHx³* ¢g0 hF&* bE x - h C (* *v«&* ¡G bE x<&* ° ¥wD* )b D* b J&*

147

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

D¡0 f_£cD* CO&* &* ¶(* Db< hF&bA ¤ B · v£ - R &* b £ C qDb~8 ¤@A -N x~zC (* N O P R /N o&b~6 ¤ F&b+ 4w0&*H


f~{0¡g´* b ~6&°* b gJ&* E ¥2Hv0 ¢~zF&* ° ¤C f0bc~zD* ¡ » f0¡D Oh ~9H D3 EH ¥ÆA2 ¢ < b£´* Oh ~64 Á*¡D&b+

,b£²* v + ¤-&bJ i¡´* &° Kb~}J&* fg£E h~z£D ¤GH f£Q 0 - µH h~z£D fL £Q 0 bG*xF b F&° Kb~}J&* KbEv< h~z£D ¤GH b ~z´ ¤G Hb« &* bsF D3 EH b ~z´ £ g~zF ° b DH

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

146


H&fk G ,§<2

OÉ©HC’G »KÓK f@@ @£@ @ B4H ib@@ @ £@ @ @)b@@ @ Ex@@ @ + ;bF 5*¡A £ -

Íj0b+ $*¡ D* ¯ bE¡« "xpcD* b <&* ¯ b g£+ < Kb E *v© D ¥wD*xpcD* *4H&°* bFv +&* ¡D *3bE " } cD* ~} + <

f£)b´* *¡D&°* f~{Jx+ ¤)b´* )b D* b J&* ~64&* £AH E f~{J4 g­ hF&* bGH ~6x- &* Dbc+ x 1 A "Kb£B4H H&* Kb£)*¡G H&* KbJQ x+ Kb )bC

145

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


R N Rhpย ~6 ยกD &*vG(* vย + ย ย E ย gF&* ยต ร ยฃย B qR P~zยญ

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 4 ย K&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF C ร ย ย ย M2

144


,x ´* f £ D* v + 8)

12)

10)

f0¡g E 94&°* ,xm0 ex~}J ~6°*H Ix1&b+ ,x´* wG P2Hv²* 4O bF fAv~8 h~z£D eHx D* q B Ov£~{ D* O C&b£~6 ,x D x - i*$bÂ(°* k£0 ¶H&°*

x D* ¶(* xR F* N R g0b - B*H *w G bN R ~}B* R x~}1&* P,¡ ~{D* xN .&* x-*H Fb E ¯ ibJ*vcD* ¤0H E KbcJxB xL +b< x vB N * h« ¡ ~zJH K £ B x.& É

Pex²* ,O xm~7 É D* ,O 4¡gcE b gJ&* $*¡ D* E ¥xQ EO i*$bpJ(°* N ~{D* i¡~8 b £ ~6*H P K £ B É

13)

11)

9)

dg - hFbC ¤gD* 6Hb~6¡D* O O U x ~{D* O b N<*v~8 O ,¡ D* ~7x-H f+¡ ´* PxJx~zD* N b~6 q ~|-O O B¡gE ¡G b C x~|g$¤~7 b E Ì J &* Hv+ ¥v R -O ex²*

q ~6 ¢ < ¡ - fL c~{1 ,ÌpcD* T L pJ bGv~z/ ¢ < ~|= D¡ J bE z - ,¡ + O Jx³* bN gN £ =&* dg £~6 E % * O "f+w D*

$b´* z < £ D* ¯ O QO vmJ P,Ì~|cD* 4H5 K Eb0 f~{GvD* bJÉ1 É f£D5&°*

143

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


á¶≤«dG ΩÓMC ’ ÜÉ°ûYC G p l

,zMz/ L'K4 ¤ < *5¡~6

5)

3)

1)

4¡c D* O E2 f Cb~zD* P,ÌpcD* N /H ¼ O xJ O O £~z D*H x~{cJ x D M,vJv/ Mib +

L fP +b D* ¯ Jx0 x~zD* Ov s- rO *H4&°* b £ gC ¢ < O -H D* e¡~8

6)

4)

24b~7 oL *yE Kb~}J&* fcg D rbc~|D* ¯ K*4¡G5 b D R ~9 N } 1* R ¢ £~6¡´* i¡~8 K £ B É O R ¡AxD* 4N bc= x-*H Kb´b0 f£c~{³* x N -O dg D* b F( * O

~zD* ¯ PdGwD* ,O 4¡ ~6&* ¢Bx D* b D* ¯ OvBx xpcD* b/x´ Kb~z ~7

L K*v+&* -N ¡~8 R N ~zJN µ 0b~6 ¡Fx- v£ cD* $*x D* ¶(* +N 4b < N D3 ~6H bGv~z/ fK £sgE |B*xD* 6¡ D* P

7) L * L ,Ì ~8 eb~{<& ¥b D* e¡ . E oO xs4¡m ´*

2) O ¡g ´* b£³* O JO ,Ì.¡D* Pi*Sv±* bJb 0 ,24¡D* ¤ ~zJ 6x D* rN x/ xO FQ yJ x D* ¶(* fN ~zD* Ov£ J Kb~{0H z£D O N ¡ D*H K*v+&* E&* xN J µ F(*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

142


Q kpcJ b¿&Q bC vJv/ E 0xJ ¢Qg0 4*xB D xQ J ° *K xAb~zE b0ÆD* eH42 g G4& * C ¯b£ D* Q ~{J b /&* E ¤gD* 2Hv²* - bp´* 5bgmJH b BÆs£D G¡D* 2Hv0 < 9¡sJ ¡G dJx= g+Q *2 0 j-H ~6b F&* s- rbJxQ D* ~|< h« fB4b²* Q £pg~z´* xm D* ¶(* ¡~{D* *wm§ G¡D* ebc< $*x~}1 f0*H < ¡.Qv0 b´b D ÉQgD* 1 *K v£ + *K v£ + Db£s+ z/*¡ D* h0¡Q : d~} J ° $bE cF < ¡.Qv0 b´b D $b ~zD* Q b < ¢Qg0 b sF b <&* Hb gQ *¡pgA FQ &*H e*x~zD* *¡ gB FQ &* ¡.Qv0 b´b D ¢ ~}D* v + f0* xQ DbC °K °5 d ~z J Q cD* x D* *wG ~94&* e¡mJ dJx= x+b< Q D b £<*x~|E ¢ < E&°* e*¡+&* +bgJ w1&* 9¡ Q D* g~zJ µ ,¡~z + +w© iw1&* g« E 94&°* Q &b+ z0&* µ b + 0 gJ & Q * cB g ½ h-bE vB $b ~zD* vcC e¡© ,Ì ~8 f ½ £ £ + Q Q fJb FÉD* ibGbgE ¶(* bGw1&bJH x~}1&* b ~7 b Q J ,Ì ~8 ,4Q 3 b FQ &* 4vJ Jx;bF fc<*vE ¶(* 2¡ - e*x~zD* 1 f+b~z ´* d~|³* ib ~zF ¥3 ¤G bG Q Q b ~6b F&* ~{J % ° * bG*xJ F * ( $b ~zD* ¶( * fcQ )x~{´* s Q D* 6H'H4 Ì~{- k£0 b G Q Q i4*¡- Iv Q D* i*x B E b~}£A - Í0 x D* ibEb =H £ Q D* fp)*x+ f/Hy ´* d~|³b+ EÉ0&bC fgGb+ Db£1 ¯ hp~9&*H xm D* 4¡F E fEy0 HQ &* $*4H g ½ e*x~zD* 1 Q vcC °* 8x D* ¢ gE*H ,¡Q + +w© 94&°* hD*5bEH bK Jx~6 rbc~|D* 05 vcC x 0& Q Q D* Hb0 $bEQvD* ¯ exQ ~zg- Í0 IxCwQ DbC G¡DbC bK Bx¹ bK E° $b ~zD* 9¡ 9¡ Q i¡c i¡c D* £sC ´* v~z/ ¡0 h Q gD* vB 94&°* b¿&Q bC ew±* ,¡Q B i2*25bA Q F&*HH £0xQ D* e42 ¢ < 9bE FQ &* bGv < J&* £+xQ Db+ ¤ gs- f p + g J Í0 Q e*x~zD* ¤+H42 ¢ < dJx= x+b D f£~z E f ~|B ¡ £~6 Q Q Q c~7 c~7 ¤ g~z- f+*Q vD*H vJv0 E bK +H3 *K 4bF $b ~zD* E k - 2¡ ~8 ¯ bK EH2 z ~{D* Q £Q E :¡£1 A&°* ¯ oHb gJ e*x~zD*H £EvB q~zg J 4v³* < v£ + Ì= fg Q fB4b0 f c-xE +bgg- ~6b F&*H /x´* b£ = ¤ i*3 £g E d<*2 ²* E xpcC oHb g- s Q D* ib0*H e*x~zD* Ä< I& *4 Q w/ Q &* £D(* £Q 1 Jx³* 3*3xC f ©xE b ~{)*x<H $*x~}1 b <Hw/ £04 Í0 bExQ D* ¢ < f cE bK E¡~64 ÆJ bK £jC bK £FbB bK E2 bK E2 x J bC f s Q D* Q Q C ~9H A A ¤cFb/ ¢ < eb~z J 4Q b²* QvD* E £1 bC £g ~7 ¢ < fc0b~{D* cB Jx+b D* Q C ¤~} £~6 FQ &* J&*H Íg 0b/ Í £ + i¡´* ¯ Qv0 £0xQ D* ¡G µ&°bC $*2¡~6 ib1x~8H fD¡ ¸ bA%* ~6H ¥vEx~zD* 2*vgE°* *wG ¯ £0 Q G¡D* b JQ &* £0xQ D* ¡G xGQvD* b JQ &* 3(* Q *x *x0 É+ 2Q v g- hFbC bG¡pF x)b D* x~|+ Q2xA b£~}D* E f+*Q vD* ¢ < ~7&* $b~} D* ¡pF bggcjE bGb £<H $b ~ ~zD* vcC h+b/ ¤gD* f m $b Q D* gA ~6&°* *Æ<* bK £jC *K 4Q b0 AQ v- QvD* ~8*H Q A&°* 2*vgE* ¯ h<b~9H g+Q *2 h~7É- <*2¡D y - µ "dGw- J&* ¶(* ¥4vJ ° FQ (* ¢ < ¢ < G¡D* Jx: f<4bB ¢ < 4b~}g0°* E ¤ g J ¢Q g0 -x gF* b FQ &* ¡D A ¢ Q ­ £pg~z´* ²* 4b~{E " 5&* vB $vcD* *H&* Q &* - - µ&*

141

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


,zMz/ L'K4

¥Hb<42 ,Ì E

ôaÉ°ùŸG g+Q *2H -bCx0 ~zJ 2b J + ~6&*4 ¯ x pJ fc£³* *v~8 £ jQ D* b 0 h« k - ¤GH bGÄ~8 E ¢ Q c- bE v~|« B¡A fc~|g ´* 2b-H&°*H f £³* ,¡~zB Jy D* bGx ; Q E v A z0& Q * f ~6*¡D* 94&°* 2b +&* 2v« b F&b D )*2 x ~6 ¯ ¤ A zE&°* w E ExQ D* Qv~zJ bE w- µ ¤ A D* } c+ bG¡pF jE f£Q FbB ,x p+ 2b@@E%°* h c ~8*H @@A&°* ¯ $b~z´* v / < fj0b+ f Jy²* h ~|D* dC*xE b £A £~}- Q vD* £½ Q k ~7&* $¤ cD* Ì~6 ¯ e&*2 v A ¡G b@@E&* b@@E&°* &bAxE Q d g gA < ¢ < &b D* vg~{JH bE xQ D* nGH p J Ä=&* } + b £A f£F%* ¶(* v+ ivgE* ¡-&°bC + n/&Q bg-H 'Hb~{0&* E z0& Q *H f + A¡/ ¯ b =xA&* f 1b~6 $b´* E i*x B G¡D* e42 ¢ < F D&* Qy &* ¢ < 42bB FQ &* vJv/ bc g~6° d QG&bg£A 6x1&* eHx= v ~{E £A ÌjJ ·bcD* 'H*w0 . £ cD* *x D* ¯ i*2¡/¡E E D¡0 bE E x £D £ Q D* ²* r*5&* &* v + Íg £ < Í-xs~8 Í+ E ¶(* b g~6* c~7 h g~6*H i*¡ 1 ~}+ h sA f~z)bcD* f+*QvD* x ; < fg£Q E b JvmJ D v0H D* Q &* x J bC v A b £D(* x J µ b +w/ Í0 Í-xmpg´* £EvB ¢ < Eb gG* Q C yCQ 4H bK F Q K ¶(* ¥x~z-H b p - *4bF x ~{g~6* ·bcD* $*w²* ¡/ E f+*QvD* 0 *K v~6¡gE bE xQ D* ¢ < ¢ g~6* v~z/ $b~}<&* f£ + Q $b ~zD* ¶( Q * x J :H Q rbc~7&°* b -b£Q : ¯ |B*Æ- f£~6bB ,vJv~7 f D* hpc~8& * b Q J *v£ + ¡m Q D* x.b g- fgGbcD* b£:&°* ib_EH bGH&°*H Q ¯ ¤+*HxQ D* ¢ < b J bEv < Í ²* b 1 QÆm£D $bg~{D* ¤-&bJ vB £+4 É0&* $b ~zD* ¯ Q v0H 4b A&* ibg~7 / E Q ­ v£ / v / v + Q ¡m Q D* *v@@J hDb: ¡D *3b@@E ,x@@E H&* bG*xJ F&bC b E(b+ b c<*vJH £ Q C Í+ b Q ~}J A ,v0*H ",v0*H b E w1&b£D } g ´* 4v~8 bJ*H5 ¯ Í g~z´* /H bG¡ ~{J ¡GH

®b D* /H fp ~8 ¢ <H dJx D* Í< ¯ £QgD* ¡£= h : Q g J ,x ´* fAQ b±* Jx D* ¯ *K v£0H Ì~zJ bC FQ &* 4vJ µ h ~8 rx© f Jy D* g+Q *2H $bJÄCH 2b < ¯ AxmJH b£~z Q D* Q w E ÉK 0*4 vGbmJ bC f £ ~}D* f G*¡D* b -*¡ s+ $b~z´* ®bB 6&bJ ,&b:H h« r5xJ Fb£CH J¡: E5 Q Jx D* Q ¯ Iv@@´* z G b £< h Fb< I¡Q gJ ¥w@@D* J¡ D* &* *vJx- b FQ &bCH ÉQgD*H ¤+*HxQ D* i*$b pF* Í+ £~}JH b £ g~z- ° b Q DH n gs´* 4v~|D* ¯ n~}J b§ b0¡cQ Q q J w1&* ¥wD* 4b@@²* xQ ²* ,Qv~7 E bExQ D* nG¡+ x ~7 E x D* AQ vg£A d g´* Fb£ + ~| JH $*x ~zD* Q -x~{+ b£~z Q D* AxmJH £c/ E °K ¡£~6 dcQ ~|gJH v~z/ b~zE fcJx= ,v£ + 4y/ ¡pF K E *x D* *wG 2*vgE* Qv~7&* bE b+*x~6H bK <¡E2 b £< i&ÉgE* Q fJ4b Q D* b g Q ~7&b+ g m / x « z ~{D* wG ¢~zB& * bEH D¡0 fAQ b±* -xm 0 E v<b~|ggA ,¡~zBH < ¯ fBxp´* £g ~7 ¶(* ~|- &* cB eHw- f~z)bJ ib/x~{0 ¥wD* 2*vgE°* *wG E | Q sgD* g<b g~6b+ Q &* ¡D ¢ Q gJ bC D3 ¢ < ,4v D* v A FQ &* x J Q DH %* Q C ¯ D¡0 Bb gJ v£ + E5 w E fgGbcD* f£Q ~} D* :¡£s+ A&°* ¯ o¡Q g´* e*x~zD* dB*xJ w1& * Q ¥wD* 2*vgE°* *wG Q &* G $b~zgJ / b» Q f +b~{g´*H &* "d g´* Db£1 ~8 GH ¡G f£0bF Q C E e*x~zD* Q Q pJ Q xQ J &* bE&°* ¶(* 2x ´* Ì~z+ HbpJ ¤gD* f £ ²* Í< ¡G "b £A ÉK =¡- 2*2yJ ¡GH b E cB e4QvD* *wG G*¡: JwD* JxAb~z´* Q &b+ ~z F G¡J bC e*x~zD* Q Q DH b £ J Fb E *¡<45H ib0*¡D* e*x~6 *¡Bx~6 vB Q IxQ g- Í0 Q ~{D* IHv/ b A f14b~8 f £ 0 EbE& * %°* j Q "b +b£F&* < ,x~{ E f~{0¡D* cQ pJ ° £CH e*x~zD* wcpJ / dJx= A*v+ w_ £0 z0& * Q " f 0b D* $*xp~|D* wG ¯ x ´* £-H -v0H ~6b J ¡GH Q Q

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

140


/ L 'K4 Mz ,z

Gk óL IÒ°üb ¢ü°üb ¤E¡ A v ¹

ɪ櫰S

äÉjÉØf fj£j0 fCx0H $b~9¡~9 z£ QgD* ¡J O FQ (* ~9bp´* 1*2 fJHb0 E f+x E ¢ <H fJb cD* 1 Q O´* f s~}D* Q iÉ~} D* b 0( M b+ ,b K fE¡g E f ~| ~8 ~z- &* g<b g~6b+ fm<yEO N Ì= AÉ≤d "*3bE . ¤+ $¤/ . "bK £0 xC3&* v<&* µ qπX IOƒ©dG ≥jôW ‘ ìÉ‚ Pò∏àj √ô°S q q ‘ .᪡ŸG q b C Q &b@+ 6b~z0(* £D(* Q ~z- D3 E E E bE A ¡G J µ bGb~94 9b F&* h« 2x § fGx+ ¡B¡D* ¡ 0ygJ *¡FbC k£0 vJv²* m E *K 4b ~8 á«eƒj ÚMGƒW q Q hcQ jJO &* ¢ < O b£~}D* + xQ g~6* bEv < ~6¡+ qc~8&* vB bC £EvB h« 94&°* ¡0 f EbC ,4H2 ym O- &* fJQ Hv£D* g<b~6 ~| E

139

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG*

2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

¯ ¥x@ Q @m@ @ D* *¡@@ @ @ c@ D* b@@ C b@@E b@@@§4Q Q f /¡E f~8b~8x+ i¡ £D HQ &°* Jx~{D* Q Q ¯ ¤@Q @ @Jx@@E&°* 4¡-b £~zD* ¶(* Jx~{D* 5b - Í@ P R @~@@N94M b@@ @D* v@@0&* Q &* ¡@@D Áb@@jQ @ D* $b~}£cD* f~7b D* x - ¢Qg0 c0b~|D Ék ªFGO Ék fÉ«MCG Q Ì ~8 bm A ¯ *K 24b@@+ ¥b~{D* ¤~zg0& * K K K Q C cQ 0&* ° bB4b0H *¡ 0 cQ 0&* bFb£0&* Q EO rbc~|D* ¯ w H2 E *K x cQ 0&* ¡J Q O Q &* bK Fb£0&*H bK Fb£0&* b~zF&* x Q ~6 ~}A $*¡G&°* $*¡G&°* ÌcC e¡C ¯ $b~zE íjôdG o q ™e âîØf

Haut du formulaire

AGOƒ°S •É≤f h£+ ,4bJyD f£Q c /&°* g/H5 dp ~8* &b - µ Jv < E È@@C&* ¢~}E Qv@ / b ´* bEvB GbcgF* b+Hb EO *y Q pgEO 4b Q D* *¡: Q ; £ < - vB bE Q @C Í@@+H b g p~6 Í+ G&* ~6H b Eb~zE x J H&* bGb £< ,4b£Q ~zD* b £A h F* ¤gD* f p Q D* w E Q ¶(* ¥Q2'¡@ @´* 0¡´* ~z´* ¯ f =¡gE K *2QvcEO b /H qEÉE &*x J ¡GH fJx D* 4xQ B bE bGx F ¯ fc£1 42b~|E b FQ &* º≤°S O °Q (* cgF&* µ Á&Q * xC3&* ° ° h£ ~7 vBH Q lv0 bE &b~{D* *w + bK _£~7 Oix ~9&* *K ¡ ~6 lv0

kc< f@@ @² f@@JQ ¡@@B f ~8b D* h@@Fb@@C x~z F* f £ ~9 fs F qJxQ D* E Oh ~64&* fBÉ < Hx~6 ,xm~7 E £ . ~|= hcjJ &* ~6¡+ v0&* ° bK £0 b + ¢GbcgJ <b D* Oh~zD Á&Q b+ ÜQO fJb Q D* ¢ < b g 04 hA4b~7 bEv < &* b £ C ¤~9xJ Q @@0 ¶(* É@@~@@Q 8¡@@Q b g.É. b@@± É+ Jx D* É~8*¡J d~z0H ¤GH ¡G á°ù∏N ¢†«HC’G f Jv+ h@@Fb@@C b@@ @g@-v@@<&* ¤@@g@ D* ,x@@ @ ²* / ¥wD* dc~zD* ¡G *3 b g0 fJb D Q i¡~8 ¶(* ¡Q pg- Í ~6b£D* ,Ìm~7 Haut du formulaire Bas du formulaire


,zMz/ L'K4

~z0 b ~6

Gk óL IÒ°üb ¢ü°üb ôFÉé°S ¯ ¢g0H h£cD* ¯ fj c ´* x)bm~6 fp)*4 ¤ @ Jb~}- D hDbB b ~7*xA 2xJ µ K Í1vgD* < J © &* Hb« ¤GH bEb< x~{< f~z 1 E ÈC&* ¢ < 4*¡m+ ¤ g~z- hFbC bK Eb< x~{< f~z ³* v + f £D i*3 ¯H 1v- ¤GH xJx~zD* á∏Ñb f c D* ¤ g~7&* ¤ cQ B D hDbB £ g~7&* b D bB b £g ~7 ¶(* bGv~z± x D* 4xQ CH d D* i4xQ C D* ¢ < b -4vB iv A xJx~zD* ¯ bpc~8&* Í0 IÒ¨°U ,4¡ E fc-bC ¤GH Ì ~7 d-bC ¡G h ~8 ¯ gc0&*H + b c0&* bGv<b~6H *K ÌjC hcgC ,4¡ ~{E hpc~8&*H iÄC bC ¥wD* D* z + b c0 < B¡- DH bE C =x+ iÄC b F&b+ x ~{- µ ¤GH £D(* b g/b0 dpJ bC v A ,x ~7 E b :b0&* c B ¯ ix ~8 b F&° ∂ÑMC q G cQ 0&* D hDbB b £+ ,ÌcC fAb~zE v/¡J b +b/&* v A ~|- µ b DH ,x)b D*H ,x1bcD*H 4b D* Í+ bE £D(* h «4* b ~z F ,4bc D* 22xJ ; *K v/ ,Ì~|B fDb~64 D hcg A ,vJv/ f Jx D bGÌ - bG*vG ¢g0 cQ 0&* ,v0*H f + b £ < eb/&bA

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

138


-b£0 v£Db E < xJvJH b~zF(°* x J µb< ¯ -bBÉ<H Gx)b~|EH f£Fb~zF(°* :*¡ D* *K vJv«H ¡ ~}´* ¢ < y£CÆD* ¶(* D3 v + gF* D ~{D* b m+ ¶H&°* EÉA&* ¯ gG* F&* ¶(* *K Ì~{E b c B ¤G f£ JxD* Ix D*H bK ~6b~6&* f£<*45 v + Í~|D* &° D3 2xEH EÉA&* ¯ Í£ £~|D* Í0É D* Hb - bE *ÌjCH f_A*vD* f £~zcD* :*¡< Í0É D* ¯ dpJ F&* b C }+b D* 5bAH f£ £~|D* b £~zD* b + 5¡ - f£DH2 f£cG3 ,y)b/ H&* hFbCH 1988 ÍDx+ b/x E ¯ ¤cGwD* evDb+ ¡ £J ¾*5 oxs´* 5bA gº E y)*¡±* E vJv D* ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ fJy£ ½(°* Ì= f + :bF £A ~}A&* < 1995 1993 ¤Eb D bgAbcD* ,y)bm+ *4¡gCvD* f/42 q E b C ¤c /&* £A ~}A&* 4b ~6H&* ,y)b± EÉA&* E q£~7x- gJ ¤ £~8 oxº H&* ¡GH µb D* ibFb/x E f£+¡ ±* bJ4¡ + ¡ F*2 f Eb/ EH 2010 ¡JbE 24 f£ JxE&°* £J f Eb/ EH 2008 Ä A¡F 14 ~6¡+ f Eb/ E fJxs D* 2012 x+¡gC&* 31) /xC f£ JxE&°* Ãb- f ¸ -4bg1*H 2008 b< Í~|Db+ f£c £DH&°* eb D&°* ,4H2 rbggA* 0 ox1&* ¡ £J &* xCwDb+ xJv/H b D* D3 ¯ µb D*

137

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


èæjOhGR hGR ôjƒ°üàdG ôjóe ÉjGhR â©à“ øjƒμJ ‘ á«dÉY ájÒÑ©J á¨∏H Ék «eGQO Ék ≤ªY ∂dòH á≤≤fi ógÉ°ûŸG ™bGƒe ¿CG øe ºZôdÉH IQƒ°üdG ‘ AGôKh á«°ù«FQ øcÉeCG áKÓK RhÉéàJ ’ ôjƒ°üàdG

ÉK <b/ ¤+2&°* | D* < gs- iÉJv - 12&* D ¤~{FbJ &°* f£~|s~7 ¤G l*v@@ 0&°* 4¡@@¹H f£~z£)xD* f£~|s~{D* ¤ Eb±* 3bg~6&°* b /H5 iv A ¤gD* f +b~zD* f ´*H f/HyD* *xpF°* f g+ f£Ab jD* ,4¡jD* b+(* ib ~zD* E g ´* ¤ ~6xD* ³* < xp - f£ £Â 4b A&* b g<*H ¤/¡D¡JvJ&°* *w £0 f )b~{D* f gD* ¤GH ¤<¡£~{D* eyp D µ b C e&°* b g<* ,ÆA 9*x g~6* < ¡J4b £~zD* 5Hb© fJyE4 b D bK C4b- b£mJ4v- b -xC*3 &°* iv A £C bK ~}J&* xF f£~6b D* -bJxC3H E°%b+ B*¡D* f /*¡E }A4 < Ìc gD* D* 8¡s~7 ¢ < D ¤~z D* Ì.&bgD* ,x A ¢ < *K y -xE ,Ì ~|D* ,x@@~@6&°* 2*x@@A&* Í+ ¹ *x~8 $b + É@@1 E <b~}´* jD* m0 Dw+ *K v~z¸ f +°*H e&°* &°*

0¡ /H f~6b~zD* $b 1&° fm£gF ,x~6&°* 2*xA&* A2 ¥wD* ¥x D* ¯ f£Db< fJÌc - f + n J2H*5 H*5 xJ¡~|gD* xJvE bJ*H5 h g­ ,4¡~|D* ¯ $*x.H bK £E*42 bK < Dw+ f ¹ vGb~{´* J¡ f£~z£)4 CbE&* f.É. 5Hbmg- ° xJ¡~|gD* B*¡E &* E =xDb+ i*4b D* f ¹H oHyD* ~zEH f/HyD* ~zE ¤G @ f +b~zD* g/H5 @ · ¾¡/ ,Ì.&°* g j» ¡ £J ¾*5 4bg1&* b Db <&* H&* ¯ ¡ £J E hFHb - ¤gD*H &°*H f/HyD* 4H2 $*2&° f ¹ ÉA&* f£Fb . E D3 v + hEvBH 2006 b< bK J¡~6 ¡.ÉjD* b £A h£cD* ¶(* ,2¡ D* v JH *K ÌcC b£´b< b0b½ ,Ì1&°* gs~zF ¯ bC b/x E ¢A b D 9x J ¥wD* +b~zD*H Í~{- Ìc D* ¤ £~|D* j ´* fD¡ cD* b C4b~7H 2014 b D Db+ vGb~{E E ¯ *K y£ gE bK gEb~8 $*2&* bK Ev E n EH*2 ¾*5 ¡J¡G f+b~{D* f£DbcD* f~|B*4 f +°* 4H2 ¯H " zEb³* £±*" ¤/xº 5x+&* ¡ £J ¾*5 ¤ £~|D* oxs´* v J ¤gD* f~zEb³* f AvD* $b +&* GH Í~|D* ¯ Í£)b £~zD* E *K vJv« 1982 f A2 *¡mJx1 Í + f£Â2bC&* E h/xs b £ < :&* É@@A&°* E ,vJv/ f/¡E £±* *wG ~8 vBH f£Ab jD* ,4¡jD* (* ¡ £J ¡ JH ",vJv±* f£ £~|D* b £~zD*" pJ ; F(*H µb D*H Í~|D* tJ4b- ¯ ,vJxAH f~8b1 ,ÆA 6b D* ,bFb E f~{Bb ´ ,Æ D* wG < ÉA&* ~|+ i*¡ ~zD

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

136


£ D* v@@Gb@@~@{@E @@@G&* v@@@0&* ¯ Ix@@ F vJ e4b D* oHy@@D* "Í~6 Æ~6bE" v0&* ~zJ &* E bK A¡1 Ax+ ebcD* ¯ ¤-&bJH ebcD* qgA ¯ 2Æ- f/HyD*H Hb@@E bj­ ebcD* Í@@+H b £+ 4v D* b A¡1H ebcD* qgA ¯ f/HyD* fc=4 Í+H f + E bK £)b jg~6* $*2&* IxF pgA E Ì~6 ¯ x@@.'¡@´* v ~{´* @@D3 ¯ D* v<¡§ f@@B4H oHy@@D* Æ@@J l*v@@ @0&°* &°* dGw-H i*4b D* f ¹ ¯ )b D ¢ <&* bG2¡ ~|+ v ~{´* &*vcJ -bBÉ´ )b~}+ 4b B b E ~6&*H ,b~{´* x~z/ ¢ < }c D* gJH bK @ =4b@@A x@@ 2b@@B oyJ . vg¹ ¤E*42 v ~{E ¯ e&°* 4b~zJ ¢ < f<x~zE - ,4b£~6 ¯ + ¹ )b~}+ 4b B £Â ¢ <H 4v D* ~z F ,4b£~zD* b©* ¯ Ì~zJ p Db+ f£Ab jD* ,4¡jD* fJb F v + e&°* 2¡ J 0ÉF b C bK 0¡g E g£+ eb+ vmJH 2¡/HH v ~{´* E HbE bj­ $b g1* C 4*¡@@m@ + f@@/Hy@@D* b gcgC ib £ "4*¡F&°* ` :&* ebcD* - °" $¤~7 f/HyD* x - v@@< oHy@@D* ~{g JH ¤gD* ,xC*wD* *v A fDb² fm£gF £ < )*2 ~{+ bK 0¡g E ebcD* ÆD b g A2 hCx- b £0 dFwD* ,v + bG4¡ ~{D eb@@c@D* @@D qg - µH o4b@@³b@@+ oHy@@ D* g/HyD oHyD* E x1&bgE eb 1 ~|J -H 5 ¡J 2¡ £~6 @@F&* £A bGÄsJ ¡J C @@)*2 4b gF* fDb0 ¯ f/HyD* 4b gF° ¤@@G d@@Gw@@-H x ~7 @@C @@E 5 ¶*¡g-H i*4b D* f ¹ ¯ -2¡< l*v0&°* ¶(* Jy£ /¡J5 h~zJ4b £~zD* v g~6&* ¡D x@@m@´* *¡ + n £/ b@@J f@@J*H4

135

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


¤~{FbJ ¡D ¤ Eb±* 3bg~6&°*H oHyD* ¡0 £ D* l*v0&* 4Hv 4*¡m+ b J H&°* v ~{´* ¯ *x@@F ¥w@@D* n £EH*2 Í~{-

x~zE 4b B iÉm< vGb~{´* < cm« i*4b D* bc~}B f£DbcD* f~|B*4 f@@ @+°* Eb g- bK c1b~8 bK m£m~9 ,4v~|E eyp D Hv D*H )b³* 4¡ § e&°* E ¾*5 ¡J¡G *vF*2 fD¡ cD* 4H2 ¢ < b D¡~|0 H2 ÉK )b0 J ¥wD* ¤<¡£~{D* v ~{E ¯ f +°* IxFH $*x ²* $b~z D* fc£gC 9x< ¯ ¤ ~|- b F&bCH ¾¡- ¤~z-Hb´ bj­ bE&* J2'¡- b g£+ ¯ ¤cJ4v É+(°* ¢ < j² f +°*H &°* ey²* E $b~}<&* 4HyJH D 4*¡m+ b B¡+ ey²* B¡E f +°*H ¢ cg-H e4b D* e&°* < ¤~{F ¡J f/HyD*H &°* - b £+ HbE bj­ b £+H -¡~}< bK £ / g /*¡E ¯ ,v£0H · ¾¡/

h£cD* ¶(* ,2¡ D*" £A ¯ ¡ £J ¾*5 ¤ £~|D* oxs´* 5Hb© b Evsg~6*H f£Ab jD* ,4¡@@j@D* f@@ F*2(* "Coming Home ¥wD* Ìc gD* ¯ b~zF(°* fJx0 < bAv D l*v0&ÉD f£ sC Í~|D* ¯ A z£DH b E ¥&* ¯ i*4¡jD* ,&b:H h« J Í~7H @ oxs D f +b~zD* f/HyD* · ¾¡C £ D* fD¡ c+ bB f@@J*H4 < 3¡@@1&b@´*H Jy£ /¡J5 ¡J4b £~zD* dgC n £EH*2 w£ gD ¡ £J b g~6* n £/ bJ fc-b D Y¤~{FbJ ¡D xm´*Z ¢ £~6¡´* D'¡´*H n J2H*5 H*5 xJ¡~|gD* xJvE E + £A 16 ¯ £ D* 4v~8 µb D* ¯ x ~7&°* ¤ £~|D* Í~7 ¾b/¡£C ¯ ££ gD* E £ D* b@@FH f £B2 109 -vEH 2014 ¡JbE f +b~z´* o4b1 4b~7 b C 7 4/10 f/42 "imdb " B¡E ,Ì1&°* gs~zF ¯ ¤)b £~zD* bC b/x E ¯ f£ ~6xD*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

134


m*zJf H

(â«ÑdG ¤EG IOƒ©dG) »æ«°üdG º∏«ØdG jªDf nG* ,4§nG* h < « ¡G* G* 4f.%* Ef¡M

¥ÌGyD* v£DH *¡ E%* 6bF&* x:b1 d£: < Ev J b ~9¡s- ¤gD* i*4¡j D Kb Gb+ Kb . ¼&°* Av »&* tJ4b- E f ~6b²* ib p D* - ¯ bG2¡BH *¡F¡ £D i*4¡jD* - a2bc§ "f£Ab jD* ,4¡jD*" ~6b+ x< bE ¤~9b´* x D* ib£ £g~6 ~|g E ¯ Í~|D* h0bg/* ¢ ~6 £~94b E E | sgD* v + ¾¡- ¤~z-HbE Ìc D* £<yD* b :&* ¤gD* f£ G&°* ex²* fAb0 ¶(* Í~|Db+ A2 ¥wD* x 0&°* 6x²* vJ ¢ < b £c gD

133

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

132


£§ )*|G* K&* The Fantastic Four 1994) á©HQC’G A4bE fCx~7 E Ê~{gJ(* vFÌ+ ng ´* IÆ~7* ib£~|s~{D ¤)b £~zD* É@@ @g@~@6°* @@0 Hx~{ J ¤gD* f@@ @ +4&°* Í@@B4b@@³* b@@ @ +&°* Æ~7* D ,4¡~|E |~|B ¯ b -*xEb E v<¡E cB < £A f<b ~8 b £+ v D* *w@@G e*Æ@@ @B°H @@ ²* @@ @~@6 °(*H 2v@@ ¹ s~9 £A obgF(* < Ê~{gJ(* ym<H v<¡´* *wG " ~zJ" &* ¶(* x ~9* ~z F hB¡D* ¯ xE&°* *K 4Ä Q @ EO 4°H2 ¡£ E f£F*y£§ £ D* £ D* ¡ J &* Æ~{- µ A4bE" D¡ + £ D fJb<vD* E =xD* ¢ <H " *K ÌcC µ @@F&* °(* bK @£@´b@@< @@BÉ@@:(° v<¡E v@@Jv@@«H x J &* hAb1 @@A4b@@E &° "*3b@@´ 9x JO £ D* *wG dc~z+ -b£~|s~7 ¡/x g´* obgF(°* - ~9 Ê~{gJ(° *¡ AvA Ì D* s~zF C ÌEv-H £ D* 9x< v< x~{+ ngF&* ib£~|s~{D* É g~6* p+ bK g¹ ¡£ E 90 `H 2005 b< bK )ÉE bK £A Ê~{gJ(* 130 `H 2007 b< bK £Fb. *K $y/ ngF&* . 4°H2 Ãv D* £ D* E fs~zF h+x~z- 4°H2 ¡£ E k£0 2011 ¡£D¡J 10 w E e¡£-¡J B¡E ¢ < f p D* wG ¢g0 + bK ~9Hx E *yJ° :(2009fN gM| - £*§¡ G* §¤À ªD f~{)b D* f@@£@ @Jx@@E&°* ,Ì@@F¡@@£@ @´* (* b@@ @ JO E ~{C&* £A hmgF&* vB ¡g £G zJ4b+ *w@@G @@E H&°* v@@ @ @D* f@@Jb@@ @F ¯ b gD¡ + µH Db gC* v + -vGb~7 bEv <H x D* E gp ~8 q~zEH ÌEvg+ hEbB b cm J f c~7 ¢ < D ,4b~7(* ¥&* $b D(* E IMDb ¤gD* dJ¡D* fp ~8 &* d£m D* h@@FÆ@@F(°* fE¡ ´* w@@G b ´* *w@@G d-bC b £A &*x@@B `£~6 0 x.&* b D cJ µH *K x1'¡E h£ DO&* ¶(* x Db+ D £ Db+ < E D bK c: pF ,v@@£@Gy@@D* f£ £j gD* ¡g £G fcG¡E )b g1b+ bK 0 xAH&°*

131

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


!√óc RhÉY "èàæŸG" :(1926 |tgG* ,&*|H* K&* A Woman of the Sea &* H2 E +b~7 ·4b~7 mgF&* £A x@@1%*H H&* ¡G *w@@G f +b~zD* EÉA&* f cD bK £m~{- D3H gD¡ c+ ¡ J H&* /xsJ J5¡/ ¤cJxmgD* oxs´*H fD¡ cDb+ hEbB ¤gD* zFbAÌ+ v + @@F&* lv0 bE o*x@@1(°b@@+ ~9* ¥w@@D* oÄ JÆ~6 ¡A "Áb~zF(* Ì=" bJ(* bK £<*2 ,v~{+ +b~7 GxC £ D* b gC* v< 4xB ¥ÌGb / Ì= < F&* ¢ < Jv<b~zE b -* EH d)*x~}D* ,4*2(* ix~8b0 i*¡ ~6 7 v + bK £)b £~6 BÉ:(* x)b~z³* $b D(° £ D* t~zF C x0 £ < 9x A +b~7 ,&*xE* $b F(* ¶(* ÉK £c~6 g A*¡E hFbCH /bgF(* b ccQ ~6 ¤gD* E )b~}D* v£0¡D* D* qc~|£D f£ C 2¡/¡D* E xpcD* ¤)b £~zD* +b~7 l*x-

s|¤¼* ¨ + £&* §M K&* The Day the Clown Cried :(1970) £ D* *wG zJ¡D ¥Ì/ ¤ JxE&°* bJv£E¡ D* ½ ox@@1&* x ~z E ¯ zcpJO Áb´&* Ì~6 ox E 4H2 ¯ gD¡ c+ bBH E 2¡ £D* *v@@J(* v <H x gG E gJxs~zD ¥5b@@F b g<* *v<(ÉD Db~64(* $b@@ @.&* ¯ E b@@ @:&°* f£ ~zg+ x@@E'¡@JO 1vJ &* °(* ox ´*  ° ~9¡D* Ì£ - < *K y/b< 5b Db+ bK J¡~6 *¡-¡ £D Cbp~9(* ¯ *K x g~zE *v@@<(°* fAx= E *K Äg E £ D* zJ¡D xC obgF¡´*H xJ¡~|gD* E $b gF°* v + ¢g0 4¡ D /xs P JO µH fF*y1 ¯ ~9H . I¡g~z´* H2 bJ(* 87 zJ¡D Jx~9b²* v0&* &b~6 2013 b< ,HvF ¯ sJ4b Ì1&°* +b/&bA " ° &* £ D* < ox P £O ~6 bC *3(* b < f ~6 "`£~6 `£~6 `£~6 £A F&° °"

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

130


Director's 4v~|£O ~6 F&* *K 4*xE zCHx+ <&* q£p~8 fJ2b< f£ £~6¡´* fs~z D* 9x - oxs´b+ f~8b1 fs~zF H&* Cut bK Eb< 20 4HxE v + F&* °(* ib~|BxD*H Áb=&°b+ £ D* E

¯ rx O- µ £ D* Áb@@=&* (* + @@D3 E bK _£~7 pgJ µ bK ~}J&* *¡~6&°*

ÚLôfl äGhõf «¤G2 ¾(* «¤G2 ¾(* K&* Deruhi e Deruhi e :(1943) y£ g´* Áb+b£D* oxs´* xAb~6 Áb+b£D* {£±* E £ g+ ~9x= ¤+x0 £A o*x1(° ,4¡Ab ~6 ¶(* HÌ/¡~6bJ H5H&* f£FbjD* f£´b D* ex²* ~}1 ¯ f£+x²* b+b£D* ,¡ D nJHÆD* ÉK EbC bK Eb< ¢~}E&bA D f£ £ 0 f£F JvD - µ H5H&* D f£ JxE&°* É@@ A&°* ,vGb~{EH z gD* d DH ,$*x@@ @ D* ¯ bEH ¡J4b £~zD* x0 1945 z ~z=&* ¯ ex²* fJb F EH £D {£±* ymg0* &* fm£g D* hFbC £ D* E 4¡~8 H5H&* x ~7 G b+b£D* ¶(* £0x- cB b E ,x g~zE ¯ GH "ex²* ¯ gÂyG v + Áb+b£D* {£m D fJb<vD* f£jc + ¡ J bE bK J&* "b -*3 ex²* H&* f£)b<vD* ÉA&°* ,x A H5H&* xC A £ « ¯ b D* fJx0 ¢ < *K vGb~7 *wG A J

129

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

:(1963) "¾K&¸* jw ¡G*" *Î+§ª F K&* Cleopatra 24b~{gJ4 gD¡ c+ bB ¥wD* s~}D* £ D* D3 x - hF&* {g£A¡ FbE %* J5¡/ /x1&*H 4¡ £- k£+y£D(* E ¡-Ì+ bC £ D* *wG &* x - ° D ib<b~6 4 -vE hFbCH £ D* ~z JO &* f ³* hFbC ib<b~6 6 E – bK ~6b~6&* – x~|£B" *¡ + H&°* ~| E ¡pF ¢ < b~9x JO J&*y± D "*Æ+¡£ CH ¡£F¡ F&*" *¡@@ @ @+ Áb@@j@ D*H "*Æ+¡£ CH ¤ + Í+ hEbB ¤gD* f£E*x D* fBÉ D* &* I&*4 ¡J2¡g~6&°* ,4¡ ³* E © £ D fJb<2 hmgF&* B*¡D* ¯ £ D* obgF¡´* | E B *wD b + 8b³* $y±* 9x< Ì1&b £ D* E Íg<b~6 jw ¡G*" $« 7 ¬&* D&f 6 Il' l Do Anything :(1994) "jª ª 6§¼* F fD¡ + E 2H¡£D¡G ¯ D* z£D*¡C < x1b~6 £A zCHx+ (* z £/ oxs´* 4¡Q ~8 ¡~624b~{gJ4 ·¡/H ¤gD¡F H4b@@CH zFx+ jE Í+x ´ ib£ =&* 8 E ¤ £~6¡E £ C v + D f~|B*4 ib~9*x g~6* v)*5 4¡F¡CH&* 2b£ £~6H n £C ib£ =&°* 4¡ ±* }A4 test screenings f£cJx© 9Hx< bE*42 ¶(* £ D* ¡pg£D Í EbC ib~9*x g~6°*H b Aw0 gA


¤ £)*x~6(°* Hv D* ¡0 ib c~{D* ¡pgD bEHx+ }£ pgD* E E £-bm£ D* f ~6 b £~6 Jb D* ,b B E $b D ¯ £ D* bG22xJ )b 0 dm0 gp ~|E E ¥wD*H ¯ ymg« f£ 1 ¥2bJ&* DH 2¡/¡E £ D* &* Jx~{D* 4¡F m D* <&* 2014 µb D ~9x< v< ~}A&°* E bK £A ~8¡+ bE b E

π°UC’G ƒë“ äÓjó©J :(1933 ¬*K2K|+ · « ¼* K&* Walking Down Broadway f£ JxE&°* zC¡A fCx~7 eb~z² ¤~zFbEHxD* £ D* *wG ÃbGHÆ~6 ¡A JxJ(* ox1&* Ä< ¤ C c~7 ~{+ vGb~{E xJ¡~|-H /bgF¡E *H2b<&bA Ímg ´* dm J µ D Hello Sister *¡ + ¡ :&*H {DHH H'H*4H vFÉ~6HxC °%* Jx1%* Í/xº 9x JO µ ¤ ~8&°* £ D* bK J43 ÉK ~{A ~{ £D ~z F b D* ¯ ¤g1&* bJ ÉK G&* H&* %°* ¢g0 gs~zF iv P AO H :(1939 f G* ¨ < K&* Nad Niemnem ~9x< bC ¤ ~6¡DH5 H4bCH b ~6¡+¡Cb/ *vF*H o*x1(* E ¥v D¡+ ¤E*42 £A v + Ä gc~6 1 ¯ *v D¡+ iy= fJ5b D* b£Fb´&* D 1939 Ä gc~6 5 ¯ *K 2v@@¹ tJ4bgD* ¯ gE < 4bcg<b+ £ D* 9x< ¥5b D* d£BxD* }A4 Ég0°* Jx~7 *HÌ=H /bgF¡E *H2b<& * ¤ D* *¡g~z§ ÍJ5b D* ebm<(° D ¥v D¡cD* Q i*¡B iw F&* b£Fb´&° ,x~8b E fJb<2 ¶(* ¡D¡p£D vJv/ 4*¡0 $b ~9(b+ ¤-¡~|D* b DH 1939 $bg~7 ¯ ¤ ~8&°* D* E f£ cg´* lÉjD* t~z D* fJv D¡cD* fEHb ´* f£FbjD* f£´b D* ex²* É1 ixEO P 2 bK cDb=

áahô©e ΩÓaCG øe á«ØN ï°ùf jw ¡G*" f G* £§ 6ÌH(* %* K&* The Magnificent Ambersons :(1942) "¾K&¸* E Äg J *y@@J° 1941 ÍC :*¡´* y JH ¡@@~@6H4H&° H&°* £ D* &* =x+ *wG ~8 ,x~7bcE v + ¥4b© ~{ + gBH ¯ ¤ EO F&* °(* tJ4bgD* ¯ ÉA&°* <&* ¡Q s- bK c£_C -&*4 4¡ ±* E f £< ¢ < ~9x< v + D f £B2 132 E £ D* :b E wp+ *HxE&bA ÍC :*¡ D ¥2b´* ~{ D* 4x - E "H&* £C 4&*" ¡J2¡g~6&* £ A ¥vJxA oxs´* v<b~zE *vsg~6b+ ,vJv< vGb~{E xJ¡~|- ,2b@@<(*H f J¡: E D )b gE b J(* b D f £B2 88 "vJv±*" £ D* qc~|£D yJ*H ix+H4 ÌgF¡´*H bK 0° y JH Hb0 fE¡ E Ì= fJb FH ,4¡gcE l*v0&*H ,&bmA ¤ gs- ib£~|s~7 ¶H&°* fs~z D* ~8 v£ £D "H&* £C 4&*" iÆ~7* ¤gD* "xF4*H" fCx~7 E 9Hb gD* £p´* ¯ b £E4 ® fAHwp´* vGb~{´* &* ~{gC* D

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

128


f£ cgE ib D 1970 f£Bv cD* x/b- £A

$b gF* v + /*x1(*H ¤~z£)xD* 4HvD* ¯ gD¡ +H /bgF(*H ob@@g@F(°* dg E @@E £-bm£ D* x@@~@@O 6 b@@@+H4H&* ¯ xJ¡~|gD* *v D bK Jy0 b gBH E x J µH bEH4 ¯ y J¡+ 8b³* x ~7&°* " ¡ Jb~7" o¡D¡F¡´ )*2&* xJ¡~|- y JH 2b<&* £ D* xB +x+ bGv + 9x< Íg £B2 -vE ¤)b £~6 Jx~7 ¢ < O – v0*H /4 E fBxA y JH ¡~64H&* ¤ £m~zgD* £ D* ¯ 1995 :(1984 2§ 6&* ª1 ª+&* ª1 4¡F gD¡ c+ bB ex ´* ¯ 4¡U ~8O ob@@g@F(°* ¤ £ ~z A £A f j ´* dFb/ ¶(* 54 f £E&* ¥x D* f£ ~8 Jx~{D* bCH h~z£F4¡C + f£ JxE&°*H ¡JÌ £~6 É££F*2 f£Db J(°* Í£ £ ~z D* &b+ µb D* Jx gD obgF(°* f£s~6 ,2b/ fDHb¹ ¢ g1* xJ¡~|gD* $b gF* v + Í£+bG4(* *¡~z£DH f£~}B ebp~8&*

127

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

f£ cgE f D 1970 f£Bv cD* x/b- £A

á°†eÉZ ±hôX ‘ âØàNG ΩÓaCG iK'K{¼* ¿fªG K&* Las noches del Hombre Lobo :(1968) &* ibJ*HxD* E Ì~{- zJ4b+ ¯ 4¡U ~8 Ábc~6( * d<4 £A O E ¡c~6&* d < ,4b£~6 l2b0 ¯ ibE 4bA¡/ £ J4 /xº E bGv + £ D* ¤ gs£D }£ pgD* ´ Jx~{D* b~64(* (bA < kpcD* ¤~{~6bF ¡+ + fDHb¹ =x+H 2¡/¡D* v0&* vmJ H&* vGb~{J µ bK £A ¢ c£D h+b1 vB DbE%* C jªEz¡gG* |/f- K&* The Merchant of Venice :(1970) y JH ¡~64H&* f+bgC E Ìc~z ~7 f£0x~z´ f£)b £~6 f /x-


Égôjƒ°üJ πªàcG ΩÓaCG !kGóHCG ¢Vô© n Jo ⁄h

£0xD* vc< v 0&*

m*zJf H

xJ¡~|- b gC* v + lvpJ *3bE 9xN JO &* f+b/(°* "¤)b £~6 £A ¥2bE d~z E ¥&b+ ¢ pJH KbJ4b© Kb 0° x g~zJ . ¥v F ££ - E < b ´* *wG f<¡ gE )b~6H Ä< b gC* =x+ Ìj + Kb 0 &*¡~6&* ÉA&* f~8xA - µ b F&* °(* bGxJ¡~| f£p~9 b c =&* r*4H ¥ÌGb / 9x< Kb~}J&* b£~} D

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

126


√òg ¿ÉLô¡ŸG íàØj áæ°ùdG ¢TÉ≤æ∏d ÜÉÑdG º¶©e ‘ áægGôdG ÉjÉ°†≤dG á≤∏©àŸG øØdG áYÉæ°üH ÉæÑÑMGh .™HGôdG ¿ƒμj ¿G ´ƒæJ ∑Éæg ¢Vhô©dÉH

rx~z´*" ¡0 f£DH2 ,HvF b/x ´* ¢ < ¡ )b D* nEx+H *wG Dw+ ¡ £D " £j gD* ib0b~zE ¡0 e*¡mg~6* *x D*H ÍJ4b ´* Í~6v ´* bcgF* h D ,4HvD* wG ¯ ¤ D* ¢ g ´* *'¡~zD* rx:H f£0x~z´* ibJb c D Í/xs´*H Í£A*x=¡c£~zD*H ¡0 7b F f~z /H "rx~zE ¥&° ¤0x~zE *x < ¥&* ¤@@-%°* f~z / E b/x ´* i*Hv@@F bgg1* ¡ £D ¥¡@@j@F&°* rx~z´* ."¤ J5bE&°* rx~z´*" ¡0 7b D (* b D pJx~|- ¯ b/x ´* xJvE 7¡ A x < b@@BH bJb~} D* E ¯ 7b D ebcD* qg J f ~zD* wG b/x ´* b G ¡ J &* b cc0&*H +*xD* D* f<b ~|+ f g´* f G*xD* EH "fJbm+" f Jv´* ¢ < b ~7(* ¡G v D*H 9Hx Db+ ¡ ."f Jv´*H $b £´* rx~z´*" b@@ @D* *w D bF4b ~7 ¢@@-&* b G ¡ D b@@ ¿(*H A rx~z D bK ~|~|º z£D b@@/x@@ @´*H E D3H 9Hx D y)*¡/ ~}F µH y£Â bE *wGH f£Cx²* rx~zEH b/x ´b+ fC4b~{´* 9Hx D* vJv« v@@< @@/&* E 2bcgD* 4b:(* ¯ ¡G b D* *wG ,4H2 ¯ 2¡/¡´* Ì~zD* rx~zE b/x ´ z£~6&b- ,x A b GH ¡£ A&* rx~zE b/x E ¡£ A&* b/x E xJvE bFv<b~z£~6H x@@)*y@@±b@@+ Ì~zD* e¡g ´* rx~zD* b/x ´* ¯ 5ÄF &* b cc0&* b C ~9Hx + f£ J5bE&°b+ f :bF f£0x~zE fAb~}g~6* £DvD*H f£ J5bE&°b+ rx~z´* Í:b~6&* Ãx -H A x)*y±* E z£DH ex ´* E ¥wD* r*xA 42b D*vc< 0*xD*H Í~6bJ d-bC jE ¥x)*y±* ."f+x D* ¯ b D* *wG b B4bA

125

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

¡A E 4vp - JwD* rbc~7&°* E ¤~9x D* b©°* ¯ $b~} D* f+bp~6 jE ib_Jy±* jE b1vD* jE b D* < -x-H f£Db£1 fJv~z/ iÉ£ ~{g+ ¡ j ´* bG*2&* l¡ ´* $*¡ D* E ¯ f/xs´* hEvsg~6*H )*2 Ì=H ¥xp~6 µb< *K v/ f )*4 bK )*2 D* ib£~|s~7 gD Ì~zDb+ $*2&°* Áb A b < rx~z´* fc~{1 ¢ < bF2¡/H x~7 ,2b<(° i¡´*H ,b£²* Í+ d-b D "x ~8 f D*" *¡ + bE*4vF¡E h~9x< zF¡- EH f j ´* fc~{³* ¢ < b -v~z/H ·*H4y@@D* ²*vc< ¤+x ´* ¤ 1*vD* b /¡D¡F¡E ¯ i2b g~6*H 2¡ <¡+ ,Ì ~6 f£~zF¡gD* f£+x D* ,&*x´* ,bFb E < f­bB ,4¡~8 4*¡ J2 i¡C b£+x~8 E 9Hx + bK ~}J&* 4¡ ±* g g~6*H Í ~z A b £m + b@@ @ -Ä@@D* b £~zD* Í@@ @+ ¡@@ @F¡@@C ¡£-*¡ 0 vB ib0b~zD* 9x< ¯H b£Db J(* 4¡c ~z=¡D f£ Jb¸ f £ FH @@64b@@A x@@Jv@@J(*H Jv~8 ¤@@0b@@E 4*x@@= ¢ < £ - b/x ´* ¯ ® b C f Jv´* 4¡ / h gE&* bK ~9Hx< lÉjD* ¡0 7b F f~z / £ - v ~7 k£0 f£~6*42 bEbJ&* ,4¡jD* x<b~7 f~|B ¥Hx- ¤gD* "fB¡ ´* fj±*" f£0x~z´ t~zF ,x-bCvD*H Í£0x~z´* E f<¡ ¸ E 1vg+ Í~6bJ d-bC 0*xD* ¡0 f £B2 26 E ¤ )b.H £ D 9x< ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ ¤gD* Ä A¡F E ¬b D* ,4¡@@.H b/x ´* E*y- ¶(* *K x FH 9Hx< fc~6b ´* w + hEvBO v A x)*y±* É g~6* ¶(* i2&* 4*x= ¢ < rb D*H fEHb ´* 4b@@:(* ¯ b C d~|- f£0x~zE Í~6bJ d-b D fB¡ ´* fj±* CÉ´* x<b~{D* 9x<


h~7x+ vD¡-ÄD "bG2°H&*H f<bm~{D* &°* " f£0x~zE < zcg E D*H f£0x~z§ b cD 4b~7H £ D Áb JÄD* 4b g~6°* ,ÆA ¤ «H y£ g+ h g~7* £AH f/xs´*H f j ´* bK £E*4vF¡E b -v~z/ ¤gD* " z£D*" b £~8b - 4b jg~6*H b£A*x=¡ ~zD* £;¡- ¢ <H v~z±* fCx0 ¢ < D* h C&* ¤gD* ,$b~9(°* E b Eb - bK gA° bCH f£<*v+(* f Jx + ¤ 1*2 µ&* < Ä J ¤Cx0 $*2&* b G bCH f£Db ±* -*2x E C ¯ x~}« k£0 Ä D* ¢g0H fD¡ D* E f£E¡£D* b -b£p+ f j ´* i°¡«H f£0x~z§ *2¡~zD*H vDb1 ¡+&* ~6¡~6 b G4¡~8 Ä< b -v/H b -vD*H qDb~8 d£ D b ~{D* ¶(* ,xm D* ~6¡E fJ*H4 < " 8ɳ* ~|F" o*x@@1(* "2*v + ¯ 0" f£0x~z§ *x@@ @D*H 2¡@@Gb@@E ¥v@@G o*x@@ 1(*H f E&°* C ¯ ex@@²* g 1 ¥wD* 4bEvD* =x+ v ~|D*vc< zF&* ¤gD* fDb~6xD* ¤G - E%* v c+ 0 ¯ E&* e*x³* *wG ~6H ¢ cJ ¤gD* 2*v + ¯ 0 g£0x~zE ¯ v ~|D* vc< zF&* oxs´* b + k cJ /&* E ¢ ~zJ ¥wD* ¤B*x D* b~zF(°* B*H ,bCb¹ ¢ < b -x A ¡ f D v~z±* E wsg- k£0 2*v + ¯ f £F&b D*H b@@E&°* ¶(* ¡~8¡D* *x D* b ~{£ J ¤gD* ¢~9¡ D* fDb0 c~{- ¢~9¡ + 4¡ JvD* y£­H b D - D bK ­bB b£0&°* d =&* ¯ bC v ~{´* fgAb1 ,$b~9(°* iv+H r¡~9¡+ *HvC'¡£DH e*x³* bJb + ¡ j ´* z £D ¤ gs- hFbC ¢~9¡ D* x -H vD* JyF b J(*H -bAÉ1 z C ¢ < H42bB Í£B*x D* &* y g-H ¢~7Ég- ¤GH b AÉg1b+ f£B*x D* tJ4bgD* dgC vGb~{´* v0&* ¯ "h EbG £-H&*" f£Db J(°* f£0x~z´* h~9x< b C Í j ´* v0&* ¥vJ Í+ "h EbG fD%*" < < ,b0¡g~zE f£0x~z´* ¡ DbA b£~6¡D o*x@@1(* E ,b~6&bEH bK Eb< 21 w E r4b~z´* ¢ < hEvB &* c~6 ¤gD* xD¡E ÊJb D µ&°* ~{- f0¡D jE b G 9x D* Ìc~z ~7 b£DH b cgC ¤gD* "h EbG" ibB¡ º fc~{³* ¢ < g J &* x g J ¥wD* Áb~zF(°* e*Æ@@=°*H ~{D*H ¡ D*H $¡~}D* d g ¥wD* vJv~{D* e*w D* bFx~| D | D* ££ - ¢ < f/xs´* h < 2¡ JH f c±b+ pgD* j C £~9bE ¶(* 2¡ J ¥w@@D* /xD* ~{£ J ¡ / ~}- &* 4x - f/xs´* / " £-H&°*" 4bgsJH :H ¶(* b E iv/H&* +b ´* ¯H exp D ¤E*4vD* B*¡D* ¯ f£~z£)xD* f£~|s~{D* . EH fgEb~|D* ,¡ D* E DH fJ¡jF&* ¤GH f£c ~zD* f +b ´* f£~|s~{D* z J ¥wD* b ´* k£0 v D* fAx= ¤G ,v0*H f E ¯ g / C sgJ ibcjD* v< ¢ § k£0 *4v±* ¢ < ¤)b+x D* $¡~}D* £A f » ,b B ¥&* ¢ < c~}J &* ¢ < bK )*2 h+b. ¡Jy gD* b EH fJH*5 £-H&°* ¯ fAx= ¯ 6v~zE E /xD* £p´* &É ¥wD* ¡G *x D*H ,&*xE* b G xm D* 4b gF* ¯ y ´* < *K v£ + ,Ì1&°* g £D $b~} D fDy D* z F b~{£ J b .°* b G b-v£ E bG*vJH fJH*5 ¯ z © E v ~{´* É0&°* f /x- ¢ < f/xs´* h g~7* fJÌc -H ¤ A < ¯H b £ -H fJ*HxD* + E z D* < 22Æ@@- ¤gD* ¡ ±*H b@@GH&°* *vsg~6* i4b@@g@1* v@@BH j D hEb~|D* ¤Cx²* $*2&°* ¯ b ~7

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

124


f£<b g/°* ,4b.(*H D* f ~{E 9x D* rx JH "ib £FH4vD" "f/¡ D*" f£0x~zEH b gF°* ¯ fc=4 E cgJ bEH f£~z D*H E ¢:b gF £CH f ~zD* *x~8 < ¤GH qDb~8 v 0&* o*x1(* ~{±*H 2b~z D*H JvDb+ ,x/bg´b+ oHy ´* ¤~6b£~zD* &b~{D* l*v0&°* k£0 tJ4bg D 4b~}pg~6* E ,&*x D f£FHvD* ,x D*H ",24b~{D*" f£0x~z§ zF¡- 4b~{-H £Db ´* x~|< ¯ 4Hv o*x1(* "f0¡ D*" f£0x~z§ x BH " JHvFb~7 b / o*x@@1(* E vm´* < kpcD* ¡0 b .*v0&* 4¡p g-H 2b~8 b 0 + ~|£D f0¡ D* wG ib£~|s~7H -b0¡ + kc J b A x: k£0 D3 E <&* ¡ A D* :b+ bE&* f~6¡ D* ¶(* v²* Í+ pgD ¤<b g/*H ¤~6b£~6 ¡G bE Í+ ,2v gE )b~zE nDb Í~9x + b~zFxAH 5HbmgF &* HbpF B*¡D bK cE *K v F b -b£: 2bc< ¤/xF £j­H o*x1(* " *v£´* c~9" f£0x~z§ £D*H

123

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

EH "f Jv´*H $b £´* rx~z´*" 4b ~7 h« ,4HvD* wG h-&* ,x1b+ ~6H f~| ´* vJv/ z + rbggA°* 0 b@@C b G ib<¡ m´* E vJv D* g£0&* fJbm+ $b £§ f£~6*4 fJ4b© ~z F ¡£D* ,x ~6 É1 rbggA°* ¡£~9 g g~z£D f£ D* "Elément" @+ ¡~6¡´* b -ÄD* fDHvD ¤0x~z´* 9x Db+ E ¡~6H24bC ££F*2 ·b -ÄD* ¤0x~z´* b D* Ev J ¥wD* ·b+ H4¡C f£FHb f ¹ b/x ´* ¢ < f £~9 f£c /&*H f£+x< fDH2 19 h 0H fJx)*y±* 9Hx D* ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ bK £0x~zE bK ~9x< 30 `H ¯ +*xD* D* ¢ < f :b1 fDÉ:(* E 4¡ ±* g~6 ¤gD* ¡c~6&* 4*vE ¢ < fEv ´* b <&°* Ä< µb D* o*x@@ 1(* " 2%* 7¡0" b@@ @G Íg£0x~z§ x~|E ix@@~@}@0H 5¡m D* ,v£~zD* ,4b@@J5 |F < ,3¡@@1&b@E ¤@@GH ¤B¡~7 £E(*


f H

m*zJ

:záæjóŸGh AÉæ«ŸG ..ìô°ùŸG{ "|)*~¹*" jMfq+ ¿KzG* v| ¼* £f/|¤¼ j 62f G* j g G*K Hv£c< v ¹ ÍJ2b ²* f ~8b< ¯ ·HvD* rx~z´* b/x ´ f~62b~zD* f c D* ib£Db A bFw1&b ,xGb gD* ¯ f£0x~z´* *¡F&°* C ¢ < r¡g EH Ab0H ¡ gE nEbFÄ+ fJbm+ :b E gº ¯ rx~z´* µb< ¯ ,54b+ ib£~|s~7 4¡~}0 x - ¤gD* f£0x~z´* gº Í+ ¤0x~z´* $b~} D* J k£0 y£» ¥ÌGb / 4¡~}p+H µb D* 4¡ ±* E ~{ggDH f g ´* i*$b~} D* wG C $¤~}gD e¡ ~{D*H ibAb jD* f~| ´* ¢ < f£<*v+(°* iÉ ~{gD* /&* b/x ´* ¡£~9H

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

122


f Gb+ DbcE +b E 8bs~7&°* E 1819 xJ*ÄA ¯H vJ4v§ cO D*H Q ~|D* 4*2 bJ¡= IÆ~7* O f+¡ + g+b~8(* v + f0*xD*H ¤0HxD* $Hv D* < bK jp+ b £D(* &b± ib0¡ D*" E f<¡ m§ 4*vD* *4v/ JQ 5H ,Ì 1 f£~9xE ,Ì1&°* fJ4*v±* g0¡D Q < 4*vD* oxº v <H "$*2¡~zD* ¶(* yEÌD $b ~zD* ¡pF ~6&*4 bK A*4 d D* 4¡Q ~8H "d D*" b< E Ä gc~6 ¢AH b D* d B ¯ {£ J bC ¥wD* E&°* b~zFxA ¶(* xAb~6 bGv + ¡FbJ4bE v£ 0 ¶(* 4*vD* IvG&* 1823 5¡m<H ~8& Q * ¡GH b ~8H x < E ÍFb jD*H f +*xD* ¯ ¡GH f£~zFx D* f D* E x J ° fCx²* ¢ < 42bB Ì=H £ ~9H *K v£ ~6 bC D – Jv~8 H&* 2b1 gcp~|+ J µH bK _£~7 9x D ,vJv±* fDb~|D* rbggA* x~}0H xA¡ D* pg´ -4bJy+ ÍEb~64H Q ¡@@CÌ@@/ *Hx@@CÉ@@J2 b@@ @ <&* b £A h~9x<O ¤gD* ,2QvmgEH ,vJv~7 f~6b p+ ~6xD* ¢ < m~7 b * Q Q » y£ ½( £D(* y@@AH ,vJv~7 f£~9xE f+¡F hB¡D* @@D3 ¯ g+b~8&*H ,vJv/ f£~8H dg J &* f£~{1 xJx~6 ¡0 *¡ Q gD*H 2b 0&* F(* £BH 0 ¯ b £ < xQ - bC ¤gD* "bJ2bC¡£D" g+¡cp´ E x~{< 62b~zD* rbc~8 v <H f£<x~7 Ì= f +* b E d½&* ,Ì1&°* ~6b F&* D 1818 b< Jx+(*

121

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

v£Db g D f£Ab ´* o*Hy@@D* iÉ 0H ,x £~zO´* f ~7b D* ,¡ D* vGb~{E 4¡Q @~@8H " ¡D¡Q mg´*" ib0¡ D* E f<¡ ¸ ~64H b@@ @<&*H *Ì@@j@ D* f<4b~|EH xO @ @O @D* b@@ @Q @BO H f£~8¡~| D* ¤ -4*H "á«æWƒdG" ~6* b £ < :&*H £m gD*H xp~zD* kDbjD* 4b~7 ´* i¡§ f~{GvE f<x~z+ rbm D*H vm´* Q ~6O g £;H ¯ bJ¡= xQ g~6* 1794 b< ¯H 1788Ä ~zJ2 ¯ f£~|s~7 ¡~64 ib0¡D ~64 &*vc£D ¤ ´* x~| Db+ ,vJv±* ¯ 8bs~7&°* 4¡~|D H&°* b~6xD* qc~8& bA $Éc D*H $*xE&ÉD Q K K Q B¡-H Ãv D* g¸ < b_£~{A b_£~7 ~z F y A f ´* v + f~8b1 f£Â2bC&°* ¯ f£~8¡~|³* 6H4vD* $b <(* < D3 =x+H w£EÉgD* fJxs~zD bK AvG 4b~8H ~|Db+ g+b~8( * Q K f £ ±* ¡ D f£ ´* f£Â2bC&°* ¯ ~6x D *xJvE ££ - ® bGv + f£p~|D* AHx D ÍEb< v + fDb g~6ÉD x ~9* D D f£~6b~6&* °K b <&* Äg O- ¤gD* "i*HyF" g<¡ ¸ vcJO &*v+ fc£ O´* ibAxQ ~|gD* < -b0¡D ¯ ~{CH x~8b ´* ~6xD* f D*H JvD* b/xD O ¯ -b£DH'¡~zE E ¤ <&* " +*xD* 4b ~7 f )b<" g0¡D dc~z+H v/¡A 1804 b< ¯ D b gJb<4 f )b D* hcp~6H f£Â2bC&°* vJv D* 4¡Q ~8 ~64 0 ¯ D &bm E < kpcA °K Hy E ~z F


¡=*4&* f :b E ¯ ,Ì ~8 fJxB ¯H 1746 b< E 64bE x ~7 fJb F ¯ ¯ ¡@@+&* m~6 Q bJ¡= J5¡1 °¡+ ¥2 ¡ ~z£~zF*xA 2É£E bC f£Fbc~6(°* b~6xD* xJv JO bC ¤ A v § pgD* . b~6¡=*4b~6 ¯ f£~z D* 64*v´* Q f0¡D ~6xA fJx D* f~z£ C q+wE JQ yOgD ¡~64 ~|+ O Q CO H *5¡D J5¡1 b~6x D f0¡D < ÉK F " -wEÉ-H e¡ J zJv D* ¶(* 4É£+ $*4w< 4¡ ;" QvBH É´*H b£+¡ D Íg0¡D ~6ÌD bJ¡= 2b< 1762 b< ¯H yJ¡ ~6ÉA f£Â2bC&°* £ « f ± bE&* D < H&* 1763 b< Ä ~zJ2 E +*xD* ¯ µ F&* °(* ¤ £~6ÉC bj gD Db+ bK ~64 bCH f £ ±* ¡ D f£ ´* a2bcE Q gJH vJv/ E x JO 2b< ~{ Db+ z0& Q * b Q A < y)*¡/ ¥&* J £ JO bK Fb E vmJ A bEH4 ¯ £ £O D b£Db J(* ¶(* xAb~6H ¤ £~6É D* ~6xD* f~z£ D ~64H b 0¡J zJQv D* bcG4 ¢ ~{g~zE ¯ fEbB(ÉD x ~9&* £A ,2b<(* bcGxD* E d A 6¡£F¡ F&* zJQv D* f0¡D ¢ ~{g~z´b+ f p ´* ,vJv/ ib0¡D *K x1'¡E h ~{OgC* vBH fÂv D* fJ4*v±* ¡~6xD* £Ex ix ; 1771 b< ¯ DH bEH4 ¯ bJ¡= fEbB(* ,ÆA ¶(* b sJ4b- 2¡ J *HÆ~6&* b g0*"H "bg~zA f£p~9" jE f£ £-ÉDb+ E f BQ ¡E ib0¡D H&* f£FbF¡£D* Ì:b~6&°* E ,Qv g~z´* ib0¡ D* E bGÌ=H " zJxJ¡~6 jt H s*K5 ~6x D f +b~zE ¯ 5bAH g~{J4 ,¡B É1 E vCQ &bg- bJ¡= f£~|s~7 i&*v+ f0¡ + 1770 ¡JbE 29 ¯ f£Db J(°* bE4b+ ¯ f £ ±* ¡ D* f£Â2bC&b+ ¯ f£~zFx D*H f£Db J(°* p~|D* h~9bA&*H 5b£gE°* ,2b ~7 ¢ < ~|0H ¤<vO-H "¡Jb+" Jv~8 f £ ~7 bJ¡= oHQ y@@- 1773 ¡£F¡J ¯H g0¡D rvE ¤ ´* c g~zE ¢ < ,v£ ~6 n)bgF *3 fp ~|E o*H5 b A b@@ @J5¡@@/ ¤ ´* x~| D* ¯ x ~8 3¡ F É g~6* < *¡gJ A ¤<b g/°*H / DH f.Q xD* ~z+ÉE ¯ 4*¡~{D* 2°H&* E *K 2v< x ;&* -b0¡D ¯H bJ¡= bC $*xE&°* $b~94(° s´* H&* xJx²* E i*Æ~6 b B¡A ¡~zc J f£ :¡D* z+É´* Í+ }Bb gD* 5*x+(* 4*¡~{D* 2°H&* ~64 $*4H E v~| J q~9*H ¡G b jE $Éc D*H Í Q j´* Í+ x~{g ´* 5*x D* f£~zFx D* z+É´*H Q " zDvF&°* ¯ fGyFO " g0¡D ¯ f£Fbc~6(°* f£c ~{D* ib~|BxD* &b~7 E <H ¯ ·b J(°*H ¤~zFx D*H ¥y£ ½(°* D* Ì.&b- x ;H Ix@@1O&* ib0¡D ¯ b GÌ=H f£Dy ´* Á*H&°* x/b- f£~z ~{D* f Q ´* " -b0¡D r nG* j 8f< ¢ < ¥2bExD* ¡ D* x £~6H È J bJ¡= obgF(* &*v+ 1780 b< ibJ*v+ EH eb£jD* E *K 2xQ @ ¸ 2ÄD* Áb J Ábc~6(°* d ~{D* 4¡Q ~8H -b0¡D E ¯H "n jD* f ~8b<" g0¡D ¯ f GbcD* d)*x~}D* dc~z+ f 04 H2 E f£ £ ²* f£c ~{D* b ~7&°* 4b ;(* 2b<&* -b0¡D E ,Ì1&°* ib<¡ m´* b DÉ1 E bJ¡= v gF* Íg D* "f£EOvD*" H&* " 6x O D*" f0¡D jE 6b D

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

120


..ÉjƒZ G* Lztk- $f T 8 ,~q H T

£G*x+(* ¥v¸ f ~z A {Jb - b£Fbc~6(* iv ~7 ¥2É£´* x~{< EbjD* x D* E ÁbjD* ~| D* ¯ x D* ¯b JO bE C ¢ < ,y -x´* i*v g ´* E $bJx.&°* Í+ ix~{gF* ¤gD* xJ¡ gD* f g< f0*5(° J4¡Q g´* } + i°Hb¹ =x+ $*x D* Í+ ix~{gF* ¤gD* £ ~zD* d ~{D* rH4 Q J bC ¥wD* Q sgD*H ±* bJ¡= b D* ¢ < Kb E xQ gF 4¡ ~zD* wG ¯

119

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

118


·b ~6&*xD* gm´* £B f£<¡ + f@@ @£@c@:H 4¡@@ @ g@ ´* ¤@@<b@@ @ ~@ |@ D* ¯ ¤<b g/°*H ¥2x D* 2¡/¡D* k J k£0 f£<b ~|D* f Jv´* < J ° ¡GH b´* $*4H $x´* -b£0 c~}£D g<b~6 ¯ x D* ¤@@~@6b@@ @D* @@ @ @ D* n@@Eb@@Fx@@+ ¢@@ @ < ob@@g@ F(°* @@ @g@¸ c gJ ¥w@@ D* É@@ @ g@ ~@ 6°*H Ì@@c@ @ D* ¤@@ @ @~@z@D* ib g¸ b@@ E&* b@@ @ @D* @@~@ 6*H µ ib g¸ ¤ A kDbjD* µb D* v + ,4¡@@ @g@´* f<b ~|D* x@@ @ ¯ fB4b= b FvE d =&*H b +*¡+&* f ~zD* ¢ < x £~z-H É g~6°* b FvE E ¯ 4¡@@E&°* v£Db EH f£~z£D¡+ fJv£ - ib@@~@z@~@6'¡@E ~zg- fJx ~z< c~7 H&* fJx ~z< ¤-&bJ . EH ~zgD*H 2*vcg~6°b+ dDb D* ¯ ib gm´* w@@G e2&* b )b+2&* b ~{F* < Ä £D <&°* @@<*¡@@F&* fAb + 2b~z D* ¤~{ g+ ¥2b~|gB°* É g~6°* f £GH ,Ì D* ,Ì D* ÌGb ±* ¢ < ib@@ Jx@@ ²*H ¡@@ @ @²* *v@@ @ @AH eÉg~6°* f£~}BH ²* f ~z AH fJ2¡/¡D* £ D* fE5&* 4Hw/ $b~| g~6b+ ¤+x D* dJ2&°* b gG* +b E ¯ fD*v D* eb£=H f£~6b~6&°* ¤+x D* dJ2&°*H j´* =*¡~7 E D3 Ì=H ¥4b~}²* ¤ D*H K *v£ - f£CÌE&*H4H&°* v´* $*x ~7 Hv J ex D* $*x ~{D* } + b J&*4 f£+x D* v´*H f£+x D* v´* Í+ f£/¡D¡ gD* ,¡ D* =4 hFbC ¤gD*H bCÌE&*H b+H4H&* ¯ f£<b ~|D* £ D*H fJ2b´* £ D* < ªb D* 2b~z D* H4¡~|J ex D* ¯ $*x ~{D* bC b £+H ¢ <&* H22xJH ,xGb D* z F < ¡.vpgJ ex D* f Jv´* $*x ~7 } + bFv/H ib£ £g~zD*H ib£ £~z ³* ¯ f£+x D* v´* ¯ fEHv E c~7 $°'¡G } + DbB bE bK £Ax0 F ~} + &* f/4vD f£ JxE&*H4H&°* )*v´* $*x ~7 v)b~|B ¯ i24H ¤gD* f£E'Hb~{gD* i*4bc D* z F b £AH 4¡J¡£FH v DH zJ4bcD f£<¡~9¡E ibA2*xE iHÌ+H ~{E2H 2*v +H ,xGb D* hpc~8&* k£p+ f£+x D* v´* < $*x ~{D* /xJ f Jv´* f£G*xC &° x~8b ´* ¤+x D* x ~{D* ¯ f Jv D f£c ~zD* ,x D* ¤~{ - ¯ v£0¡D* dc~zD* ¡G ¤+x D* x ~{D* J µ DH 2b~z D *K yE4 hpc~8&* ¤gD* f Jv´* ¢ < ,¡~z D*H JxD* zJv - ¶(* £´*H ¤+x D* x ~{D* ¯ ¤~zFbEHxD* b©°* ¡£~7 ¶(* DwC fAbC µb D* *v + ¯ DbjE&* < FvE E Eb - ¯ *¡/xsJ µ ex D* $*x ~{D*H $b+2&°* C DH bK ~}J&* ¤<b g/°*H ¤~6b£~zD* B*¡D* 94&* ¢ < f£E¡ D* f£ p´* ¡ D*H l*v0&°b+ ¡:Hx~{EH ¡E¡ ¹ F&°

117

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


~{+ f£+x D* f Jv´* ,b£0 Í£ JxE&*H4H&°* f.*v²* $*x ~7 ¢ < GÌ.&bgD fm£gFH fjJv²* f£<b ~|D* £ D* Í~}A*4 b< ¯ .*x- ££ - ex D* f.*v²* $*x ~7 2b<&* ¤+x D* e2&°* -b g¸ hFbC b £0 f£FbjD* f£´b D* ex²* v + bE f 0xE rbg© f£+x D* b£/¡D¡ gD* hFbC k£0 Eb~7 Ì - Ì ~7 ¢ < ¡pgD* fm£gF ,vJv/ f 0x§ x­ f£+x D* v´* hFbCH x~{D* 4*¡0 2bmJ(* ¯ f.*v²* h ~6&* *w GH f£+x D* £ D* ¶(* 2v~7 k£0 ex D*H x~{D* Í+ vJv/ ¡G bEH ÃvB ¡G bE Í+ rbg F°*H x~| D* i*4¡ - eb £g~6* ,4Hx~9 ¢ < ¡£.*v²* x.&b- DwDH ¤+x D* ¥4b~}²* B¡´* b g~6*H µb D* ¢ < ¤gD* f.*v²* 6b~6&* f£+x D* f Jv´* ,4¡~|+ ex D* $*x ~{D* +b~{- 2¡/H =4H ¥4b~}²* ex D* B*H ¢ < b DÉ + h D&* &* °(* ¤0*¡ D* } + ¯ f£+H4H&°* b g £jEH f£+x D* f Jv´* Í+ b + xE ¤gD* fJ4b~}²* i*v£ gD* obgF ¡G f£+x D* f Jv´* x ~7 x £~z- f£<b ~8 vE ¯ {£ D* $*x/ E ex D* ¯ $*x ~{D* ,4b~7(°* b G dmJ DwD fJ2b´* £ D* bG2¡~z-H fD%°* b £ < b -*v£ -H f£+x D* f Jv´* E ex D* $b@@+2&* ¤:b - &* ¶(* $b+2&* E )*x F ¤:b - < *K ÌcC bK £<¡F bK AÉg1* gsJ Ä J b -b£Db ~7(*H f Jv´* E ¤+x D* :¡D*H kDbjD* µb D* bG*xJ F&° f£+x D* f Jv D g£G*xC < ¤CÌE&*H4H&°* x<b~{D* obgF ¡G f Jv D 2P b ´* x<b~{D* b@@©* &° b J ° bK £p/ b -5xA&* fJx~|< ib£ E E {Jb - f@@E5&* H&* fJ2¡/H f@@E5&* ,v£DH ¤G ex D* ¯ f Jv´* &° ,x~8b ´* f£+x D* ,4b~}²* f<b ~|D* h £G k£0 8b1 ¤<¡F ¥2b~|gB*H ¤sJ4b- 4¡ x~{cD* f£ <bA E h B ¤gD* fjJv²* b£/¡D¡ gD*H f@@D%°*H ¶(* bK £mJ4v- i2&* b C ib gm´* - ¯ ,b£²* ¢ < G4*H2&*H f£<b g/* &* hFbC f£ )b< f~z£)xD* f£Fb~zF(°* +*HxD* Jy­ <&°* ¯ f gE f£<¡F ib£Db ~7(* ex D* $b+2&* ¢ < rx: b»

,4b g~6°*H xJ¡ gD* ¢ ¸H ,4b~}²* f JxB ¡ D* rx~zE hFbC b C x@@1%* ¥x~}0 ¥4b E ~zF ¥&° q£-&* b» ÈC&b+ Í ~zD* xE ¢ < iv ~7 k£0 f£<b g/°* ib~}Bb g D bK 0x~zE x D* OiÉ/b~zE b ~94&* ¢ < ix/H ,4¡jD* ¡ - ,4¡jD* Hx D*H D* O HxA b +b04 ¯ i4¡ -H bJ2&°* 4¡ ; b O-bc / iv ~7H hFbC *K v0*H °K ¡BH b£/¡D¡ gD*H ¡Fb D*H f ²*H f ~z D*H ¶(* Ãv D* E b gF°*H Ì£ gD* ¯ ~|£ D* Eb D* f Jv´* vJv±* b £Gb~}- ° ,¡ + ,x~9b0 bGb J&*4 e2&°* ¯ f Jv D bFx F *3(*H ;b D* Eb D*H Cb²* 4b:(°*H 5ÉD* x~{D* ¡jE f .bE ,¡B 6HÌE¡G ,3b@@£@D(* ¯ b £.&*H f:Ä~6&*H bCbjJ(*H fc£: f jA fc£:H ¢-¡´* ebgC ¯ ,x~9b0 fÂv D* fJx~|´* E f .H v+b ´* *4v/ ¢ <H ¥NQ 2Ä@N @D* *4H&* ¢ < f~7¡ E f£F¡<x D* zJ4b+ f .H Í ~z=H&* zJv D* ibA*Æ<* ¯ Ñ* f JvE f .H ¤ ~z J¡g~6H2H I¡g~zD¡- ¡ ~6¡EH £E4°bEH ÌD2¡+H Ì+¡ A b +bgC E vJv D* vJv< iHÌ+H ¡ ¹ d£½ ,xGbB f .H ¶(* i¡£D(* 6 i v D f .H Í£Fb cD Ì=H Í£Fb cD ex D* f Jv´* A ¯ e2&°* *4H2 ¢ < fD*vD* f jE&°* E D3 Ì= FvE f£+3b/H ew@@/ ,x@@)*2 ¯ $*x ~{D*H $b@@ +2&°* ¡@@BHH DH b:H&°* 2Hv0 o4b1 Ix1&°* v´* ¢ < ,HÉ< f£ :¡D* Ì1 @@J4*2 zF*4¡D Áb JÄD* ¤)*Hx D fJ4v ~6(°* f£<b+4 f£c /&°* v´b+ x.&bgD* ¢ < bjE e2&°* ¯ f Jv´* ,xGb; Í+ bc-4* f . ~|gE b£~6 ¯H f.*v²* ibJx F b -5xA&* ¤gD* fJv D* ib0Hx:&°*H ¤´b D* ,4b~}²* ¯ ~7H b~zF(°* B < Ìc - f.*v²*H ,x~8b ´* 4H2 h~{ G ¤gD* b£/¡D¡ gD*H $b ~{D* I¡~6 « ° ¤gD* fJ2b´* f Jv´* ¯ -b£0 ¢ < ix.&* ·bgDb+H Fb E h g0* ¤gD* fD%°*H 4bcC v gF* Fb£C ¡¹H 2x D* t~zE ¶(* ¢ ~z- ¤gD* f£<b ~|D*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

116


4¡~| D* ¯ b~zFxA e¡ / ¯ f JvE f . hFbC f £ ²* ¯H b+xDb+ ix Og~7* "54¡GbC" ¢ ~z- ¢ ~6¡D* bC f£FbEHxD*H f£ Jx=(°* ÍgÂv D* Í-4b~}²* ¯H bE H&*H d)*x~9 ¤@@ @A*2H É@ M @E&* ebp~8&* v@@´* ¡ :*¡E 4b F&°* bJ2H ¯ hEbB vBH bG¡Ax< b¿(* f Jv´* x~{cD* x< x~|§ £ D*H JvA*xD* ¥2*H ¯ i*x D*H f /vC IÄ D* h ~8¡- v A Í~|Db+ ¤~zg Fb£D*H v Db+ n D*H f£F¡<x D* ib mgD* h ~7H x g~z´* {£ D n F ¶(* f Jv´b+ fJx~{cD* f£~z~6'¡E ib g¸ ¯ ¶H&°* f Jv´* ,4¡~8 fÂv D* f£Fb~zF(°* ~8H v£~8H v~|0H 45 E b <&°* J5¡- gJ k£0 f E f£c - f£ + f Jv´* g¸ 2*xA&* £ / ¢ < fp ~6&°*H i*H2&ÉD ¡pgD* vG*¡~7 ¤G Dw+ v´*H Í :*¡´* £ / ib/b£g0* ¤c~zF b F ¯ Jv gD*H x~}pgD* )*xBH ,4HÌ~|D* )É<H fJ4v ~6(°*H f£ Jx=(°* b £.&*H f£F¡<x D* E f jA c Db+ f Jv´* Í +H fJ4¡~| ´* 2*v +H f£ :b D* ,xGb D*H f£ cD* $bp£ D* ~{E2H f £g D* v DH oÄD* i*3 zJ4b+H f~6v ´* ,y£ ´* g£~|s~7H ¤<¡ D* 4¡ -H f~8b³* £:b g+ L C O D3 ¯ b O jE O v@@´*H ~z- ~zc -H }c - 6b D* jE *4HvD b /ÆD* ¤ A b£«H i¡­ z g -H { g - } -H ¢ < ix ; w E v´* hFbC v DH *v cD* ,4HÌ~8H tJ4bgD*

115

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

ibGb©°* 2v gEH J¡: bm~6 ¡~9¡E f Jv´* hpc~8&* v D ¡0 bm~zD* x -H ¤´b D* e2&°*H f£F¡ D* fAb jD* b F ¯ ¢ cO D*H f£BÉ1&°* £ Db+ *K $v@@+ $¤~7 C ¶(* f Jv´* fJyE4 ibGb©°b+ *4K HxE ¥x~{cD* gm´* ¯ f£ c D*H f£<b g/°* fp O´* ,x~8b ´* )b~z´* C ¶(* °K ¡~8H f£Bx D*H fJx~| D* ¶(* 2¡ - v@@´* ,&b~{F &* x F fÂv D* 4¡~| D ,2¡ Db+H D* ¶(* ¡/xDb+H ¶H&°* i*4b~}²*H v£ cD* tJ4bgD* xmA x F b£/¡D¡ gJ(°* ib D* ¡@@~@8&* f~6*4v+ |gs´* K * ¡G ¤ £-° ~8&* E i$b/ b ~z F city f Jv´* f C &* b~}J& K * b E h g~7* ¤gD* civitas f C ¥&* civilization f C b~}J& ¤gF*2 ·b J(°* x<b~{D* lv« ~|gE b£~6 ¯H ,4b~}²* ÉK )bB ,x/b D* )*v´* < f£ D(°* bJv£E¡ D* ¯ ¥Ì £D&* exD* *Hvp/ exD* bJb~8H Í~8b< bJb ³* x~{cD* ÆB* f £c D* *H425*H +¡ B £ ~8 E + *Hx CH bJb~8HH exD* f D £ < h 0 . EH ,xEb D* b F *Hx g0*H Hv~6 Íg´b D* Í-v cD* É + 2b@@ @D* 0 4v~8H wG ¯H f_£~z D*H b+xDb+ ÍE¡~8¡´* b ~6bF&*H 54¡GbCH ¯ bGxC3 24H ¤gD* ,xAb D* f .%°* v´* ¶(* ,4b~7(* ib£+&°* 54¡GbCH ¡@@D ¡@@B f JvE Hv~zC f£ D(°* bJv£E¡ D*

¤gF*2 v < £p±* )*vE E f ~6bA fJ¡+4 f JvE ¤@@GH


..»ŸÉ©dG ÜOC’G ‘ áæjóŸG äÉjOô°S á«îjQÉJ Iô¶f xG¡/ v ¹ Jv~8 2

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

PibJ¡G b ´* x1%* ¯ fK F¡ E ¤ g - ° f£Ab .H f£sJ4b- f£Dv/ ¯ 1*vg-H :b g-H Áb~zF(°* $b gF°* x)*H2 2v g f0¡g ´* f£Fb~zF(°* bE*4vD* ¯ b E fJb F f . bC (* *wG Hy£ gJ b + ¤gD* £:b -H ¡Ax JO b + ¤gD* x~{cD* f£A*x ±*H ·É~zD* b~|-°* .H ¤ Jy£ D* ¤/¡D¡£cD* v£ ~|D* ¢ < x D*H ¡ D*H f )b D* jA fJb F É+ µb EH fJ2b´* ,4HÌ~|D* ib ~|+ .H ¤ £c D* sJ4b-H -b ~zB + b ´* k£0 f£ £c D* f£A*x ±* .H fJx~{cD* b G4bcg<b+ f Jv´*H fJx D* 5Ä- b ´* E d D* ¯ Hx D*H Í ~zD* 4*vE ¢ < Áb~zF(°* Eb gD*H ¥x~{cD* 1vgD* Ì=H f Db+ JÄ ´* f£sJ4bgD* ,4HÌ~|Db+ Í :b D* JvGb~{D* 94&°* ¯ fJx~{cD* ,4b D Í~z£)xD* Í£ mgD* 2¡/¡D* < b B*HH b -4¡ ~6&* < b :b+H f<b ±* xGb; < jO´*H f £ D* < ¢ ´*H ¢ c´* < f D* fJx~{cD* ,4b D* ¯ f Jv´* hFbC _DH ,2b g~z´* 6H4vD*H f~|N sg~z´* Ä D* <H b D ´* ~8*¡g´* ¤sJ4bgD* 4Hx=H f~6x = ¢ < b~zF(°* 24 j­ f£ ~z D* f£0b D* E b F(bA f£~6b£~6H fJ2b~|gB*H f£<b g/*H f£sJ4b- ,x : x~{cD* ib/b² fK £c -H f£Fb~zF(°* ibJb D fK Ev1 b D }JHx- ¯ zJ4b~}gD*H q ~zD* £G&b- ,2b<(*H f £c D*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

114


:"ájô°ûH OQGƒe" ájGhQ ÖMÉ°U ∫ƒ≤j ‹É◊G »μ«°ùμŸG ÜOC’G ‘ øe ÌcCG áfƒæ› äÉ«°üî°T ∑Éæg .á∏eÉ©dG äÉ«°üî°ûdG

@@Jw@@D* eb@@c@~@{@D* eb@@g@ @ D* @@E *K Ì@@c@ C ¯ ,Ìc D* $b ~6&°* E f £ B ¡ ~|J *¡1 lb+ ¡£+bgCH&* ¤ £~z ´* e2&°* $b ~6&°* ¤GH zg J¡A 6¡D4bC ¡ DH4 b@@£@ /&°* ¢@@ @< b@@GÌ@@.&b@ - iv@@ @ A ¤@@g@ D* $b ~6&* ,2b g~6* +b E ¯ ,v@@Jv@@±* ¡ £~{-b+ ¡£ £E(* £~6¡1 jE Ix@@1&* ¡£1Ì~6 b£gJ¡m J¡/4bcJ(* ¤@@14¡@@1 e&°* gB ¤G f~9¡´* &* =4H" vD¡g£+ dg D* ¢ cg~6 Í£+2&°* $b <yD* gBH ¯ gJ "b -¡ ~6 @@64b@@­ ,v@@£@±* ¤ ~zJ¡DH ¡£F¡-4H&* D3

113

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

bK ~}J&* b D" ¤sF¡E vC'¡J "f´¡ D* b@@F$b@@+%* b Cx- *w@@ @D eb_gCÉD $b@@ @ +&* 68 fÂyG dJx= ~{+ *¡<b+ JwD* b F&* ¢ § *K ÌcC *K x~|F bGHÄg<*H c - µ ¤gD* 4¡D* f£:*x Â2 $b +&* E 4xpgD* $b +&* pF ¤ < ~{+ ¢~9¡ D*H D* 2b 0&*H 4Hx D*H G¡D* " g~z´* @@Eb@@~@}@g@D* @@E @@£@ @ BH £~}J q E @@)b@@g@D* £~z D f@@J'Hx@@D* w@@G ¤GH ebc~{D* $°'¡G b <&* ¯ Æ~{E *K 2v< ~}J bK Gb©* ¡Q - ¤gD* fJ'HxD*

%°* ¢g0 @@D3 *¡@@Ax@@ @J µ b@@ @´&°*H b F(* ¡@@B&* &* fJx+x+ z£D c Db+H ¤ ~zJ¡D ¡ - "f´¡ D* $b +&* |sJ b £A ¡@@£@F¡@@-4H&* ¡£F¡ F&* gJ v + b@@E ¯ 1v- £~z ´*" f@@´¡@@ @D* ,x FH ·b gD* v~9 D "f.*v²* gG&* bK £~|s~7 bF&*" e2&É@ D q)b~zD* bK E¡< HÄ J JwD* Í£ £~z ´* ,b£p+ gG&* b» È@@C&* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* ¶(* ¢ < ¡~|p D b G ¶(* HxAb~zJ § ."f~zEb³* *4¡gCvD* ¡G b@@ @ @ E5H @@ @ Ey@@D @@ +* b@@ @ E C"


E Eb gJ b E C" ¤ £~zJ¡D vC'¡ v£ c+ z£DH" ¡@@£@F¡@@-4H&* Ix@@J "x1%°* f£ < ¤GH f´¡ D* EyD* ,¡ 1 < ,4bmgD* f£Bb -* ¢ < £B¡gD* E h.v0 1993 b< ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* E ,x²* hc~8H o4b@@³* ¢ < b pg F* bEv < f£/4b³* x~{ D* 4H2 b JvD ¡DHb gJ ° 2v±* Í£)*HxD* d =&*" dmJ f ~{ C ¤´b D* ¤ p´* f£)b . b E E dg F pF bGH5HbmgJ &* £~z ´* &* v@@ @ g@ <&* bK @@Eb@@­ ¤@@´b@@< ÍFbm´* &* =4 ÍDx+H -b E ¤G

b~6xD f:x EH *Hy@@D* f Jx~6 ,b£0 f£ :b< ibEv~|D 9x gJ eb~7 bK B*H ~|- f Jv´* e2&° f jE&* b F(* ¡Fb£ £E(* J b C bK @By@@»H bK £~9x< ¯ *K v@@ / ¤~|s~7 e¡@@ @~@6&b@+ ¤@@s@F¡@@E *K v ~{E ¤ cJ k£0 " D* *wG dp~6" N c)5 ,x C f Jv´* vg­" bK Jx~}0 C b £A lvpJ fGbgE "¥2*¡D* ¡A ~z F hB¡D* ¯H %°* $¤~7 f ² {£ J vJv±* ¤ £~z ´* 2x~zD* f£Fbg£D¡+¡E5¡ D*H fJ¡ D* Í+ bE ~9 "b +2&* ¯ *K v@@/ Ãv@@B ¡~9¡E F(*"

:»∏°ùjƒd ∫ƒ≤J ¿ƒdhÉæàj ’ Oó÷G Ú«FGhôdG Ö∏ZCG" á∏μ°ûªc »ŸÉ©dG-»∏ëŸG á«FÉæK .ÉghRhÉéàj ¿CG Öéj .kÉeÉ“ »ŸÉY ¿Éμe øe Öàμf øëf øJÉ¡æe »g ∂«°ùμŸG ¿CG ó≤àYCG ⁄ ¿ÉŸC’Gh ÚfÉéŸG ¿CG ºZQ ÚdôHh ¿B’G ≈àM ∂dP Gƒaô©j

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

112


¡ ~z JH O2 ¤)*Hx D d D* f ~6 fJ*H4

°H Í@@B4b@@1 °K b@@ /4 v@@½ ° @@ @+2&* ¯ Db+ 4b cF* °H i*4v@@º ,4b@@© bJÌDb+ b <&* ¯ bK ~}J&* @@D3 v½ ° °H 1983 ¤g£~6 ¡ £~z E ¤ ~zJ¡D ¡ £~z E £gg£F ¤+¡D*2*¡/ ib+bgC ¯ *K ÌcC *K $y/ h~}B ¤gD* 1973 ¤g£~6 ¡ Jx- DwCH b~zFxA ¯ b g G*xE E GH 1977 6b £-bCb. H2bFHvDbE ¯ f£ £~z ´* f´¡ D* ¡ j eb@@gQ @ CO ¤ £~zJ¡D y - " *y-* v<" f@@J*H4 f£pc~{D* i*¡£²* E f£-¡c < f c~7 b§ ib£ Jx~{ D* x@@1*H&* 4¡J¡£F ¯ Hb g- b £+ f£Ab . i*4b~7(* E b £A " £A iv@@DH ¥w@@D* v~z±*" ¯ £gg£F f£+ÆD* f@@£@-*w@@D* b -Ì~6 @@E *K $y@@ / Í£ ´ f )b< ¯ ivDH f D f£ :b D* H2bFHvDbE b@@E&* ¤+¡ ±* ¡F¡ D* @@E "2¡~6&°* v~6&°* v£~8 ~6¡E" ¯ ¤ p£A

111

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

JwD* f+%b D* $b +&* pF" k£ .É£+ v + bF2b 0&*H bF$b+%* Jx D* ¯ b Cx ¡Fb£ £E(* vC'¡J " Eb~}gD* ¢ E v F &* ¡£F¡-4H&* ¡£F¡ F&* ¡ J b £+ ¤sF¡E &* dmJ" 1976 *4b@@@1°*2*¡@@@/

xm JH ÍJ2b< 8bs~7&b+ e2&°* ~{ J ¤GbcgF* h J" ."ÍJ4¡ ~6&°* b/xD* fcJx= µ*¡@@< ¡ sJ ¥w@@D* ÍJ2b D* ¤ £~z ´* e2&°* ¯" ."fJ¡B ib+b 1H fF¡ ¸ ib£~|s~7 b@@ @ G ·b@@ ²* ¡ J "f Eb D* ib£~|s~{D* E ÈC&* ."rH4"h "fJx~{+ 24*¡E" fJ*H4 d0b~8 ¡@@£@ F¡@@-4H&* Hb@@ @g@J Í D* @@Jw@@G ¯ b~{gC*H ¤~6¡+bC dg E Í-H4 +bggDb+ s£D Ì ~|D* b £~zD* µb< ¯ f£c~8 6'¡cD* ¡0 fJxs~zD* E fJ¡B ib<x/ < Ä J ¥wD * $b~} D* ¡GH *x D*H f£ £~z ´* E&°* fc£1

e¡ ±* f E fJ*H4

h~} F ´* ¡@@0 fD¡/ "x cD* f£~|s~{D* @@g@ J'Hx@@D ¤@@ @+2&°* v ~{´* ¤ D* @@<b@@ @ J(°H b@@ @ ~@ {@ D* µb@@ @ D CbE&* DwC -b£~|s~7 fDb~8&°H < "x cD* ,b<4 ,*4¡-" -b<¡~9¡EH x ~| J k£0 4b:(* ¯ ~9H Â ° < o4b@@1 @@B*H ¯ ¤jc D* E ¡~{´* ¥vD* ¡Fb A vD¡J Db£1 E" ,x £~zD* ibF*¡£²* ¡~9HxE ¡ ~9b ´* ¤/ ¡+x E ¡p D* ex~7 ¯ b@@ @+&* i*4v@@ º 4b@@ @©H ,Ì@@ @ ~@ 8 Í@@:b@@£@~@7 bE C f£~9*ÆA* f E ¯ ¡~{£ J "¤ £~z ´* b ~{D* ¡ J &* Â ¡-Ì+H4 x~7b D*H vBb D* cgC bE *wG xs D*" 6¡~z £F f ¸ ¯ ¡m££+ b -2¡/ ¡G f£Db ~{D* fDbp D ¤~6b~6&°* Iy ´* *v@@ @AH z ±*H D* ¯ dg J *w@@ @ G "hip hop b@@ @ F&b@ C


¤-ÌcJ4 kJÌ+ H4¡-4&*

"µb D* fJb F c~z- ibEÉ<" f£FbjD* ¯ 4Hv-H bK ~}J&* fp ~8 f)b´* Iv g- ° b £CbE g + ¡ - b JÌ JÌ+ ¤0 b £1&* < bK jp+ b ~{D* ¶(* 4¡c Db+ e4b@@m@g@D* @@E v@@Jv@@ @Db@@+ *w@@ @G x@@­H 1 E *x- hFbC ¥wD* v cD* i&*4" b G k  bE x - hFbC ob@@/5 ibJxCwD*H Æ@@D*H É D*H *¡@@D&°* @@94&*H fJxs~6 @@B&* EyD ,24b~{D* z)bcD* B*¡D* " b/xD* E f£Db1 i*¡ ~zD* £~9 fJ4¡ ~6&°* $*¡@@/&°* b@@c@~@7&* ¡@@­b@@ @ D* pF" Hx@@ @ @D*H ¡ +*wD*H ,x~{cD* ¡£ G2 pF ¡ cD* pF vD* x + ¡+b~|´*H $bFvcD* .",x+*ÄD* Ä@@C&°* x@@EQ v@@´* ¡G k£ .É£+ 6¡D4bC f<¡ ¸ D ·b²* ¤ £~z ´* e2&ÉD ,b@@ <4 ,*4¡-" *¡@@ @@ @@+ f@@£@~@|@~@|@B

b.Hv E Ì´(* ¤)*Hx D f~}A E ib~8b~84 fJ*H4

1970 b+¡gC&* *xJÌG ¥4¡J E 1978 ÉJH*¡C k£ .É£+ 6¡D4bC kJ4*¡1 2*2¡£. y£C4bE bc £~6 x~z£. Ég~zC¡- ¤-xJ¡Ab££+ bJ2bF 19674 b gJ*H4 &*vc- ¤gD* 1978 kJÌ£-¡/ i*4bc D* w + "¤~{0¡D* dFb±* E" bE ,b@@£@²b@@+ ¤ +xJ b@@E z ±*" @@C&* µ *w@@ @D f@@D¡@@ @ @D* w E gAx< ¯ -bJb 0 ~}J *xJÌG ¥4¡J "f : vsg~zJH ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* E 2Hv²* b ~{ D f£ ~{D* f D* -b+bgC ¯ qc~|J k£0 @@j@ @EH b@@/ Ìc g+ ¶H&°* gJ*H4 ¯ d@@G3 E h ~|D* ex J "f ´* <" H&°* 0b½H ,4b© CbE&* 9x JH ib £~{£ D* E 2x~zJH b < *K v£ + dGw£D i*4vs´* ¤0 E ¢ E f ~zD*H b D* fJb 0 gJ*H4 ¯H ²* x~|B ¯ i*4vº

i*4v@@s@´* e2&* E b<¡F b G" ¡Fb£ £E(* ¡ J "¤+2&°*H ¤~z£D¡cD* 1978 ¤g£~6 ¡ £~z E ¤@@s@F¡@@E *wG dpR ~6" ¤~|~| D* ebg D* d0b~8 N .",xC*wD* E i¡´*" f@@J*H4H " D* ,xGb D* Hb gJ ÁbjD* ¡ D*" £~}J l*v0&ÉD 94&bC + f£~|s~{C h~z£D ~zJ b C d@@0 |~|B ~zJ b C D* 2b@@ J25* $b@@ +%°* gBH ,xm D* bK @ @ )*2 bK @+¡@@p@~@|@E ¤@@-&b@ J ¤@@<b@@ @ g@ /°* ."f£ £ 0 ÈC&°* Db+ ¡-ÌcD&*H lvFbFxA H24bFÌ+ < *K v£ +H JwD* 6bcJ¡C b£.4b/ zJxJ(*H b £~{ f£<b g/* f c~|+ d<4 |~|B ¡cg J ¤CwD* D*H q~9*¡D* z ±b+ f_£ E @@AxQ @ @J ¥w@@ D* Áb@@j@ D* ¡@@ @ D* ¯ v@@½ Í ´*H Í ´* ¡m D* } + ¤sF¡E x~8b ´* ¤ £~z ´* e2&°* $b ~6 ¯

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

110


IรณjรณรทG รกยซฮผยซยฐรนฮผลธG รกjGhรดdG ย ยฃย ย D* vc< vย 0&* fย /x ยค)*Hxย D "dย ย D* fย ย ~6" ย jE ibJ*H4 ย &* i*4vsยด* ย E5 ยฏ Kbp~9*H HvcJ ย E ib~8b~84"H ยค-ร cJ4 kJร + H4ยก-4&ยฐ "eยกย ยฑ* fย ย E"H ยกย ~zย JH ย O2 ย ย A zยฃD fBv+ hย ~8H bย F&ยฐ Kbgย ย E Kb0bยฝ hย ย 0 b.Hvย E ร ยด(ยฐ "f~}A ย D3 vC'ยกJ fยฃย ยฃ~zย ยด* fJ*HxD* bย + xยญ ยคgD* fย pย D* Kb~}J&* ย + ย B*ยกD* vC'ยกJ bย C "v)*x/ $ยฅ4bB" ย F&b+ ย ยก~8ยกยด* a4bย D* ยขย < fย c~zE KbEbย 0&* bE *wG fยฃp)b~}A f+bgC ยขย < ย m~{- ยคgD* fยฃcย /& ยฐ* x~{ย D* 4H2 ibย /ยกQ *wG ร ~zย -H i*4vsยด* e2&* ย ยกcgย J ย ยฃ~zย ยด* ยฏ o4bยณ* ย E ย gJ'H4 ย ย ร ย ยกDยกpgEH ib~zEยกEH i*4vยบ 4bยฉ ย gDยกย c+ ย ยกย J ยฅwD* e2&ยฐ* ย F&* ย ยกย D* ย bย Q ~6H ,v)*yD* ib<xยฑ* x.& * ย E ยข-ยกEH 6&*xD* f<ยกย ย E kj/H Kbยฃ~zย / O ย bย G fยฃย ยฃ~{ยฃย ย D* ib<ยก~9ยกยด* ย C ย jEH ,v~6bAH fย ยฃย <H fย pย E ยต*ยก< h~zยฃD ย ย D i*4vsยด* ย < ,ร jC f+bgC ย bย G ย *y- ยฐ fย ยฃย ยฒ* ย E $y/ ร ยฃ)*HxD* ย E ร C&ยฐ* ย bย ย D* ร + h~zยฃD ย B&ยฐ* ยขย < ย DwC f+bgย D* ย C ibยฃย ยฃย c~zD* vย < vยฃD*ยกE 2vยฑ* ร ยฃย ยฃ~zย ยด*

ย f

109

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 4 ย K&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF C ร ย ย ย M2

ยกJ

ยขH

fM*

|H


28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

108


¶(* Ì~{- ~zC M Á¡ ±* x ´* f~9¡E bG4Hv+ x -H ¢g0H fcJx D* ;b D&b+ ~6H ¯ bK AHx E qc~|£D b c0b~8 D¡0 4HvJ bE C E ,x1b~zD* K ¡D&b´* zCb J &* £ < G *2v¸ 1*vgDb+ b /¡D* &*vc£D /4b1 Q &b D b³* b -2b§ ~z F rx J bK 0 F&* H&* "HvcJ ¤C 1*2 v - µ ,xGb D* wG &* ,Ì1&°* ,Æ D* ¯ b 0° b F&* b§H k0bcD*H ¤~6b£~zD* f£~8b1 iv= + d~z0H d-b D* f£~8b1 ´b< Í´b< ~} cD *v A v£±* a4b D* ¶(* ~|gD iQv -H ¡ / x1%°* ~} cDH ¥2b< b~zF(bC B*¡D* µb<H 8b³* bGx-¡- ,v~{D ~|- fM Dbc§ ~z F bK 04b: &É D q~9*H G @@EH f@@+4*¡@@´* @@E @@G A JvJxE ~8 D 4b@ @~@8H M ÉC ¯ f EbC Ì= f £ ²* ¢ cgD f:x ´* f£)*¡~{ D* E ¥x D* ³* i°b0 ¯ ,4Hx~9 ¤<*v+(°* bJw D* ÍgDb²* b c-b D Ev gD H&* | D* vsgD &b~{ - ¤gD* ib~6¡ D* -H ,Ì~|BH f£~8¡~|³* ¯ f:x E i°b0 b D bK g0 B*H ¤G ~{ J g¸ ¯ pF f EbC ,b£0 ¢ < b ~zcF A Iv´* "bK ~|BbF bC ¡DH ¢g0 xGb D* ¡ ´*H f£ cgD* z£D rx D* ¢ cJH f£~8¡~|1 |s~7 D ¢ cJ Q 24H w1& P * Í+ M *v= ¥wD* gm´* v~z/ ¯ Hvc- ¤gD* 9*x<&°* CH bK E ¢ < h :H f £ ²* ¶(* exB&°* -4¡~8 ¤~9*ÆA°* µb D* f Ey´* 9*xE&°* C q ~zD* $*¡~6 ¯b jD* )b D* ¢ < b§4 ,vJv±* f£Dv±* wG Ãy gD ¤G b C ~z F Qv J bK Ab ~7 bK )bC HvcJ &* bK <vcE H&* *K x E bC ,2*Hx@@: b~|0 %°* ~{J &*v@@+ ¥w@@D*H JyD* < fK J4b< b -*4b F 7x< ¢ < +Æ£D bF4*¡~6&* C ÉK 1*2 f~6b£~zD*

¤C -bAÉg1* + ¡G b C c gJ ¥wD* ¤ g´* 4H2 ¤-&bJ b GH ¡G bE Í+ y££ gD*H $b gF°* A gJH f+4*¡ D x ~}J ° 0 4v~|J &* cB 5b£gEb+ ¤~9*x g~6* ¡G bEH ¤ £ 0

107

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

f£/*H25* ¯ j´* b )bC {£ J ¤<HÉD*H ¤<¡D* Í+ bE *w G £c gD*H fJx D*

¤ D ~zSgJ dm~{E ¥&Q * ¤ g - ° ¤gD* ibc£³* - Q F *3bE ¢ < M Í-4¡~|D* Í-bG Í+ fAb~z´* 4ÄJ bK Fb£0&* /x-H + 0x- ° b 0& * Hy F vB O M M *H E g¸ ¶( vJxJ bE Í+H |s~{D* + x J bE Í+ Ég1°* *wA *wD /H $bE p£D ¡G A bE *wGH b ~6&*4H bF4v~8 f~z£c0 Fbc~}B ÌcC m~6 ¶( * H&* M ib£Db ~7( b +H b@ @ G b@ @ J *H5 E Ìj + *x@ @ < ° & *H v£Db gD* g S 1 P f£F%°* f p D* E b A*¡ ¤G ¤gD*H b£ D ,xGb D* fAb jD* - ¯ x A ¶( * Hy F G &* M - Hv gD 4¡ D* d0H fJÌGb m D fJ¡.*v0 f £~6H A b £ < v~zpJ fc~|1 ,M xC*3 4b . °(* ¤G bE f £Q D* i*4*¡²* C g - hD*5bEH h gD* ¤gD* ,xC*wD* - ¯x ´* b )bC fK +wC h+wC b F&b D b c0b~8 ¶(* c~z -H FQysgD b £ < xQ  bE x1%* dc~6 bcD* ¢ < &*x J ix@@C3 bE C v +H b gBQv~8H ¤ g´* gC ¢ < jU D* ~9¡JH +¡F3 C E b c0b~8 aÄJ bC Áb~zF(* )bC F&* ¢~z F ¢g0 vc´* H&* j´* £D&b- ¡GH ¡ A )b 1&b+ ¢g0H g£c)*x=H -b<yFH x<b~{E + *5 bEH *wGH g£+x-H g_£+H g £c: JvDH ,b£²* < bK E¡~| E z£D j C ¡S gJ &* cB bC C *z+(¸*K £§¡¹* ² E )bC b F&b D f £s´* E {Jb gD* ¡G *v+(°* Íp: (* E f£<*v+(°* ,2b´* E cN ~{O-H ,x D* yc1 £A n~} £D 2H E ÄO - vBH vc´* b ~{£ J ¤gD* fJ2x D* ¡ ±* f 04 &*vc- b G *wG EH £p´* E £:b - ¯ bK £jc< qc~|£D /4b1 ¶(* hB¡D* Q ɳ* < ¥2b D* b~zF( °* y££ g+ gm´* &*vcJ Ég1°*


fª¡M|DK~ª G* «+| G* n¼* z¡< ‘ô©ŸG øFÉμdGh ¿É°ùfE’G ÚH Ée

qDb~|D* bFb J(*

z IK mf 6*42

l'absurdite ,°bcEÉD*H kc D* Í+ bE ¡ ±*H ´* Í+ bE {£ ´* B*¡D*H dg D* *4H&* Í+ )b~9 la logique ´* ¢<v-O ¤gD*H fg+b. n)bg D ebc~6&°* ~zc- ¤gD* f~6H4v´* i*¡ ³*H Mf<¡~6¡ C £U D* 4*¡0 jO cJ ¥wD* ¥x D* }Jxpg D fm£gF kpcD*H É:°* A&* £A ¡ J ~zDb©O ~z- b§ fEb- f .H fJ4¡ ~6&* Mf~{Gv+ D ¤0¡J ¤EÉC Mibc.H f Eb~7 Q L *wG D Hvc£A ,wS A ,xC*3H f£D¡ ~7 Mi*$*xB < - T Mib~6bcgBb+ f .S ¡EH fp~9*H M,2b/ f + oO xs- ibJx F K ,2x g´* fJx D* gFb E ¶(* ¡~8¡D* AvG qc~|£D 0 ¡ JH bJ4¡ ~6&* )b D* b -bBÉ + -b£E¡J ¢ < 4b ´* gD :b ~6(* f Jx: dB*x-H f£-b£²* gE¡ E 1v- bE MfA2b~|§H bE *42(°* Ì D* ¤)*vcD* 4b § IÆA b g£Ab< ¢ < h G*4 vB Kb ~6 h CH fcCx´*H f £~zcD* ¤)x´* B*¡D* Í+ bE f ~6b~{D* ,¡Q D* - gJ'Hx+ f£~z0 MfEv~8 ¶(* f£Ax ´* fN ~{GvD* £pJH ~|J f£EÉ D* ibJx D*H

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

106


f ~zc D x - ° ¤gD* "f ~z+" @@<H bK : ~7b D 2¡/H °H " ~7bG &* " <H b -b£0 ¯ ib ~|D* ¢ c-H $b ~6&°* d£ - bK Fb£0&*H ¤G H&* ¡G H&* hF&* H&* bF&* x)b ~}D* ¢ c-H B¡´* ,v£~6 x ~}-H q~| - x)b ~9 b ~zF'¡- Í0 ÉK £ / bK £;¡- b ;¡- ¤GH $b£~7&°* < E wsggA x<b~{´*H :*¡ D* ¢ < fK D*2 ibEÉ< b ©H M sJH b G zc J k£0 b~| F°*H ~8¡ D fEÉ< "®b³*" *ÆA* fEÉ< H&* *ÆB* fEÉ< bK )*2 ¡ JH b G q~| gD f£~|~| D* b g<¡ ¸ ¯ *K ÌjC ,%*x´* ;¡- . f£~|s~{D*H EyD* E b ;¡- bK Fb£0&* x ~}- b < bK £0 bGx<b~{EH fp)*xD* Ì g- b~| F°*H b~|-°* ¯ fp)*xD* ;¡-H Ix1&*H fcJx= fp)*4 b G fBÉ D* Ì g+H B¡´* Ì g+ Iy E f ~8 C ¯H rb - fp)*4 fjDb.H $*¡~7 fp)*4 f £D CH ¡J Q C *K xE -bg - ¥wD* °¡C¡~{D* r¡D < lvpg- EyD* ,¡ ~6 E x´* E ¡ ²* $b gD* v½ b GH o4b@@³*H 1*vD* +bg- Ì@@Ay@@D*H £ ~{D* < lvpg- bK pJx~|-H bK p£ - Dw+ eHb g- ibGH&b-H i*x~z0H i*xA5 M M Ix1&* $b£~7&*H 2ÄD*H $ vD* < lvpg- &* v+ ÉA Ìc gD* b m+ ¥2b D* ¡+&* $b £G f D 5bg­ b C jE i*4bc< a4b D* B¡g~z *vF $*¡ D* E *vg~6* b £g)4 E ¢ c- bE k - bG*4&* Oh C bE bK cDb= 02yE ¡C ¤ 1*2 ¯H É0&°* 6xpJ E b D*H ,¡ D* fp)*4 E f+x D* b~{ g~6* ¢ < ¤ F&* xEO&*H bK F*¡ < vm D " ²* f@@c@G&* ¢ <" *¡@@ @ @D* ¶(* 2¡@@ @FH h / v A b -*w+ f~| D bK F*¡ < J µH b C f<¡ m D bK ~z£)4 bK F*¡ < ²* bCH v0*H 4b:(* ¯ b ~|~|B C $b £G £ pgD* D3H r¡cD* DwD bK ~6*H $K b~}AH ,$*xB E ÈC&* pg~z- f£~|~|B f<¡ m´ ,$*xB wG v +H Ìj D* $¤~{D* b ~|~|B ¯ ¢ cJH bK _£~7 h B v A

105

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

0 b G bC $¤~7 bC b j£0H v~z±* $*vFH rHxD* 4x g- ,ÌjC bK ;b D&* ¥¡ D* ¥2b D* ¡+&* $b £G 6¡EbB ¯ v½H ,v D* 8ɳ* rx D* ,%*x´* jE bGÌ= E ÈC&* dJxB E ²b+ c-x- b D&* ¤GH EyD* fp)*xD* ²* ,2x E v < B&b~6H ²* ~8&* ¤ D b£FvD* x1%* ¶(* ¤ 0&* &* Hb0&* ¤ £< =& *" S K 6xpJ @@E *2v@@ ¸ $b@@~@z@-&* ¡@@ @ D* @@E f cD* - ¶(* *K xCb+ £ g~6&* &* ¤ < S " @@02y@@E ¡@@C ¤ 1*2 ¯H É@@0&°* ¡p~|D* ¯ ¡:&* ,ÆA {£<&° 0H4 EyD* E x~6&* ¤C ¢ < H*2&* " ¡/ E ¤ J °H ~zJ ° ¡F ¯ x D* E °K v+ M ." ,x A b g<* < })bA ÉC f<b A H&* 0 2x¸ bC F&* v~8&* °" £ / ¯ bJ*x´* b ¹ÉE &É­ Í.ÉjD* H&* ¯ ,&*xE° f/b²* ." ixCw- b C ,%*x´* ¯ ¤¹ÉE j- h£cD* $b/4&* &* ¡G £+H b £+ x D* D" 8ɳb+ ²* c-xJH ." £ « ¢ < I¡ F ° 0 b ~8É1 < lvpg- °K b@@E%*H bK @ E°%* f£~|~| D* f<¡ m´* wG « Ì= ¯ fc=xD*H ,x ~{D* < vJxF ¥wD* <H £Fb F ¥wD* ´* < fBHx~z´* ,$*ÄD*H fD¡ D* < b FbE5H b Fb E É0&°* < 2b gA°*H v D*H f<b~zD* E 4b gF°* E ,%*x´* bE&* J ¡GH EyD* <H v~z±*H /¡D* ¢ < dg - ¤gD* 4¡ ~6H 4b.%* EH f B¡g´* ibJxCwD* bGv < ¡ -H b -b£ ~zE hB4bA vBH $b ~6&°* < ,Ì Db+ fF¡ ~z´* "Áb - " <


EÉD* ·b J(°* )*vp+ h ~6(°* vJ b ~6H ¢ < b E bE&* xCwE x1%°*H kF'¡E b Gv0&* JÌ ~9 bE&* b F(* f JbcgE b A&* bE&* b DH v0*H £ £< qg J ¡G bGx~|+ } - ¤G b ~6H ¢ < £ £< qg J ¡G b £ £< - ¤G ¡ » "f~|1b~7 v < J ¡G " B " f~|1b~7 v < - ¤G "4Hx´* f<¡ m´* ¯ fc-b D* ibEb gG* @@< ~{ J | D* *w@@GH b@@F&°*H "¤G" ` dGh "¡G" @@Db+ f g E ¤ A b C f£~|~| D* e4b -H 4b - b F(* É=(°*H qg Db+ kF'¡´*H xCw´b+ hF&°*H ¡ »"h " B" Íg~|1b~7 Í+ +b gD*H v0¡gD* f/42 ¶(* ."4Hx´* Í+ bE e4b -H 4b gD " ²* fcG&* ¢ < " f<¡ ¸ i$b/ H&* Íg£~|s~7 H&* ÍFb E H&* ÍFbE5 Í+ bE ²*H B*¡D* v D*H 2¡/¡D* Í+ Í.v0 +b gD* *wG ¢ < bK )bB ¥¡ D* ¥2b D* ¡+&* $b £G 6¡EbB bCH b A £pg~z´* ~8" 4¡g~z´* ~{C 4¡~z ´* rÉ~8(* ."2¡ ´* b/4(* ` - Ix1&*H g~{- ,x A" b G hFbCH ¤gD* ~7bG &* hFbCH gJ ° $b DH ·b£³* d£ ³* bCH x D*H e3b D* ²* bCH ~7b D 2¡/H °H ib + lÉ. b D M h.v« v D £~{ D*H d£c²* bCH oHyD* bCH ¤~9*ÆA°* i¡~8 <H ,¡ ~{D*H fc=xD* <H b~| F°*H b~8¡D* <

hFbC 3(* f £ <H ,ÌcC i°°v+ ¤ g - b DH ¶H&°* $*vG(°* Q (*

f /4 Ì= ¶(* ¢~}E x < ¢ < 4bg~zD* v~6&* bF&*H · f<4b~}´* b A&°b+ e&°* ,4¡~8H &°* ,4¡~8 i5x+ &* v cA 4b~}´* D* ¶(* v g~z- ¤G bG fJ4*x g~6°* ¢ < fD*vD* ¢ < ~9H yp+ 4bg~zD* v~z- ¤GH b -4¡~8 x gD ~z F £A ivJ*y- l*v0&* £A iÌ - 8¡s~7 < eb= rx~zE M b ´* %°* Ì gJ &* v+ °H bEyD* £A Ì - v D* *K v<b~8H %°* E ¡ F &* Hv g~zE H42b@@B pF A "" ²* fcG&* ¢ <" ¤/4b³* É D* f£~|F fcg< Ì1&°* H&* ¤/4b³* É D* ¢ < dg J bE v J rx J b GH bK jc< z£D É D* *w@@G ¢ < H2H dgC b A gBÉ< bEH "i*wDb+ | D* *wG Ìg1* *3b´ °K *'¡~6 vBb D* "f£~|~| D* f<¡ m´* H&* *¡ Db+ fcg< ~7 ¤/4b³* É D* ¢ < Hv´* | D* &* f £ ²*H ¤~|~| D* h£cD* H&* ebg D* *wG ¶(* ¡1v D J¡~{-H $*x=(* ¯H bGxJ¡~|-H b g D ¯ fc-b D* *v@@+(* ~{ J | D* *w A Í-4¡~8 Í+ fF4b ´*H fB4b ´* ¯H b <¡~9¡E T b D ¡ J bE bK cDb= ¥wD* CxD* ¶(* b D¡~8H b0" } rbc~|D* $*¡@@G Ä< b Jx: z g-H b £ £< - bGx~|+ ¥v D* " v < - . f~z 1 BxD* ¶(* ~|- ¢g0 b -*¡ 1 Tv ."x g -H b £ £< qg - f . +H " B f£DbgD* ,x D* ¯H bK J¡~{- d)b D* kF'¡´* Ì ~9 ;¡- b F(* ¡ gA d)b D* xCw´* Ì ~}D* E b ~z F b D&°* vsg~z £ £< qg J D ¡ J bE bK cDb= ¥wD* CxD* ¶(* D¡~8H b0"

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

104


fJx²* 2*¡~zD*H 9b£cD* @@Ax@@D*H ,v~{D* ¢@@j@F&°*H xCwD* E b £ D ,¡ D* iv ~6&* vBH eb£ D*H 4¡~}²* v£ D*H $b/ ¥wD* v~{J H &°* E $b/ ¥wD* ~{- Í D* É1 b )*v + &°* ,¡B ¢ < iv@@C&* $b £G fc-b D* DH e&°* E - w E ¥v+&°* bg F°* bC &°* v <H Ax+ e&°* ,¡B ¢ <H bK A4H *K v~7 e&°* v < b.¡D* bC +b ´* ¯H fJx²b+ f p D* Ov£D* hFbC b C &ÉD bc-°*H 2b£ FÉD *K yE4 v£D* hFbCH f .H +b ´* ¯H fJx²* ¶(* bg F°*H b FÉD *K y@@E4 b ~z O FN fF5*¡gEH fJ5*¡gE e&°* E ,¡ ³* ,2x E v£D* +b E bFv/H v ~zD*H ,¡ D* ¤ gD AxD*H b.¡D*H v~{D* i*2x E E ¶H&ÉD f +b- i$b/ ¤gD*H $*vG(°* E f£FbjD* fp ~|D* bE&* fp ~8 E b ~} + « ,ÌjC i°°v+ f ¹ i$b/ v A

103

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

f@@ @ @D*2 f@@ @J¡@@ @ @ @ D fEÉ + £ < ,vC'¡EH K °*2 "¶(*" x±* x0 $b/ k£0 $*v@@G(°* ¢ < bK £Fb. e&°* bCH °K H&* &°* hFb A b £D(*H £D(* Iv ´* ¢ < x ~6&* f.É.H ,4*v~|D* &°* w1&b- ,v0*H fp ~8 ¯ b£ g J *K v0*H *K x ~6 e&°* w1&bJH &ÉD ¡ gA ¤E&* ¶(* É~zD* b EH – É~zD* b £ < ,¡ + ¤ J2b -H 9b£c+ £ D* ~{ ,x0 %°* w E hF&bA ¥vJ E vJ ¥w1H ¤ _ :* e&ÉD eb ³* ¡ J . ¤+&* ¶(* Ax+ ¤-¡ 1 b.H v~{J Íg +b gE Í-4¡~|D fK +b gE i*2x E v½ fp ~|D* wG ¯H $b ~zD*H @@94&°* ²*H B*¡D* Éj k£0 e&°*H &ÉD


z IK mf 6*42 v£~74 b C É+ 2

"º∏◊G áÑgCG ≈∏Y " "jM§ G mfHÑ<K m*2| H" mfgk G*K £*§¡ G*

f<¡ m´* wG &*x F pFH " ²* fcG&* ¢ <" ¤ g F £D(*H &*vcF *¡ D* E ibcg D*H *¡ D* b@@E&* D ¥2b D* ¡+&* $b £G fc-b D ¶H&°* f£~|~| D* i*2x ´*H f£~| D* $É g~6°* v£ - "¢ <" @@A 2*v g~6°* ¤ - "fcG&°*"h ex J x1%* B*H ¡GH Jb FH £ FO &* vJxF bEH £Fb F bE ¤ J " ²*"h rx D*H r¡cD* ¡ J b G £ pg D ~6*H $b~}A ¡GH £D(* ex FH b E °*H ¡ - b GH bG*x1&* E i*wD* ¤ g - b G b D*H bg F°*H É F°*H vJxF ¥wD* B*¡ D Ix1&°* f+bg D* E F b GH e¡g ´* ¶(* i¡c ´* E x D* 4xpgJ b G D i¡ ~z´* ¶(* < i¡ ~z´* b GH EÉ0&b+ pJ i*ÌjC ib~8b D*H ib£)*HxD* v½ b GH d£ J bK _£~7 v© ° d£ JO bK _£~7 °H f+bg Db+ ²* b j D* ¢ £D f£gJ¡ D* f~8b D*H f£)*HxD* +x- b GH ."¤EÉ0&b+ f £.¡D* ¤g ~8 H4v J Á¡Ax< JwD* C" ¡ gAA ,ÌcC bK EÉ0&* ¡ sJ Í£)*HxD* (*" h~6Hx+ £~64bE ¡ + v ~{g~z-H-H £ J .",b£0 fJ&* E <&* wG f£ ²* -b£0 (bA *wDH b F¡~{£ J *w@@D ¥2b D* ¡@@+&* $b £G f<¡ ¸ ¯ ,x@@E Ì= 4x g- ²* ,2x E bFv/H *w@ b C %°* F b DH bj´* £c~6 ¢ < [97 84 83 \82 ibp ~|D* ¯ b C v < fcg< v < A Ix1&°* f£~| D* ibcg D* ¶(* b + ¤~} gD *¡ D* fcg< v < vG(°* Dw+ f£0¡E ¶H&°* fp ~|D* i$bmA $*vG(°* *¡ < « µ ¤gD*H $*vG(

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

102


f£c)bm D*H fJ5bgFb D* jE ibp ~|´ ob£g0°* < bFv cJ ¤~9*ÆA°* µb D* 1 z~6&* ¢ c-H fJxp~zD* f£ B*¡D*H -bmg EH b£³* D3 I'H4 w£ - ib£ -H ¤<*v+(°* b£³* E ¡G fJb D* ¤ A 4bcg<°* ~9¡E a4b D* H&* d<ÉD* ~9HH 4¡~8 J a4b D* *v@@+(°* f£ D ¤m£-*Æ~6°* A&°* j d£½ f£.É. ¯ "v£~zD* ¤~6" ÉK j A B*H ¶(* f£~9*ÆA* xJx cD* e&°* 4Hv@@+ ¡ - f£~9*ÆA* f£~|s~7 ¡ ¹ ¯ bK J¡+&* *5bE ¥wD* b B*H ¯ Gv0&* I2b­ b C ¡£D*H fJxs~zD* E $¤~{+ 6b D* B¡J fJ¡+&°* f ~zD* f~64b» bK ~zgcE ¥¡<xJ b²* ¯ " v£~zD* ¤~6 bJ F" D Í )bB -vGb~7 ~z F $¤~{D* fJ¡ ~zD* f Dbc´* ¯ @@/°2(* bK C4vE + "bJ2 J¡+ ¡@@J2b@@C4&* £~6¡1" E f£ £-ÉD* b JxE&* ¯ D3H f£~9*ÆA°* HvF¡CbE fJxBH bJ2 J¡+ ,x~6&* xJx +H ."fDy D* E b< f_E" 5bg ´* ¤)*HxD* D* ¯ ,Ä E 4¡~8 ¤G ¤~9*ÆA°* D* ib£~|s~7 f £ ²* ¯H hgcF IwD* B*¡ D 2¡ - D3 v + . f£ B*H o3b D bK cDb= z£D bJ2 J¡+ ¡J2bC4&* £~6¡1 H&* "v£~zD* ¤~6" ~7 ¯ E Ì~| D* bFx < p~{J ¤~9*ÆA°* µb D* DH d~zpA *wG &* ¤~9*ÆA°* µb D* ,4v + b -b£0 ¥ÈgA f J¡: 4b <&b+ ¯ Í ~zD* i*x~{<H b£/&* ,v< Ä< xpcF &* $*x C b mJ ,4wcC 0x:&* Ì~| D* b ´* *wG *K Ì@@1&* ib<b~6 ~}+ C 2¡ / bG4¡ c- b gC° obg« ,v@@Jv@@/ f@@£@+2&* fJx D 2b D*H $*x D*

101

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

¤ <H £A4 I¡g~zE ¢ < ¥v F E&b-H 4bc D f£Db ±* f g´* *wG b§4H b £ < f +b~zD* f c~zD* ¡ D* D A&°* qg J v D* xJ¡j-H + xJ¡ gD e2&°* /bgpJ bE ¡G vJv±* A&°* f ~|+H f£+2&°* b <&ÉD <&*H v +&* b A p£D ¤+2&°* ,$*x D*H f+bg D* b A&* I4b~|B ¤gD* b <&°* - f~8b1 z£D F&* =x+ rx~z´* bE&* f~8b1 f£~|~| D* b <&°* jE eb D&ÉD bK +xB ÈC&* x1%* &b~7 ¡ A ¡£D* b <¡~9¡E < *K v£ + b E ¶(* obgpJ b» Íc<ÉD* 4H2 v gJ DH f£FHÆ D(°* ¥v F g~zE ¤ A f@@J*H4 ¶(* ,Ì~|B f~|B E f£~|~| D* b <&°* bE&* ¤~|~| D* @@6b@@~@6&°* ¯ f@@£@FHÆ@@ @D(°* eb@@ @ D&°* @@E Æ~{ JxA bGw £D b cg J 8b~| D ob@@g@« eb@@ @ D&°* A ¯ ¤~|~| D* 6b~6&°*H Íc<ÉD* vJ ¢ < < g J ¤ A ¡ £~6 4b~|g1b+ ¤~9*ÆA* µb< 1 f£ < ¡G ÍgDb²* bK £ B*H bK A ¤~9*ÆA* µb< F&* ¢ < ¤~|~| D* e2&ÉD b A obg« f £ 0 ¶(* ¢ gF* ¤+2&°* v D* &* f~8b1H bK £-b /*x+ ¤~|~| D*H ¤+2&°* D b. vcE a4b D* & * ¤GH ibc.(* ¶(* M ibc.(* ¶(* obg« ixC3 b C a4b D fJ'HxD* wGH f~8b1 E µb D 1 @@F&* ¢ < ¤~|~| D* D* f £ 0 rx + D a4b D* 4H2 qc~|J f£FHÆ D(°* eb D&°b+ gF4b EH ¤~9*ÆA* *v+(* (* ¥&* d<ÉD* 4H2 z F ¡ A ibc.(* ¥&* ¶(* obgpJ ° ,*HxD* H&* ¥H*xD* 4H2 *w G qc~|JH 2¡/¡+ °(* g J ° D* ¥wD* Jx D* < ÉK Jv+ D'¡´* 4H2 dFbm+ ¤~|~| D* D* ¯ ¡ J &* f£Fb E(* e2&°* ¯ ¥&* b G x D*H fc D* oxsJH w Q J x« ¤gD* f£~z£)xD* f£~9*ÆA°* ib£~|s~{D* Iv0(* ¥H*xD* + xpg-H ¤~9*ÆA°* µb D* ¤~9*ÆA* µb@@< @@F&* ¢ < ¤~|~| D* D* E Eb gD* (*


z IK mf 6*42

ÜOC’G ⁄GƒY º¡Ød ójóL ≥aCG ƒëf 4b D* £ D*vc< b £ ~6 x~|< F&* x~| D* D3 < kJv²* JÌj D ¡ pJH f£ BxD* fJ'HxD* £ < x £~z- K*vJv/ K*x~|< {£ F pF q ~|E < *'¡~zD* *wG ¢ < d£½ 3(* lvpgF G "f£-bE¡ ´* H&* f£ BxD* fJ'HxD* f £ 0 bE D f£-bE¡ ´* i*4vB E ,v0*H ,4vB < b G ¤jJv0 *3 H&* *wG $*¡~6 "ÁHÆ D(°* µb D* ¡GH ,È + Kb~}J&* vsg~zJ x1%* µb D* D3 ¤~9*ÆA* µb< $b~{F(* ¢ < ,4v D* ¤GH $*¡~6 v0 ¢ < f£FHÆ D(°* H&* f£-bE¡ ´* H&* f£ BxD* fJ'HxD* K jE )b p+ G¡J *v+(* Í+H b £A *v+(* ° )b 0 Í+ ¥&* 5bm´*H f £ ²* Í+ rH*ÆJ ¤~9*ÆA°* - É K < h~z£D f£-¡c D* f c~{D* ¢ < B*¡´* } + ¤Evsg~zE Í+ ¡ - ¢gD* ibB*v~|D* -H *v+(°* b <&* E É H&* ¡0vgÂH 4b A&°*H kJv²* ¡D2bcgJ Kb~} + ~} + x J ° 8bs~7&* Í+ fB*v~8 ,2v¹ )b 0 bG$*4H JwD* 8bs~7&°* £+ x~8*H&°* { g gA H4Q b~zgJ H&* fB*v~|D* ¡ £A ¡c~9b gJ + Kb~} + ~} + Hv g J ¤~9*ÆA* F(* ¥&* %* ¯ ¤ £ 0H ¤ £ 0 Ì= fB*v~8 E £+ bE D ¡£ £ 0 D3 ¡ J

~}A&* ~{+ -b£0 ,4*2(* ¢ < ,4v@@ @D* £ -H B*¡D b £~zD* ¢ < *¡ :&* v D b@@ @±* f~6b0 @@ @1*2 c~{-H D* f£FHÆ £D(°* eb D&°* ¢ < :&* b G bF&*H +b~zD* D* E JxA Æ~{J rx~z´*H b £~zD* jE A ¡GH EbjD* vJ ¢ < g J ¤ A < ¢A /*x1(*H <*v+(* ¢A ÍFb D* - (* ÍJÉ´* ib_E *¡ + vBH eb D&°* wG 64b E ¯ fC4b~{EH °K b gC* f£~9*ÆA°* µ*¡ D* ÈC&* ¤G eb D&°* v D* ,x@@C 4¡ / ¢ < ·¡g~zJ 2b J vJv/ *v£E 1 ¶(* v@@ @D* ,x D b@@E Jx D m~{´* ¡pgJ bEv < @@D3H ,x cE i*4b E 64bÂH Íc<ÉD* xpJ 3(* x+¡~6 d<° 2b F 4¡ ; h<vg~6*H < ¶(* hD¡« f£FHÆ D(°* eb D&°* £ «H $ { D f£+ÆD* ¯ ¢g0 bG*Hv/ <H b D Í ¹H

< J ° bK <*v+(* ~{J ¥wD* ¥5bm´* ¤~9*ÆA°* µb D* bE&* ¤)*H4 µb< F(* ÁHÆ D(°* eb D&°* µb< ¡ A x1%* *v+(* ¥&* E g E Ì= µb<H Ix1&* f£0bF E ¤)b £~6H f£0bF E ,4*2(* E e¡ ´* Íc<ÉD* vJ ¢ < g J 3(* fjDb. f£0bF z)*x D* A d<° J b C 8¡s~{D* Jx«H l*v@@0&°* ¶H&°* f/4vD* E ¢ A < f£FHÆ £D(°* eb D&°* ¤0x~z´* -H JH £ ~zJH gÂH Íc<ÉD* x<b~{E ~{J bK A ÈC&* ÉK £/ s- eb D&°* f~64b» A ¥&* |)b~|1

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

100


¤@@ Q @ @ @ @g@ @´* f@@ £@ @ @ @E b@@ @ J ¤@@ @ Q @ @ @EH @P @ @ @ @ E Oh@@ c@ @ m@ @ < Á&* @@ @ @ @ @ F&* h@@ @ @ @ @ @ ; ¢@@ @ g@ @ 0 @@ @ @ @ E ¤@@ @ @ @ @g@ @ @£@ @ @F2&* v g~zJH + x1%°* ¤<H b E W C v ~{J eb£ D* ,x~}0 ¯H N Q IvD 4¡~}0 ¤ mJ d£ J ¥wD* ¡~{ ´bA 4¡~}0 E -¡B f£Db ~7(°* fBÉ D* - x~|gsJ ¯¡~8 v ~{E ¯ ~7b< oɲ* ib£+&* É1 E b £+

N HN h@@ @ +N xO @ @ @=N °HN @L @ z@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @~@N @ 7 h@@ @ N @ @ N @ @ :N b@@ @ E Ñ* L @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ EN @N @ @ @ @ @ cT @ @ @ @ @ @0O HN °Q P(* ¤@@ @~@ @ 6b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ FN&b@ @ +P Hx@ @@ @ @ O @ @ @ @.O vU @ @ @ @0N O&* M ¡@@ @ @ @ @ BN ¢@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ DP(* Oh@@ @ @ ~@ @z@ @ @ @ /N °HN N @ @ @ @ @ @ +N ¤@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ j@ @ Jv@@ @0N Nh@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ FN&*HN °Q P(* ¤@@ @ ~@ @ @6É@Q @ @ /O Í Kb@ @ @ @ @ @ @ 0xP @ @ AN °HN Kb@ @ @ @ FHy@@ @ @ @¹N @N @ @ @ -O x@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ CN 3N °HN N @ @ @ @ @ @+N ¤@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ c@ @ @ @ N @ @ +P h@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @FN&*HN °Q (*P ¤@@ @ ~@ @ 6*¡@@ @ ~@ @ 6HP Í @M @ {@ @ @N @ <N @@ @ @ PE P$b@@ @ @ @ @´* Pex@@ @ ~@@O @ {@ @ @+P Oh@@ @ @ @ N @ @ GN °HN @P @ @ 6b@@ @ N @ @ D* ¤@@ @ @ @ A @N @ @ @ @ @ @ PE °K b@@ @ £@ @ @ @ @ @1N Oh@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @JN&*4N °Q P(*

~{< fJb 0 Í+ +b~{gD* 2Hv0 h BH G $b~zgJ &* $x DH b gBb~6 ¤gD* ib£+&°* 2Hv0 v < oɲ* f+x© Í+H Íc£c²* "fJ*HxD* ibp ~8 IvE ¢ < fc-b D* K D b+b < g D* . EH m~zD* ¯ oɲ* f+x© hFbC G Q f£ ~{ D* f+xmgD* - < ,v£ + v)b~zD* ¢ < 2xQ ­ dc~z+ " bc~} D* + v ¹H bpc~8 b g~7b< ¤gD* Q (* £Q sJ « b§ oɲ* f£~|s~7 4b£g1* Q &* £ pgD* v < · ¶(* v J bC ¡ ~zD*H f~64b ´*H x D* ¯ ib£Db ~7(* E ¯¡~|D* d²* vm­ Q fJx ~7 vG*¡~7 4b~}pg~6* E ÈC&* K bEb­ oɲ* c~{J bpc~8 d + ~| J bC ¥wD* d²bA b~z D* b /ÆJ ibp ~7 D 2xQ gE x)b. ¯¡~8 b GÉC ¶(* fAb~9(* fA¡~|g´* ¡ J b C Fv E < }£ J v/H < 9xQ - ¡ J vBH b c B ¯ m~zD* ¢Fb< bE *K ÌjC d²* Q &* Q K b £ < 9x J ¥w@@D* ¤<b g/°* d@@/*¡@@D* + b~}J&* g D *4xB &* v + Jv£0H b£ +H ¯¡- ¥wD* b cJxB ¤ +* f A*xE f£A¡~|D* b gDb0 bpc~8 {£ gD b£Fb Jx+ ¯ b g~6*42 b C(* jJ ¥wD* ~{ D* Dw+ f Q ¹ £D(* 2¡ -H bG4vB E ex gA rHxD* GbC

99

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

2b< . b EQ &* 04 ¯ ,4w+ b Cx-H ¡ m´* E $b/ ¥wD* a4b D* b£1 { - ,ÌjE f~}Eb= £~8b - ¯ ¡ m´* ¶(* 2xQ gD*H fD¡ cD* i*2x § JwQ -H E b £A b§ fJ*HxD* fJb 0 Qv - f£)*HxD* &* b G bG xCwJH Q g´* 24b~zD* É1 E ib£~|s~7H lv0H b EH E5 ¡0 a4b@@ @D* Iv@@D bK GH sJ 2x~zD* E ¡ D* *w@@G jEH f£)*HxD*H ,24b~zD* Í+ bK ~6bcgD* sJ b jE ,24b~zD* f£~|s~7 ¢~| g- f£ G3 ibF4b E v < ¶(* 6bcgD°* *wG jE 2¡ J k£0 b £+ c~{D* 2Hv0 f£ D f£ A f<v1 I¡~6 z£D g´* Ì ~}D* &* B¡F b Q C *3(*H fBÉ D* - GH ,4b@@.(°H b J(°* ³ d-b D* b £D(* &bm J 4¡ ~zD* 1 E z F b F(bA 24b~zD* Í+H £+ f£Dv±* ¯ f£Ab . ,4b~{g~zE - ¤gD* fc-b D* Fygs- bK A*2 bK £ 0 ¶H&°* b )b ~6H ¶H&°* b ~94&* b© bG2É+ i*4b ~6 Iv0(* x:b D* ¤~9b´* nJ4&b+ b -*¡ 1 x Q < ¥wD* e*ÆD* D3 b©H È - É+ f+b~z E f D b gJ*H4 f=b£~8 ¯ fc-b D* vsg~z-H $b g0°* ¢ < ,42b@@B i°°v@@@D*H x<b~{´b+ fF¡p~{E Hvc dJx D* $b~} D* E f£+bmJ(* fBÉ< s-H £D&°* b ´b+ xC3 Ä@@< ¯b@@ @j@D*H ¤<b g/°* $b@@ @g@F°* v~z© f D b@@ @F(* tJ4b- v~zmJ ¥wD* x ~{D* Ä<H f£c ~{D* Áb=&°*H Ì:b~6&°* ¢ < oɲ* x ~7 Hv J 3(* fc-b D* b £D(* ¤ g - ¤gD* fE&°* ,vJx D* f£ ~{ D* f+xmg D *K v/ bK E ÉK Eb0 8¡~|³* /H x~9b0 oɲbA bc~}G + v ¹ E ,24b~zD* b g~7b< ¤gD* d²* DwA Í ~7b D* ,xC*3 ¯H b Bx - ¯H b )b D ¯ Q b Gv0&* qc~|JH v@@0*H b£C ¯ ¡~{ ´*H ~7b D* mJ ¯ =v ´* x1%°* FQ &* b E C Q J ¢g0 x1%°b+ bK F¡ ~zE oɲ* ¡B x~}pJ DwD bF&°*


+ A "ibJH4b D* dJ42" z£D fJ*HxD* wG ¯ b ´*H fFy³* ¡GH b <4*¡~7H b -¡£+H b -bJxCw+ Í D* f JvE b G ,24b~zD* bggA* E vJyE ¶(* ¥2'¡@J ¥wD* Áb ´* b )*¡=(b+ f JvE zJ4b+H b +bc~9 jE f~}Eb D* v D ¡GH bc~}G +b+ ¯ fc-b D* v g© ¤gD* i*v cD*H v@@´* E bGÌ=H 4¡ D* 4bG5&°*H ib£ g ´*H f~zcD&ÉD 54b+ 4¡~}0 ¶(* fAb~9(* b j£.&b b 0x~{- ¤gD* f£-*4bE(°* f_£cD* i*2x EH $b@@´*H 4bm~7&°*H fJ*HxD* ¤ J xE&°* *wGH fJ*HxD* {E*¡G ¯ ¤Âx D* 2b ~6 ¡~z £ D*H vBb D* £D(* b<2 b´b: b D* x~z + bK Q jE *K 4H2 ¤gD* f JvcD* {E*¡ D* g+ xCQ wJH *xJvF¡C É£E ¤ £~{gD* -bJ*H4 ¯ ¤c£c0 £E(* ¤ £ ~z D* ¤)*HxD* bGx jg~zJ bC ¤gD* f_£c D ¤<b g/°* ¤<¡D* Q ~{- i*2x E a4b D $¤~}£D M b £A 7b< © x JO ° ¤ £ j- 4Hv@@+ ¡ - ¤gD* i*2x@@ @ ´* w@@G jE $b gF°* fJ¡G c~z -H f£ £ 0H f D&* ÈC&* ¤)*HxD* $b~} D* HvcJ ¤gD* *¡D&°b+ bK ~}J&* ,24b~zD* '¡ ­ ¥wD* $b~} D* D3 4*x~}1* f .H f £c D* 4*x~}1* f jA b D *K v£Q ~6 x~}1&°* É1 E 4*x~}1°* *wG ¤ JH bK ~}J&* rHx@@D*H bg~z D* @@E&°*H 2QvmgD* E bK 0¡g E *K y£Q 0 f gs´* 5¡@@E4H @@-°°2 ¯ *K x~9b0 bK £+4 {£ - ib£~|s~{D* mJH $b D*H ,xA¡D*H b + h£ E ¤gD* v D* °%* E =xD* ¢ < ,xC*wD* dFb/ < ,24b~zD* ~{ - fJ*HxD* ibp ~8 E fp ~8 C ¯ ¤gD* l*v0&°* Q &b D ¢g0 b -b£~|s~7 Iv0(* ¯ ÌjE ·b£1 vg J µ fJxp~6 f£ B*H ¢ < £« ib£~|s~{D* g+ ixQ E f£ £-ÉD* b JxE&* e2&* ¯ °(* b ~zEÉJ &* ¤+x D* a4b D* 4Qv J µ ¥w@@D* e&°* f£~|s~7 ¶(* Ì~{F &* b G b c~z0H qJxD* h + fpc~8 ¤ A C ¯ {£ - &* fpc~8 ,24b~z D

¥wD* b £+&* $*vF bGw1&bA b -b Jv~8 E hFbC bEv < £~zD* b -v/ < bO ~}J&* ,24b~zD* ¤ « b C i¡´* A ¡pF g ~6 - 2x~zD* *wG b D x £O D e4vD* - h<ÆA* ¤gD* ¶H&°* fJ4b< bK Eb­ ,v£0H h£ + vBH ibJHb D* dJ4vD f ~7b D* £04 v + v£ ~zD* b £~9bE £FbB&*H b -bJxC3 q£-b E E f j» b -*3 f /*¡E ¯ b ~z F vmgD b -*¡1&* b -b Jv~8 U 22Æ@@´* b cQ 0 ¯ f /*¡E ¯H bc~}G + v p´ ew ´* ¯ 64v- f£-*4bE(* ,bgA b ~8¡+ ¤+x D* gm´* x@@1%°* fJx D* b -*$b gF*H b ~6bcDH bGv£Db - ¢ < Ab«H v D 9¡s- x@@ 1%°*H i*w@@D* f /*¡E ÍFbpgE°* JwG b@@ E&*H f.¡F&°*H b ±*H xp~zD* fCx E ¯ x~|g - b £gCx E ,24b~zD* g´* 4*x D* 3bs-* ,¡ ~6 b ~z D « Í0 4b~|gF* ~|F ¯ bK )*2 Jx~{D* Q ; Í0 ¯ Jx~{D* E b gBÉ< c g~z§ + ¤ g J &* H2 c : 4*x - E Q  ° ¥wD* dDb D* ~9¡E ¯ *K xGb+ *K 4b~|gF* x~|g - b £+ ,2¡~{ ´* fJb D* ¶(* b²* ebm<(* b -H b -4*v/ hcj A ¤+H4H&°* x1%°* f /*¡E ¯ ¯ qm -H b -$b CH b gAb .H bGQv/ É1 E b D¡0 E ¡ B¡gJ *¡D*5 bE JwD* } + IvD f£)É g~6°* ,x D* Ì£ fBbF x ; ¢ < ¤+x D* G4HyJ &* ¯ ,24b~zD* b ~{£ - ¤gD* f£~z D* fDy D* - ¢ < bK ~z£~6&b-H Q Q +42H ibJHb D* < *K v£ + bGx~9b0 b ´* ,xC*w+ ¢~7¡´* ~{£ - ¥wD* £0xD* D3 ¢ <H f<b £D*H fD¡ D* ,x@@C*3H IvE ¢ < *x-*¡gJ bJ2x~6 b<b J(* ¡ J bK Fb EH bK @Fb@@E5 i*2x ´* Ì g- k£0 v D* b J(*H Í ²* b J(* b G fJ*HxD* ibj.'¡´*H b D fF¡ ´* $b£~7&°* ib ~8 gs-H b gEQ x+ f£Fb ´* ¤gD* ibJxCwD* Ì= bpc~|D ¢ c- °H b £A v~{g« hFbC ¤gD* bK <bc- bj J¡ - ¯ fc-b D* Ä- ¤gD* f 0Ég´* ib<b/Æ~6°* ~}1 ¯H Q x~9b0 < bc~}G + v ¹ d£c²* d£ J ° b -*y ¹ Jv< ¡ A bGb gcEH fJb ²* ~8&* bGx F ¯ F&° 2x~zD* b £ J ¡GH bGb E b -b£0 ¤ J ¥wD* ¡GH bGv < rHxD* ¤ D* v£ ~|D* ¢ < £j D* 4¡~}0 ¥2'¡JH b -4b.(*H b -4¡ 1 ¢ < f~{GvE i°b gF* ¶(*H +bgg´* 2x~zD* f D&* x~zC ¶(* ¢ <H x@@1%* bK £0 b ´* I¡g~zE ¢ <H bK £0 EyD* I¡g~zE bK jDb. bK £0 bK E ÍJ¡g~z´*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

98


¯ d@@J4v@@D*H bK @ @+42 z£DH "dJ42" b G b@@G DH $b@@ ´* Ì ~|gD* E 9x D*H e4vD* f D Ì ~|- ¡G f=b£~|D* bK E %* ¯ £ < x~zpgD*H E e xQ gD*H £D(* dcQ pgD* b G bG Q ex D* ,2b< ¢ < ¥x© b F(bA *¡ D* *wG - 3(* fc-b D*H Ì pgD* b E ¢g~7 @@9*x@@=&° Ì ~|gD* *¡Evsg~6* JwD* ¢ < fDy ´*H EyD* dJx -H £ gD*H 0ÆD*H £ gD*H f~{)b< ¶(* -4b~7(* ¯ Ãx D* Ñ* ¡~64 ¡B ¯ v½ bE ¡pF d£c0 *K 3(* dJ4vDbA "$*Ì ²* wG < J2 ~|F *Hw1" *K x~z« b FbE5 ¶( * ,24b~zD* £<vg~z- d D* E fDy ´* dJxB Q i*ÌjC Q A ibJHb D* bE&* h~} F*H h~}E bJ& M * ¢ < bK 0x-H &*vc- f gº f E5&* ¶(* Í g J ~z F e4vD* vB ibÂvB N Q &* Ì= $b´* ¶(* Jx D* *ÆAb+ ¶H&°* fJHb D* i&*v+ Í0 ¤+H4 bK ~}J&* bG2x~6 ¯H ,24b~zD* z F ¯ *K 4¡~}0 Q GÈC&* ,24b~zD* qJxD* h + bpc~8 ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ f~{)b<H ,v 0H -vcQ <H e4vD* D3 h<ÆA* ¤gD* ,Qv±* b 1 h + bpc~8H b -*¡ s+ ¤gD* i*4bCwg~6°* 1O Í+ @@EH 2x~zD* @@D3 Iv@@E ¢ <H ¯¡~|D* d²* fJb 0 ¡£1 ~{ g- v£ cD* ¤~9b´* $¤~} + v@@ @¹H q@@Jx@@D* h + bpc~8 Í@@+ © ¤@@g@D* ~8b D* ¡~8¡D* f£Fb E(* c gD d²* ,Ì-H ¡ -H ¡ -H bc~}G v ¹ bcB(* Í+ 6¡ -H o*HyDb+ f j g´* ,v£ ~zD* fJb D* ¶( * O + « &*  bE C gc£c² Qv J ¥wD* x ³* ~7b D* vB bC b c£c0 &* ¢~z - &* £ g~z- ° ¤gD* bpc~8 4b+2(* Í+H bGv J ¥wD* d²* *wG ,¡ ~6 E ex gA Ix1&* ,&*xE* oHy 4¡~}0 H&* d£c²* 4¡~}0 b /b J Í0 £D(* 2¡ -H b F*y-* kc J bEH g´* b c B bGx g J ¤gD* ~{ D* ,H*x~}+ £: m~zDb+ « b G bpc~|+ Á&bCH ~z²* f ² ¯ 22ÆJ &* ¤gD* D* fJx0 £ - &* vJx- °H b c B ¯ ¡ J d0 ¢ < Q o*HyD* ¯ fE4b D* fc=xD* £ pg+ d²* D3 o¡Q g- &*  Íc£c²* Í+ Qv - fJ*HxD* ,xC*3 b + | - ¤gD* i*4bCwg~6°* ¢ < *K 2b g<*H Q ¤ pgA bK <bc- b ~|~|B ib£~|s~7 fgA° f£ A f<*Ä+ fc-b D* µ ¤gD* f£~z D* f~}Jx´* H&* g - µ ¤gD* f £m~zD* ¤+H4 < f £g D* ,v 0H bK jJv0 ,2¡D¡´* b g +b+ h mA Í0 - bE 4v b Ax/ ¤gD* f~{)b<H ¤+H4 iÉ£s- ¯ °(* bK cF3 d -x- µ ¤gD*

97

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

Q (bA ¥2x~zD* x~9b²* E *K $v+ b £~9bE fJ*HxD* ¤ « k£0H f C Q C bJbc1 ~{ £D ¡ J x1%* bK E5 Jx~9b²* Í+ f Q . D3 b Q ~}- ¤gD* q£-b ´* mJH ¤0bggA°* 2x~zD* b Q ~} ¥wD* x~9b²* y Q pJH fJb ²* £Db E ¢ < b <5¡JH 2x~zD* fJb + ,2Hv~{E f c0 b =¡Q ~z- ¤gD* gJb F ¡pF 2x~zD* + &*vg+* IÄ D* fJb p D £.¡D* c²* ¶(* 2x~zD* w E b £ < Q J ¥wD* *¡ D* E fJ*HxD* fJ*¡= &*vc Í< ¶(* iÉ£ ±* e42 ¡G ibJHb D* dJ4vA ¤0bggA°*


z IK mf 6*42

..»Áô©dG OÉ©°ùd zäÉjhɨdG ÖjQO{ ..»Á

»JGQÉeEG ´óÑe π°†aCG IõFÉL 2| G* jM*§= ¾(* i4zG* jM*§= ¢H ¤ £ 0 ~6¡J 2 ¢ < vBb D*H a4b D* ebm<(* ¢ < ¤Âx D* 2b ~6 ,4¡gCv D "ibJHb D* dJ42" fJ*H4 ,5b£0 xQ ~6 < $x´* $b~zgJ b¸ ¯ ¤-*4bE(* d-bC ~}A&° ¶H&°* ,y)b±* b - fJ*HxD* wG h / ¤gD* f ~|D* xQ ~6 < $b~zgJ $*¡~6 Qv0 2014 Ä A¡F ebg D ·HvD* fB4b~{D* 9x E rbggA* ¯ *v+&°* bGb =H b -b£~|s~7 ¡ g+ b )b~}A k£.&bg+ fJ*HxD* wG bFx~6&b-&* b )b + f Jx: ¯ &* b -x A cF ¯ xQ ~zD* J&* ",v0*H fJ*H4 ¯ $b£~7&°* wG Q C © b F&* &* ¢ g~{´* 2x~zD* ,x~6 ¶( Q * ÍgE cp+ f D* Qv~{- ¤gD* b g +

Q fJx)*2 f£ + b gJb ² gs- Dw+ ¤GH fJ*HxD* x1% * ¯ 2x~zD* b -bJb F ¶(* ibJ*vcD* 2¡ -H f£.v²* b gJ*v+ ¶(* ibJb D* 2¡ f£ cD* ~7 ¤Cb« ¤gD* ,x)*vD* Q &* x ´* EH fJ2x~zD* fAb~9(* « ¤GH °K b C f£~6v D* b ~7&°* ÈC&* b G fJ2x~zD* f A f EbC ,b£0 f ~z A < ~{ J bK JQv~9 $K *x. b Db gC* ¶(* i¡´* ,4¡~8 ,2°¡D* « b jE bK Eb­ fJb D* f F ¤G fJ*vcD* ,24b~z D fc~z Db+ ibJHb D* dJ42 j b jEH b -b£ © v0&* ¯ ¢ g ´* ,4v~6H Ivgc´* fJ*¡= fc-b D b§4H

¥wD* v D* xG*¡/ E ,v@@0*H ¤G "ibJHb D* dJ42" f@@J*H4 2x~zD* D3 ¯ v D* f ~6*H b Q D + ¤-*4bE(°* 2x~zD* Q ~{J ¤GH $K b gF*H fK J'H4 c D* f )bAH fK DH $K b + b ±* f )bA ¤ A b» *K ÌjC $x´* IvD Q &* E =xD* ¢ < Jx gDb+ f D* ¥x ,w D ¥¡ ´* É~zg~6°*H x~6%°* ebm<(°* ib=¡Q ~zE ¡0 ¡ J | D* fJb 0 ¤ pJ Áb E5 ¤0bggA* 2x~6 E *K $v@@+ fJ*HxD* ¯ £D(* ¤ g J x~9b0 E5 E bK BÉ F* ¤~9b´* ibJHb D* e42

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

96


-x A hDv+&*H 0H4 h G5&bA gAx E b~zF(°* v A 3(* f£ D* x1%°b+ ¤ Ax - ° ;&* f D* *4H&* ¢ < ¡ J µ ¤ /H v + K*4b B z£D ¤-¡~8H ¤ D* i*H2&* *¡@@Jv@@D* *w@@G ¯ £~{ ´* ¯ b@@ @C ,2v@@ @ g@ ´* b@@ @Db@@ @~@7&b@+ ¢ < d ~zD* f@@=É@@+ gA @@+b@@~@z@D* f~8xA x~z£J ¥wD* D* *v F* v£C&b b~zF(°* &b£~{- v A x1%°* E ~8*¡g D H&* *K 2Hv@@ ¹ Ì@@= @@E ~8*¡gD* ib@@+H ~|J *K 4b B z£D i¡~|DbA bK Ev E fAx E h@@FÆ@@B*H x@@ @ 1%°*H b@@@F&°* Í@@+ ¢ < d/¡J b» ,2b´* f Db+ gJ¡G x1%°*H i*wD* fJ'HxD gD* b~zF(°*

Ix- ¤C E ¢ < ¢~z -H ¡g- É£CH K*4H2 4b D $b´* E ¢ c-H JvJ qJx- ¤C E ¢ < ÍF3&°*H £ £<H ÉsF {)b~{²* - É£CH Kb~6bF z£Fb~z D*H x-bAvD* c- KbE¡£= É D*H K*x ~7 È D*H

gD*H 2b~z D* i*4b@@E&* ¤GH e*Æ@@D*H ,4¡jD* fEÉ< qJxDb+ ¤ g« v - µH v DH ,b£²* 4v~|E x Db+ H&* Ì£ gD*H y@@E4H 4v~|E ¡@@ @²* v@@´* hg=b+ v´* wG 6bF bE&* ,2vmg´* ,b£²* v<b ´* ¢ <H ib~7b~{D* bE&* *¡EbF v A f Jv´* ,b£0 ¿ ¢ < *2 v ~{E ¡GH mJ b» D* < 6b D* v - ¤gD* v A 2¡/¡D* ¤c£S EH f£D%* bK ~6Hx- 6b D* 2¡/H ¥&* ¤pc~7 2¡/H x~{c D ¢~zE&* ¢p~9&*H v@@ @ D* e4b@@ @J 2b@@ @J h@@Gb@@+ ¡³* vE ¯ fJb 0H f F eb£ D* ,4*x´*H fJxs~zDb+ ~{g- fB4b E ¯ xGb E HvcgA 4¡~}²bC ¡G eb£ DbA f /*¡E ¯ ,vEb±* f£<b ~|D* f Jv´* *x~8 ¯ f£²* f £c D* xGb E E f £c D* I¡B dm² f Jv´* £A ¢ ~z b@@ @B&°*H b £²* 6v - f Jv´bA dm²*H fDy D* ¯ fc=4 e*¡@@ @+&°*H - 6bF ¢ < 4b@@.%* h~z F* bE ¡GH 4b~|²b+ f Jv´* g D JwD* v´* A ¯ *4HvD* ¡G GÌ~|E qc~|£A b gE°*H f /*¡´* E eHx D*H x~6&°* µb E iv A k£0 ¤+bmJ(°* D* < b gJ¡G f Jv´*

sF s D* ° f Jv´* ¯ qJxD* °H $bE $b´* °H ,2v E "fJ¡~6H4" fp£~8 b F(* b~zF(°* hc£= ¤gD* f Jv´* ,b£p+ fJ2¡/¡D* g£ <bA h +&*H

b B*4H&* ~z" b £ ~6" eb 1 pJ b@@E ¢ <H i*4b~7(*H f£~6b£~6 )b~64 E ¥x ~{D* ¥xmJ b@@E f@@Ab@@j@C &* °(* f@@£@ /¡@@Dv@@J&* vEH ¥Ì ~{- y£Ex- ib@@/¡@@E @@E @@+ E fJx ~{D* g=b£~8 pJ ¥5b@@¸ I&b JH f£+b ³* i*4b£gD *x@@½°* fJxJx gD* ib@@E*H2 ¯ ¡1vD* E b + ,x~7bc´*H f£Fb~zF(°* i*w@@D* f ~{E Iv g- v@@BH x~{D* Í+ ¥4b~}²* *x~|D* fD&b~zE bK J2¡/H bK <*x~8 ¤~z gD ex D* +b E ¯ g JvE :¡E E b~zF(ÉD

¤gD* v´* ¯ e*ÆD*H n£m~}D*H b1vDb+ g H&* qJxDb+ ¤ g« ° ¤gD* v´* ¯ x Db+ ¢A ¡ ²* h=bc- ¤gD* v´* ¯ É D* xm~{D*H 4¡£ D*H 6b D* b £A b J ¤gD* v´* ¯ bFb£0&* H&* v E ¡A H&* f~7b~7 bE&* x~z/ h« ¤gD* v´* ¯ e*¡+&°*H b B&°*H b £²* 6v 4¡~|Db+ Í_c E Ix~6&°bC 4HvF f + Kb )*2 rbc~7&°bC Í g¹H eb£ D* n£m~}D*H b1vDb+ v@@´* h gD* v D

95

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


,42bB Ì= b F&* ,x<b~{D* i*wD* gD bEH4 ¯ x@@1%°* *w@@G E ~8*¡gD* ¢ < f£+x D* f £ D ¤sJ4bgD* yExD*

K*ÌcC yJ µ Ìc D* x~|£ D* b ´*H hB¡D* *Æ1* ¢ < K*42bBH ,xE ~7x< b ~{D* ¢A pJ ,xEH bEH4 K*w1%* ex D* b©b+ Ì~zJ E C f@@Jx@@ @ ~@ {@ D* f@@=b@@£@ ~@ |@ D* v@@s@ g@ ~@ z@ g@ A b +b ³ bK @ @BÉ@@ :(* b@@ @ @ D* f£ ¤~|s~7 b@@ @ Gv@@0&* Í@@J¡@@g@~@z@E Ä@@< f~6b£~z D ¤@@ @ @J ¥w@@@D* x@@~@|@£@ @D*

¯ v@@ @D* w E fJ4b g~6°* f£+x D* x~{ D *K y@@ E4 @@Jv@@D* $É@@< +b E x@@1%°* @@/¡@@D*H b -4b~}0H f@@+Hx@@ @D* yE4 bEH4 Í+ rH*ÆE Áb E b D Ãv D* µb D* ¯ fJ4b g~6°* I¡ D* *2b £FH ¡/b £~7H 4¡@@J¡@@£@F Í@@+H ¯ ,x~8b ´* f£ JxE&°* f £ D* y@@E4 vg ´* f£DbJÄE(°* t~6b - ¶(* ,4b@@~@7(* " b £ ~6" f D ¤-&b- b C 4¡~| D* Ä< HvcgA 5¡@@Ex@@D*H i*4b@@~@7(°b@@+ fF¡ ¹ ex D* f@@D%* sJ4*¡~8H ex D* +b B $É@@< rb@@c@~@|@E @@+b@@ @E ¯ f@@~@{@:b@@c@D* gAb .H x~{D* xp~6 @@ @/H @@Jv@@D* yE4 s D ex D* fD*5(*H f£ Jy£Abg£´* ¯ s D* yExJ 3(* ,b£²* ¢ < $b~} D 2vmgD*H ,b£²* ¶(* ¥4¡ ~6&°* ¤<¡D* ° ¤gD* ,v£0¡D* ,xm~{D* ¤ A ¤-*wD*

fJ2¡/¡D* gDy<H b~zF(°* ,v0¡+ ¤~{J fDy ´* b@@ @g@J¡@@F&* ¯ "bF&°*" Hv@@c@g@A < e¡ - b F&bCH 2x ´* bG4¡~}0H f£Fb~zF(ÉD ¤ ±* bF&°*H f£ D* i*wD* bK E¡ < qJvE" b F*¡ < gJ ,v£~|B ¢@@AH £~6&* 4¡ ~{+ q~} - fJxs~z+ "x~|£ D f~{GvE fB4b E 5Ä@@J b@@» ,4*x@@´b@@+ ¢ mg- ¥w@@ D* b@@ @ @g@EH b@@ @F*¡@@ @< Í@@+ 4¡~}²* j gD f :b D* "bF&°*" £A ¡<vgA ¤ £ B(* v£ ~8 ¢ < Áb@@~@z@F(°* b +b 1 ~zJ &* ¶(* "ex D* x1%°*" 9xA f£E*xD* £<b~zE < ¤ sgD*H D Ì D* ¢ < 3¡ F ~z+H g £G

bEH4 ¶(* xpcD* Ä £~6 ¥wD* E "x~|£ D* +b J ¤ D Í DHvDbC ¡ D* £ g~6&* ° ° 8¡ D* v£/&* °H £ D* ¯ I4&* °H f £~9 ¤g)4 x ´* 6x« bg£²*H 2b cg~6°* @@< b G b g~6°* Ä J i*w@@D* Í@@+ b A f£Db g0°* $b@@ @g@F*H bEH4 ¯ x~|£ D*H x@@1%°*H b G µb D*H b~{ JH b@@g@£@²* '¡@ @ ­ @@~@8b@@A x@@p@+ *K 4¡ E ,x<b~{D* i*wD* dm~{gA £ D* ¤ cJ ¥wD* 6x g´* x1%ÉD bK £)É g~6* Ì D* eÉg~6b+ f ~6¡g´* gJ4¡:*ÄE(*

f+x D* ¢ < bK c -H

Kb E ÍcJx C bFx.x. ¡D *3bEH ¶(* b~zF(°* xm J f+x D* ¯ b~zF(°* b~zD A ¯ ~6*H $b~}AH 2 JvDH b~zF(ÉD eÆ@@ @E 2¡@@/¡@@D* *w@@G &b@ @CH f £ 0 ,¡@@<2 ¤ A @@ @:¡@@E b@@C bK @ @J&* Hb@@ @ -H b -bg~7 gD f@@£@Fb@@~@z@F(É@D f /*¡E ¢A b 0ÉgD bK F*v~{F bGÈ c ¤gD* fc£~| D* f@@J2¡@@/¡@@D* ibJvpgD* b £BÉ Ì ~9 Ä< kcO- fJx ~7 fDb~64 b F(* f BxD* gpJ ¥w@@D* 2x@@ @´* d:bs´* v£~| D* x)b ~9 f0b~zE @@E Ä@@C&°* ,v@@< Ä@@< @@£@ D(* @@~@ 6x@@´* Í@@ @ JO ¥w@@@D* ¡ £A ¤~6b£~6 ¡G bE b E ibJ¡g~zE g £G ~z+ Hbp´* ex D* ¡G x1%°* N sN O´* x1%°* ¡ J vBH b~zF(°* ¡G d:b x ~}J vBH ¥2¡/H I¡g~zE Ä< bK E¡ < i*w@@D* ¶(* bK +b 1 d:bs´* Ì ~9 Í+ f@@ @ D&°* @@E $*¡@@ /&* £~{J @@F&* b C b +b 1 ¡pF b £ gEH ,v£~| D* a4bB :4¡£D ¤ g´* o4vg~zJ ¡ A 4v~|´* kJv²* qc~|£A fJx ~{D* fDb~6xD* ¯ r¡cD*H f£ 1*vD* I¡m D* Í@@+ bK ~6H ~6x´* k cJ +b ´* ¯H fp£~| D*H bK Fb£0&*H 2x ´* g´* Ì ~}+ gDb~64 b» ¤ ±* g´* x ~7 ¡p J bE "bF&°*" 2x@@ @ ´* g´* Ì ~9 mJ

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

94


¤ D* 2¡/¡+ bK E¡ < b~zF(°* ¡G G ¯ b~zF(°* ¡G &* "2xm´* 4¡~}0H µb< ¯ b@@~@ z@ F(°* &* "ex@@ @ D* µb@@< Ì~{- &* "f£<b ~|D* f£D%°*H f Jv´* i*wD* ¡ ~{- 3(* " b@@F&°* i*w@@D* ¶(* x@@~@ 8*H&* ib@@g@c@F* @@E f@@Db@@0 ,x@@<b@@~@{@D* ¶(* I2&* b@@» x@@@1%°* @@E @@~@8*¡@@g@D* bF&°* fDy<

¤BÉg D f » f F ex@@B&*H ~8¡ D i*wD* c~{£D ¥x ~{D* i¡~|D* 2¡ J . + c~{ D vJv - ¯ x@@ @D* v£0¡+ ib c- E ,x<b~{D* i*w@@D* 4w@@« . h ~|D* b gD*H i*wD* ¢ < $b F°* ´*

A 5bgmJ ° -¡~8 ¡cpJ ° -¡~8 fAx D* $*¡G y £D ¢~{1&* b £ < h ~|D* g J &* E2H ¤E2 p£D i¡~|D* 6bcg0b+ i*w@@ D* 4¡ ~7 (* b gDy<H b -v0¡+ 4¡ ~{D 6b F* ¡G i*wD* c:bs- ¥wD* x1%°* &* ¥2bcD*H b ; b JxB I¡@@~@6 z£D ,x@@<b@@~@{@D* 6x - f£Fb~zF(°* fDy DbA Áb@@~@z@F(°* fEbB(* b~zF(°* 5¡ J b» $bEvD* fB*4(° + bK ~6b g)* x@@1%°* @@E ~8*¡- 4¡~z/

93

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

£ ²* b~zF(°* v AH ij*H fAx ´* 4*¡~6&* 1 b ~z D i*wD* £c~{- bE&* ¡ A 4¡m E $b £§ 4b gF°*H fDy D* fDb0 < Ä J -4b +H gA*x: ¢ < *¡~7&* E ¡ s- ° ¤gD* f~{0¡D* E y E H&* ¡G $b £´*H £A E&°*H $b D* bGv~| J 2Éc+ £~}D* H&* dJx D gD*H Í ²* E fDb0 v~zmJ bE ¡GH f ¹ H&* E x1%°* bc g~6° v g´*

E x<&* ° ¤-&b- )b~64 x gF&* J&* Á*xJ b G v0&* ° S (* 5bp J b G v0&* ° · 4¡m E $b £ C 4¡~zD* 1 ¤ D ¡F4&*H x gF&* ¤ ~8&*H qJxD* ÍF3&°b+ +x=&*H x D* v£0H jE ibcg< ¢@@ @ < @@ @ - i*w@@ @D* &* Hv@@c@ J ¡ ~{-H ,v@@0¡@@D* 4b@@.%* Áb - 4b gF°* ¤ D* fAbjC ¯ HvcJ bE ¡@@GH b gDy< v A v D* E fDb0 < Ä J ¥w@@D*


z IK mf 6*42

f£ < b~94

¥ 0 {1&fM ½ kÂK ÔgF |<f 7 ∂««ë«d ¿Éª«∏°S óªfi Öàμj ɪæ«M

g´* b@@E&* f+bg D* i°Hb@@¹ e&*2H ¡ A A*2H g < ¡GH f+bg D* + f£pgD* ¡ - vBH ££0&° f£pg D xJv - É@@<(* H&* f£D¡C¡-Hx+ fJv£ Ì ~}D* bE&* xJw«H £c - É<(* H&* £pJ @@F&* 9Æ ´bA d:bs´* b@@C " v~| J x@@ 1%* ¥&* @@ @DH x@@ 1%* ¶(*

*K v ~zE ¤-&bJ dgC&* DbA i°°vD* A b@@F&* ¥2x D* g´* Ì ~}D &* ¯ fc=4 < i*w@@D* - fJ*vcD* f+bg D* f£ <bA f£ <b D* fc0b~8 ¡ ob@@m@²*H *v@@ +(°* f£ <bA ¤@@G ¤gD* E f@@Db@@0 z - @@ @ @D* f@@<4b@@~@}@EH D¡ E 2*vgE*H f£ EyD* gJ4*x g~6*

¥x@@~@|@´* x@@<b@@~@{@D* b@@ @ @Db@@ @J b £0 @@F*¡@@J2 ¯ b@@ @£@ @~@6 v@@ @ ¹ Ì@@c@ @ D* ¢ ~zJ w@@_@ @£@0 " ££0&° dgC&*" +xJ *K x~z/ x ~{D* Ì~|J &° D* *K x+b< bK :b~z+ v£~| D*H x1%°b+ b@@F&°* *¡ DbA y/*¡²* bK BƺH 2Hv²* y g E @@F&* Ì@@= y@@/¡@@´* c£Cx- @@=4

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

92


¿ƒ∏dG √òg »Ñfi ¿CGh ,ájƒ«◊Gh áë°üdGh Iƒ≤dG ¿ƒd ƒg ôªMC’G ¿ƒ∏dG •É°ûædÉH ᪩Øe áMôe á«°üî°ûH ¿ƒ©àªàj

91

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


¡ ~6¡E f ~8b D* ¯ Í Ex D* x~|B bE&* Ìc D* *v£´* ¢ ~zJ fJx ~z D* ib~9*x g~6°* £A - ¥wD* "x 0&°* *v£´b+" f s~}D* µ*¡<H d²* ·b£D < kJv²* v < gD°2 x 0&°* ¡ DH 4*¡~{D* x ~7&* f£ ~z- fA2b~|´* £cB E z£DH f£~zFbEHxD* 4b~{+" iHÌ@@ + f ~8b D* ¯ f£ £ D* ¤@@GÉ@@´b@@+ n - ¤@@g@D* I4*w D* 2Hv@@1 ¢ < " m³* ,x 0" - b C "$*x ²* ,bg D* $b£0 ¢ < ÉK £D2 f Abp´* iÉ)b D* E Ìj D* wsg b g ~{0H b J D3 ¯H f£~|s~{D* f £c + *¡D&°* +4 JÌj D ¡ pJ ¤c¹ (*H fJ¡£²*H fp~|D*H ,¡ D* ¡D ¡G x 0&°* ¡ D* (* b DH b~{ Db+ f E f0xE f£~|s~{+ ¡ g gJ ¡ D* wG < ¡ D* *wG ~{ JH 4¡ gD*H f£F*Hv D* } c+ bE bK <¡F ~zg d« EH ,b£p D d¹H 'Hb g D £Â y£ gD* dpJ |s~7 ¯H f0¡ :H fJ¡B ,v£~6 ,2b D* ¯ ¤G $b~z D* E x 0&°* ¤c¹ EH d£cp D -*4b£g1* ¯ ÍjJÆE G*x- d²* bJ*4 n£EH 24¡AHxC ¥v £~6 x 0&°* ¡ D* £ ~|g+ b g/°* $b < } + bB &* f Dbc´* £cB E z£D z ±*" f£ ~z- ix/ k£0 ¡ D* 4b£ E AH x~{cD* 6b /&* ÍAHx ´* f£ JxE&°* ,4b D Í£ ~8&°* b ~zD* ¢ < "x 0&°* -x~{cD xGb D* 4*x 0ÉD *K x F "x ²* 2¡ D*"`H

$bJx+&°* gB ¯ *xA(°* < fJb C "x 0&°* ¡ D* xC&*" b Q ~6 ,4b.(°* ¡D E f£<b ±* ,xC*wD* ¯ x 0&°* ¡ D* ¡« k£0 ,y)b±* + b@@FH Avg´* bJbp~}D* 2 ¡@@D ¶(* $*x@@ =(°*H b< *v + ¤´b D* fAbp~|D* b/x E ¯ 2005 b< f£FbjD* ¯ 2015 b D 4b ~6H&°* y)*¡/ 0 ¯ ex ´* jÂH *wG ~z0 /xs´ "x 0&°* x D*" £A ¤c /&* £A ~z0&* f_A ¤+x ´* ¤ £~6¡ D f£ D*H f£-*wD* ,Ì~zD* Hb gJH ¡ m + d-b D* <v+&* bE x ~7&* E DH xEb< É~zD* vc< xJx~}D* b< e*2%ÉD +¡F ,y)b/ ¢ < y)b²* ¡Eb+ bG4H&* ¤CÆD* Áb A *x~8 ¥Hx@@J ¥w@@D* "x 0&* ¤ ~6*" +bgC ¡G 2006 f£+H4H&°* f~} D* rb@@J4 E ¡c ~6(* ¯ fAx1yD*H ~6xD* ¡ D* ¡G x 0&°* ¡ D* bC k£0 f£Fb j D* fDHvD* x~|< ¯ ¡G fJ*HxD* ¯ x 0&°* ¡ D* Iy EH -b<*v+(* ¯ dDb D* ¡ J vBH ¤ p´* ¤ D* obgF(°* ¯ f j ´* f£ :¡Db+ ~z gD* ´ ¡ J k£0 g£~zC4bE H&* g£Fb < < fJb C ¥x1&* f / E bF&* ¤ J ¤ 1*2 x 0&* ¤ F&° v£ ~6 bF&* C" *xJ(* ¯ *2b< " ¤gEHb E ¡ £ g~z- ° F&*H y£» ¤ F&* 42&* ¥¡B &* E 2*xJ ¥wD* x 0&°* ¡ D* E ¡ s- f£ :H fJ*4 2b - ° ib£p~}gD* m0 ¢ < £Dvg D $*v ~{D* $bEvD *K y@@E4 ¡ J x 0&°* Ég0* &* 0ÉFH f@@Jx@@²* @@/&* E hDw+ ¤gD* EH Í~|D*H b£~6HxD Í£ :¡D* Í D* ¯ ~6H&°* f0b~z D

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

90


g£F*Hv< ,4bjg~6° *ÌjD* f<4b~|E ibc 0 ¯ x 0&°* zDvF&°* ¯ "$*x ²* x~|B" ¡ ~z´* ¡«b D* v£~7 bK ÂvBH f£ ~z- E&b- b  bK £A*x /H ,42bF fJ4b E f « v J ¥wD* D3H b£~6%*H b£ JxA(* ¤-4bB Í+ ~8b D* "x 0&°* xpcD*" f£Fb/x´* eb~{<&°b+ Bb <&* ¢ = dc~z+ K bÂv A f@@£@ +2&°*H f£ D* b@@ @ <&°* ¯ 2¡@@/H x@@ @0&°* ¡@@ @DH ,Ì ~{D* g£ =&* ¤:b£1 ¥2b D* vc< ¤+x ´* ex ´* ¢ = 0 b C "x 0&°* x D*" f£~9b´* ib £ c~zD* i*¡ ~6 ¯ "x 0&°* ebp~zD*" *¡ < ¤ A*xD* 2b~8 ¢ ~|´ ebgC ,&*x´*H d²* < f gº fJÈF ibBx gEH ib<¡ ¸ ~} ¤ J ebg D f£ ~zgD* wG jE $b <(* DH ,b£²*H ,2b ~zD*H ¡ D* x= ¯ x 0&°* 4bg~zDbC f £ D* ¢ § ebp~zD* &* b DHb - ¤gD* )b~z´* D f£F*¡ ~{D* qEÉ D $b D* 4H2 d J vB ~z0 b~|< ¥4¡~zD* b D* bCH f£~z ±* bG2b +&* ¯ )b~64H ib+bgC E bJ4¡~6 ¯ ,x@@)*v@@D* ex@@²* 4¡~8 @@;H bK +b+ 12 ¯ b ~8 fDb~64 75 ¢ < I¡g0* ebgC ¯ b :&°* ,y= l*v0&*H f£ £ ~z D* f£~} DbC f£~} D* ¡F d~z0 ¢ <

89

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

wG x~zC ob£ ´* µb< ¯ kJv²* b©°* (bA g~{E ¥4*x0 Ix/ xJb E e¡ ~6&° ,y£ gE f0¡D b~8H fJv£ gD* ,x D* 4b£g1* E f)2bG f/4v+ x 0&°* ¡ D* f£Ax0 *vsg~6* £A f_ g ´* b ~{D* E d~6b g£D £ ³* x 0&°* "äƒbÉ«dG" v½ k£0 fÂx D* 4bm0&°* ¯ c£~|F x 0&°* ¡ D 4b¿b£E ¯ v/¡J 2¡/&*H x 0&°* HvF*4¡ D* £ < J ¥wD* -x ² "fEb ²* 2" b G £ < J k£0 bK +b~6 bE4¡+

bE4¡cD y£ ½(°* Hy= $*4H ¤~z£)xD* dc~zD* (* b JH f£Fb D* ¯H fÂx D* 4b@@m@0&°* +b E ¢ < $É£g~6ÉD b@@C f +b~zD* 4bm0&°* Í+ +4 fBÉ< x 0&°* ¡ DH i¡Bb£D* b gEv E 4bm0&* ¯ ÉK j» x 0&°* ¡ D* &* v½ 3(* o*x@@+&°*H fÂx D* ¯ ÉK j»H " ²*" ox@@+ E A*¡gJ Ä~6b±*H i¡Bb£D* ."ex D*" ox+ E A*¡g+ hF4b±*H 5b+¡gD* k£0 $*x ²* f ~8b Db+ "vJ4vE" f£Fbc~6(°* f ~8b D* x Cx-H ¥4*x²* x 0&°* e¡ Db+ i*4b D* $b + bc~6(°* ~} J ¡ Db+ ~{D* DH f£/4b³* )*¡²* z£c - H2 E DwC rb~7¡D* ¯ Db g~6* $*4H f£Fbc~6(°* f£c ~{D* fAb jD* ¯ x 0&°*


ยฏ ย ย D* ย ยกยฝ ย Jx: ยขย < 7Hxย ยด* ย Jยกย D* ยฏx~{D* ย b~zcย D bK FยกD wsgJ xย 0&ยฐbA "fEbsย D*" xGbย ยง xย 0&ยฐ* ย ยกย D* ย c-4* vย D $bย g0* fยฃDHvD* i*4bย ยดb+ fยฃAx~{D* f<bย D* ยถ(* ,x)bย D* ย ย ~6 ย E ยฅ2'ยกยด* xย ยด* ยขย <H fยฃ0x~zยด*H fยฃ)bย ย ยฃ~zD* ibFb/xย ยด* ย ย gยบ ย Eb~}gD*H ,ยก1&ยฐ* ibBร < ยขย ~6&* ย < ,ร ย E fDb~6xC bK ~}J&* $*xย 0 4ยกG5 ibBbc+ i*Hbย ~z0 ย ย ย cย g~z- ย JwD* 2ร cD* ย ยกยฃ~}+ fBbF&ยฐ* ย ยฃD2 ย F&* bย C $b~}ยฃcD* ,x~{cD* i*H3 $b~zย D* $bJ5&* ร C&* d~6bย J ยกGH fcpยด*H 2ยกD* x<b~{E ew<&b+ ย ย ย E xย 0&ยฐ* ย ยกย D* ย &ยฐ nGH ย E ย /ยกD* ยขย < ย ยกย D* *wG ย + ยค0ยกJ bยด fJvยฃย ย - ,xย F vGb~{ยด* qย ยญ ยฅ4bย D* xย 0&ยฐ* ย ยกย D* fDร :(* hpc~8&* bย CH fยฃ+3bยฑ*H

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 4 ย K&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF C ร ย ย ย M2

88


’ "f c~8" H3 F&° £ < x gD* ¯ f+¡ ~8 ÉA fJ¡ D* *¡D&°* ;" c~{gD* ¥¡B" ¡D ¡GH £ < d g- H&* Ix1&* *¡D&* b ~}s ~6 &*vcJ x@@ @0&°* ~{D* E b@@g@1&°* ~|- hFbC DwD 2¡~6&°b+ b D* ¯ ¤ g JH }£+&°* $¡~}Db+ ¢ <&* E *¡@@D&°* ~zD* ~6H ¯ J "bK JyExB" HvcJ ¥wD* x 0&°* &* 0ÉJH } s - :¡cG ¯H "¤ FxB" ¡D ¶(* 2¡ ~8 ¯ ¡pgJH 2¡~6&°* £p´* ¯ eHwJ ¢g0 g/42

87

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

E °K H&* x F &* b + ~zpJ *¡D&°* < b -bE¡ E vJyF ¤ D Ícg A " z ~{D* £:" ¢ ~zJ bE ¶(* 4¡ cD* E 4¡~{ E É1 q~9*H ¤m~z + ¡D ¯ 1*vgJ 2¡~6&* bK F¡D £Ax: v@@0&* ¯ xAb gD* *wG b ~{GvJ vBH x 0&°* ¡ D* E :b gJ °H ¥¡BH ¡G ¤m~z cD* &* x F b F&* E x@@ @0&°*H ¤m~z cD* Í+ x 0&°* Ì1&°* ¯ ¤-&bJ . 45&°* ¡ Db+ x 0&°* ¡ D* o*ygE* E x 0&°* ¡ D*H $*2¡~6 f0b~zE ¯ ¤ gsJ ¥wD* "¤-¡Bb£D*"


z IK mf 6*42

£*§G&¸* 4*| 6&* ¢H á«ë°†J h ..ÖMh áeÉîa

ôªMC’G

,4¡ + fpc~8 *¡D&°* Í+ f ~9b ´* ¶(* £´* ¡G kJv²* x~| D* ¯ ·b ±* HwD* $b -4* ¢ < fD*vD* ib ~zD* 5x+&* E D f :b~zD* *¡D&°* fD¡ ~z+ c gD dJxB v < ¶(* - µ f£ D* f£~6b~z²* &* Hx ´* EH bGy££­ ¢ < ,4v D*H bC -b£0 E f J¡: ,ÆA zJ4b+ ¯ ¢~}E&* ¥wD* 1903 ` 1834 ¤ JxE&°* "x ~zJH" 4¡~|´* &* D3 bjE ¡/¡ D b< ¡ C ,x~{cD* ¡D b g~6* E fJ2bExD*H $*2¡~zD* ib c~|D* b £ < d - f)2bG *¡D&b+ -b0¡D 4¡~|J ¥wD* "Á*¡/4&°*" x 0&°*H fJ4bs D*H Á*H&°* $É: ¯ b g~6°* )b~{D* "xCÉD*" x 0&°* bC . *x:&°*H hAÉD* `A*vD* x 0&°* ¡ D* ; vBH i°b J2x D* z+É´ ,y£»H f ~} E f c~8H Kb£ E K*4b ~7 v D ¯ 3bs-* ® v´* ¯ b <&°* b/4 x= E fAx= s- µ F(* ¢g0 ¢ ~6¡D* Hx D* É1 fEb- ,x £~6 K*x £~zE 4b F&ÉD *¡D&°* E *v< bE Ix- ¡£ D* v - µH x 0&* b~z+ E ,Ì ~|D*H ,Ìc D*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

86


85

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


b C*xp+ fpAb: hFbC b C b -b£0 ¶(* bK E¡J 2¡ g~6 b -b£0 ." z ~{D* d B ~{£~6 ¥wD* Í jD* Áb~zF(°* l*ÆD* *wG fFb£~8 ¯ ebg D* *wG f £ DH i*2b ~7 b G hFbC g~{G2H 5b D&*H xp~6 Db~zE ,$b~9(b+ ,2b<(* ¯ Hwc´* v m D bK £ j- 2b FH $*x ~7 x: E fA2bG f£sJ4bgD*H fJ4b~}²* g £B b £~zF ¥wD* 4b D 4bcg<°* F¡C =x+ bK Fb£0&* b£~z D*H b G(°* +b~8&* ¥wD* l*Æ DH x<b~{D* ¡ J b )*2 f£BbcD*H f£²* ¼&°*H e¡ ~{D* ,xC*3 ¶(* EÉC bK /¡E @@A*¡@@ @D* 24H @@< É@@´* v@@ @0&* Hx@@ @´* ¤-$b -* 4w gD x<¡D* D ~zc JH hB¡D* D ~zgcJ D'¡´* bJ&° ¡~{D* E ¤+ b + f jD* E ÈC* hD5 ° ,b£²* ¢ < Db+ bGxGyJH $*xp~|D* ox@ Q @J b@@E fc D* ·b@@£@DH *Æ@@c@D* bE *4Q ¡C i&*xB I¡ J ° b~z+ ¯H ,v0*H f A2 ¢E*y³*H zc - ¤0H4 hJ&*4 ¥24¡D* f + *K 3¡1&bEH 4*x~6&°* E 1 +xD* ¢~|B&* E 0x-H f £³* ~7 ¤@@Eb@@E&* Ä -H b +b£. }Eb= c/ jE +bgC £ Db+ xFy´* c±* f£0bF ·b³* jE x ~7 *¡  b C fDb0xQ D* cg J $b GvD* bE4 Í+ G*xE 4*x~6&*H y C ebg D* < ~6¡J H4bA Hx ´* d-b D* vBb D* ¡ J b C iv£~7 fGbgE Ix1&* f+bgC fJ&* c~{- ° µ&°* £1 cg- f+bgC x1%°* } cD*H x ~{D* ©xJ b ~} + f £D 2*¡§ b F*4v/ $*x=(* ¯ x<b~{D* ,4b ´ bJ f£0 ib )bC jE bO £)b - k c J i*x B jE $ c+ c J ¤-*¡ D* -b C GH ib£ ±* ¶(* Jx: ~{JH rxmJH JO H ¤0¡J |F ~z D* E f £ . Q fCx²* < J °H b <& °* ¯ f Db< ¢ c- g E2 ,$*x@@ @ D* v + B¡gJ ° + b F°* k£0 fJÄ Q D* $*¡@@G r¡g ´* ¤+bgC k£0 h£cD* $*¡@@G $*¡ D* *Æ+ ¤ -vG&* v D C¡g´* b J&* ,¡ D* rv + h­ *y- ° vJ bK )*4 bK ~|F gcGHH bK £ < bK Jv~8

h -bB bEHxD*H bF¡£ D ~}s- &* h~}A4 " £~6" *Æ+ (bA É~6(°* 4¡ ; ¢g0 f£+x D* Db ´* &* vC'¡J bE ,4b~zm+ cB *Æ@@+ hFbCH b@@²(°*H i°É@@g@0°*H eÉg~6°* h~}A4 rH4 ¢ < bK _£~}E °K bjE ¤ 1*vD* e*x@@³* {E*¡G ~zg- &* G *Æ+– bcF&°* (b@A D3 C ¶(* fAb~9(* É g~6°* hJ4b=H&* w E bK m~}FH ÉK Eb - ÈC&°* fJvm+&°* *¡0Æ/* JwD* ." É~6(°* 4v~8 w E Ax F b C ¤+x D* ³* b ~8H &* ¶(* $*¡@@/&* @@: ~|J @@{@Gv@@´* b@@ @´* ib£Db / fc0b~|´H hJx/&*H ,xE Ì= *ÆcD* i45" ¡ Db+ b -*2°HH 8¡~| D* b gAb .H b G&*H b -bF¡ EH b sJ4b- < bK EH bK ~6¡E bK jp+ ¢ < ¤ Fb<&* bE *ÆcD* ¯ b~|gº hpc~8& * &* ¶(* b -b£0H Q f+*xB hj EH )b D* ¤sJ4bgD* Á*x D* yExD* *wG £ ebg D* *wG ¤gA2 Í+ b g / ¤gD* 8¡~| D* d B&* ÍEb< ibE¡~6x+ bK <¡ ~{E f£F24&°* fAb jD* ,4*5H < *K x1'¡E 4v~8H &*" ¶(* x D* bK gA° "¥4b£0 *v £G fFb D *Æ+ < 4¡~8H b g£+&* h C ¤gD* ·b£ D* ¯ h s- 8¡~| D* } + ib~8bG4(* £A zEÉ- £ 0 ¡J v + *ÆcD* E fcJx D* 2b D* ¯ f£ < v + g J bC DH ¥24¡@@D* µb D* *wG C ¤0H4 < ,$*xB H&* kp+ ¥&* (* Í ±* ¡¿H | D ²* ibc. ."fJx E f JvE ¤GH b < | D ,2¡~zE ¡ g~6 *Æ+ f g´* ¢ < £« ¤ £D E5 ¯ $*ÆcD* f JvE < f+bg D* fBÉ< h C" : C¡g´* ¤ £ ~z D* x<b~{D* ¡ J Í0 f~{GvD*H -*xm0 E ¡/xsJH ¡ £g~zJ b G&* &* £ D* ¯ z0&* $*v0H f<bcD* i*¡~8&* ~6&* h C ¤ F&bC -°b g0* *¡ £ £D – $b =H ÍD¡mg´* f<bcD*H b³* ¯ « &* cB A*¡ D* <b J(*H ,4bm²* ¢ < D¡£1 dc1H rx~z´* ¯ -5HÌA b £+bc~7 · gA É£D b gB5&* ¯ Ì~6&* h CH 8b³* fgAb³* )b~zF ibp£~8H b £ ~7b< i*¡~7¡~7H fJ24¡D* ¶(* É£D 2¡ - ¤gD* *Æ@@c@D* &b@ + qEb/ 6b~z0(* Á2H*x@@ JH

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

84


b +bp~8&* ¤ s-H b -b~z~6'¡E 2b~zAH b G&* e*x1 + h ~6 ¤G %°* 6v D* &* ¤ J bE b gJb 0 < /*x-H b < *Hv£ g~zJ &* b G&* ¢ <H f£sJ4bgD* *ÆcD ¤<¡~9¡´* 2b ´* A ¯ H&* x_cD* ¯ ÈC&* 6v D* ~z- ° ¢g0 b :¡ ~6 E ." {0¡D* C¡g´* ¡ J " A*¡ D* 24H *Æ+ 8¡~|F" *¡ D* bJb ³H *¡ D* ¥&* vFb~z´* | D* H&* | D* Ì~z - v@@J4&* °" : ¢ < Dv- b F&* z0O&* " A*¡ D* 24H" DH f£<x D* JHb D*H D bK /3¡¿ *ÆcD* hFbC ¥wD* )b D* ¥4b~}²* Jx gD* *wG ¡-&bJ b + Í £p´* b ~zD*H f £p´* e¡ ~{D* C / bE b gD¡ 0H b Ax-H b 1wc+ £ < }£ gA b FHv~| JH b £D(* ivgE* bcF&°* fDH2 *ÆcD* f ~6 &* F pFH f £F&°* x~{D* ¢~|B&* EH fJx~|´* {Jx D* ¶(* b~{D* ÉcJ(* E f£cG3 fBÉ< f . bCH ~6¡g´* }£+&°* xpcD* ¶(* ¤+x D* *ÆcD* f£ G&*H " 6v D*" $b£ J(*H *Æ+ Í+ f~6*v D* ¶(* exB&* 24&°* x~7 - hFbC ¤gD* *Hb/ f » ,4*vm+ h.4H b F&* C ¯ ¯b jD*H ¥2b~|gB°* Ì.&bgD* k£0 E s~9&°* hFbCH ." b~{D* 2É+ d£~|³* É D* f£+x D* ,xJy±*" f ´* f +b- ¡ - &* h~}A4 ¤gD* xEv- f £ ~7 *ÆcD* hFbC . b j A bEHxD*H bF¡£D* *w@@F%* IÄ D* ibJ4¡:*ÄE(ÉD b D f£ ³* f Jv²* ¡ - &* h~}A4H b@@EH4 xEv- h -bB

83

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


h g0* ¤gD* 4Hv~|D* fjJv²* dg D* Í+ EH x<b~{D* ebgC $*ÆcD* f Jv§ bK £ < h g0*H *¡ < pJ ¥w@@D* : C¡g´* ¤ £ ~z D* < 42b~|D* Y A*¡ D* 24H *Æ@@+ 8¡~|FZ ebgC f ~z ~6 ~9 f@@£@F24&°* fAb jD* ,4*5H ¤gD* f ~z ~zD* ~9 61 B4 ebg D* x ~{D* 4b£g1* b< 2002 b D* b -*4*v~8(* h F* ¯ @@B*¡@@D*H f£+x D* fAb j D f ~8b< b Q < ~6¡g´* D* E fp ~8 229 ex D* ,vJxm+ : C¡g´* vc´* $b D É1 wG &* ¶(* 4b~7&* 2011 5¡£D¡J 12 bG2v +

f~z~6'¡´* b gG* ,2bJyD ,¡<2 ¤G 8¡~| D* + D3 b E(°b+ F* x ~7&* *Æc+ f£ ~6xD* ~}A&* ~{+ f Jv´* w + Jx gD* dmJ ¢ < b -$bc< ,2*4 *y@@- ° *Æ+ &* b £~6°H <H Í<vc´* Ivpg- b@@ @F&b@CH b@@G4*x@@~@ 6&* Q "4b.%°* <" b£/¡D¡£C4&°* b@@ G4*45&* D ib ´*H ib~|Fx ´* $*4H Eb D* b~{gC*H ¤ D(°* hp D* *wG 1H i*xm²*H bG4b EH f Jv´* 4*x@@~@ 6&* @@< jJv0 ¯H Hvc-" f )*4H f £ / fJx ~7 f + ¡ J u3bcD* fJx~6 @@94&°*H fÂv D* xG*¡±bC i¡£cD* $¡~9 f .H f ~6*H f£Q cD $b ~zD*H f £ <H b1vD* x)bg~6H 4b D* ¡£~6 ¡A È cgJ xGb+ b + d@@0x@@J ¥Hb ~6 $L *¡@@ G f@@ @.H b@@C ¥w@@D* h C" £~}JH "¤c B ¯ + ÉK @G&* ÉK )bB ¢g0 ¤ g gAH ,x@@E C ¯ b@@J&° *ÆcD* 4H5&* &* ¡@@DH "f£ £ D* ¤@@EÉ@@0&* ¯ ¤ g A*4 b F(* ,v£ 0 ¥&*H *Æ+ g£ ~6&° bg + $b/ ¥v£ 0 ."*Æ+ b £ ~6&b~6 fE2bB $*Æ@@c@ D* f@@ @Jv@@E xp~zD Ì@@c@C @@7b@@Gv@@Fb@@+H f ." @@: C¡g´* ¡@@ @J Jx D* b sJ4b-H ¤gD* 4¡@@s@~@|@D* w@@G ¢@@ @< f@@JHb@@ @~@6 f < ""*ÆcD* *3b´ bE&* ~7 Ì=H ¡D Ì= w1&b *ÆcD* h 0 f£ 1*2 bK +bc~6&* f . &° bK ~}J&* f D* &* ¢ § eb£ D* ¶(* 4¡~}²* E ¡B&* &* vJ4&* ¤ F&bC bK )*2 1*vD* E ~z f:bFx=H +b+H *ÆcC f £ D* v@@´* &b@+ «H ¡@@ @ D* r¡~|- h@@Fb@@C ¤@@g@D* b@@GÌ@@=H vB b -b£ © ¢@@ @0&*H @@ @/&*H ¢ <&b+ ,b£²b+

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

82


ร *ยก/4&ยฐ*H ยฅ24ยกD*H ยฅyExย D* ยค~zย ย D* xs~|D* ยฏ ย ย - fยฃsJ4b- fย JvE ยค@@GH ย ย ยฃ~6 ย DwC $*ร @@c@D* ยขย ~z-H ยถ(* ย b@@ย Q @< fย ~8bย D* eยกย / ย @@C 262 2ร @@c@D* eยกย / ย 24&ยฐ* ย bย Q < fย ~8bย D* ร + ย ~|J ยฅwD* ยค~zยฃ)xD* ย Jxย D* ย E exย D* ย 24&ยฐ* ยฏ fJx.&ยฐ* ย B*ยกยด* ย G&* ย E $*ร cD* ร gย - fcย ย D* fย JvEH *K x1'ยกE i5bA vBH ยตbย D* ยฏ bย D ย ยฃjE 2ยก/H ย vย D ยตbย D* ยฏH ยคGH ย c~zD* bยฃFvD* d)bmย D fยฃยดbย D* fย +b~zยด* ยฏ ร bjD* yCxยดb+ ย EH ย ยกย D* ยฅ24ยกD* xs~|D* ยฏ f-ยกpย E fย EbC fย JvE ย < ,4bc< ย ย +bย JH xs~|D* fยฃFbFยกยฃD* fย ย Db+ ยคย ย -H *ร + ย ~6* $b/ bย G fย Jvยด* ย ~6b+ bK ~}J&* ย xย - $*ร cD*H ยกย ยฃB4 fยฃย cย D* fย ย D* ยฏ fย JvE ยคGH bG$bย + hย ย ~7 ยคgD* 4ยกs~|D* ย ยกD ยถ(* fc~zF fJ24ยกD* 2ร ยฃยด* ย cB 400 ย bย D* ยฏ ย bcF&ยฐ* bGbย + fย ย ย Db+ ย ยกย - bE ย c~7&* ย ย D fย ~8b< bย ย E *ยกย ย /H

81

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 4 ย K&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF C ร ย ย ย M2


e¡ ~{D*H ¼&°* ,x@@C*3 l*Æ@@D* b C 4b ´* fFb£~8 (* bGx1b E m~6H bG2b¸&* ,Ì~6H l4(°*H f£Ab jD* fJ¡ D fFb£~8 f£.*ÆD* ,xC*wD* H&* f £g< fJb + E mJ ¥wD* ~{O´* ¥4b~}²* f Jx< f JvE H&* f£sJ4b- f B H&* ¥x.&* B¡E fJx c< E gD* b p  bE 9b F&°* h« ,vDb³* i*4b~}²* ~8 ¯ $b@ @+%°*H 2*v@@/&°* O f£Fb~zF(°* f£.*ÆD* i*ym ´* $*x.(*H f-¡p E f JvE ¤GH 24&°* ¯ $*ÆcD* f JvE - b g0x~9&* ¶(* bGv+b E E xs~|D* ¯ bK £ C ¯ f_-bF b C b 04b~zEH b@@ @/*42&* b E ¶(* £ Fb~8 f<*x+ x J d£m< ~{+ xs~|D* E f-¡p E hFbC ibJb cD* &° ,vJxA b F*¡D&*H : C¡g´* ¤ £ ~z D* x<b~{D*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

80


AGÎÑdG Q |w G* zX 1 ¨ < j )fI j¡MzH

¢ < {GvEO hpFN Ä< µb D*H ¡ D gJ'H4 ¯ x g~z´* v /H b~zF( °* f<b ~8 ¤G O K $b + ¯ ¢ © ,b£0 b J(* ¤G b E ,xC*wD*H Í D f £ D* gDb~64 Æ£D xs~|D* {Gv´*H dJx D*H £ ±* ¢ < É:ÉD f£Fb~zF(°* i*wD* f gE ¯ ~6&* x0b~6 4b E b g~z~6&* 6*¡²* f£Db g0* ¤GH 2b0 $bCw+ x JO ¡GH D ib~|F(* ¤GH -b D*H qJv´ fJx~|cD* ,xC*wD* JH&b- ¤GH f £c D*H $ɳ*H qJxD* f~zF*'¡´ fcG*wD* v£N D* ,4bJyD*H x Db+ f£Fb~zF(°* f~{G2 2b ~6(* ¯ l*ÆD* fF¡ £ D t£~6x-H tJ4bgD* ,Ì~6

79

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

¾(* | T

¤-b EvD* v 0&* 2


28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

78


,zMz/ L'K4

b D* vc< ~6b+

!!...∫ƒo∏jCG ‘ ™æjC G o n G º∏◊C

77

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

bF&* Q .O PhF&* O R * bE «H ¡B& R Ri$b/N ¡g+ N * $b/ ¤ ~{ P< }cF ¯ I¡ ± P K : iv< O MvJv/ E É ¤0H4HN ·bE%*H ¤EbJQ &* e¡~8 N Iv Q D*H O * O £ g~6&* ° ¡B& b E&Q * zO P ¤ EN2H ¥4*w<&b+ b gO P=b+O&* bF&*H R K*4wO< ¡g+ T -O ¢ . MfAx~7 E O ¢ < I4bp~|D* R K*4wO< ¡g+ R D* eb= ¡ O N bF PvJ ¯ z ~{D*H O O Ì k£=H P 1&°* £ D* ¯ *5bE bF2É+ P R £0xD* E5 ¯ O $b´* b £A qQ ~7H R O ¡c D* E5 R K*4wO< ¡g+ ¤g +* bJ P Eb< O b D&* P *¡pBO&°bC £A P N J&* O ²*H O b O +P *4 xO pcD*H fL .É. pF ¤~6v ´* rO bc~|D* b ~zO PEb1H T b 0bc~8 O bF Pv£< ¯ b £D(* ¤-%°* P v£< ¯ R ¡ 0 H& * M4¡£: E K G&* R É ¡g+

S (* Rix N FN · ¤ Q E P ¡ D* bJb + b ¹ÉE ¯H P P xP m D* P4¡G5 E ¢ Q c- bE b E Q .O O b O +P *4 d²*H fL .É. pF T b OG Kb E b O cP ~{- ¡g+H O M £D Peb+ E b PD¡ O J&* ¶(* Rh 1N2 b £A 6*x/& O °* O x JN fM c~|1 94& M * Ì N O 1 bJ Kbc0xE bF&* ¤N RGH PhF&* ¤G N O b O +P *4 O$¡~}D*H fL .É. pFH ,O Ì ~|D* - b +N b+ qO g -H fP Jb ²bC ¤g +* bJ O ¶H&°* ¤-2bmQ ~6 ¢ < ¤EbF O Pd R D* ¯b£A ¯ ¤EbFHN N PiÄ O rP *x±* Px ~7 ¯ R C k£0 xP m D ¤ g J Md ~7 Or*x/ R ¡g+ bJ P xmA O O bGxO ~|+ cP &* Í0 { ©H ¤P L O &* N b ° ¡B N ¥x ; ¡A O v ~|-H ¤P cN * " PhF&* J& N O ¤+&* bJ D¡0 ¡ P £ D* oP b£~6 ¢ < PÍ ~6b£DbC Kb E b Q CO O * b £A O2¡ J OvJv±* ¡ J& ¤0H4 Pib+b= ¯ 4O bm~7&°* O £O O °* 4¡ rP bJxQ D* ¯ ,O vJv±* 94& b £ g~{JN H P £ g~{F M 0 O rO bJ4


¢ < ,2b@@ J5 £A b@@C b@@E b@@ @ G(* – 6 ,2b@@J5 ¤ - ¢ c´* ,2b@@ J5 &° @@~@ 8&°* ¢ ´* b 0(* f£ + i*$*x D* dg + m ´* Q2*¡E +4 – 7 f£Q F%*x D* i*$*x D*H f D* Í+ f ~|D* bG2vS 0H *x / ¥¡ Q D* b Evsg~6* ¤gD* ibp ~|´* bEQ &* f£Q +x D* ibm Q D* E q£~| D* m E m E E ¯ fm Q D* – f Q D* ¤ A a4b@@ @ D* x D *K v@@Jv@@«H zc D bK E E z£DH $K bG $b²* F ¤G f S N D* – f N jR S D* – f£Q N T D* – ibm Q D* E q£~| D* m E Q2*¡@@§ £BQvD* Jx QgD* fD¡ ~zD* Q m ´* *wG Q2*¡@@E } + Ãv - Q DH b c T ~{-H b -È D f£+x D* ¯ DU '¡´* fBQ 2 ¢ < £D2 Q2*¡´* wG &° + Jx gD* ¯ ~zJ &*  ¤.É Q jQ D* 4w±* *K v g E bK £Q )bc D&* £A Q2*¡´* dS-4 FQ (* 3(* ¤ m ´* < Q U - f jE&* wGH fJQ ¡ Q D* ,Q2b D D3 q~9¡O O *bJ *¡Db@BH $*v D* ¯ RN -O ~8H ,y G -y G Ñ* D& Q Ñ& *–1 bJ ¡D¡ J F&* d . ¢ 0H 42bF *wGH J¡c£~6 b 0 bB *¡ A O D*H ~8¡D* ¤ J bg D b GH ¡ ~|£A Ñ* /xD* ¤N P +N vBH Í@ D `Db´* )*xD* x ´* O ~zR 0 O $O b N cN D* b + – 2 $K b N +N ~}Db+ ¡N O +N Ix1&* f DH $K b + ¡ cR JN H ¢ N cR JN x~z Db+ N ¡0& N O £N 0R N&* ¡G b JO £0 – 3 O *H E bEH f £0 ÈC&* ¥&* bg D E D¡N 0R N&* bE ¯ fL D £N 0R N&* £ < h 1N 4R N&*H £ < h N 1N 4N H b ~}N £R +N f/b/QvD* hP N 1N 4N 14 – 4 O Rg N ~}N 0 ¢ § ib D lÉ. N S xmN ~{D*H ebg D* E Q ~|D* ¯ bg D xO N ~zD*H –5 P Q S xO R ~zD* x ~6 S f D b £A 2b~|D*H bGÌ=H s S D*H Q N O NyN D*H ¡ R S D*H ,¡S gO O D* f R / x~z + ,O ¡N cR ~|D*H –6 U N ,O ¡N cR ~|D* bc~8 S b £A f D $bcDb+ f£N cR ~|D*H ¤c ~|D* U N ~|D* Q S R / 2b v~z±*H 6&*xD* Í+ bE f ~8 bg D O O O D*H O R O D* < – 7 kFS '¡JH xCS wJO Q v ¹ 4¡gCvD* Dw+ ¥wD* v ±* ¢ < f +b~zD* f jE&°* vK b D&°* / ¯ *Ì1 *y/H Ñ* 04 *x / dJ2&* b £~z -H f Q D*H e2&°* dgC E fp£~| D* f£+x D* ,K x~z£E Q fK ~6 b Âv -H bK £Q )bc D&* b £ ~|-H ÈC&* ¤+x D* ©H f£+x D* f D* Q q£~| D* Db g~6* $b .&* ¯ bK Fb _ :* f£+x D* g D E

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

76


ibm Q D* E q£~| D* m E F*¡ < fJQ 2¡ ~zD* ¯ 4v~8& * Q f£F%*x D* i*$*x D* b E A*H bEH f£+x D* K bA*vG&* U pJ FQ &° bK /3¡¿ ¥¡ Q Q D* m ´* *wG E Oh / v D yJy - b@@G5x@@+&* ¤~6b~6& Q °* f£ QgD* v@@G < ÉK ~}A ,Qv@ < f Q D* ÇE ¯ b~z-U °*H ¤+x D* ¥¡ Q Q D* l*Æ@Q @Db@@+ b~|Q-°* Q ibm D E f Q D* dgC ¯ xQ - bE R /H fp£~| D* f £Q +x D* N ¤gD* fp£~| D* f£Q +x D* b D&°* ¶(* ,2¡ D* Ì~z£- < ÉK ~}A *v@@+(* E b ² b´ bK c- fp£p~8 Ì= b F&* b ~} + S @@; Q H&* 2*x@@- H&* c~} D Ég1* H& * y D Í£ - H&* d B H&* D3 Ì= H&* b=2(* *x / d@@J2&* bGv g<* ¤gD* z~6&°* b£+ b G v£ ´* E ¤GH 4¡Cw´* m E b £D(* *K 2b g~6* ¢ +H f~8b1 Q bK cgC b D &° A&* H N AN ¤g £~8 b G(* – 1 K bcgC b D Q &° b D&°* E °K vcE H&* bK +¡ E $b/ bE b G(* – 2 f~8b1 Q Ix@@1&°*H f@@E5° b G*v0(* Íg D ¢ < $b@@/ bE b@@ @G(* – 3 ¡p Q Db+ ~|gJ D3 &° D &b.4 – &b.4 ¡pF fJQv gE b Fb E &° ÈC&bA Íg D ¢ < i$b/ ¤gD* 42b~|´* b G(* – 4 f£ +&°*H 42b~|´* dgC D &° É D* ¯ b E g1*H b cE Q-* bE b G(* – 5 + f~8b1 Q bK cgC

75

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

/b ´* ¯ f£ QgD* o3b@@¿ @@E o3¡@@¿ Ãv - cB d@@ =4&* +*H vJ42 @@+bC ¢E*v D* ex D* ÍJQ ¡ Q D* Q (* ¡ D* fjJv²* ¢ § f Q D* H fm Q D* ¡ g~zJ *¡FbC ¥v@ Q £+QyD*H 64bA L ÉA b JO ¥v£G*x D Í D* m E ¯ $b/ bK cDb= v0*H Q bG2bg<bA b £ < cP / ¤gD* g D ¤GH f mN N S D*H fm R Q D* q£~|A O fm Q D*H f Q D* Í+ *Hy£Q E v A Hx~8b ´* ex D* ¡JT ¡ Q D* bEQ &* f£Q +*x<(°*H f£Q -¡~|D* |)b~|³* ¢ § f Q D* *¡ g~6bA fDbE(°bC fJQ ¡ Q D* ib ~|D* U ¢ § fm Q D* *¡ g~6*H Æ~{JH ib_£cD* Iv0(* ¶(* ¤ g - ¤gD* b@@=2(°*H *v@@+(°*H f Q D* Í+ Hx~8b ´* xQ @A Í0H Q C f_£cD* b Q ~6 b £A f Q D* Í+ fBÉ D* *¡ / f£Q +x D* ibm Q D* H f£Q +x D* ¢ < *¡~8x0 Í BU v´* &* v£+ 8b³b+ Q b D* fBÉ< fm Q D*H Q f Q D* ¡G fp£~| D* f£Q +x D* f Q D* £ Q ~zF bE Q (* ¡ D* E ¡U E £D(* fc~z Q Db+ fm Q DbA b Q C b -bm DH f£Q +x D* b g D fAx E ¯ b c=4 *3(* Db G(* 5¡mJ ° f Q D* ibF¡U E FO DwCH q£~|A Í g~zR FN DbA f£Q < fAx E f£Q +x D* R -P H R -N jEH Í g~zR FP f@@£Q +x D* ibm Q D* Iv0(* ¯ f£Q +x D* f Q D* ¤ - f£Q +x D* ibm Q D* fAx E Q &* ¤ J Q C *wGH fAx ´* wG Q DH f£Q F%*x D* i*$*x D* b E A*H bE bK ~8¡~|1H v Q ¹ 4¡gCQvD* ¥¡ Q Q D* b Jv~8 b E Ä~8H v / ¶(* obg« bC m E ¯ bK p~9*H b Gx.&* *v+H Ñ* 0xJ *x / dJ2&*


jM§ G fMf E

áé¡q∏dGh á¨q∏dG

~|£ D* ¤0H4 x ~6 2 f g~z´* fp£~| D* f£Q +x D* f Q D* &Q * v g J E b G Q dgCH £ gQ D*H p~|D* b D fBÉ< ° e2&°*H l*ÆD* Q ¯ n£ ³* H2 ¯ ex D* b g~zJ ¤gD* f£Q +x D* ibm Q Db+ Q ,ÌjC ibm D ¤GH b£ JxA(* ·b ~7H *x D*H b~{D* 2É+H bG*v0(b+ ¡.Uvpg´* J µ (* b g:b~6¡+ Gb gQ D* d ~|J 2b g<°* *wG KbFb£0&* ,v0*H f E + v0*H v + $b +&* E f +* KbjJv0H KbÂvB b Q C f£Q +x D* ibm Q DbA q£p~8 Ì= ibm Q D* wG RhAx< (*H ,v0*¡D* fp£~| D* f£Q +x D* f Q D* $b .&* ¯ fDbE(°* E Kb_£~7H i*¡~8&°* ¯ JxpgQ D* E K*4vB E K*2v<H Hx²* ¯ JvcgQ D*H Ì£ gQ D* E Kb~} +H Q D* dJx gQ D* fm£gF b G&* f ~zD&* h Db1 ¤gD* f£Q c /&°* b D&°* ,b£²* ¯ f£Q ~8*¡- f £;H i*3 fm Q DbA f /ÆD*H ¯ b < ¢ = b G J µH ¡£D* b < ¢ = ° f£Q E¡£D* f£Q EÉ~6(°* ib0¡g D* v + f 0ÉD* f£Q +x D* 4¡~| D* f£ - ¡G £ gQ D Q¥¡ Q D* v D* qc~8&* DwDH Q h Q 0H b -y= ¤gD* fJQ ¡ Q D* d)*¡~{D* E ibm Q D* *wG E v D* z£DH b )b +&* f ~zD&* ¢ < xE&* D3 &Q ° ibm Q D* ¢ < $b~} D* £ gQ D* Nh_~7 (R * R BO H&* E IHv/ ° £pg~zE ¯ xA*¡g´* q£~| D* $b£0(* ¡G v D* (Q * $b£0(°* *wG o3b¿ EH f£Q +x D* ibm Q D* Jx~8b ´* ÍJ¡ Q D* } + £ < 8x0 bE f£Q +x D* ibm Q D* g£ - $b .&* ¯ ibm Q D* wG ¯ jp+ $b .&* ¯ H&* R ~8H O fp£~| D* ib D* < b -bF*¡ < Ì~{-O /b E b D ibm Q D* wG ¯ q£~| D* ¶(*

¥v£G*x D* £ 1 ¤+&° bj­

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

74


π«∏– íæÁ ’ ¥Gô°ûà°S’G ôμØ∏d ≥°ùæc πãªàdGh ¿Éμe …CG ¬∏©éH ,ôNBÓd ,kÉ«°ûeÉg ™aO ɇ ¤EG ó«©°S ôμØdG ádAÉ°ùe êhOõŸG iDhôdG ¢†aQh ájOÉMC’G

1*vD* ibAb . -bAb . b£pJ 2xA C b£E¡J ,vC'¡E Ab E f pgE ,x + bG4bcg1* E E b» bK E %* ¯ o4b³*H < bK j0b+ f/H2yE x F f /H E lv0 C pJ fJv FH µb D*H l*v0&°* ¶(* ,x D* ¿ D* *wG $b + ,2b<(* ÉK ~{ E b cgJ ¤ D j´* AvJ ¤ D fc~z Db+ ¤ £c: ¡GH g- ¤gD* +*HxD* z£~6&b- f£~z ´* )b ²* < ~{ Db+" f +*4 ¥&* q  °&* ¥4Hx~}D* E " )*vcD* $b<vg~6*H ¡p§ f £ ²* ,4Hx~9 c~z- f~8b1 fJyE bK E° *K x E HbcF4b+ ££F*2 dgC b C v£ ~6 24*H2(* bC CH i*4b@@~@}@²* *v~|D *K Hv@@ <H f£Fb D* @@< bK @ @A*v@@EH f£Ab jD* fG*y D*H fE*x~|D* v~zmJ f£E¡ D* ib<y D*

73

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

Ì ~{D* ¤ £)*x~6(°*H ¤ £g /4&°* ¡Fb£cD* 5b< v D 2b A fB*v~8 ¤~9x D* $b D* *wG É1 E i&b~{F HbcF4b+ £F*2 *Æ~zC4H&*" f £ ±* É~zD* i*42b@@c@ E Iv@@ 0(* @@|@1&°b@@+H ex D* Í£ £~6¡´* ebc~7 / ¥wD* "¤Bx~{D* ¤+x D* *¡JvD* b©°* ¯ bK E *¡ JH *¡ E&bgJ ¤ D @@74H ¯ Í£ £)*x~6(°*H vDb 1¡+ x ~z E bK £ / *H4*5 v£ ~6 E ,42bc§ ~z F ibg~{D* j C x g~7*H ,2v g´* -bJ¡ + v£ ~6 ~9* %°* bj C *w@@CH µb@@< E È@@C&* ¯H fAb . E È@@C&* b£pJ ¥w@@D* v£ ~6 ¶(* fc~z Db+ Í+¡G¡´* ÍFb D*H Í j´* E vJv D 94&°* ¯H ,2¡ ´* 94&°* ¯ g£+ ¯ $x´* ¡ J &b+ ¤<¡D*" b£pJ &* d ~|D* E bC *H ¢g0 "v0*H %* ¯ fBHx ´*


jª¡ª G* jª G « 6|G* :f¡G* h DvF* b gBH b£cE¡D¡C f Eb/ ¯ 64vJ v£ ~6 24*H2(* bC -xC3 ¤gD* 1967 b@@< ¯ f£+x D* f£ £)*x~6(°* ex@@²* 1951 b< w E 4¡J¡£F ¯ b £ E ¤ £ ~z D* )b gFb+ ,¡ + v£ ~6 bC 24bA4bGH ¡g~zFÄC fcs D* ¤g Eb/ ¯ bK ~64*2H £D(* fc~z Db+ ¢ ´* x; bC (*H ¢g0 bK £ JxE&* F¡ + x ~{J *ygD°b+ 2¡@@/H Á¡ E Í+ 5*¡gD* < kp+ *w GH bK @ ´&* fD*v D* ¢ E ¶(* mg- b F&° f£ £ ~z D* f£~} Db+ ¤ D* Jv ~}´* < bAvD*H JwD* v£0¡D* d ~{D* G @@0° b C ¡£ £ ~z D* b@@C b~9&*H $b~z- *w G ""*3b´" £~9bE b£~z + *¡cD¡: Hx.vgJH ¡AÆB* bE $b 1(* 0 6b D* $°'¡G pg J *3b´" v0 b G z£D &* "v0*H %* ¯ "i¡´* E Í/b D*" §  y/b0 v/¡J °&* bJbp~}D* bJbp~}D *Æ0°* E $¤~7 ¢ E @@< "",$*ÄD* fJy§ x g~z´* $b@@<2°* E £)*x~6(* 1998 ¡JbE JÌ JÌ+ v£ ~6 24*H2(* £D¡~7 ¤ :¡D* z m´* ¶(* bK Eb< 14 f+*xB ~}F* ¥wD* v£ ~6 J µ £)*x~6(* b@@© bK FxE 1991 ¢g0 ¢ ´* ¯ ¤ £ ~z D* Í£ £ ~z D* $b +(* v + b ~64b­ ¤gD* 4b g0°* f~6b£~6H ¥wD* /b ´* *wG DH ¡~}³*H É~zg~6°* E fDb0 ¯ bK ~}J&* bC f£ £)*x~6(°* f£~6b£~zD*H f£F¡£ ~| D J °H  ° Íg~9¡Ax´* f£Eb~zD* ,*2b EH f£)b~|B(°* f<y D bK /b E Hx D* hFbC bK J&* b E CH hBH C ¯ ÍgD¡c ´* Ì=H kDb. Jx:" < lv« vBH ¡ ~6H&* b -° bK ~94b E v£ ~6 bC ~| D* 4¡~|- &* k£p+ f£E¡ D* z£DH f :*¡´* ¢ < ¡ J H&* fJ2¡ J hFbC $*¡~6 ,x~|g ´* f£:*xB¡£jD* f£E¡ D*H ¡ ~6H&*

4¡~|gD* *wG bFx g - ¤gD* )bB¡D* nDb J °H d£mJ ° f ~zE °H ~z F ²* E v£ g~zJ 2xA C &* ~}J f :*¡´* < b ~}J v D* ¯ ,*Hb~zE ¢ < b¿(*H J2 H&* x< ¢ < z~6&bgJ Í ~z A ¶(* IxJ ¥wD* ¡ ´* E }Bb gE 4¡~|- 4¡g~6vD* 1998 ¡JbE £-bE¡ cJ2 vF¡E ¡D "b )*v<&*" E "f£ F" m*4f º* *z 8 j0K|:&* Kz< b£ £C¡ Db+ g+b~8(* v£ ~6 24*H2(* ~{gC* 1991 b@@< ¯ E 2v + bBH f£~6b£~zD* -b:b~{F < 4¡A E v< ·bgDb+H f+bg D gBH E 6xCH " £)*x~6(*"H Í ~z A ¶(* iÉ0xD* .2002 b< ¯ i4v~8 ¤gD* " b ´* o4b1" g£A*x=¡£+¡-H&* v0&* fDb~8 ¯ ¡Fb£cD* 5b@@< v£ ~6 +bB 1993 b@@< ¯

&* ,x A ¡0H Ì1&°* *wG x A ¡0 E&b- *x~{g~6°* fJ*v+" ,v£ E f~64b» b@@¿(*H A *K x0 bK £ « z£D fAx ´* $b + 4*¡0 b+b+ ¤E¡G "f ~zD*H ib~z~6'¡´*H f c~z´* b 0&°b+ 2007 ¡£F¡J 1831 2v< f£<b g/°* ¡ D* f C f£m § " *x~{g~6°*" ¶(* x D* ® *3b´ F *wDH ."f£Db£F¡D¡ D* v + bE ib~6*4vD*" É F* sK2~¼* | G jg G* jGfº* ¢H sK|»* b E ¥&* j gD*H x D ~z C *x~{g~6°* £ « q  ° x D* fD$b~zE ¶(* v£ ~6 A2 b» bK £~{EbG m+ x1%ÉD "fJxG¡±*"H ,v@@Eb@@±* f@@J2b@@0&°* I'Hx@@D* }A4H oH2y@@´* f£Fb~zF(°* £~z - f<yF 94b< v D f£Fb~zF(°* ib<b m D "Í£+x D*" ¥&* " G"h " pF" Í £sgE Í@@Fb@@£@C ¶(* y££ gD* *w@@G J ° v£ ~6 ¶(* fc~z Db+ "Í£Bx~{D*"h ¶(* bK Jx~6 ¡pgJ 3(* fJ*vcD* w E ,vC'¡E fDb0 ibc.(bC ÉK J¡: 2Hv²*H 4*¡~6&°* $b c+ ~| D* ib£/¡D¡JvJ&* bGb ~zE fJb D f +b~{gE ibAb jD*" dgC Ix1&* f£0bF E b £+ ~| D* £ g~zF ¤ D Ix1&ÉD f +b- fAb . CH ¤ £mG f£E¡ D* ib D*" xCwgJ D3 < ÉK ~}A "f£Db J2*4 f Jx + 5ÉD* E b Evsg~zF ¢g0 bEH2 b G ,2¡/¡E Ì= b ~z F fCÆ~{´* fJ¡ D* A*¡g+ x@@E&°* gJ b £0"h ."b CÉgE* bK Fb£C h~z£D f<b / ¥&* &* ÍcJ &* j´* ¢ < f£E¡ D* H&* ¯H + ¡ ~|E ¤ cE ¡~9¡E b@@¿(*H @@D(°* 4x@@B bK £ £c: ib<*x~|D* @@E t@@J4b@@- g£ 1 ¯H v@@c@E i°b@@²* } + v£ ~6 (* "b ~9x< bFb£0&* ¥4Hx~}D* E ¤gD* i*Hy@@ @D*H 1994 f ~6H ¡ jE j C" – ¡ J b C ""° µH" – x J &* v£ ~6 dpJ fJ¡ D*" £D(* fc~z DbcA "¤ JxE&*H ¤+x< Áb cD ¤ £ ~z A $b cD* f ~|¹ b¿(*H fg+b. °H f£ £c: A h~z£D f£Fb~zF(°* xC3 bE *wGH " D* C E ,x gcE ¡ - ° b £0 ¯b jD* +b- 1977 xJb J 4¡-bA4y+H&* £A¡F ¡D ",2*4(°* ,x ." ¯ / E fJ4b£g1°* fJ¡ D* wG ¯ b  ¥wD* bE" D¡B bK £ £ ~z A bK £Fb cD bK £+x< ¡C&* &* b g A bF&* "fJ¡G E ÈC&* b C ¤´b< *wG bC bK +b~7 h C b gBH » xE&* bK J2¡ J f~64v´* ¯ bC b cD Í ~z A x~|E Í+ 2Hv0 É+ xAb~zF bC @@E4&*H ¡Jx~|E H&* ¡£Fbc~6(* 2¡ JH ¡£Db J(* ¤ E ~| D* ,x A ,x D* wG v~9 bF&* ¥*¡B + bK £ £c: xE&°* *3 ¡G " Jx1%ÉD b D¡ < qg F ° *3b´ f£E¡ D* f £ D* ,x A ."¤ £ ²* ¤<Hx~{E

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

72


h m~6 ¥wD* j gD* ~z + v£ ~6 ¥vD x@@E&°* gJ ·bgDb+ 4¡~| D* xE ¢ < 1*2 x~{D* f£+x D* I¡ D* 4b@@ @ ´* g~zE ¯ v£ ~6 24*H2(* @@Aw@@B x@@m@0 *3 ¡@@G ¶(* v£ ~6 /4 *x~{g~6°* £ - < £ « ¯ f£Â2bC&°* ¶(*H "eb ³*" < E¡ EH 1984 1926 ¡C¡A b~{£E f £ D*" < -x AH 1937 1891 ¤~{E*x= ¡£F¡ F&* b c~{E ¤~{E*x= IvD fAb jD*H f D* &* x F "f£Ab jD* ¢Q-&b- ¥xG¡±* Eb D(* DH f£~6b£~zD* fJv~| D*H ¢ ´b+ 1744 1668 ¡ £A bg~z£-bcEb£/ E b+b+ ¤E¡G b c~z0

71

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

,x~7bc´* f+xmg D yGb±* 4*¡@@F&°* x~|< }£ F }Eb D*H xJÄ- v~| + fAx E *¡=b~8" f£+x D* f £ D ,x~7bc´* Ì=H F&* ¡ D* F *3 ¡GH fBv+ b+b+ ¤E¡G bB *w G "f ~zD* " ´b<H ¤Bx~{D* x~{D* ,v0*H f + s- f ~6H fAx E" v£ ~6 dgC b C E 'H*x g~6* ® j gC *x~{g~6°* v£ ~6 f~6*42 ¡~9¡E ¢ < 2v~{J ¤B*x~{g~6°* | D ¤ £ «" @@-*3 ex D* cB b £D(* x D* ® ¤gD* É@@:(°* /H ¢ < f+¡mp´* ,2b ~{D* ." x~{ D "f£ £c:" b~8H&* h~z£DH iÉj­ b F¡C 4bcg<* ¢ <


b~{£E 5vD¡ J4 b j< v 0&* f /x-

$§ G* ,|)*2

bC – x~{< f£FbjD* ~6 ¯ x~|E ¶(* 04 1935 b< 6v D* ¯ v£ ~6 24*H2(* vDH . 1948 b< ¯ G4bJ2 < *Hv +&* ¤ £ ~z A D&* f_E Áb . Í+ E K*v0*H 9xE $*x/ 4¡J¡£F ¯ ¯¡- ¢g0 x~{< f~62b~zD* ~6 ¯ ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* ¶(* E° jEH f£ £ ~z D* f£~} D* < A*vE 2003 Ä gc~6 25 ¯ b£ £C¡ D* f£´b< ,x ~7H f£ £ 0 ,¡ 0 H3

bK +b~6 f£Db£F¡D¡ D* *v cD* fAb .H tJ4bgD f )° fFb E q E Ix1&* f£0bF E j¡ ª¤G* z + $f¡+ *| k 6¸* 8¡~| D* ,$*x@@ B ,2b@@ @<(* É@@1 @@EH " *x~{g~6°*" ¯ ,x~{ + *¡~zgC* JwD*" $b D* &* £C v£ ~6 Í+ f£ £~6É D* Q *Hv£~7 Í£+x D* $*x ~{D* *wCH "fc ~|D* ,2xm´* h+*¡jD* E ¥4¡ ~6&°* x~{D* ,4¡~8 x~{< +b~zD* x D* fJb F w E

f Eb/ ¯ 4b ´* e2&°* zJ4vgD b C&b+ -b£0 v£ ~6 6xC bK +bgC Jx~{< E ÈC&* D&*H f~6b£~zD*H f+bg D*H b£cE¡D¡C x~{D* *x~{g~6°*" +bg + 8¡~|³* /H ¢ < x@@<H bK JH2 0H 1978 b< ¯ 4v~8 ¥wD* "ex D* <vg+* b C ¡ D* ¯ *K 2b@@0 bK +É F* j ¥w@@D* ebg D* *w@@G bK £´b< v + bE ib~6*42" É F* f C £D(* x D* gJ f£Fb~zF(°* C 5Hbmg- ¤gD* ib~6*4vD* w + xE&°* gJ "f£Db£F¡D¡ D* $b + ,2b@@<(* ¶(* v - ¤gD* ,2v g´* 1*v´* i*3 ¡ D* EH ¶H&* f£0bF E g £G }Ax+ ·b£F¡D¡ D* eb ³*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

70


¤gD* ,xGyD* - ¤GH ÄB ¢ < z ~{D* 2bc< 4¡G5 ¡£. ¡1&* ¡ D* b J&* z ~{D* 2bc< ,xG5 ¯ EbC" ,xE i*3 b < dgC ."bF&* bJ x ~8&°* (bA b D* ,b@@AH ¢ < i*¡ ~zD* - C 4Hx@@E E =xDb+H bK ~9x E Áb´&* pgE bB&* v A Hy- H&* h s- &* h+&* -Ì~6 fFb D* b £A hEvsg~6* u¡/ bA 3&* E f£0 fs~zF 9x D f +b~{E 3&* obgF(° f ~zm´* f<bc D* f£ - ¤+Ìg~7 i¡Â2 1888 F¡ / ib+¡F Iv@@0(* $b .&* b B ¤gD* b D* 3&° b )*vG(° F3&* B F(* )bB A JHbB&°* b D¡0 iÌ.&* ¤gD*H @@F3&* b Jv J &* vJx- b F(*" f )bB bK @E¡@@J g05bE ,&*x@@ E° Í+H £+ ,x/b~{E x@@.(* ¢ < b B @@F(* )bBH ",Ì ~|D* ¯ £ - ¤gD* fFb D* h@@p@~@9H&*H b@@=¡@@= b D* Jv~8 ¡£. 2b 0&* v0&* E f£0 bJÉs+ hFb g~6* b F&* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* E16 1 E ÈC&* ¯ b D* E 4b~{gJ ¥wD*H b D* £ ~7 vC'¡-H Áb@@´&°* pg´* i*v£C&b- d~zp+ f£.*4¡D* ib £±* É1 E 3&°* E ~8*¡gD* Â pg´* 2*H4 &* fFb D* ibF¡AHx £´* v0&*

69

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

¯ b g~zJ bC ¤gD* ibFbGv D f£)b£ £ D* 2*¡ D Bb~{ g~6* bC ¥wD* eHx~{´* *wG Íg~z A&°* 4b D FbE2(*H Db <&* b~6H&°* Í+ bE f~8b1H hB¡D* D3 ¯ b~zFxA ¯ f£c ~7 ÈC&* Db+ dGwJ ¥wD* eHx~{´* *wG bCH f£ D*H f£ £G¡cD* )*x±*H ibBb ²* E Ìj D* AH f~6¡ D EvE AvJH ~z F ¢ < 8b~8xD* J &* ¶(* b Db+ I2&* ¥wD* ¡G b§4H ib<b~6 ,v + bGv + ibEH q D 0 ¯ fJb D* v ~{E < ¤ g EÉD* +bgC ¯ ~zDH D¡C bFÄsJH ~64 ¥wD* ~z F b ´* ¶(* u¡/ bA 2b< b D* ,b£0 ¯ ° ,v@@)b@@A °" ¡@@ @J ¡@@GH b@@+x@@ @ @DH f p D °K ¡@@ @0 £A ,b£²* ¯ ~{ Db+ 4¡ ~{D* 2bJ25b+ 4¡ ~{D " £pg~zE ,v)bA f£<*v+(°* f+bg D* ¢ < -4v + bK ~}J&* u¡/ bA 5bgE* v A E f.É. ¯ ix~{FH ¡£. £1&° )b~64H @@B*4H&* h / vBH ¡£D¡J 29 ¯ ~z F ¢ < 8b~8xD* :&* h ~|+H i*v m´* M E I&*x@@E ¢ < l2b@@²* @@D3 b@@CH d D* &b 1&bA 1890 ¯ +b ~6 z - f 0 0H b+x D* £ FH Hx~6 ,xm~7 ~9HH A 8bs~7&* fg~6 -5b / ¯ 4b~6 vBH fgEb~8 f £c:


5bg­ hFbC *¡D&°* b £A vsg~zJ µH 8b~8xDb+ h ~64 ¤gD* ¶(* Jx D*" f )*xD* g0¡ C b< ¤ A z0H 8b1 *v+( b+ M f0¡ D* ¯ $vcD* cB f0¡ D gJ'H4 ~6xJ u¡/ bA bC "ÇJ(* vBH ¤)b F ~{+ b ~6x+ ¡ J . f~8b1 i*2¡~zE ¯ b ~z F ÈC&b+ v - f£-*wD* ib JÌ-4¡cD* E *K ÌcC *K 2v< b D* ~64 D* É1 EH 1889h 1886 ¤Eb< Í+ f£-*3 ,4¡~8 30 E x J b C z£DH ¡G bG*xJ b C ~z F x J b D* bC x1%°*H ¯ f Jy0H ,4b- ,v£ ~6 f ~zgcE ¹É A Hx1%°* *xJH ¡G $¤~7 < kpcJ C H&* ib0¡ D* ÈC&* ¯ f£DbcE °H Ix1&* $¡~6 gDb0 i2*25* b C bC f£~z D* fp~|´* D¡12 v <H bE 4v + ~6xJ b§ b gBH g J µH F*¡D&*H -b~7x D &bm J b§4H 4¡D* ¢ < f£Db F°* ib p~{D* - oxsJ &b+ g J b jD ~6xD f c´*H fE¡ ´* Ì= ib0¡ D* E Ìj D* bFv/H M ¯ F&* Í0 ¯ f)Æ ´* fJw0&°* E v0*H oHyD ib0¡ D* E f0¡ C ¡ ±* i°b0 ¯ ¡GH -b0¡D x ~7&* y½&* Ix1&* ibBH&* lbp+&°* hgc.&*H " ¡m Db+ f ~8xE f £D"h " z ~{D* 2bc<" b E ebc~6&* ,v< $*4H u¡/ bA ¡ / &* *K x1'¡E hJx/&* ¤gD*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

68


¯ b C b ~64 f £c D f0¡D ,x~{< +4&* E ÈC&* hB¡D* D3 Ìc gD* E f ~6*H ib~z´ b £A x ;&*H D* $*¡ D* ¡GH x1%* b + g +4 ¤gD* fB*v~|Db+ b D* x.&b- < bE&* ¤~zJ4bcD* x-4b¿¡E ¤0 ¯ £ < x - ¥wD*H Jx-¡D 5¡D¡ ~|- µ -b0¡D ,v< ~64 v A f£~zJ4bcD* f £ D* ,b£²*H fDb²* i$b@@~@6H @@Db@@ @<&* ¤BbcC f@@Bv@@D* H&* f@@<*Ä@@D* f@@/4v@@D i2&* b=¡= Í+H £+ ,x/b~{E x.(* ¢ < u¡/ b D f£~z D* b- 4b£ Fb+ d£~8&*H F3&* + ¡ JH +b~|<&* v J &* ¶(* bK :b~{F ÈC&* ox1 £Ab - v +H f£~z D* fp~|´* x.(* ¢ < 12 2bc<" /&°* g0¡D b gBH ngF&*H ,b£²*H ~6xD* ¢ < °K bcB(*H . f0¡ D* ¢ < £ ´* ¡G x ~8&°* ¡ D* bC k£0 " z ~{D* -b0¡D gcJ &* Hb0 F(* ¢g0 *K $¡~6 ÈC&* f£~z F fDb0 g G*2 b gBH < EH f~8b1 ,xm0 ¯ 8b³* c£c: ~zcpA /4 ¢ ~{´* E /Hx1 v +H D $¤~7 d@@0&* ¡GH ~6xD* < <b gE* v + v /H f G + ~6xD* f ~8*¡´ Ix1&* ,xE g0¡D b gBH ngF&*H Hxp´* ,¡ ~{+ ~64b w1&bA 4¡ ~7 ,v D 45&°* b D* vsg~6* b £AH " ¡m Db+ f ~8xE f £D" /&°* 45&°*H x 0&°* É1 E F(* ¡ D* )*2 bCH Mv«H ,¡ + ° 2v@@< ¢ < ¡~|²* ¤  }£+&°*H 2¡@@~@6&°*H x ~8&°*H *¡D&°* oyE ¯ bK Jx c< bC F&* D v ~{JO H *¡D&°* E D fJb F b DbA ,x gcEH ,vJv/ *¡D&* ¢ < ¡~|p D x1%°b+ b ~} + *xJ bEv < ¡ D* £ « ¢ < ,4v D*  ¥w@@D* ¡G v@@0H bA ib0¡D ¯ *¡@@D&°* bFv/H ´* *wG EH f £c D* ¯ fJ¡BH f Jx~6 -b~7xA hFbCH ,y£»H ,x gcEH ,vJv/ u¡/ -b0¡D ¢g0 ,v0*H ,xE e¡cF&°* E ¡ D* ~}J bC bK Fb£0&*H

67

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


94&ยฐ* ย ยกย + vยซbA fย ยฃcย ย D ย F*ยกD&*H ย -b~7xย + ox1H fย C*vD* x~}1&ยฐ*H ยทbย -ร D*H xย ~8&ยฐ* ย ยกย Db+ f_ย gยป ย -b0ยกD i$bmA ร K jE xย ~8&ยฐbC v0*H ย ยกD ย < vยฃpJ ยฐ ย bC ย bยฃ0&ยฐ* }ย + ยฏH ยฏ eยกย mย D ย ย gF*H ,vJv/ ย bย <&* ย E ngF&* bยง *K vยฃย ~6 ย bCH ngF&*H ย ย E ย bB&*H ย b=ยก= ย bย ย Db+ ยขย gD* kยฃ0 ย xJ(* fยฃ0b~9 {ยฃย ยฃD ย xJ(* ยถ(* ย bย ย D* dG3 ย -b0ยกD ย ย /&* ย E ib0ยกD ,v< ย E ย ~6xD* ยฏ ย b=ยก= vยฃย ย - ยฏ &*v+H ย b=ยก= ย E hBยกD* }ย cD ยฏ ngF&*H fยฃย B*H ย B&*H fยฃ+3b/ ร C&* ย -b0ยกD hpc~8&bA ,xC*wD*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 4 ย K&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF C ร ย ย ย M2

66


iร c รกยซยชgCG ยฌd ยฟร รฆร dG ยฟCG ยฌยซa โ ยฐTโ ร โ ก ยฌยซdEG รขdBG ร e โ รกยชgร ยฐรนeh รธร dG รฏjQร J โ รกยซYร ร ยฃfโ G รกยซรฆร dG รกcรดโ G

ย DH ยคย ยฃย s- ย ย < 1100 ยกpFH ยคgJ5 ย ย < 900 ย E exย J bE ร cย gย D ย ยกD ย E ร C&* ย vsg~zJ ย F&* ยคG ย D3 ยฏ ,ร ย ~7 fDยกย E ,ร ย ย D* fย cย ย D ย ย ย < uยก/ ย bA 6xC $vcD* ยฏH ยฐK H&* ย -*3 ย < ยฏ ย ย -bFbย EH f~{ยฃย ยด* 6'ยก+ xย ;&*H ร 0ร ย D*H ย ย gmยด* ย E ร C&ยฐ* ย *ยก@@D&ยฐ* ย *vsg~6* bย gBH ย ยฃย < ร ย gJ ย bย A ib0ยกย D* fp/bF fยฃย A fย ย B ย H&* b:bย cD* ยกย C%* ย g0ยกD vย -H *K 2*ยก~6H fEbgB ย b< ย E ย Jx+(* xย ~7 ย *ยก: bย ย ~64 vย A ย bย ย D* ,bยฃ0 ยฏ fย ย EH ร C&* ย -b0ยกD hpc~8&*H fย 0xยด* ย ย - ย bย ย D* ยขย s- ย . 1885 ย ยฉ*H ย ~6&*4 ย ย ~zE *vย DยกG ย x- bEvย + f~8b1H ,bยฃpย D ร K ยฃE ย *ยก@@D&ยฐ* ย < vย g+* ย bย GH zJ4b+ ยฏ ยกยฃ. ย ยฃ1&* ย E {ยฃย ย D

65

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 4 ย K&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF C ร ย ย ย M2


ibE vB b D* &* ¤ J ebgC x~{F *¡<&* ,v< E ÈC&* w E *Ì/ E b G*xE bGw F gB fÂx/ -¡E $*4H &*H *K xpg E D¡0 4bjJ u¡/ bA 4v + bK Fb A &* dJx D* E z£DH b D* ¯ IÄC f£ G&* D b D* &* £A ~7° b A f +xD* - C f£<bc F°* f£ D* fCx²* £D(* hD%* bE ¯ f Gb~zEH D* tJ4b ¯ DH A -b£0 ¯ z£D xEb ´* b D* *wG bGv + bEH v A D* b@@©* iÌ= D f~8b1 f ~|+ ~9H bK ~}J&* A *vsg~6* E °K v+ f :b D*H o*y´* b gD° *¡D&°* vsg~6* D3 ¯ ,x : b©°* *wG bCH 6¡ E ¤ B*H ~{+ *¡D&°* ,Ì~| D* -b£0 É1 y½&* vBH bK Eb­ + ~zJ µ hB¡D*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

64


ñƒL ¿Éa â°ùfÉa fI&* fM | 8&¸* £§ G* f¤M&* G* 2fg< ,|J5 · ¢HfF ·v< b~74 b D* I¡~6 ¤~{ A*2 H24bF¡£D ·b J(°* KbF¡ /H fJx c< ÈC&°* b D* zAb J xE b C ¥wD*H 1853 b< E 64bE 30 ¯ vDH ¥wD* u¡/ bA h~zFbA ¥v D¡ D* fFH%°* ¯ F(* ¢g0 ibAb~{gC°*H i°'Hb~zgD* E Ìj D* -b£0H -b0¡D i4b.&* EyD* bE dg D* - Hb g-H < x~{ J ebgC b G x1%°*H ebg D* Í+ bE qc~8&* ,Ì1&°* ¡0 +*HyD* ,4b.(* I¡~6 D G ° JwD* Íj0bcD* } + 2¡ /H HÌj D* mJ K j A /xD* *wG fJw0&°* E Kb/H5 b £A ~64 ¤gD* Áb jD* -b0¡D < ebgC x~{F É - f£GbE ¡0 ebg D* 0x: ¥wD* 'Hb~zgD* bCH b D ¤~z£)4 cC f)Æ ´* "Ì~z- x D* ¥&* ¶(*H b c~zFH b ~8&*H fJw0&°*

63

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


jªDf . £*§G&*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

62


√AÉ°†a ™e Ió«ÑY ¿Éæq ØdG πeÉ©J ‘ ájó°üb h á«FÉ≤∏J πμH í£°ùŸG q ≥eɨdGh —ÉØdG ≥fÉ©J ≥≤ëàd ¿CG Ú∏dGh Ö∏°üdG áMÉ°ùe á«FÉ¡ædG ∫ɪYC’G ó°ùéàdh Ö«cGÎH á°Thóflh áfƒ∏e á«ahôNR åëÑdÉH áë°VGh ájÉæY ô¡¶J áYƒæàe ≈∏Y ÉgQƒ°†Mh É¡ØdCÉJ ¥ôW ‘ πª©dG í£°S

fFQ ¡ E f£Ax15 f0b~zE f£)b D* b@@ @<&°* v~zmgDH Í D*H kpcDb+ fp~9*H fJb < x - f<¡ gE d£C*Æ+ f~7HvºH ¶(* £« b C D* q ~6 ¢ < bG4¡~}0H b D&b- x: ¯ ¯ b Q D* G3 ¯ f C*Æ´* z/*¡ D*H ibc~6ÆD* } + b ~{+ fAHx ´*H fÂv D* f£EÉ~6(°* 4b1yD* o*x1(* f 04 *x@@:&°* ¶(* bG2*vgE*H yCx´* E b BÉ F*H ¤ m D* ,2*xA - b§4H ,x~8b EH fjJv0 4b15 ¶(* b D¡pJH h~z£D ,v)*4 f+x© b FQ ¡C ¯ i*wDb+ kpcD* *wG ¯ b Q D* Q D* ¯ b Fb E iw1&* f+x© ¤G b@@¿(Q *H d~z0H zF¡- ¯ /¡gD* *wG h /¡- ¤gD* f £ D* e4bmgD* E v -H ¤+x D* xJ¡ -H ¯x1yD* kpcD* ¯ 2b +&°* ¯ ",v£c< vDb1" ¤~zF¡gD* b Q D* f+x© kpc C ¤ Q D* jp+H f~8b³* b Q D* ib ² Í+ f£ )É D* Db <&* f ~z ~6 ¯ b ~7&°* } cD b Q D* 4*x - E =xDb+H C < 2b g+°* 8b³* +¡ ~6&b+ b g~6* F(bA f<¡ g´* ¡ - < f£)b D* Db ~7&* q~| gD f£ £-HxD* 4*x gD* xGb E iÉ£ ~{g+ fjJv²* 4b@@1y@@D* £A 4x g- ¤c£Cx-H ¤ 1 f£ <bA ~9 g£Db / ~{ D f~6H4vE f£c£Cx- ,v@@0HH b -*v0H Í+ ÁbEyD* £ ~{gD* wsg- f£ ~8*¡-

61

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

¥x-*¡- b F ¯ "ˆG" f D 4*x@@ @ -H ,2v g´* ,¡~{ D* "¤+x< +° x)*HvD* $b~{F(*" ¡ ´* < ¯ 2v gE ¥4*x ¯ @@~@z@£@+*4&°* ¤CbpJ e¡ ~6&b+ < b@@ Q @ @D* b@@~@8 v A gAx15H ,v£c< vDb1 J4¡- Q DH f£EÉ~6(°* 4b1yD* ¥4*x - e¡ ~6&*H fp~9*H fJb + D* b Q D* ~7 v A D* f£Db / v g~z- ,vJv~7 fJb + f ~z E b ~7&° ¥x-*¡ hB¡Db+ ,x)b D*H ,54bcD* gCb£p+ ¤+x D* lH4¡´* rH4 E $b~} D* E Eb - É1 E x~8b ´* Q Db+ Æ -H ~z F f£Cxp+ ~zgJ D* / bE ,vD*¡gE fCx0 - ¥w@@D* ¥x-*¡- b J(*H "«+|< ¢+¸ Ë| - |)*KzG* $f I(*" f£<¡F ¢ < cP JO A xJ¡ - /&° ³* ¯ b Q D* kp+H )b<vg~6* @@BHH g £c:H @@<*¡@@F&* ¯ kp+ b@@¿(Q *H b £ + b@@±* @@ @ @D* b@@ @ @g@~@6b@@+H @@8b@@~@ 8x@@D* @@ @B b@@ @ @g@~@6b@@+ ,b~7x D*H + q ~z´* )b~}A E ",v£c<" b Q D* Eb - bC *w GH d ~|D* Eb D*H ¬b D* Fb - pgD %M * ¯ fJQ v~|BH f£)b -


E µb< E -b~7xAO H @@0H4 b £A Fb g- ¤gD* 6¡~z¹ÉD* v~{ J b A ¶(* ¡pgJH fg+b. Ì= -bC4vE ¡ - k£0 ,¡~{ D* fJQ vJx© ¢ + É1 E 2¡/¡ D gJH4 f=b£~|+ pJH ´* $b + ,2b<(* Í+H x~8b ´* ¥vJxmgD* d£CÆD* d£Db~6&* Í+ © ¯¡~8 ¤EÉ~6(* ¯x15 $b~}A f £GH ~z£+*4&°* ¢ + b g~6*H } + $b~} D f £ ´* fJx)*vD* b ~7&°* ¶(* 0¡ / É1 E d£C*ÆD* «<§+ Hf k- j+|± Eb g- f+x© b FQ ¡C" ,v£c< vDb1" b Q D* f+x© ¯ 0É´*H b <&ÉD ·°vD*H ¤ £ ~{gD* I¡gp´*H JHb D* É1 E ¤<¡+ ,y£Q » JHb < Db <&° b Q D* ¢ gF* v A C f£ £ ~{gD* ib p D g Fb EH f£A¡~|D* g+x© E b g£<Hx~{E v g~z-

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

60


b £ < d@@/H @@Dw@@D bGv~8b EH b@@G2b@@ @+&* @@ @AH b@@ @<&°* v~8b § ~z D bG*¡g¹ ¯ kpcD* bG2b +&*H § kG* 1 b / ¯ kpcD* "¯¡~|D* ~{ D*" f+x© v g obgF ¤G ¤gD* ib£~z²* ¯ z J ¥w@@D* ´* 0*xEH ib£~z²* ¯ kpcD* x~}pJ . EH < x: @@< ÉK ~}A @@ @ @´* ¡pF ¯x@@ @ ´* ~{ D* fAx ´* - ¡ + ¯ b E =b g- fJv~z/ f£)*2&* f 04 ¯ b -*3 E ¢g0 }Bb gD* ¶(* f ~9b³* ¡~|gD* f£Db / (b@ A *w@@D ¯¡~|D* ~{ D* ¡~8¡D* ¡ J 3(* f£ ~{ D* f+xmgD* ¶(* v g~z f£ < ¤ cJ b» rbgE Ì= f ´* fAx ´* ¶(* ¤)y/ ~{C 0*xE $*4H bK £ ~6 ,x g~zE ~{ D* ~9 ~{C f 0xE D f£Db ±* ,w@@ @D* « Jx: ¯ f~}Bb g´* f£ ~{ D* ibBÉ D* f£Dv/ f ´* fAx ´* ¡~} D* f £ 0 JH&bgDb+ f£A¡~|D* *ÆB* vC'¡J ¥wD* 9¡ D* I¡g~zEH f £ ²* ~|« ¯ ¯x ´* j /¡gD* *wGH ´b+ g- bEv < b g J ¥wD*H fA¡~|g´* IvD ·b ±* kpcD* f £ 0 ¯ b ±* HvcJ" 3(* ¤~z²* 1 b £A J ¯ x D* +b E f£~z²* xGb E *K 5HbmgE Gx F F&b~7 E ¥wD* ¤/¡D¡ F&°* I¡g~z´* ¢ < 2¡/¡D* bEH f£Db ±* £ pgD fJxG¡±* f £ D* z J &* ¯ b Db / 4b@@.%° +b - E ,4¡~|D* wG ~z bK <HyF f£A¡~|D* fJ'HxD* hFbC v D …2¡/¡D* bEH i*2¡/¡´* 5¡E4 Ä< ²* ,2*4(* fAx E ¡pF ²* i*3 E f£<*v+(°* ,4v D*H ¤ mgD* E b D - É1 E fA¡~|g´* £ < Gx+ bE ¡GH ." ~6* Q / ¥4bcDb+ ¤ £ ~{gD* f@@+x@@© ,2*x@@ @AH y@@£@­ - *w@@ @ GH ¯ ¤ £ ~{gD* jp+ ¯ ",v£c< vDb1" ¤~zF¡gD* Q &* f £ 0 42&* @@F¡@@C ¯ ¤@@EÉ@@~@6(°* x@@1y@@D* jp+ E £:b - ¯ ¤~z²* @@B*¡@@D* E Eb gD* Q £ J DH y£Q » ¤~{+ £ < 2¡mJ D ¤c£CÆD* ~8É1 I&*4 b§4 DwD jp+ ¯ f£Ab D* f+¡/&°* µb D* ¶(* 6¡~zp´* µb D* E oHx³* ¡G v£0¡D*

59

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


áHôŒ IOGôa h õ«“ øªμJ Ió«ÑY ódÉN" »°ùfƒàdG »∏«μ°ûàdG ±ôNõdG ‘ »∏«μ°ûàdG ¬ãëH ‘ " »eÓ°SE’G ™bGƒdG ™e πeÉ©àdG ¿Cq G á≤«≤M ∑QOCG ¬ãëH ™e ¬«WÉ©J ‘ »°ù◊G q »Ñ«cÎdG

,2Hv¹ ° °K b ~7&* ~|J ¥wD* ~7ÉD* bK ~}J&* ¡ -H D* f 04 ¯ f£~6b~6&* f £B ~{J ¥wD* 2¡/¡´* ¤GH f£Gb gE °H ,H43H f B ¶(* ´* ¶(* ¡ - ¤gD* f Cb~zD* Ì= b Q D* z0 ¢ < v g - ,vJxA f£Ax15 °K b ~7&* sg~6 ¤gD* ,¡~{ D* Q f£F¡ J&°* d£C*ÆD*H xGb ´* C < v gcJH ~6v0H b Q D* ÍF*¡ + Hx~{E Ì=H 2x gE $¤~7 1 ¯ ,2b/ fc=4 ¯ f£c£Cx b J(°*H f£A¡~|D* fCx²* jE ,v< £Gb E h ~7 v DH Q f£~6b~6&°* ,v<b D* f£Db ±*H b Q D* b <&* ,x ~7 D

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

58


b Q D* rH4 b £A ¢Eb~zg- ¤gD* "f~6v ´* ,2bc D*"@+ c~7&* ¯x1yD* f£)b D* Db <&* mJ bE ¤)xEÉD* ´* E A4b15 E Eb - ¯ ¤EÉ~6(°* x1yD* E oHxs D *K vGb/ kpcJ b Q A f£0HxD *K v£~z© E } + ¢ < AbpJ x~8b EH kJv0 ¤EÉ~6(* x15 ¶(* 2bg ´* 8ɳ* *w + bK ~}J&* bG5HbmgJ Q DH fAHx ´* 4b1yD* |)b~|1 Hx- f+x© ¯ f~|Db³* ,¡~{ D* ib ²H ´* f Fb EH ¤0HxD* b Q D* 4b15 fJQ yE4 E b§4 / ¥wD* xE&°* v£Q E Ì D* ´* bEv < b £~6°H |Db³* ¯¡~|D* x sgD* A ¯ Ì~z- ",v£c<" t~zF lÉ. ¯ 2 f£ 1 ¢ < f£EÉ~6(* 4b15 c£C*x- v0&* h ~7 ¯ b Q D* b + ¤gD* ,¡~{ D* 0*xE ¤G b§4 fJv<b~|- f£ < ¯H b £A 9x< f£ ~9¡+ b £<v- ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ ¤c£CÆD* jp+ f 04 ~{+ bK /xº b Q D* 4bg1* v A Ìj D* $¤~{D* ¤c£CÆD* kpcD* E ~zJ ¥w@@D* oxs´* ¡G b@@§4H " 6¡ D*" ~7 H&* ,x)*vD* ~| D* ibE¡ EH f£c£Cx- i°°2 ¯x1yD* d£CÆD* < jp+ f 04 ¯ b Q D* f£ E5 E ÉK <b gE ÉK E b Q D* b £A bC f£ Q A f£ £ ~{- f+xmgD q ~z- ,vJv/ bK BbA%* qg J &* HbpJ < C E x~| D* f£ £Eb J2H ,vJv/ fJ'H4 b~{gCb+ "jªT¡D jgª ¡- ",zªg< zGf1" ¯ ¤~z£)xD* xp´* ¤G ,v£c< vDb1 b Q D* 4b@@15 ¡ - *w GH 1*2 fCx²* ~|J ¥wD* xp´* ¤G qc~|gD C f£ £ ~{gD* g+x©

57

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


,v£c< vDb1 ¤~zF¡gD* ¤ £ ~{gD* b Q D* f+x© ¯

jªDf . £*§G&*

ô°UÉ©ŸG ∂°ù«HQC’G h ‘ôNõdG ≥jQƒàdG

b =b~8 ¤gD* f£Q c£CÆD* f£Q Db ±* ib ~zD* I¡ D *K y@@E4 5b£gEb+ h jQ E b Q D* b <v+&*H fDygºH fcQ CxE ib J¡ g+ f£)xE Ì= f£Q F¡C E ¢Gb ggD b ~7&*H ibEÉ<H 4b@@15 E ¯ qc~zF b ~z F&* vm D ¤@@/4b@@³* £p´* 0*x§ ¯¡~|D* µb< ¡G ¤)xE Ì= µb< 4v D ¤ sgD*H ¤ pgD*H ¤ mgD* lÉjD* c g~zJ 2xQ gE ¯x15 µb< F&* fJb D* ¯ ¯ ,2v gE yC*xE gpJ ¥wD*H ,x)*vD* ~7 ¶(* b§4 £« ¤gD*H ",v£c<" b Q D* b <&* x s- 0*xE ¢ ~6&* b§4 H&* ,¡~{ D* f ² d£CÆD* @@< jp+ @@0*x@@E ¯ b ~7b< ¤gD* ¯x1yD* jp+H D b Q D* f~{Jb E ib ² qc~|gD

¥*x±* f EbJ ¯ tJ4bgD* Ä< b~zF(°* A*4 Kb Q E Kb~z/bG ¡~|gD* ¡ E Q ~7 0H4 b £A Fb g- fJHb+¡: ib ² 8b gB* ¯ gc=xDH <*x~8 © f£Db£1 ,¡ + p~{- f£)*4HbE f£Q F¡C I¡B E f~|Db³* ,¡~{ D*H 8ɳ* < jp+ ¯ ¤~z D* 5*¡gD* E fDb0 pJ f~|Db³* f£0HxD* vDb1" ¤~zF¡gD* ¤ £ ~{gD* b Q D* f+x© v½ b£~zD* *wG ¯H Q K ¯ *2x gE b D* *wG v J 3(* ,v)*4 f+x© Äg - ¤gD* ",v£c< jp+ ¯ £D(* dG3 b§ f£~zF¡gD* f0b~zD* ¢ < ¤ £ ~{gD* 0x: E b g p~7 v g~z- f+x© ¯ ¤0HxD* ~8É1 I&*4 k£0 ¯x1yD* ¶(* Kb~}J&* jp+ f 04 ¯ dG3H 2¡/¡´* 1 ¥4*¡g´* ¤)xEÉD* M %* ¯ f ~zc´*H ",v Q ´*" f£~6v D* ibc£CÆD*H ibJvJxmgD* ¢ ~6&* ox1&bA f~|Db³* ,¡~{ D* ib ² E ¤c£CÆD* bG$*x. v g~z- ¤gD*H ox1H ,2bg ´* " g£ ¿ " E g+x© ¯ ¤EÉ~6(°* x1yD* Dw+ ,x~8b EH fjJv0 rHx+

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

56


~z F Qv O JN £A 2xA T C bC ¡ D* *wG E *¡B&b+ f~6b ²* £A ix~6 *3(* ¢Qg0 " Cx g J v£ ~zD* Ì~|´* D3 (bA ¥xE*H&* gEv1 ¯ i¡´* $b D ¶(* B¡R -N ¥vcJH v£Q ~6 xE*H&* ¢ Q gJ Í0 *K v£ ~6 $°'¡G vJ ¢ < Oi¡´* 'H*y/ bC z£)xD* *wG $b£g~6* ,4b.(* ¢ < v£ + H&* 4Hb¸ ÌE&* ¥&T * 'HxO / ¢gE F& * b D* *wG fm£gF hFbCH N *¡ Q ­ bE ÌcC 5H Gv < b D J µ ¤gD* -b£0 v + -x:bº v < fcG4 ¢F2&* zpJ E v0& * J µH Í+ 4S v´* ÍCb Q ~zD* Q H&* Í N £CH bK ~}J&* ~z D ws-* vBH ,4Hbm´* 4b B&°* £ / ¯ fcGxD* ~9¡E Fb£ : qc~8&* *wG ¢ < $K b +H G°¡E ,2*4(* w£ - E Q t£~{D* b <vg+* ¤gD* f ³* z F É£C¡D* *wG c-*H 2x O D* 2É+ ¯ x1%°* xQ EH ~{E2 E ex Db+ b Gv0&* xQ E bC Í N jQ » b£g D* b <bc-&* dJ4vgD gJ°H hFbC bQ´H b£g=°* E h JN &* c±* t£~7 ,N H*v< x g~6* vBH £ g~z§ -¡B h + b E |s~7 b G J µ *w GH $bcF&* ÌE&°* D3 Eb~zE ¶(* hE*x-H Möngke Khan ¡ FbE <&°* b³* £ ~7 Hulagu Khan ¡CO °¡G ib g» 1*2 N gJ°H 1*2 G4HxE $b .&* JxAb~z´* d D 6b D* } + E*vsg~6* < ÉK ~}A bK F%* Íc´* /¡D* ¢ < b c -xJ bC ¤gD* )b D* h~} F* k£p+ bAvD* ¢ < fJ¡B ,4vB ix ;&* b F&* ¢ < g B ¯ z£)xD* D3 ,x~8bp´ ~7¡£/ v0&* 2x/ Q 1262 b< ¯ F(bA xEO&* *K Ì~6&* w1O&* &* v +H f :&°* ¯ | D* dc~z+ £ ~zgD* ¶(* fJb D* ¯ x ~9* ¢g0 Ì.&b- ¢F2&* b + J & Q * H2 i*¡ ~6 lÉ. O " cm D t£~7 b G v J µ f p D* - w EH ~6HN EQ 2O H v<O&bA + P 2xAP f Q / h+xQ 1H g B ix

55

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


$b£~7&°* O £ / ~6*¡0 h N ~8 xJvsgD* fDb0 E N S ~z F E W C v/HH b ~8H ~6 ¤gD* fm£ cD* i°%°b+ Å JH D Í Q J ib -bA zF*H&b+ bK :¡¹ fc<*v´* *¡@@F&* ÇA&b+ ~6*¡0H cQ D J¡ g~zJH Q xsA&*H ¡p D* ¢ ~7&* bK ~}J&* £D(* EQv JH b D*H E £A ¡G b§ x ~zJ ¢g0 + DyJ °H 4¡ ³* ÅD EH 4b F&* E Db+ D¡0 bEH f g´* xAN zp Q JO H 6H2x P D* ¯ F&* bK Eb­ v g J ¢g0 x 1H h~} F* *3(bA b mGbcE < ¤ Q sgD* < Hy + *¡ AO2 f~z 1 H&* bJ&* f +4&* b²* - ¢ < + o4b1 ¶(* *¡ 0H 6b D* E fDb0 ¶( * f£Fb. + O bg~zcD* @@J&* D&b~z£A -x~}0 ¶(* ¡ 1vJ bEv <H < ~} + 6H2x D* ¯" +*¡/ bC "*¡FbC ¥wD* C ÉcD* ,x~}p+ Hv J . " C¡Q ~6 ¶(* Q -H ¡G3H ¡~} + £D(* Db/4 ¤ ~|JO bGHv ~7 ¤gD* vGb~{´* < ¤ £~| - b£+ Ãv D bK c:bº z£)xD* ¡ J w)v <H Í D* ¥&N *4 O bF Nv<H v D " &b+ bK 0 Ov<H bCH Ñ* ¡~64 ¡ A*vJ ¥wD* ¡²b~|D* Ñ* O2bc< b .xP JN f Q ±* f<b: ¯ bK ~8É1(* ®x@@ @;&* *3(*H @@G°¡@@E <

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

54


:É+N ¯ mJ ÌE&°* D3 bCH ¥xQ ~6 e*2x~6 Jx: < P ,x~{< f£FbjD* Í+ G4b <&* rH*Æ- bc~{D* E *K 2v< DwC » ,4Hbm´* bc±* b ~6 Í+ E G4bgsJ Jx~{ D*H f ~8 £A ¢ Q mg-H fJx ~z D* f+4TvD*H fF*x´N * ¶(* ÉK £E HvcJ ¯ bK £E¡J £D(* lvpgDb+ -2b< ix/H fE*v ´* f<bm~{D* Q b F(°* ¢ < ¡G -4vB <H ¤T cP S D* b + x~{+ ¤gD* f Q ±* ¡~9¡E b£0&°* } + ¯ xE&bJ bC b C Í+xS ´* ¢ < b £D(* ¡1vDb+ bc~{D* $°'¡G E fmNN g~6NR 2 H&* ,x~{ D ¡£A&°* $b <(b+ 6K2| G* ¾(* §1zG* JU KQ ¶(* p+ xE&* ¢-¡E ~|F *¡pc~8&bA ¡ D* <x~8 *3(bA *¡ £g~6* *3(bA bg~zcD* ¯ ,x.b g´* 4¡~| D ,vJv D* fp /&°*

53

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

ÍFbA&* 8b1 /¡+ Q -&* b C |BxD*H f£ £~6¡´* i°%°* .&* Jv-4* vBH bK EH2 vR NGb~{OJ CH °vD*H $*x=(°*H y D* i¡0 bEH f Jv²* ¯ ~z F&* Í Q ~zJH Å<ÉgJ GH eb£jD* Í cJ $b~z Q D* E ~6*xQ 0 bC 3(* ibB2P *x~6H P / E N O ~6*¡ 4¡ Db+ *K v+&* D q N ~zJO °H Ábc´* 1*2 T Õ 7f º* ÑE ¢H wG $b~{F(* E c±* t£~7 £D(* ¢@@E4 ¥w@@D* v D* b@@CH ¶(* Db12(* ¢ < 42bB F&b+ <bc-&* b J(* ¡G f -b D* f Jv²* £c~6 v0&* vmJ &* H2 ¡pJN ¤ DH D *¡~| 1&* *3(* f Q ±* ~|R 0P $b~{F(b+ x@@E&* g ´* ¥2*¡@@D* D3 ¶(* E 3(* Ì + ¥2*¡D* ¶(* DÉ1 E ¡1vD* bC 1vE v < £ E ¥¡B


2É+ ¶(* fB2b cD*H vA¡D* ~8H Íg ~6 v +H Q +* ¢ Q -H ¯¡- vB b1 ¡=4& * bCH 64bA N fB2b cD* q EH ~z0 ¡c N + $b ~z²* ,2b D* @@G2HQ 5H 64bA 2É+ ¯ 4Hx@@´* fEÉ~6 b ~9 b £+H ,x ³* :b ´* 4¡c< D ¡ Q ~zJ 2¡ m+ ¥ÉcR BO ,bA¡+ *¡ ~6 ,2¡ D* Jx: ¯ ¡D¡! %* bC 1295 f ~6 Í´b~6 f£Bv cD* ¶(* *¡ ~8HH b1 %* &* b§H ,¡N N /H f£Bv cD* Í+ ex²* hc~{F . N fC4b~{´* £ < bK E*yD bC f£ D* x~6&°* E *¡FbC ¡D¡! *K v)bBH bK Fb+Q 4O ex²* ¯ ¡C4bE 4b~7H ex²* - ¯ fB2b cD* y OGH f£Bv cD* ¡ ~6&* ~9 ~zD* Iv0(° ¢g0 *K Ì~6&* ¤ +H x~6&°* ¯ ¡C4bE BHH 1296 f ~6 Q ¯ ¯¡-H ,Ì~|B ,v§ D3 v + o HQ y-H 1299 f ~66 1324 f ~6 f£Bv cD*D* Q * xª 7K £§ 7f T º Q * gQ ¹ f )b D *K yCxE *xJ(* ·b ~7 bC *xJ(b+ ¡D¡! %* xQ E b £00 Q bCH Í~7b~{²* ~6b+ fÂv D* 42b~|´* ¯ hAx < ¤gD* O D* *K yCxE i¡´N N&* f B wsQ-* vB c±* t£~7 f )b D* t£~7~7 G¡JH <bc-&* } cD {£~{²* 4Qvº Qv J bCH D D GQ2Æ~zJ . b £ F ¡BHwJH f Q ±* ¶(* ¡ g J F&b+b+ ¶(* f~94b E f£~|s~7 C b£g=° /¡Q JH f£Fb. b JvD* ¶( D fJH*v P D* ¡ Q ~zJ <bc-&* bCH ~6H&°* x~{D* ¯ D 2É+ dF*¡/ xCwJ ¡C4bE ¡G bGH ¤)*vA 2x ´* bK ~}J&J&* Q ²* Db A&*H Í~7b~{²* ͺb~7 Í c/ Í+ 4¡~|¹ @@FP ¡@@EO 2*H ¯ b GH"" ¢ ~7&* £A / *K x@@1b@@A bK Fbg~z+ @@c@±* t£~7 &b@~@{@F&F&* °K ¡~8H b £D(* b g~6* ¤gD* ib-bc D* x@@ @<&*H i*x jD*D* OH $b/4&* gs§ b ~7&°*H bm0&°* f<¡ gE 4¡~|B iv£U ~7H O b -*xm0 h_ EO H d@@G3 E 4b@@1y@@+ h@@ @JQ 5 f ´* zR EN UvD* sA&b+ ¡Q ~z ´* lb@@.&°b@@+H f@@£@G*y@@D* 4¡~|Db+ wG ¯ h Q ~8 ,Ì ~8 d£+bF& * hEvsOg~6*H ÄN O N R g~6(R °*H ~z<H ÅDH x ³* E 4b F&* hFbC b g:b~6¡+H Ábc´* hFbCH b@@©* C ¯ }£ - ¤GH v NGb~{-O i*x@@AO $bEH iÉ£ / ib £~74 ib@@JQ 4¡@@0 4¡~| D* w@@G ¯ ~zN *¡F&* £ / ¢ < d D*H $b D* ¡ A £ / Q -&* ¢g0 +4Q 2O

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

52


R £f1 ¬ÑgU E 4§:*ÌH( ¸* R £f1 ¬ÑgE jHz1 · §G§! % * *¡ ~8HH f ~zD* ~|FH i*¡ ~6 lÉ. ¡D¡! %* f 04 ix g~6* 1275 f ~6 ~|g E ¯ b1 ¥ÉcR BO É+ ¶(* d04H Q &* f/42 ¶(* -*2b<H ¡ ´* f D ¡C4bE Q -H b³* + ¡D¡! %* ¤ +H f£)bF ibJ°H ,vQ D *K x)*5 *K xJvE £Q < b³* 4bcC E *¡pc~8&*H b1 ¥ÉcBO fEv1 ¯ bK Eb< x~{< f c~6 µ b1 ¥ÉcBO D G2É+ ¶(* ,2¡ D* *H2*4&*H $bJx.&°* b1 ¡=4&* f/H5 h£AQ ¡- &* 2b~8H ,42b ´b+ D q ~zJ ,bgA D *¡c s£D b1 ¥ÉcBO ¶(* *K vAH ~64&bA 64bA 2É+ ¯H b ±* f )*4 ,bg D* hFbCH ,bAQ ¡g´* g/H5 ibcJxB E vA¡D* 2¡ J &* 9Hx ´* E bCH x D* E ,x~{< f +b~zD* d : f 0xD* ,4¡ ³H xpcD* Jx: < 64bA 2É+ ¶(* gc0b~|´ f.ÉjD* fB2b cDb+ rb ~zD* b1 ¥ÉcBO E vA¡D* p EH bK GxN R EO b³* A*¡A f0É´* ¯ -*ij *K x F *¡FbC b j£0 4Hx´* fEÉ~6 D ~}- ¤gD* f£cGwD* f0¡ D* E £ ±* x@@p@+&*H f 0xD* É@@1 ¡/bgpJ b§ 2HQ y@@g@D*H 1292 f ~6 f£ £~|D* `A*x´* Iv0(*

51

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

b£~6%* e¡ ~6H ¥4*x+ Ä< ¤ ~}´* x ~zD* E f ~6 ·*¡0 v + ¯ b1 ¥ÉcR BO É+ ¶(* b £ ~{D* ~8H ,x ³* ¢ ~6¡D* < ¡~{+ x~z g~zJ r*4H b Dbc g~6* ~z0&bA ¥b.bC f JvE b ~64&* . f£~z D*H b+bcD*H ,x:b+&°* <H b+4H&* ¯ ,b£²* Q f_E b@@~@64(* E bK cDb: b+bcD* ¶(* ,4b ~6 ¯ x~{ D x~{cE Jv B hJ5 E bK _£~7 bK ~}J&* bK cDb:H ¥b.bC b ~6 Í+ f£p£~z´* 6Qv ´* Ä D* ¯ b Q < ¶(* ¥b.bC E ¡£AbEH °¡ £F ,2¡< f 04 hBx g~6*H 1269 f ~6 f£Bv cD* ¶(* É~8HH i*¡ ~6 lÉ. Í ~z A ,x~{< f~zEb³* ¡C4bE +* +H h£AQ ¡- vB °¡ £F f/H5 hFbCH Q b+bcD* ebsgF* x1&Q bgD *K x FH ¯¡- vB b+bcD* bCH x D* E ¢ < 4b gF°* E ÍEb< v + ¡£AbEH °¡ £F y< vJv±* b F*H b -4b ~6 ~{ + *Äs£D b1 ¥ÉcBO ¶(* ,2¡ D* ,x~{< f +b~zD* ¯ *w £0 ¡GH ¡C4bE b EH 1271 f ~6 ¥¡+b+ eHv E E fDb~64 ¢ < É~|0 b Q < ¯H x D* E hJyD* E $¤~{+ b G2HQ 5H b -4b ~6 ~{A b D 4Ä Q J ¥4¡~6 Q eHv ´* b Gb<vg~6bA vJv±* b+bcD* ebsgF* ® . 6v ´* ÍcG*4 vJv±* b+bcD* b E ~64&*H f£Fb. ¥4¡~zD* ¥¡+bcD* b £0 b /*42&* *2b< . b£ £E4&* ¶(* ¡D¡! %* bcp~8 A ex²* < ib )b~7 b ~6


f¡< 8 | H ¢ f¼* 9 « ·b J(°* fDb0xD* Q

ƒdƒH ƒcQÉe OÓH ‘ Ú°TÉ°û◊G q

£ ³* 2¡ ¹ v 0&* 2 fDb fDb0 b04 Q Marco Polo ¡D¡! ¡C4bE f£ f£Bv cO D* f JvE ¯ vDH ·b J(* 1254 f ~6 b£Db J(* ¯ b£~z£ £

125 vD*H vD*H bCH f£:*x g~64& * ,x~6&* E f ~6 bB f ~6 bB vBH ,4bmgD* ¯ J °¡ £F x ~ ~8&°* £ x ~8& * £ ~7 E °¡ £F ox1 1260) 2¡~6& 2¡~6&°** xpcD* Ä< xpcD* Ä< xR P D* 2É+ ¶(* f 04 ¯ ¡£AbE KbBx~7 b /¡gA 4bg gS D* eHx0 dc~z+ ,2¡ D* E b Q gJ µH Q ¶(* f AbB E b /¡- . i*¡ ~6 lÉ. b £A b£ +H I 4N bs+O ¶(* É~8HH Q *w £0 Í~|D* Cb0 Kublai Khan b1 ¥ÉcR BO ·¡ ´* 4¡:*ÄE(°* É+

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

50


Ñ* ,4b@@c@< 22x@@JO ¡@@GH ib@@EH %*x@@ @ D* d : ¡cE*4" &* ¶(* bC ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* &* ¶(* h JH "ÃxC Ñ* Ãx@@C D v 1 . @@+4&* H&* i*¡ ~6 lÉ@@. x g~6* bCÄ+ c~7&* ¡cE*4 fBÉ< ¡0H ,$b~9(°*H b g~7°* ¯ ix g~6* 0 ¡cE*xD )b~64 ,v< /x- ¥wD* Ì@@E&°* ¡ J É~6(°b+ bC vD*¡A v< ¶(* ¡cE*4 dGwJ &* cB i&*v+ fBÉ D* &b+ i*4b~7(* b G &* b C x)*y±* ¯ ¤~zFx D* {£±b+ b +b~9 E fs~zF b~zFx + Dy E ¯ v/¡- hFbC F&* ¶(* )b~64 ¯ ibp£~9¡-H ib0Hx~7 b ~{E*¡G ¢ < dgCO %*x D* ¶(* b j + ¤@@g@D* @@)b@@~@6x@@D* Iv@@ 0(* ¯ ¡@@c@E*4 dg J @@+b@@g@JH i*3 vD*¡D* %*xB fs~z + · ¤j +* £D* E £+*yJ(* g1&* "ib0Hx~{D* ¢ ~{g~z´* ¶(* ¡cE*4 FO bEv < F(* ÌE&°* k0bcD* ¡ JH z Db+ £-&b- bEv < hFbC b F&b+ g £ ~7 hcgC b£ £~6x§ ix ~9* -¡E ib ² ¯H cFb/ ¶(* $b + }AxJ bC E ox@@1 Ì@@1&°* D v£ gD z D* 4b~}0(* ¶(* g )b< x<b~{D* f )b< Kbc:bº ~6&*4 ¢ < eHx~}´bC ¡cE*4 fAx= g gJO b@@C + ¤ ~zJ J µ |s~{D* *w@@G ¤~zFx D* "ÃxC Ñ* ÃxC Ñ*" ¡ J bC fcJx= ib + "¡+O 4 vc<" ¶(* v< ¯ ~6* Ì= ¡cE*4 &* ÌE&°* vC'¡JH ¡cE*4 É@@~@6(* v£C&bgD @@D3 @@E v@@G&* ° bF&*" 4vg~zJH "b £ 1&* H&* b E ¢~{1&* ° )b 0 xC3&* ¤ D $f G* ¾(* v + v< ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* 42b= 1891 ¡JbE 9 fp£c~8 ¯ Ì1&°* *2¡D* D3 ¡ £D i*¡ ~6 +4&* b )b ~6 h« 7b< &* ¡GH -b£0 bJ&* x1%* ¯ D "°K H&*" b GxC ¤gD* f Jv D ¡ £D fDb jD* ¢g0 d²* b c~8bF gcC4 ¯ Kb@E4H 4b~|J J µ D µb D* ¯ D fc~z Db+ b E ~}A&* b F&b+ b < DÉ:&* ¢ cgD i¡@@´* 1 k£0 b@@ @£@D(* ,2¡@@ @Db@@+ v@@<¡@@+ b G -bJxC3H

49

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

f£~|s~{D* ~9*x=&* E Ìj D* x- x<b~{D* v - k£0 ÆJxC ¤p+ Dy E ¯ Ñ 6(¸*K §gH*4 x<b~{D* £04 ¢ < EyD* E 2¡ < 4HxE E =xD* ¢ < Ìj D* Ìj-O *y@@- ° " EÉ~6(* f£~}B" &* °(* ¡cE*4 x@@.4%* fDb0xD* ib+bgC ¯ v<" ebgC d0b~8 ¡G b A v±* E < v@@±* ÌjJO 7¡~{ < 2¡ ~zE 4¡gCvD* " ¡£~zFx D* v½ . ""¡cE*4 ~6&* G " $b~zgJH v< ¯ ¡cE*4 ,b£0 v£Db -H i*2b + x.&b- dc~z+ ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* É~6(* B¡gJ E 2b g<* K*5y E i*¡ ~6 +4&* £+ ¢~}B ¥wD* b ~zD* J ¡GH 6v ´* b+x D* $b <(* z£~z D* }A4 É1 &* Â " 7¡~{ < k0bcD* ¡ J b GH ,Ì@@1&°* ~6b F&* i¡´* 7*xA ¢ < ¡cE*4 4*5 ¥w@@D* z D* &* ¶(* b G Ì~{F vB ¡cE*4 &* E K*2b g<* 6v ´* b+x D* £ J &* }A4 FbJwG $b .&* -¡E £cBO 22x@@JO ~6 &* v + D3H ~6&* "ÃxC Ñ* ÃxC Ñ* vB "¤+x D* ¡cE*4" (* ¡ £A Ñ* b < Ì ~6 d-b D* bE&* &* Ì= %*x D* - É~6(°* ib£Fb0H4 ¯ kpcD* Hb0 "KbJHb~6&bE bC b £ BH Ìj D* b ~z F E - µ ,b£²* K gE ¡cE*4 bGb~}B ¤gD* x~{ D* i*¡ ~zD* &* ¶(* 4b~7&*H Í+ É ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* b DÉ1 Hb0 b£ JxA(*H ,xGb D*H £D* K*x<b~7 ° K*x/b- ¡ J &* §+4 zg< £D(* Hx J ÌE&°* vc< ¤B¡~7 ¤B*x D* k0bcD*H x<b~{D* b< v< ¯ ¡cE*4 y E ~{gC* E ¡G F&b+ £D* ¯ b G bB&* k£0 ¤ £D* ¯b jD* yCx D K*xJvE bC b £0 1991 ¯ bJb~}B ÌjJO ÌE&°* v½H fc~6b ´* w + °K b g0* b £0 -4b~7(* b G&* D v@@< ¯ ¡cE*4 ,b£0 < f£ G&°* fJb=


¡J v + "ib D Kb ~9 bE " f ² ¥&* ¯ £ < ¡cE*4 ¡12 N GH $b~z D* fcB*xE ¯ b~}B D* E N f£ g+ J ~}E M 2¡ ±* 2Hx: dp~6 H&* ÅD* ¯ ¡cE*4 x@@.4%* vD¡J µ" 7¡~{ < 2¡ ~zE 4¡gCvD* ¡ J b -b£0 f+b-4 ¯ Ì~| D* x < i*¡ ~6 ¤~} £D £ D4b~7 °(* h~z£D ¡cE*4 ,b£pA b <4*¡~7H b D¡ 0H b -¡£+ ,2Hx+H MÌjC ¯ b £A k  ° ¤gD* `F*¡´*H ib p´* E f<¡ ¸ f ~8*¡EH ~6b F&* b gD° fE5ÉD* bJ&°* °Q (* b£0&°* E z ~z=&* 7 ¯ v@@< ¶(* ¡cE*4 ~8H bEv < *wD x ~zD* 8ÄB 42b@@= v@@B b@@C ¡ A b D ¢.xJ fDb0 ¯ b@@C 1880 ,4*x²* vJv~7 v< ¯ £~|D* bCH fJHb~6&bE Hx; ¯ fCx~7 ¯ £;¡g+ 4b~6 vB 4b+H2 v<b g´* +b~}D* bC *3(*H v@@< ¯ b cg E x@@Jv@@J b@@C ¤@@g@D* @@J24b@@+ *45b@@ E Áb@@£@A K @ »H KbJ¡Fb. É K < °S (* J µ f £ ²* ¯ ¡ A J É cB Å@O @D* f£ g+ J $b~z D* @@E f<¡ ¸ f@@c@B*x@@E ¯ b£ £~6xE ¶(* xJv~|£z< £f 6 H ¥kEÑ< d0b~8 fBÉ< f £c: ¡0 ibJ*HxD* E vJv D* e4b~}g b E Ìj D* D v< f JvE b ~6 E " *x ~zD* dCx´* " E fc£: ib@@BÉ@@< b@@B&* ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* &* ¢ < ©O b ~6 EbB&* ¥wD* $*y D* z ¸ vC'¡J bE *wGH b G 6b D* ,4¡~8 £ g+ *¡EbB v A @@-b@@AH Äs+ < v + v@@< ° "b £ < *¡cgCH $*y D* z ¸ ~6H f£~|s~{D* x<b~{D* " ¡ /*4 £D(* bF(*H Ñ bF(* Ñ* °(* D(* "ÆJxC" f E b ~6 fBÉ< &* ¡j0b+ v@@C'¡@J b G @@E x<b~{D* D3 F¡C E f +bF - µ ¡cE*4 b J bC ¤gD* fBÉ< hFbC + ; E Kb+4bG x ~{D* xmG ¥w@@D* Ìc D* bC (*H ¢g0 b £+ mJ b@@C Áb~zF(* < @@E f +bF N * vB /xD* g JvE $bmG ¢ < E2& K f Jv´* b ~6 v½ k£0 bEb­ gsJ ¡£D* ~9¡D* D i*3 4x@@B ¥w@@D* ¤@@~@z@Fx@@ @D* eb@@~@{@D* @@Dw@@+ ¡@@£@ D* Hx@@s@ @J Í g OE Ì= £+ {£ £D ¤ ~8&°* :¡E ,42b E ¡J ¢g0 – ¡Bv~|J ° F&* b C g Jv´ )bmGH Eb 0&b+ b F&b+ g JvE ~8H vB ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* &* *wG b E¡J £B2 Ì= ~8¡D* *wG *HÄg<*H " bCx+ fG¡A 2x¸" E {£ D @@-2¡@@< f£ gp+ b ~z D v@@ C&* ¡@@c@ E*4 ¡@@C -42b E £cB v< xp+ exB x < E ¢ c- bE $b~}BH fcCxD* ¯ 4H @@E oÉ D b~zFxA ¶(* Kb /¡gE f@@ @Jv@@´*

b + 0 ¤gD* f ±* v< - µ D3 EH 8ÄBH £ D b D )bg~{D* £C ¯ dG3 v A 4b ~7&* ¯ b ~6* 24HH ¡cE*4 f+¡g ´* )b~64 ¯ d:bsJ v½ k£0 K*ÌjC b E xEwgD*H £B&*" b~zFx + £ D4b~7 ¯ £ - hFbC ¤gD* £+*yJ(* g £ ~{D "fcg E H&* ,xG5 ° b + v/¡J ° 2É+ ¯H bCx+ fG¡A ¡A b 1b EH f Jv D Kb£~6bB bC F&b+ 2b D* ~8H 0 ¡GH O F¡C pgJ &* ¡cE*4 jE |s~{D Â ° ¥wD* 4b²* *HvD* ¢ < ,2HÄD* bG2¡~z- 2É+ E KbE2bB b~zFxA x<b~7 y E < kpcD* f 04 b g 04 $b@@ @.&* K*Ì@@j@C b@@ F224 'Hb@@~@z@- ""¡cE*4 y E J&*" 123 v + f£ £D* v< f JvE ¯ ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* < kpc D b gDb~9 bFv/H fBb~7 f E v + D b D -42b E E bEb< ¯ ~|A "d0b~8 D Kb ~zE wsgJ bE KbE¡J bC ¥wD* y ´bA J bC &* v + xpcD* < ÆE ¡ £C v g+* vB " £p±* ¯ ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* bGb~}B ¤gD* ,Æ D* É1 ,x~7bcE £ < b D 1891 1880- É1 ivgE* ¤gD* ,Æ D* ¤GH v< K*x ~7 45 b ¸ ¯ h + f gE i*ÆA ¢ < y E < g ~|A xpcD* b D 9x - f 0ÉgE 24 ib£ < ­ b@@´ @@Dy@@ @E @@< k@@p@c@D* ¶(* Ì@@ 1&°* 2b@@< ¡@@ @A ¡@@c@ E*4 *4*yE qc~8&* ¥w@@D* h£c D ¤ ~8&°* B¡´* ¶(* $*vgG°* E ¡£D* JÌj D x<b~{D* y@@ @E b £A @@ @J ¤@@g@D* f@@ @ @ @´* ¤@@G "ÆJxC " £ < @@ @- ¥w@@ D* b@@CÄ@@D* @@~@ 6* ¡@@G "ÆJxC"H ¤@@~@z@Fx@@ @D* b@@CÄ@@D* fG¡A ¤ - "ÆJxC" ,2x A b C&b+ f ´* bC ub@@ @E ¡@@GH b £A ,4*x@@ ²* f@@/42 b@@ @ -4* ¢ < K*2b@@ @g@<* xEw- b´b: ¥wD*H ~z F dE*4 x.4%* I¡ ~7H xEw- 4v~|E v A v< ¶(* ,4b~7(°* ¯ bCx+ fG¡A ¢ < b - f JvE E °(* h~z£D v<" £+*yJ* g £ ~7 ¶(* )b~64 Iv0(* ¯ bB "fJxpcD* bExDb+ b£ C ,4¡ EH vEb1 bCx+ fG¡A §gH*4 jDfª 9 · f JvE b -v ~7 ¤gD* ,Ìc D* i*Ì£ gD* @@E @@=x@@D* ¢ < (*H ¢g0 K*vEb~8H Kbºb~7 *y@@J ° ¡cE*4 y E (b@A v@@< °K v+ ranboww ¡c J4" ~6* qc~8&*H v A ¶(* J¡« ® fJy£ ½(°b+ f£~zFx D* f+bg D* < $b g~6°* E ¡cE*4 < ¯ 4Hy-H x<b~{D* ¢ < Kb £~9 « &* Fb E(b+ b ´* *wG ¯ h_~7 bE ¡cE*4 fAx= ¯ b - &* Fb E(b+ h_~7 (*H Dy E vmg~6 F(bA DwD ²* Db0 bE *3(*H v£G5 +b §H Kb B¡gE ¡c~|´* d~{³* E Kb.b.&*H fJ24¡D* *4v@@±* -

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

48


v£~zD* v ¹ D* ¥ÊGH 24*H2(* 6bE¡-H zF*4¡D xN E b )b £E ¯ bm~7&°*H |~| D*H É0&°* b £A o5b g- f JvE f Jv´* wG ¤ A "¡cE*4 f JvE "f£ £D* v< b F(* ¡cE*4 x.4%* ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D*H vJx F¡E H2 ,4b© Í+ É gE bGb~}B i*¡ ~6 +4&* ; EH x1%°* x<b~{D* E gBÉ< E ¡cE*4 x.4%* exN G v)b~| +H K*ÌcC Kb+bm<(*H K*ÌjC °K v/ 4b.&* x < E ¶H&°* 0*x´* ¯ ¡EvD*H rÉ~zD*H ÅD* £D x ~{D* :HH f+bg D* 94&* xm J &* ,&bmA 4xB *wG C E D zJ4b+ ibF¡Db~8 yN G "rÉ~zD* " ,4b© " ´* x 0&* gÂH x ~{D* ew<&* dg J K*y D "qJ4 E b + x+b D* "d0b~8 K gE ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* bGb~}B ¤gD* ,Ì1&°* x~{ D* i*¡ ~zD* ¤ A x~|EH b£ JxA(*H £D* Í+ É K*x<b~7 ° K*x/b- qc~|JO &* K*vGb/ HbpA KbJx. ¡ J &* " £p±* ¯ ~|A "d0b~8 ¢ ~6 48 ¡p + 4v -O -b£0 E K*$y@@/ ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* ¢~}E&*

K gE bGb~}B K*x ~7 ¡EvD*H rÉ~zD*H ÅD* ,4b@@© Í+ É " J24b+ *45b@@E – Áb£A "fCx~7 £D(* g CH&* < H&b@A K » bC J $b~z D* E f<¡ ¸ fcB*xE " ¯ JH É E @@B&* +b E "b£ £~6xE ¶(* xJv~|- cB Å@O @D* f£ g+ ¢g0 vJv~zgD ¤ J J µ cE ¡@@GH Kb@£@E¡@@J ib FxA 6 f£E¡£D* -bAHx~|E Iv0(* v< $b £E ¢ < h~64 z ~z=&* E 7 @D* rbc~8 ¤ A x<b~{D* Ev gJ Í£+4H&°* E 2v< b gE ¢ <H ~zD* ,x g~zE @@G&* KbE¡J hFbC ¤gD* f Jv´bA ¡cE*4 ¤~zFx D* b £A ¡@@c@ E*4 b@@ B&* @@z@ @~@{@D* b < d£ - ° f@@J4¡@@:*Ä@@E(° 4b~7H b£ £~6xEH ÍDx+H v DH zJ4b+ ¯ b~}B b» È@@C&*

47

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

h~z£D 1891 - 1854 ¡cE*4 ,b£0 &* ¢ < HÌj D* mJO ¡ A b £A - ¤gD* `F*¡´*H ib p´* E f<¡ ¸ I¡~6 b ´* ¯ Kb )*2 ,b£²* ",Ì ~{D* -4bc< 22x@@J bC bE ,2b@@< < b@@ @A ¡@@/¡@@G 4¡g £A £ < ¢@@ @.&* " z)b+ x@@E&* ~z F "Ìc~z ~7 :" §gH*4 j¡MzH £z< ~8H 1880 z ~z=&* x ~7 E )bB ¡J fp£c~8 ¯ " £D* e¡ /" v@@< ¶(* ¡@@c@E*4 x@@.4%* ¤~zFx D* x<b~{D* f£Fb JÄD* `F*¡´* v0&* bE KbE¡J hFbC ¤gD* f Jv´* wG ¤ A ,1990 b@@< h@@ +*3 f@@£@C*Æ@@~@7* f@@J4¡@@ @ @± f@@ @~@8b@@<H f@@ @ @´*


« 9f¼* ¢H | 8f¡<

ƒÑeGQ !á«æª«dG ¿óY ‘

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

46


ex0 ¤B¡ ~zD* ÄC&°* 6x D* i¡Â &* ¤~zF ¥wD* /xD* f 1 Í D* £ ~8 ,x E ,xG5 f£~7¡cD* Jb~8&* D* ¯ ibJ*vcD* f 0xE ¯ bgFbC Íg+x© ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ f:4H 1992 ÁÄ< ¡cD* ¤@@<*4 b GH h)b D* x D* ib £ ~z £<b ~6(* B 6&*4 ~zE b G bg D*H 1996 fgsg~{cD*H D&°* f 04 ¡pF b + Ä< bg D* bg ¹H E pJ bEH ¤-*4bE(°* | D* &* ng g~zF &* Â *wG E + bK :bcg<* hc J µH fA2b~|E v/¡£D J µ eb 1 f£ J2H f£A*x /H f£~6b£~6H f£<b g/* @@E*¡@@< @@-v@@/H&* ¤C b C ixAb~}- f£-*¡E Hx@@; 4b@@G25* ¢ < iv<b~6H ¢g0 £~8&°* ¤+2&°* D* *wG £A hc J bK ²b~8 bK 1b E s rx~z´* Jx: < g B cJ

45

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

¢ < 2b g<°b+ f£0x~z´* f+bg D* f£Ax0 xJ¡ - ¢ < D* ,ÈC °(* @@D3 ¢ < vGb~{D* b@@EH f£ ~{gEH ,v@@Jv@@/ £. f£m£ ³* r4b~z´* ibc~{1 ¢ < D hEvB ¤gD* 8¡~| D* E vJv D* hDbFH Í£0x~z´*H 2b D* ebm<(* i5b0 ¤gD*H o*x1(°* ¯H £j gD* ¯ g~7* Ñ*vc< ¡C b§4H y)*¡±* DÉ1 E x J x1%* *K v + p E bE ¡G ibJ*vcD* f 0xE ¯ ¢ < | D* ox@@s@-H j­H @@D'¡@- f ~z¸ ¡£ + | D 5b D* bE5 ¥bE bJ + h£~|= £<b ~6(* dg A 4¡D* ¡B ¥°¡@@E bJ ¥°¡@@E rHx@@/ bJb + i¡c D* g E f £D ¡-yc1 yc1 qJ4b¸ f~{ cD* ÍE¡J Í+ "2*v<(*" Æ < xJ5¡D* ·b E x0 xJ2b£E f1x~8 *¡@@ Q @D* "2*v<(*" "2*v<(*" b £E*x0 b £Eb0 "2*v<(*" 4Hx ~6 "2*v<(*"


ÉWÉÑàYG âÑæj ⁄h áaOÉ°üe óLƒ«d øμj ⁄ ,ÜÉ£N øe ¬∏ªëj Éeh »JGQÉe’G ¢üædG É◊É°U ÉNÉæe ≥∏îJ »c É¡∏c äôaÉ°†J á«JGƒe ±hôX √QÉgORG ≈∏Y äóYÉ°Sh IóY πeGƒY ¬JóLhCG πH ìô°ùŸG ≥jôW øY ¬àªb ≠∏Ñj ≈àM π«°U’G »HOC’G øØdG Gòg ¬«a âÑæj

f£+x D* f_£ D* b E f£0x~z´* ib_£ D*H ib~z~6'¡´* É1 E rx~z´* xJ¡ - f£DH'¡~zE b -b< ¢ < iw@@1&* ¤gD* rx~z D ,4bE(* E iws-* ¤gD*H rx~z D f£´b D* f_£ D* DwCH ¤+x D* fAb jD* ,x)*2 + ~}- bE ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ b D *K x E ,Ìm D* ¤+x D* DwCH ¤ p´* rx~z´* vA4 E fB4b~{Db+ É@@<(°*H fAb j D ¤+2 f_£G ¡ - DwC D&b-H gJ4*x g~6* ebc~6&b+ ¥2bFH Í£0x~z´* f£ /H É@@<(°*H fAb j D ,Ìm D* f_£GH ib:b~{ D*H b <&°* E Ìj Db+ ¤c;¡+&b+ i*4b@@E(°* l*x ,Æ D* wG ¯H f£ p´* f£0x~z´* fCx²* B*H vs- ¤gD* ¤0x~z´* 9¡ D* f 0xE hcC*H – 2000 v + bE ,ÆA ¥&* – rx~z´* ebQgC iÉm~6 ¯ b Fb E iw1&* ,vJv/ $b ~6&* 4¡ ; e4b© D hFbC ¥wD* b£ ²* ¤<xE d-b D* E ¤-*4bE(°* f0*ÄD* eb+ x 0&°* e*ÆD* b g B E =xD* ¢ < ,y£» ¡ < i*4b F Áb J ¤gD* f :*¡´*H fJ¡ D* bJb~}B h0x: b£ ²* e4b© (* ; ¯H f£Fb ~zD* fc£CÆD* ; ¯ ¤@@-*4b@@E(°* gm´* b E ibAb . 2¡AH E µb D* ¢ < i*4bE(°* -v ~7 ¥wD* rbg F°* gm´* *y£E ¯ ÉK Jb­ 1 ¥wD* xE&°* f £jC ,4¡~|+ ,v< a4b: ¡G bEH h+b. ¡G bE Í+ ¤0x~z´* @@|@ @D* t@@J4b@@- ¯ 5x@@@+&°* f@@EÉ@@ @D* ¡@@ @- b@@ §4H F(* k£0 Ñ*vc< £<b ~6(* d-b D* ½ Hy+ ¤@@-*4b@@E(°* ó©H – 2003 b D* w EH f£0x~z´* f+bg D* d ~8 ¯ nDH ¯ ÉK @ 1*2 x~| ´* x D* E ib £ ~zgD* ¯ Íg+x© f+bg D f gº d£Db~6&* + ,vJv/ ÍEb~}EH ib0Hx: b§ f£.*v²* ~8¡~|F h 1 k£0 f£-*4bE(°* f£0x~z´* fJx<b~7H f D* ¯ $*x@@ .H ¡ ~}´* ¯ < @@E b J¡« ~{£ J x1%* bK 1b E i*2x ´* ¢ =H e¡ ~6&°* f<*x+H f ±* ¶(* b £ / q © ~8¡~|F &* b £~6°H ¤-*4bE(°* | D* 4b~{J ¤gD* - b E ,vJv D* bJb~}BH b~zF(ÉD 4b~|gF°* ¯ b < i¡ ~z´* H&* f )b~{D* bJb~} D* @@E b F&b+ b £D(* ÍEb~}´* ¡ g+ ~8¡~|F i5bgE* DwC rx~z´*H bE*4vD* gm´b+H B*¡Db+ vJv~{D* b Bb~|gD*H b +x + i5bgE* b C rx~z´* 2¡/H E ¢ ~6&°* v D*H G&°* fJb D* ¤J&*x+ *wGH ¤0x~z´* | Db+ Ñ*vc< £<b ~6(* ox1 v D f £ ³* w E É1 E | D* eb 1 ¯ 2v/H g£BÉ F* E ¤-*4bE(°*

¢ < Db g~7* ¤G ¥Hbg²* b <&° ,y£ ´* f ~zD* ¡ - b§4H É1 E gm´* ¢ < b Gx.&*H ,3¡ ~{D*H xp~zD*" ÍEb~}E bK B*H ~{ - &* D'¡´* b D 2*4&* ib£~|s~7H f£)b 0 o3b¿ ¯ J F¡C *K v£/ $¡~}D* £ < ~zJ µ H&* bK £)xE J µ *K xQ E f ~74&°*H £.¡gD* b < eb= h 1 ,ÆA ¤/bF ¤0x~z´* d-b D* ~6* y+ b ~z F ,Æ D* ¯H DwCH ,5x1 ¢~z£< h + ,Ì~z´* E4 fc0 dgC ¥wD*H ¥b²* É~6 b £ ~6 h + v 0&° b@@C bE ¤c£c0 bJxC5 @@±* < f£DbgD* ib£0x~z´* 2*v@@<(*H b£ D* x ~6 fEÉ~6 bJ I¡ D* i¡­ ° 4bm~7&°* f£´b<H f£+x< f£0x~zE 8¡~|F hC4bE x+¡~6 ¤ JH bJ ¤+x= ¢ < b g~7°* ¢ < 4*x~8(* ¡G ¥b²* ¤/bF f+x© y£Â bEH ¡ A E¡ GH -xC*3 @@F&*H 6b D rx~z´* &* ¡ ~}E b -b<¡~9¡E 4b jg~6* Ä< bK £Db / f£<b g/°* ,b£²* &*x J f j´* ,x@@C*w@@D* - 9b~}gA* Ä@@< f£E¡£D* b -*2x EH ¡G n c´*H £F&°* ¤c ~{D* $b~} DbA f _~6&°*H ib£<*vgDb+ E xp~6H -°°2 pJ $b~}A ¥v D*H ¥Hb~6&b´* ~z F rx/H B*¡D* ,4*x´ g±b E v < p E vJx© H&* x - H2 Ix1&* b <&* ¯ Av- ¤~|s~7 DHH bggA*H xp~6 b ´* g /H ¤0x~z´* v ~{´* ¯ ¥b²* ¤/bF fFb E i5y< fgA° bK ~}J&* µ&°* :b E ¯H b ±* :b E ¯ °K b J(* ÈC&* É1 Í£0x~z´* ebg D* E 2v@@< $b ~6&* ix ; DwCH jE fg)b D* f£ D&°* ¯ ¤-*4bE(°* rx~z´* 4b~{gF*H b£B ,ÆA d-b D* µb~6 b / d-b D* qDb~|D* 0xD*vc< d-b D* rx~z´* ebgC Í+ bK ~8¡~|F 4y=&°* Äg J ¥wD* qDb~8 Ñ*vc< ebg D* E 2v D ,2Hv@@¹ e4b© ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ ¤-*4bE(°* 42b=H Í~|F H&* v0*H | + ¢ gC* E E Í£-*4bE(°* H2 E bK £ C rx~z´* 42b= E EH o*x1(°* H&* £j gD* ¶(* ° bj´* £c~6 ¢ < ¡G ebQg D $b ~6&* E bFxC3 bEH f /4 x~|²* ,ÆA ¥x F f /H E bGÄg<&bA ,vJv±* f£ D&°* ,ÆA bE&* v ~7 v A ¤-*4bE(°* ¤0x~z´* v ~{ D fc~z Db+ 4b jD* ¤ / *v+(°* e¡~z E ¯ *K ÌcC bK <b -4* EyD* E v < IvE ¢ <H h-b+ DwCH ¤0x~z´* 9x D* x~8b <H ibJx¸ £ / ¯H ¤´b D* DwCH ¤+x D* rx~z D bK c B fB4b~{D* f~8b1H i*4bE(°*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

44


b£ ²* ¤<xE

¥b²* ¤/bF

d-b D* ~6* 4¡ ; ,Æ D* wG iv ~7 ib £ ~zgD* fc 0 ¯H ¥wD* ¥Hbg²* µb~6 Ñ* 3(b+ D 4¡ ´* ¤-*4bE(°* ¤0x~z´* bK F¡ ~}E ,2v g´* ~6¡ :H xp~zD* ib<¡~9¡E @@E ws-* ¯ *K v g E f£<b g/°* bJb~} D* E vJv D* DÉ1 E rx: ibJb 0H |~|BH bjE&* E ¤c ~{D* lH4¡´* ¢ < D3 C } + gm´* E ¢ g~6* DwCH fD¡ ´*H f£ ~{D* fJ*HxDb+ i$bmA ¤0x~z´* <Hx~{E fEv1 ¯ b ;H ¤gD* £~9*¡´* ~7 3(* 2¡ ~zE É0&* f£0x~zE E 1993 b D* ¯ fJ*vcD* b~}J + b g~zJ ° bK c£~|F ¥Hbg²* ib£0x~zE ¯ ²* ¤gD* -b+bgC ¯ ¥Hb@@g@²* b £D(* x - ¤gD* ÍEb~}´* ¶(* ¥wD* ¥2b D* ¤ g´* E vJv~{D* b +xBH b g:b~zc+ 5bg­ rx A b D fAb jD* E Ìj D* g &* ¶(* obgpJ ° i2v - ¤0x~zE |F 30 É@@1 ,v@@Jv@@< bJb~}B ¥Hb@@g@²* b F(* f£EyE5 2¡ ~zE É0&* 4bc D b £Eb~}E ¯ h<¡ -H 6bs D* ,Ì1&°* f £ D* f £Fx- ,xG5 f ´* f=4bA f/b/5 4¡c D* h ~8 JH*¡E v~z/H 6&*4 fJb 0 bs 1 *ʱ* x~{cD* ¡ / bA5 f £D ¡.b£D* 0*¡~zD* ox< ,xG¡/ h£cD* G&* bJ 2¡G i¡BbJ f / H4vJ 6b D* C J2*xE ,xJy/ 5¡m D* x0b~zD*H ,ÌE&°* ̳* 94&* b :&ÉDH xJx~{D* 24b´*H Í ~6bJ ,4¡p~z´* ,x ´*H 4¡G5 Íc£ D* 4'¡- hFbC ¤gD* bJb~} D* E Ìj D* b + nDb< É~zD* f » ±* b E h)b D* x D* ib£ £ ~z- ¯ ¤-*4bE(°* gm´* tD* fJ2¡c D* f£DbcD* f£<b g/°* i*2b D* É1&°* x D*

,2v g´* bG4¡~|+ ,b£²* ÍEb~}´ Iv~|g- hFbC ib£0x~z´* gm´* ¢ < b -*Ì.&b-H b -b~6b F*H ,Æ D* - ¯ f £~zcD*H 2b«* b£BH rx~z´* b£ D v E ¥wD* £ gD* 4b~{gF* v +H f~} F b£ Jv+ ¤ J ¥w@@D* ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4b@@ E(°* f@@DH2 ib~z~6'¡EH i*4*5H b£B Ä< f Eb~7 f£Ab .H f£-b~z~6'¡E f£0x~zEH f£Ab . ib /*H z£~6&b- ,4Hx~}Db+ b c- ibFb£CH 2v< ¯ i4¡ c- ,2v gE i*y B ¤ p´* rx~z´* v ~7 ,2v gE bJ&* b/x E É F* DwCH f£0x~zE x D i*4b ~7(°* E ¯ ~} D* C D Iy J ¥wD* 1984 b D* ¯ f£0x~z´* fB4b~{D* ib0Hx D*H I'HxD* ¥2v gE Í£-*4bE(* Í£0x~zE ebgC 1 ~|g E ¯ f£+x D* f£0x~z´* i*ij* *v g~6* x .&* b C *K 4Hx@@EH ib £ : ¤Cy+ fJ*v+ v + b £A 4b . ib £ c~zD* i*Æ@@A ¯ v ¹ ~6bBH É@@/ @@£@G*x@@+(*H 2¡~7xD* x ~|+ Í£0x~z D cJ4v-H EHvB É1 *Hv@@C&* JwD*H f 0° ¤ p´* | D* Eb< b G Í E Jx~| < ¢ < Í£-*4bE(°* | D* ¢ < 2b g<°* bC ,Æ D* - ¯H ,Ä@@³* Eb<H i°¡pg+ b E h ~z-* ÍEb~}E E J¡pJ b§ ¤ p´* rx~z´* ebgCH gm´* hB4&* ¤gD* f£Fb ~zD* fc£CÆD*H gm´* e¡~8H ev0 C E i*4b@@E(°* ¶(* ivAH ¤gD* fDb D* v + iÄg<* ¤gD* "H24H&* gg+ 94&°*" Áb. v~7*4 v 0&* dg A b Jv~|- v + f£-*4bE(°* f£0x~z´* f+bg D* ¯ f F b gBH ¯ ® f D f£ B*H fJb 0 @@< f )b~7 f£<b g/* f<¡~9¡´ fJx~{cD* eb)wD* v0&* cB E b +b~|g=*

43

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


Ñ*vc< £<b ~6(*

¥Hbg²* µb~6

rx~z´* ebgC E vJv D* v/H D3 E =xD* ¢ <H $¡~z+ E ¤0x~zE eb 1 ¯ 4b ~}´* *wG 4b = 9¡1 ¯ gDb~9 iws-* ¤gD* ib~64b ´*H ib /¡gD* } + < ~{ J vJv/ $*4H h Q s- bK <b BH ,$bc< JvD* E ibJ*vcD* f 0xE ¯ rx~z´* ¯ f+bg D* f~64b» iws-* v D ÍEb~}´*H ib@@<¡@@~@ 9¡@@´* @@E v@@Jv@@ @D* 1979 – 1958) -b< ¢ < 0 bK £ :H bK £E¡B bK 1 ws-* bE b E f£0x~z´* eb s+ gm´* hc:b1H f£E¡ D* f£~6b£~zD* f£<¡gD* f£DH'¡~zE fJb F" f£0x~zE |F ¯ b C rx~z´* Ä< ¤~6b£~6 ¤E¡B + b ~6 4¡gCvD* t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 D'¡´ " ¡£ ~8 bCH fB4b~{D* Cb0 ¢ <&°* z m´* ¡~}< ¤ ~6b D* v ¹ 5*¡E A 24H ,b£²* ¢ < x~7bcE 6b F* f£0x~z´* w D Áb JÄD* Ég0°* ¢ < eÉ F°* fJ*v+ bC f£0x~z D " Hb gD*H É~6(°*" f£0x~zE ~{£D @@³* *w@@G v@@g@E*H ¯ Iv~|- ¥wD* ¡ A ÁbjD* ³* bE&* dJx= f / b D'¡´ ,b£²* iÉ ~{E °Hb gE ¤<b g/°*H ¥v D* ¶(* £Eb~}E ¯ b ¸ ¯ 8¡~| D* - ÍEb~}E v~84 ÂH f£E¡£D* ¯ ¤ c D* *x~|D* xpcD* ,bFb EH iÉ ~{E 4¡ ´* $É=

~{±* o*HyD* iÉ ~{E &°* f £B 8¡ D*H f £ ~zD* g¸ 2v - ib£c /&* E o*HyD* 4¡ ³* f ~{E É1&°* D*H É D* aHb~zE £ gD*H D* /&* E f£<¡gD* ib/HyD* b/xD* E ~zD* 4bcC v < ¤+b~|gD*H $b +&°* iÉ ~{EH ¸ &* bK £ / HvcJH i*4bE(°* fDH2 b£ + 2b«°* r*xA&*H

i*4bE(°* fDHvD ´* ¤~6b£~zD* B¡´* (* ¤~6b£~zD* Eb D* ,x~8b ´* f£´b D*H f£+x D* l*v@@ 0&°* d B ¯ - b F¡C ¤0x~z´* eb ³* ÍEb~}E Ì£ - rx~z´* ebgC ¢ < d/H&* ¤gD* i*Ì gDb+ xJ¡ - É1 E gm´* f/b0H $*¡gJ b§ E -5xA&* bEH f ´* h+b~8&* ¤gD* ib Q ´b+H D¡0 lv« xE&°* f£~6b£~6H fJ2b~|gB*H f£<b g/* f£c ~6 H&* f£+bmJ(* 4b.%* eb 1 ~64 ¡pF rx~z´* ebgC IvD bK Eb< bK /¡- 1 ¥wD* Í+ Í ~z E f p D* ib£<*vgD bK AH ¤0x~z´* | D vJv/ fJxp+ G4b A&* Í04b: A*vEH /b E 94b EH vJ'¡E ¡ ~} J ¤gD* fJH*yD* EH f£~} D -x F AH 4¡D* ¢ < I2&* Eb< G&* ¤<b g/°* Eb D* v JH ¤<b g/°* Eb D* | D* ¡ ~}E I¡g~zE ¢ < i*Ì gD* E vJv D* lHv0 ¶(* ibJ¡DH&* ¶H&* E¡ GH d ~{ D /¡E rx~z´* ¡C ¤0x~z´* b £Fb - ¤gD* f£Fb ~zD* fc£CÆD* f<¡~9¡E ¡ - b§4H rx~z´* ¤gD* f£<b g/°* i*Ì gD* DwCH fEb< f ~|+ n£ ³* H2 *y£E ¯ ¤~6b~6&* d~| C D¡12H D* b~{gC* E h.v0 b~zF(°* i5Hb@@© ¤gD* f£/¡ gD* ,4¡@@j@D* DwCH I¡@@ @D* wG ¡pF +b 1 /¡J ¤-*4bE(°* ¤0x~z´* d-b D* E h / fc~{³* ¢ < -xE i¡~|+ b ~9x JH iÉ~} ´* b@@E5&°* xE ¢ < )b~{D* ¡G Eb D* *w@@GH ¤ JvD* Eb D* µ ib ~zEH ib£ Jv+H i*v g § c-xJ F¡C 4¡~| D*H ¯ ¤ JvD* Eb DbA bJbc1 ¯ ¡1vD* ebg D* E Ìj D xJ e*ÆB°* H&* 5Hb© v< dmJ x 0&* 1 ib gm´* E

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

42


,vJv/ ÍEb~}EH ¤ J b £A vJvmgD* D3 ¶(* fJ2'¡´* E*¡ D* ix~|pF* DwD b~zF(°* Í+ *x~8 °(* ¡G bE ¼&°* tJ4b- (* ¯*x ±* Eb D* ¤GH b~{ D*H D* ¶(* b~zF(°* Av- ¤gD* ¤G f_£cD*H g_£+H f£-*4bE(°* f_£cD*H f0bg´* 24*¡´* É g~6* ¢ < y « ¤gD* J µ DwCH ,&b~{ D* hBH ¯ f£<*4yD* 24*¡´* f £ B hFbC ¢ < i2b/ D3 E =xD* ¢ <H f_£cD* - D 2¡/H D f~8xA p EH fc04 bK BbA%* EbE&* qgA ¥wD* xpcDb+ b G&* IxF DwDH ,4bmgD*H iÉ0xD* Ä< i*4b~}²* ¢ < x gD* 1*2 x~9b0 ¡GH ,v cD* *wG $b +&* 6¡ F ¯ gJ xpcD* DbjE&*H f£E¡£D* jJ2b0&* ¯ xGb;H v@@D* Ix¸ ¥xmJ ¯ f£g D* f£0x~z´* ib+bg D* ¯ DwCH Db0x-H Q 0H f £c: ¢ < f~z ´* ´*¡<H xpcDb+ *ÌjC ix.&b- ¤gD*H b gBH -b /¡-H x~{cD*

41

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

H&* ¤ gsJH f£<b g/* 0*xE ¯ ¤ -xJH Eb gJ rx~z´* (* -4v + y£ gJH fEv gE i°b ~7(* wsgJ Ix1&* 0*xE ¯ x.v J H&* bK £:bc g~6* ¢ cJ H&* bE f 0xE ¯ fJ4bcg1°* f£cJxmgD* fjDb. f 0xE ¯ 4b~{gF°*H f£Db D*H ,ij*H f+xmgDb+ ¢FvgJ ¶(* ¤ £c: g¸ E bK J4b~}0 gm´* 4¡ - d~z0 *wG CH fJ2b~|gB°*H f£~6b£~zD* ,x D* d - k£0 v gE g¸ ¤gD* £Eb~}E ¯ ·bgDb+H g£Db A ¯ bK E *K 4H2 rx~z D +4b©H jp+H Í Eb D* e¡ ~6&° (bA DwC b D Iv~|gJ bK Eb ~6(* fJ¡+ÆD*H fJ2b´*H fJx D*H f£<b g/°* A*vG&*H &* b C *¡g~zE Áv@@- ¯ @@Dw@@CH rx~z´* 4¡ - ¯ *K Ì@@c@C EH x@@1%* ¶(* ¡@@F E gs- f£ gD*H v£Db gD*H e¡ ~6&°* 0*xE Ä< gm´* 4¡ - f£ + 1*2 ¯ H&* x1%* ¶(* g¸ ,2b<(* h­ x~8b D*H $*y@@/&°* E vJv D* &* °(* f£sJ4bgD* )b;H dc~z+ bG4b jg~6* ® H&* f 0ÉD* b ~7&°* ¯ b /bgF(*


»JGQÉeE’G »Mô°ùŸG ¢üædG ä’ƒ– q á«YɪàL’G äGÒ¨àŸG πX ‘

v/b´* v 0&* K*Ì@@c@C K*4H2 ,v@@ < @@E*¡@@< h@@c@ @D ¤0x~z´* | D* 4b~zE Ì£ - ¯ @@ @ @~@7 @@ @Dw@@ @CH i*4b@@ @ @ @ @ @E(°* ¯ @@g@ @£@;H ¢@@g@ 0 @@ + @@g@ @ £@ c@ :H $x@@´* b GbmgJ v@@B F¡ ~}EH ¯ f EH f ~6b0 - b DH f~z~6'¡´* jE ¤0x~z´* D* ob@@ g@ @F(°* f@@ Bx@@ @ D* f@@£@ 0x@@~@ z@ ´* bEyD* b ´* f+bBxD* J¡~zgD* ¥2b´* 2H2x´bA B¡´* H&* fDb²* K jE rx~z D ¯ Kb E K*4H2 d J É Ì - ¤gD* xG*¡ D* } + 5Hx@@+ F¡ ~}EH rx@@~@z@´* ib@@ @~@8 @@E 2H2x@@E @@D ob@@g@ F(* ¡@@G rx@@~@z@´* &° ib+b~z0 £A g-H ¥¡ EH ¥2bE IHv@@ @ ±*H ,4b@@ ~@ @ z@ @ ³*H q@@ +x@@ D* g £B d@@Fb@@/ ¶(* f@@J2b@@~@|@g@B°* eb@@~@z@p@A f@@ £@ @0Hx@@ D*H f@@£@ ~@ z@ ²* ¤@@0x@@~@z@´* ¤@@ @ @ D* @@ @ @ D* f@@ @£@B Áb~zF(°*H ¥4b~}²*H ¯b jD*H @@ Eb@@ @ @- É@@ @ @ @1 @@ @ @E 2v@@ @p@ @ g@ @ f£<b g/°* @@-v@@)b@@AH x~8b < Ì.&b- E CÆJ bEH f£Db ±*H f g´* v£ ~8 ¢ < gm´* @@1*2 f@@+x@@m@ g@ D*H ,Ä@@ @ ³*H f@@Ax@@ @ ´*H rx~z´* f £;H 2vpg- b + k£0 @@ 0x@@ @ J ¥w@@ @ @ @D* ¡@@ @ @ ~@ @ }@ @ ´*H

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

40


Ñ*vc< t£~{D* ¡ ~6 Ä< ib D* *w + " 0*xE i*4bE(°* 5¡A < f£/4b³* xJ5H b£ F %* vJ*5 + ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 vC&* v D ¡ ~6 b~9&*H "b JxJ(*" ` H ¤gD* f£/4b³* f~6b£~zD* &* 4*x g~6b+ fDHvD* z£)4 b ~9H ¤gD* a2bc D v£~z© ¤G fDHv D bGvJxJ b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* D 4¡ ´* bG*vG ¢ < 4b~6H f +4&°* 2¡ D* Iv@@E ¢ < hgc.&* ¤gD*H b£ F %* g g- bE fDHv D h Q 0H b g£Db AH b gEÉ~6 f£~9b´* v ~|D* gº ¢ < fB¡ExE fEƹ fFb E E + £ / E fF5*¡gEH fc£: ibBÉ< E + g« bEH F ¥wD* 4*x g~6°* (bA b£~zD* *wG ¯H HvD* fJ¡ gD* b g~6b£~6 ¯ bK £~6b~6&* *K x~| < j + d~|FO x@@E&°* *wG ~}F &* ¥4Hx~}D* E mJH b ~}D ¤/4b³* v£ ~|D* ¢ < b Cx« ¯ b £<&* bF2É+ 4*x g~6* fEv1 ¯ xpgD* *wG d~|J & * Q bG4bG25*H f£ gD* f£ < 4*x g~6*H b g EH ¤gD* fDH'¡~z´* fJ'HxD* h£ 0 v A x1%* v£ ~8 ¢ <H "Ñ* 0" fDHvD* z£)4 ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 b m gF* ¢ < v£ + h@@BH @@E i*5b@@ ½(* @@E 0 b@@EH xJv gD* ibJ¡g~zE ¢ <&b+ fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* v£ ~8 ÈC&* ¯H ·HvD*H ¤ £ B(°* I¡g~z´* ¢ < *Æ0°*H q E v A x~|²* ° bj´* £c~6 ¢ A fc~6b E E ¡£D¡J ¯ b£´*H f_£cDb+ 8b³* ·HvD* bC x­'¡E %* v@@J*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 2004 ,2b ~7H b£´*H f_£c D IÄ D* bC ,y)b/ b£ F b£´*H f_£cD* ¢ < b ²* ¯ Ìc D* ¡ ~6 4HvD D3H fJxJv bG42b~|E ,2bJ5H d ~|D* E F(* 3(* }£A E }£= *wG (bA *K x1%* z£DH *K Ì1&* fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* v£ ~8 ¢ < h Q « ¤gD* i*5b½(°* 5bmJ(* gJb <H Eb gG* Q / fDHvD* z£)4 ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 b £D¡J ¤gD* d0b~8 4b£g1* i&bJ µH £<vg~z- ¥wD* <vD* C b D xAQ ¡JH f£´b D* ib£~|s~{D* È@@C&* E v0*¡C fDHvD* z£)4 ¡ ~zD* " JH5¡£F" f ¸ @@AH µb@@ @D* ¯ *K Ì@@.&b@ - È@@C&°* Í~z ³* ib~64b»H ib~6b£~zD bK mJ¡g-H B*¡D *K v£C&b- °(* f£CÌE&°* fDH'¡~z´* b g<b½H b 0b½ hgc.&*

39

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

f£~6bE¡ +2 fCx0 ¯ iv~z©H b +4b EH 94& °* 4b~{E 2b +&*H Q ÍDH'¡~z´*H $*45¡D* E ÌcC 2v< b + Gb~6H bG2bB f GwE ¥wD* *Æ0°*H fDHvD* fFb E ¢ < A z£D £D2 Ì1 ¡GH n~}F ¢ < DwCH + b ´* wG j´ b gJyGb/H + ¢ « v£ ~8 ¢ < Iv@@´* ,v£ cD* b -x FH b -b~64b»H b g~6b£~6 ,2vmg´* fBb D* E b -b/b£g0*H f£Fb~zF(°* c g~z§ Ì gD* fmg ´* f£~z£)xD* HvD* E fDH2 E ¤-&bJ D3 &*H f~8b1 HÆc D 5b½(°* *w D bC bE" F(* f£DH'¡~zEH fFbE&* +H ¡@@B&* b GH <2H fDHvD* z£)4 ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 ib £/¡- °¡D pgJ &* gs´ f@@+H'Hv@@D* g +bgEH @@+ b B ¥w@@D* xpg D ¥¡@@ @D*


,vJx D* f+xmgD* w + xJv -H µb D* b gG* ¹ i*4bE(°* 7b gF* ¯ ÌcC ~{+ h Gb~6 $*x~}³* f BxD* x~{F ¯ :b E ¶(* b J¡«H b £A f~{£ ´* Hx@@; Í~z«H ,b£²* fjJv²* ,b£²* c~6 + f@@<*4y@@D*H @@94&°b@@+ Eb gG* @@< ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 Ä@@< b C h~z£D f<*4yD*" D¡ + x~}1&°* 2b~|gB°* 6b~6&* bG4bcg<b+ bc-4* b DH x ~8&°* bExD* ¡D y J x~}1&* ¡D 2x¸ E x~| <H :¡D* e*x- E f £~8&*H f £cF fBÉ<H 94&°b+ ."4*x g~6* Ì + v - °H ,4b~}0 ° 3(* 4*x g~6°* x~8b < G&* b £A - ¤gD* ¶H&°* f~64v´* ¤G f<*4yD*" ¡ ~6 £~}JH obgF(*H f £c D* E {Jb gD* f£ £C fJx~{cD* xmA w E b~zF(°* Ì + ,b£0 °H ,4Hx~9 D* &* bK ~}J&* b £A -H -b/b£g0* @@94&°* b - @@6H42 b C ¤@@GH *K v@@)b@@< x D &*H < f ²* - t~6Æ- ¢g0H *K Ì1 b E *Hv~|pJ ¢g0 b )b +&° ."v~|0 45 EH v/H v/ E ¡ - ¤gD* fÂv D* f£+x D* oH2yE b g0* kDbjD* ¤ :¡D* ¡£Db+ fDHvD* i°b g0* {£ F pFH ¡£D* f£+x D* f@@DH2 b£ D b@@< @@C @@E Ä ~zJ2 2 Í@@ @ +4&°*H EbjD* f_£c D ¤ :¡D* ¡£Db+ b g0ÉD bK ~}J&* v g~zF ,vpg´* ¢ « ¤gD* f£Eb~zD* fJb<xDbA b< C E xJ*ÄA 4 x~{< q~9*H £D2 ¡ D ¤ :¡D* f_£cD* ¡£+ fDHvD* i°b g0* b + ¤_£cD* ¤<¡D* x~{F ¯ ¡£D* *wG f£ G&* ¢ < ¡ ~6 8x0 ¢ < ib£ gD*H 4b ´* E ¤ p´* gm´* ib_A £ / Í ­H f£ gD* *vG&* £ « ¯ °K H'¡~zE bK Jx~7 ¡ J ¤ D £ - ¤gD* 2b~|gB*" 4b ~7 h« b D* *wG i°b g0* b -H fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* f£ G&* ¢ < vJv/ x~7'¡E "fE*vg~6* 4b g+* x~}1&* Í+ f£ gm´* fC*x~{D* ¯ f£DH'¡~z´* ,v<bB ¢ < fE*vg~z´* fE*vg~zE f~} F £ pgD ¤ p´* gm´* ibF¡ E fAbC j+ 4v - ° d~6b E f £ 1 t£~{D* ,2b£ + h 0 i*4bE(°* fAb~}g~6b+ ,y£/H ,Æ@@A cB Q « ¥w@@D* Ìc D* rbm DbA ¡G "b JxJ*" ,2vmg´* fBb D f£DHvD* fDbC¡D* x ´ i*4b@@E(°* b¸ ¯ fDHvD* g)¡c- ¥wD* ¥2bJxD* B¡´* ¢ < vGb~7 ÄC&* *K v£ - f£_£cD* ib ´* ÄC&* ,4*2(* ¯H + b g£ -H f_£cD* fJb 0 fDH2 ~9H 5b½(°bA µb D* I¡g~zE ¢ < ,2vmg´* fBb D*

'H*v~8&* h ~8HH ¤´b D* v£ ~|D* ¢ < 54b+ b E ¯ i*4bE(°*

f£ £ B(°* -b EH µb D* H2 Í+ ¤ gD*H ¤ D* Hb gD* £.¡- ¯ *K Ì.&b- <&°*H °K ¡cB È@@C&°* f £~6¡D* ¡G f£ G&°*H 2bc-H {Jb g D f²b~|D* $*¡/&°* ÌA¡-H e¡ ~{D* Í+ f ~|D* b £+ qDb~|´* ib~z~6'¡´* h < v A f£m£-*Æ~6°* f@@J'Hx@@D* w + bK E*ygD* yJy -H f£DHvD* ib£Bb -°* <2 ¢ < fAbC f£ :¡D* f£_£cD* £c gD* f£ <bA ~}- ¤gD* f£ Jx~{gD*H f£~z~6'¡´* x@@:&°* 24*¡@@EH µb D* f_£+ ¢ < f Abp´* ¯ Eb ~6(*H g£D¡ ~7H Hb g D ib£D%* xA¡- ib£Bb -°* - &° f£ £c D*H fJx~{cD* £ gD*H ¤/¡D¡£cD* ¡ gD* fJb 0 b¸ ¯ ·HvD*H ¤ £ B(°* 9*x F°b+ ,2v ´* ibF*¡£²*H ib-bc Db+ ·Hv@@D* 4b@@©°* E bGÌ=H xp~|gD* fpAb EH ¤1b ´* Ì gD* E v@@²*H $bCx~7 µb D* *wG ¯ bK £ / b F&* ,v<bB ¢ < Ix1&°* i°bm´* f£ gD*H f£DH'¡~z´* ¯ x~| D*H ¶H&°* f c D* g ~|+ b~zF(ÉD ¡ ~6 f@@J'H4 @@<H ¡G b~zF(°* (*" ¡ J :¡D* $b +H gm´* b£C ¯ ¤~6b~6&°* fp ~|E &* b C v +H D* cB v cD* *w D f£ £ ²* ,HÈD* *wG " 4b F £D /&* E F ¥w@@D* v D* ¤G :*¡´* 6b~6&°* 4bcg<b+ b~zF(ÉD gJ'H4 ¯ f £ < fD°2 D É D* ib£ < @@C @@< bK @Eb@@­ gsJ b@@~@z@F(°* $b + &° f@@Jb@@ @D*H f£ gD* f£ D f£~6b~6&°* ,y£CxD* ¡ A Ix1&°* fJ2b D* $b cD* ,4¡~|+ z J ¡~6 b~zF(°* ¯ 4b jg~6°* v)b A fE*vg~z´* *wG ¯ ¡ ~6 2v~7 b C fDHvD* ib<b B gº ¢ < ,x~7bcE 4Hwm+ ~z­H ~94&b+ b~zF(°* bc-4* f£ G&* ¢ < bm´* ° @@D fJ¡G ° E " ¡ Db+ c g~z´*H x~9bp D 6b~6&bC wG &* b C " c g~z´* ¯ D b E °H x~9b²* ¯ D 2¡/H %* b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* D 4¡ ´* h+*¡. v0&* h jE f~6b£~zD* *x. d£:H Ñ* 04 b£ F ½f G* ifq<(* lGfI ,z)*4 j+|± m*4fH(¸* z£)4 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 b g~6* f £c D* x B fc ~8 ,2*4(*H fJ¡B fÂy + "Ñ* 0" ádhódG f£1b ´* Hx D* =x+ Ñ* 04 vJ*5 A b C f£~6b D* fDH2 / bE 4b@@ @ E&°* q~7H b£´* 42b~|E f BH fc ~|D*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

38


¢ < fc~6b E E ÈC&* ¯ ~8x0 vC&* b C fE*vg~z´* f£ gDb+ b D* gm´* ib<b B fAbC Í+ fDH'¡~z´* fC*x~{D* &*vcE ibJv« f /*¡´ ¤ G&°* gm´*H 8b³* b D*H ¤E¡ ²* f£ gD* f£ < (*" ¡ Db+ ¤ :¡D* $b cD*H fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* f£DH'¡~z´* B*¡E ¯ G E ¢ < v g - ° xJ¡ gD*H $b cD*H 94&* ¢ < :*¡E D 2¡ ±* C xAb~}- ¶(* obg« + A ."fDHvD* wG gm´* ibF¡ E Í+ fDH'¡~z´* fC*x~{ D ¡ ~6 fJ'H4 x~|g - °H ·HvD* gm´* ¶(* *v - + fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* £ pgD ¤ p´* b C $*¡G z gFH 24*¡E ~6b gF v0*H µb< ¯ {£ F p A dmJ ·bgDb+ f£~6b£~zD* 2Hv²* x - ° f£_£cD* iÉ ~{´* &* &*H i*4v D* $b +H i*ij* 2bcgD f )É´* $*¡/&°* ÌA¡-

37

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

I¡g~zE A4 vB ¡ ~6 &* bFv/¡D É D* *wG v < bK £ E b BH ¡D d/*¡D* fc-xE ¶(* :¡ D ¤)b F v C gm´* fE*vg~6* bK Ax- H&* bK J2b< bK AvG h~z£D fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* (* ¥&* ¤ :¡D* *wGH f£B*xD* ¼&°* b £D(* ¢ ~z- f£Eb~6 fJb= ¤G + bK Jx A i*4x EH f_£c D 94&°* f B i*x­'¡E £ / ¯ bK £ / *xF bE ÄC&* ¤G fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* &* ¢ < yCx- ¤gD* ,vpg´* ¼&°* E ¢ ~}A f £B ~{J b £ « &*H ·HvD* gm´* ibJv« $b jg~6* H2 ibC*x~7 f@@Eb@@B(* ¶(* ¡ ~6 b@@<2 v A f@@J'Hx@@D* w D bK £ «H f£DHvD* ib ´*H @@8b@@³*H b@@ @D* Í<b D* Í@@+ ,2b@@/ 2¡~{ ´* 5*¡gD* « ¤gD* f )É´* x:&°* xJ¡ gD f£ G&°*H x J bE ¡GH f£_£cD*H f£<b g/°*H fJ2b~|gB°* x~8b D* NÍ+


f £ 1 t£~{ D bC ,v < E fJxJv - ,2b ~7 f_£c D IÄ D* -y)b/ vJ*5 + f £ 1 q  Y bC x­'¡EZ

fDHvD* z£)4 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 $b cD* *wG b g~6° <2 ¡£D* vC'¡J bE " b<4H Ñ* 0" f£c ~{D*H f£ ~6xD* 2¡ ±* v£~} -H ¤ Jx~{gD*H ¤~z~6'¡´* d0b~8 ¡ J k£0 fJx D* ,b£²*H f_£cD* ¢ < f Abp D 0" fDHvD* z£)4 b£ F vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* (*" ¤ :¡D* ¡£D* fc~6b § 2005 xJ*ÄA E +*xD* ¯ "ˆG i*4b@@E(°* f@@DH2 ¯ fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* £ «H f_£cD* fN Jb 0 bK £p ~6 bK Eb gG* H&* bK Jx A bK Ax- h~z£D ,vpg´* f£+x D* *v/H ¯ f+4b~}D* f £ D* 4Hw/ D ¤ :H ¿(U *H L Q d/*H ¤G b -b£D%*H f Eb g´* -b Jx~{-H f£~z~6'¡´* x:&* DH d ~{D* *wG $b D* ¢ < b -4v EH b g£ <bAH b -$b C hgc.&* ¤gD* ,4¡ g´* ."2vmgD*H

i°b g0* ¡£D* {£ F ¤gD* ,v)*xD* ,vJx D* f+xmgD* wG bE&* ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* fDH2 b£ D Í +4&°*H fjDbjD* IxCwD* ¤-'¡J ¥wD* $b cD* fEÉ~6H ,2*4(°* ,¡BH b/xD* f < v~zmg *y- °H h@@¿H i&*v@@+ ,Ì~zE 2b«°bA ¡J v + bK E¡J CH&* f cD f ² C ¯ *K vJv/ *K 5b@@½(* ¡@@J C « Ñ* v p+ b -&b~{F w E i*4bE(°* fDH2 h < v D :¡D* $b + ¯ Ix1&* fJ2b~|gB* f~} F @@E v~{ - b@@E Í@@+ 5*¡@@g@ D* £ « ¢ < ¤<b g/°*H ¯b jD* b .H4¡E ¢ < f Abp´* Í+H f£<b g/*H ¥wD* fE*vg~z´* f£ gD* o3¡¿ rb½ vC'¡- f+x© ¯ ¤_£cD*H b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* Ñ* 3(b+ D 4¡ ´* )b<2 ¢~64N&* ¢ < x cE hBH w E < ¥w@@D*H *x@@. Ñ* d£: b£ F %* b 1 ¢ < ¢~{EH b g£ -H f_£cD* fJb ² fs~6*4 z~6&* ~9H

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

36


1986 b< vJ*5 t£~{D* D 4¡ ´* b ~6x= ¤gD* ,xm~{D* ¤ ~zJ fDHvD* z£)4

35

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


..ójGR øH áØ«∏N *zk H ¢:K /&* ¢H jGK'§ H ,2fªE v ~6 2b < 2 ¡J (bA K*v+&* ¢~z - ° ¤gD* 4bs D*H y D* ibc~6b § x1yJ jJv0H ÂvB i*4bE(°* tJ4b- bC *3(* F&° b +¡ B ¯ ,vDb³* b ~6¡ F ¢ < f£Db D*H ,yJy D* bJ&°* E ¡G 1971 f ~6 Ä ~zJ2 E ÁbjD* "fc£ D* 94&°* wG £A Ñ* 4b+ ¥wD* ¡£D* K E&* 2b«°* bCH f £ 0 qc~8&bA Kb 0 2b«°* bC" fc ~8 f£~94&* ¢ < y -xJ Kb B*H qc~8&bA É "f£ c g~z´*H ,x~9b²* A*vG&° f£Ab~|D* fJ'HxD*H fp ´* -4Hx~}+ t~6*xD* bÂ(ÉD fm£gF fJ¡B

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

34


™Ñ°ùdG ÖFÉé©dG ° Kb@ @ @ @ £@ @ @ @ J Hv@@ @ @ @ @J O @ @ £@ @ p@ @ g@ @ ~@ @ z@ @ ´* O @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @FS (* °b@@ @ @£@ @ @ ³* HN b@@ @ @ @ @m@N @ @ @ @ @ P²* P @ @ @ @£@ @ @ @A Rv@ @ @ @Fb@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ *¡@@ @Db@@ @B HN P @ @ @£@ @ @A N @ @ @£@ @ @B b@@ @ @E Rv@ @ @Fb@@ @ @ @ @-O ° °b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ A&°* P @ @ @ @ @ @ P @@ @ @ @ @ RGNH ¯ UR v@ @ @ @~@ @ @ @|@ @ @ @A @R @ @ @ @ @+ °b¹ wG P wG P °* P CO d)bm< P N O RhFbC HN b D RhD%* 94& O O @ @ c@ @ £@ @ m@ @ @ @ D* L @ @ cR @ @ ~@N@ @ 6 Pi*4b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ E(°* ¯ ib@ N °b@@ @ @ @ @j@ @ @ @ @ E&°* b@@ @ @ @GÌ@P @ @ @ @= ¯ R Pv@@ @ @ @~@ @ @ @ |@ @ @ @ -O ° L @ c@ ~@ 6 Px@ @ @ @GvQ @ @ @ @D* Pd@@ @)b@@ @m@ @ < ¯ Rv@ @ @ O @ @ @ JN µ N O @ @ @ @ @ @ @ E(°b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ A °b@@ @ @ j@ @ @ PE b@@ @ @ N @ @ @ gR @ @ @ N @ @ @ / R N v@ @ @ @ @ B i*4b@ @M @ @ @ @ @ @ @ RGNH U @ @ @ @ @ @C ¯ Í@O @ @ @ @ @ @ @£@ @ @ @D* ¢@@ @ @ @ S @ @ @ @ ©H °b@@ @ @ @ @g@ @ @0* O *x@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F b@@ @ @ @ S @ @ @ @ @CO M b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @g@ @ @ @ @0*H @L @ £@ @p@ @g@ @~@ @z@ @EO b@@ @ @ F Tv@@ @ @ D* P w@@ @ @ @ @ G ¯ @N @ @z@ @ £@ @ D O @ @ @ @ @ £@ @ @ @ @ @³* eN wS @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @C b@@ @ @ EvN @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @+ °b@@ @ @£@ @ @ ³* b@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @£@ /b@@J2 oO b@@ @ @m@N @ @ @AP Ri4N ¡S @ @ @ @ @ @ = b@@ Ev@@ @ @+ °É@@ @gN @ @ -N O @ @ -b@@ @ @ ~@R@ {@ @ PE Rh@@ @ ~@ @ @z@ @ @E&*H P @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ b@@ @ Fb@@ @ N @ @ @ P0 ¯ O $N b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ <N b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ J&*4 Rv@ @ @ @ @ B R @@P @ @ 6Hx@@ @ @ @ @ @ @D* N @ @ @ j@ @ @ E IN2b@@ @ @ @ @ @ g@ @ @ °b@@ @ £@ @ @g@ @ @1* b@@ @ £@ A N b@@ @ @ @ @ @ G Rv@ @ @ @ @ B O @ @ £@ @ p@ @ g@ @ ~@ @ z@ @ ´* @@ @ @ @ @ @ F(* °b@@ @ @ @0PN x@ @ @ @ D* @S @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @0N HN b@@ @ @GN vN @ @ @ @ @ @ < ¢@@ @ @ @ @ @ g@ @ @ F*HN

33

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

v@QM @ @ < Nv@ @ @ @ + Riv@@ @ @ @ = fL @ @ @ @c@ @~@ @6 @R @ @ @ @ @J R @@ @ @ @ EN °b@@ @ c@ @ 1 N Nh@@ @ @c@ @ @ ~@ @ @ 8&* v@@ @ @ B N @ @ @ @£@ @ @ @B K*v@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @0*H O2xR @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @D* ¤@@ @c@ @ 0b@@ @~@ @ 8 b@@ @ @ J Hv@@ @ @ @ @ @ J @N @ @ @£@ @ @ C "°b@@ @ @ ¹ N O b@@ @ p@ @ @O ´* Ì O @ @ @ = HOv@ @ @ @ J HN N&* Kb@ @ c@ ~@ 6 ¥x@ M @ @ @ @ @c@ @ @< M @@ @ @ @ @ OGb@@ @ @ @ @ © ¯ ¢@@ @ @ @~@@ @N @ @}@ @ @ @ EHN °b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @J3&°N * xO @ @ @ @ @ @ @ P/xR @ @ @ @ @ @ @m@N @ @ @ @ @ @ JO ¢@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ +S R&b@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ -H µ ¶b@@ @ @ @ N @ @ @ @ @-N H P¡@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ RG5N ¯ ¶b@@ @ @ @ = S @ @ @ @ @. R xR @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @J °b@@ @ @ + Oh@@ @ @ @D$b@@ @ @ @~@ @ @ @ z@ @ @ @ - b@@ @ @ @ @ @ £@ @ @ A Á M v@@ @ @ @ @EO M xR @ @ @ @ @ @N @ @ @ @ @+ K*x@@ @ @ @ P1b@@ @ @ @~@@ N@ @ @6 b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @FN 4HN N P *'¡@ @ @ ~@ @ @ z@ @ @ Db@@ @ @+ ¢@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ EN 4HN °*N'¡@ @ @ @~@@ T@ @ z@ @ @ @D* *3 K*Ì@R @ N @ @ @ @FO @T @ @~@@N @}@ @ ³ P * xO @ @p@ @c@ @D* Ì@O @ ~@ |@ J @R @ @ G "°b@@ @ @c@ @ @ / Kb@ @ @ @E¡@@ @ @ J rO ¡@@ @ @ @ @~@ @ @z@ @ @D* Ì O @ @ @ ~@ @ @ |@ @ @ -H K*3N *3N 4N Kb@ @ @E¡@@ @ J 4O b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F&°* Ì@O @ @~@ @ |@ @ -N HR N&* "°É@@ @ @ @ ~@ @ @ @ @7 b@@ @ @ @ GxO @ @ @ @ @Jv@@ @ @ @ = IHN b@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ gN @ @ @ @ @ @ JN O @ @ @ @ @cO @ @ @D* HOv@ @ @ @ R @ @ @ @JN HN N&* Kb@ @£Q @ @g@ @< K*x@@ @R @ @ @ @ @~@ @ z@ @ FN lb@ "°b@@ @ c@ @ @ ~@@P @ 7 Kb@ @ @ @E¡@@ @ @ J eb@ O @ @ @ @ )w@@ @ @ @ D* Ì O @ @ @ ~@ @ @ |@ @ @ -H Kb@ @ £@ ~@ z@ F Kb@ @ @E¡@@ @ J Ì O @ @ m@ @ @ @ D* Ì O @ @~@ @|@ @J @R @ @ @ G "°É@@ @ @ @ @ P; P @ @ @ £@ @ @ A P *¡@@ @ @ @ @ ~@ @ @ @ @ @7&°* O @ @ @ £@ @ @ @ @ @ EHN Px@ p@ @ @ @ c@ D* Pv@@ @ @ @ +N 5N ¯ oO b@@ @ @ @ @ @ /N O&°* Ì@O @ ~@ |@ J HR N&* O @ @ @ @ £@ @ @ @ Ab@@ @ @ @ ~@ @ @ @ z@ @ @ @ D*H °K °5O "°É@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ P= ib@


,zMz/ L'K4

¤~7b+ eb~|B £cF 2

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

32


31

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


¬à≤≤M …òdG ÒÑμdG ìÉéædG Gòg ‘ áæ∏©ŸG ô°ùdG áª∏c OÉ–’G øjô°û©dG ¿ô≤dG äÉæ«©Ñ°S ™∏£e ‘ áÄ°TÉædG äGQÉeE’G ádhO

¤ :¡D* bGv£< ¯ i*4bE(°* fDH2 ,2°¡+ ¡£D* gpF 3(* pFH fJHv0¡D* f+xmgD* rbm + gpF b@@¿(* Í@@ @ +4&°*H kDbjD* E&bFH Ix1&°* e4bmgD* C h ~{A b £+ h « ¤gD* f £~8&°* vBH -bF¡ EH +bc~6&* f~6*4v+ rbm D* *wG E fE&°* v£ - &* 2x¸ f£+x D* e¡ ~{D* E ÌjC vG Ì~|J &* bK m E ib+ E vJyE 4b 1&° ¡£D* 9x g- ¤GH b gF¡ £C ¢ < f Abp´* Eb~}gD* E b£F2 2Hv0 ¢ < b ²* ¶(* ¢ ~z-H £~z gD* ,v0¡D* b©b+ ,y B « &* v+ /¡F ¤ :¡D* i*4bE(°* v£< ¤sJ4bgD* ¡£D* *wG IxC3 ¯H tEb~{D* b£ cD* *wG *¡ ~8 JwD* Í~z~6'¡´* $b+%ÉD f£pgD* t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 ¶(* f£pgDb+ /¡gFH v£g D* rx~|D*H 0 vBH Ñ* 0 fDHvD* z£)4 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 fDHvD* wG $b c+ Gb~6 ¥wD* ¡GH 4*vgB*H 8É1(b+ fFbE&°* E *K vJyE ¡£D* fDHvD* « -2b£ +H b )¡~{F fJ*v+ w E bG4¡~}0 ;b gJ fB¡ExE fFb E ¡pF ,¡ + ¡ s-H f ´*H ,¡ D* ·HvD* gm´* ¯

ex ´*H x)*y±*H zF¡-H b£c£D ¤GH ¤+x D* µb D* E 2b«* $b~{F(* ,vGb E" ¤ ~6 bE ¢ < £B¡gD* ®H b£FbgJ4¡EH bK 0 ¤ + 2b«°* *wG D "¤+x D* ex ´* b ~{D* ¯ f£ £D* f£+x D* fJ4¡ ±* Í+ £D* 2b«* $b/ . vBH 1990 b< e¡ ±* ¯ f£:*x ÂvD* £D* fJ4¡ /H ib £ ~zgD* E ¯ ,vJvE bK +x0 x/ f£+x D* ,v0¡D* e4b© < ¤sJ4bgD* kJv²* 9x § h~zDH i°Hb@@p@´* w@@G @@C ~{A ¶(* ,4b@@~@ 7(°* i24&* b@@ ¿(*H b C fD*v D* eb£= dc~z+H ,2b±* ,2*4(°* eb£= dc~z+ fJHv0¡D* JwG xA¡- ¡G ¤-*4bE(°* 2b«°* rb½ x~6 DH f+xmgD* ¯ £~9&*H f Eb~{D* fD*v D*H fB2b~|D* ,2*4(°* Í:x~{D* C ¢ < z F* f£ - Hx~{E ¯ Jx~zD* *xsF°* b £D(* v gD* J2b£E C ¯ *K ÌcC bK ~9¡ FH bK £ < *K Ì1 i*4b@@E(°* I4¡~{D* &*vcE t£~6x-H 4*x D* 3bs-* ¯ f Eb D* fC4b~{´*H b .*x-H fDHvD* ¡¿ E m~z J bE ~9 ¤:*xB¡ÂvD* v c+ ¤<b g/°*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

30


dc~z+ b ~7 y­H bGv < x F* bE b<x~6 f+xmgD* wG Í+ fD*v D* *y£E ¯ ³* dc~z+H f£~6b£~zD* fJ2v gD* eb£= {£±* E ÍJ4¡~zD* bc~}D* E ÌjC qJx~z-H Jx D* Jv + Í+ Eb gE ¥Hv0H Hx~{E H&* ,4b~z1 fm£g D* hFbCH fE&ÉD *K ÌcC *K 4¡~}0 É ~{J b£B h<vg~6* vB fJx~|´* fJ4¡~zD* ,v0¡D* ,x A hFbCH f£F24&°* f ´*H f£B*x D* f ´* Í+ ¤ ~7b D* ¤+x D* 2b«°* *x D* E ÁbjD* ~|£A 2b«°* *wG y½&* vBH 1958 b< bE b<x~6 2b«°* *wG D 24&°* E É: + Í~z²*H k£0 *x Db+ ¤ ´* b D* rb:&* ¥wD* ¡£D¡J 14 b£c+ ~6 0 ¡£D¡J 16 ¯ ~6bB Ãx D* vc< vJv±* $*45¡D* z£)4 <&* d ~{D* fp ~|E v g~zJ µ 2b«* F&b+ bJ(* bK ~8*H 2b«°* Jx D* ¯ ¤G f£+x< H2 lÉ. Í+ 4¡@@D* ¢ < 2b«* É@@<(* $b/ . 4¡F&* v~6&°* Ab0 $b~6'HxD* v < ¯ b£c£DH x~|EH bJ4¡~6 f£+x D* ibJ4¡ ±* 2b«* ¤ ~6H ¯*v D* x E i*2b~zD* .1971 b< Jx+(* 17 ¯ b£c£DH zF¡- Í+ f£EÉ~6(°* fJ4¡ ±* 2b«* Hx~{E $b/ . x EH fc£B4¡+ d£c²* Í+ 1974 /1/ 12 ¯ < <&* vBH bCH `/b E ~{+ ,v0¡D* wG É<(* $b/ vBH ¯*w D* ¯*w@@ @D*H z£)xD* d~| E fc£B4¡+ ·¡g+ ¤~} J b@@ @-°* bE b<x~6 + 2b«°* *wG w J µH z£)xD* d)bF d~| E Í~z£)xD* Í+ ɳ* x ; $b +H ,v0¡D* ¶(* gJ ¤ + ¤+x D* ex ´* ¯ b c ~7 D ¶(* ~8¡gD* ® vBH ¤ JxA(°* b ~{D* ¯ f £gE fJ¡B f@@DH2 1989 xJ*ÄA 17 tJ4bg+ ¤+x D* ex ´* 2b«* z£~6&b- É<(* ¤+x D* $y±* j­ H2 z 1 E D&b- vBH {C*xE f Jv§

29

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

28


fJ4¡:*ÄE(°* ,$bc< E h/x1 ¤gD* f£+x D* f@@E&°* hFbC vG fDH2 4b:(* ¯ bGv£0¡- bCH b ~7 y­ vB f£Fb j D* ¤gD* IÄ D* f£+x D* ,4¡jDb+ x< bE DH b -2bBH b +¡ ~7 fDH2 fEbB(° ,x~8b ´* ib£ mgD* H&* bC Í~z0 Jx~{D* bG2bB ¯ h BH bE b<x~6 fJ¡~} D* ,4¡jD* wG D ,v0¡E f£+x< H2 ¶(* f ´* £~z gD 4b~6 ¥wD* ¥4b g~6°* ¤+4H&°* t D* bK 0 ,v0¡D* h£ +H ¡ £+ z Jb~6 f£Bb -* ¯ ¢g~7 hFb A 1958 b< fJ4¡~6H x~|E Í+ ²* *wG « vBH D Jx< r¡ D *K v£~z© ,vpg´* f£+x D* fJ4¡ ±* ,2°H

27

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

v£ ~6 + v~7*4 t£~{D*H b£ F %* b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* b D bEbBH 1968 xJ*ÄA 18 ¯ fJ'HxD* wG bm~}F&* vBH ¡g E %* b-4bE(* b £A b§ 2b«°* ¶(* ~zgD* f£m£ ³* i*4bE(°* ,¡<v+ 2b«°* Hx~{E f~6*4vD ¤+2 ¶(* ,2b D* ¤<2H JxpcD*H x B D *K 4¡g~62 ~}- f ± £ ~{gDH D 2b«°* fDH2 ¯ JxpcD*H x B 1v- µ ²* $¡~zDH i*4b@@E(°* Eb - ¢ < *K x~|E ¤ + Ñ* 04 v@@J*5 t£~{D* 2b«°* ¶(* b ~}F°* eb+ qg J b A ,v0*H fDH2 ¯ bK £ / )b ~7&* bE&* bK )*2 bK <x~{E


IOGGQE’G ôa aGƒJ ƒg »JGQÉeE’G OÉ–’G ìÉÉ‚ ô°S •Gôîf’Gh ,á∏eÉ° É°ûdG ádGó©dGh ,ábOÉÉ°üdG ≈∏Y ¢ùμ©fG ᫪æJ ´hô°ûe ‘ ™jô°ùdG Gk ÒÑc c Ék °Vƒ¡fh Ék ª««ªY Gk ÒN äGQÉeE’G πc Ωó ó≤àdG øjOÉÉ«e πc ‘

h ~6 v A ¤c ~7 3x~{- H&* fBxA < *K Ìc - f~8b1 ib£ /xE b -v0H vC'¡- ib Db« v < ¶(* b sJ4b- IvE ¢ < )bc D* b C f£+x D* fE&°* £A h ~9 ¥wD* ¤sJ4bgD* x D* D ¢ < ÉK J¡: x g~6* ¥wD* ¥4b g~6°* *Hv D 9x g- b / d ~7 @@D ~zg~zJ µH C ¤+x D* n£ ³*H b < 0b~6 ¢g0 B¡g- ° 4xpgD* ibCx0 hFbC v A bK E¡J ¤+x D* n£ ³* ,2°¡+ bK F*wJ(*H n£ ³* d ~7 ,2*4(° bK mJ¡g- É g~6°* bC vJv/ x~|< 4¡ ´* b £ < A*¡- v£ cD* c g~z D fJ'H4 2b«°* ,x A hFbC

Ìc D* rbm D* *w@@G ¯ f ´* x~zD* f C 2b@@«°* b@@C v D x D* ib £ c~6 E ¯ f_~7b D* i*4bE(°* fDH2 g 0 ¥wD* ¯ h ­H ¥4b~}²*H ¤sJ4bgD* b .4(* =x+ Jx~{ D* ¯H {£ D* )b~6H ¯ bK J4w/ *K Ì - lv« &* ,2Hv E i*¡ ~6 ¯b .H ¥2b~|gB*H ¤<b g/*H ¤~6b£~6 v£ ~8 C ¢ < ¡ D* d ~7 ¡@@C ¤G yg - ° ¤gD* f £g´* 2b@@«°* ,v<bB hFbCH Í+ f£A*x / ~8*¡A ° *K v@@@0*H bK c ~7 ,vpg´* i*4b@@ @E(°* ¡GH g£ + ¯ f£Ab . H&* fJ¡ D H&* f£ J2 4*¡@@A °H @@-*4b@@E(* i*3 i*4bE(* ¯ $*¡~}F°* fDb0 - µH tJ4bgD* Ä< DwC

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

26


25

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


äGQÉeE’G OÉ–G jCCtCC/fCC¡CCG* jCCC+|CCCqCCCkCCCG* b=%* b~z F 9bJ4 2 -y½&* ¥wD* Ìc D* ¥2b~|gB°*H ¤<b g/°* 9¡ D*H f£ gD* f p E Hvc á gD Kb£~6b~6&* K*4b£ E £FH 2¡ < f +4&* É1 ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* fDH2 D 4¡ ´* b ~z~6'¡EH fDHvD* wG Áb+ b E F* ¤gD* v£~7xD* ²* f ~z A )b ~7&* E f Eb gE fC*x~7 Ä< Ñ* 04 b£ F %* b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* f£+x< fJHv0H f+x© G&* 4b = c ~7 E *¡~9b1 JwD* i*4bE(°* b 0 x~8b ´* ¤+x D* tJ4bgD* bGv ~7

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

24


rbg F°*H ib gD*H f +bg´*H ,4b@@ @´* @@E f )bA i*4v@@ @+ fDHvD* 2bBH ,Ì~z´* f +bgE ¯ q½ vBH ,v£ D*H *ygD°*H Í+ fE$*¡´* b g~6*H ¤BxD*H x~}pgD* E f£Db< d-*xE ¡pF ¡<vJ bE + x~| D* rH4 Í@@+H £~8&°* b .*x-H b .H4¡E C µb D* E Eb gD*H fjJv²* ,b£²* xJ¡ gD

23

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

}£B &* Jx~{ D* x D* E ÁbjD* ~| D* É1 fp/b D* bK Jx c< bK £<5H K b E *K v)bB f E f£sJ4b- f 0xE ¯H b D Ñ* v + E $b/H b£ F %* b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* D 4¡ ´* ¡G b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 m F ¢ < 4b~6H g­ ¥w@@D* b~zF(°* v)b D* ¡@@GH Ñ* 0 f@@DHv@@D* z£)4


xJx - ¯ ÁHÆ@@ @ D(°* 4¡~}²* f£FHÆ D(°* ¯ ~z F 4b£ ´* ¯ f +b~zD* fc-x´* ¶(* 2010 Ì= f@@Db@@0 v@@ @g@D* *w@@G ~{JH 2012 xJx xJ4b - tJ4b- ¯ µb D* ¯ v + ¥&* E fB¡c~zE f£FHÆ D(°* fE¡ ²* fJyGb± ,vpg´* ¼&°* ¢ < b ~6b F* f s~}D* ,y@@ @ @D* w@@ @D b@@CH fDHv D f£FHÆ D(°* fJyGbm D b D* ££ gD* b -b~6b£~6 n F ~} + i*4b@@@E(°* f@@DH2 h 0 HvD* £ / E ~8*¡gD* ¯ fF5*¡g´*H fDvg ´* fC*x~7 ibBÉ< fEbB(*H µb D* i*4bB gº ¯ f£ <H f£Ab .H fJ4b©H fJ2b~|gB*H f£~6b£~6 Hv@@D* E vJv D* E f£p~8H fJ¡+x-H f£ -H ¤gD* f@@B¡@@Ex@@´* f@@Fb@@ @´* @@E 5y@@< b@@§ fEv g´* f£-*4bE(°* ,&*x´* h 0 b C µb D* ¯ bG'H¡cg v A ,y£ g´* i*5b@@ ½(°*H d~6b ´* E vJy´* £ / ¯ d~8b ´* ¢ <&* ¡£D* &*¡cg- hpc~8&* f£ gD* ,Ì~zE ,2b£B ¯ f£Db + ~z-H i°bm´* ¯ b gC4b~{E É@@1 @@E kJvpgD*H xJ¡ gD*H f£ Jx~{gD*H fJw£ gD* lÉjD* fJ2b£~zD* ib ~zD* 3bs-* ¯ fJ2b£ D* B*¡´* gºH f£)b~} D*H 4*x D* ¢ < b ~8x0 4b@@:(* ¯ i*4b@@ E(°* f@@DH2 hEvBH E Áb~zF(°* ~8*¡gD*H fcp´* E 4¡~z/ fEbB(* f£Eb D* HvD* f~8b1H µb D* e¡ ~7H H2 fAbC q EH @@9Hx@@B ~7 ¢@@ @< fJ¡ - i*v@@<b@@~@z@E 2v g-H 4°H2 4b£ E 70 b g £B i5Hb© ibFb<(*H wG Ãv@@ @- ¶¡@@g@- ¤@@g@D* ib@@~@z@~@6'¡@´*H ib@@ @ ±* f~z~6'¡E b £+ EH i*v<b~z´*H q ´*H 9Hx D* vJ*5 + f £ 1 f~z~6'¡EH f£Fb~zF(°*H fJ̳* b <&ÉD vJ*5 fJ̳* b <&ÉD ¡g E %* v~7*4 + v ¹ f~z~6'¡EH fJ̳* x 0&°* É D* f_£GH f£ g D ¤c;¡+&* Hv ~8H f£Fb~zF(°*H i*4b@@E(°* fDHvD fJ2b«°* f+xmgD* ¯ ÉK J¡: E&bgJ E (* f<x~z+H ,xE H&° h / b F¡C b g£~8¡~|1 &b+ ~{g J ¡~6 v0*H ·*4v£A ¥2b«* b£C ¯ f£~6b£~6 i*4bE(* c~6 fc£m< v0*H 4¡g~62H v0*H < ; h«H f£sJ4bgD* f@@J2b@@«°* f+xmgD* w@@G f£~8¡~|1 @@E @@ @DH

ibE¡ ²* ¡@@0 bGxJx - ¯ ,vpg´* ¼&°* f E iv@@C&* C 4v~|J ¥w@@D* xJx gD* ¡@@GH 2012 b D f£FHÆ D(°* f£FHÆ D(°* fE¡ ²* 4b~zE ¢ < v gD* I¡g~zE v~8xD ÍEb< f@@DH2 h m~6 xJx gD* d@@/¡@@§H µb@@ @ D* H2 gº Iv@@D I¡g~zE ¢ < f +b~6 j *K 5b@@½(* ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4b@@E(°* ibEv1 4b£ E ¯ ,v@@0*H f A2 f F 92 b Ev g+ µb@@ @D* b E ~{gJ ¤gD* f +4&°* ÌJb ´* v0&* f£FHÆ D(°* fE¡ ²* ,vpg´* ¼&°* < 42b~|D* f£FHÆ D(°* fJyGb±* x~7'¡E fE¡ ²* 4b@@£@ @E ¯ 99 y@@Cx@@´* @@E f@@DHv@@D* d@@£@-x@@- y@@ @ BH

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

22


21

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


∫ÓN Ék àa’ Gk Qƒ£J äGQÉeE’G ádhO AGOCG ¿Éc ä’ó©e â©ØJQG PEG á«°VÉŸG äGƒæ°ùdG ɪc áaÉc ájOÉ°üàb’G äÉYÉ£≤dG ‘ ƒªædG IójóY äÉYÉ£b ‘ äÉYhô°ûe IóY â≤∏£fG

f£+bmJ(°* ,x D* &* ¤-*4bE(°* 2b~|gB°* B*H < lvpg wG Í+ fCÆ~{´* f ~zD* ¤G hFbC ¤-*4bE(°* 2b~|gB°* ¶(* f£´b D* f jD* ¤Eb - ¶(* fp~9*H ,4b~7(* ¯ b C xJ4b gD* ib~z~6'¡E @@< ,Qv@ < xJ4b - i4v@@~@8 v A 2b~|gB°* *w + v D* Hv ~8" jE ,y£ gE f£´b< fFb E i*3 ib EH ,Ìc D* ¡ cD* E bGÌ=H "·HvD* J¡ gD* v E"h "·HvD* 2b~|gB°* &* ¢ < b £+ b £A b /(* b G bCH µb D* ¯ f£c ~zD* ib£<*vgD* eb £g~6* E Db+ Q ­ vB ¤-*4bE(°* Q fE5&°* wG 0*xE &*¡~6&* ¢ s-H "f£´b D* f£Db´* fE5& °*"`d K ¤+bmJ(°* ¡ D* ¶(* b Jx~6 2b<H J4b~{E E vJy´* w£ - ¯ bG2¡ / i*4bE(°* fDH2 h jC vBH ¤gD*H iÉ~8*¡´* b B ¯ f~8b1H ,4¡ g´* f£~6b~6&°* f£ cD* f£DHvD* `@@F*¡@@´*H i*4b@@ @´* E f ~6*H f c~7 v££~{- h ~7 ~zD* J4b~{E ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ f£´b D* *Ì D* ibCx~7H x@@ @ @D*H HÆ@@ @ @ ´*H f@@ Jv@@ Jv@@ ²* fjJv²* f@@£@ @1*v@@D*H f@@£@/4b@@³* ¡@@:&* b £AH b@@ @ F&°*H 4¡~z±*H ox+ ¡@@GH µb@@ @D* ¯ ¢ cEH ox@@+ vJv D* < ÉK ~}A ¤+2 ¯ f £ 1 f£~6b~6&°* f£ cD* J4b~{E @@E f E h ~9H b C f Eb g´* i*4b@@E(°* f@@DH2 f£´b D* fp~|D* 27 @D* fc-x´* ¯ ,vpg´* f£+x D* f£p~|D* D* $*2&* ¯ bK £´b< f£FHÆ D(°* fE¡ ²* b¸ ¯H

ibEv³* xJ¡ -H bG2b~|gB* J¡ -H f£ gD* i°b@@¸ ¯ ~z gD* £B t£~6x- dFbm+ f£F*x D* b g~} FH f£E¡ ²* f£DHvD* xJ4b g D bK c:H + 5*yg<°*H xJ¡ -H ¯b jD* l*ÆDb+ hcC*H 3(* bK C*x0 ÈC&°*H *K ¡¿ x~6&°* *v cD* E i*4bE(°* bA fE¡ ²* iv g<*H ib£ gD* gº ¯ f£´b D* i*4¡ gD* iy@@½&*H 6b D* ,b£0 £ ~z-H $*2&°* £ gD f£FHÆ D(°* ÌA¡- Ä< ¤c /&°* ¥4b jg~6°* ub ´* Í~z« b¸ ¯ Ìj D* )b~6HH f£/É D*H f£Bv D*H f£Ev³* A*x´*H f£gpgD* ¢ cD* fjJv²* i°b~|-°* K K f£~9b´* i*¡ ~zD* É1 bgA° *4¡ - i*4bE(°* fDH2 $*2&* bC b C fAbC fJ2b~|gB°* ib<b D* ¯ ¡ D* i°v E h -4* 3(* ~{+ z F* b» ,vJv< ib<b B ¯ ib<Hx~{E ,v< h F* ib<b D* 4¡ -H ·b /(°* ¤ p´* ªb D* ¡¿ ¢ < ¤+bmJ(* ¤gD* f~|~|sg´* f£DHvD* xJ4b gD* d =&* iv@@C&*H f£~z£)xD* Q

123 28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 02 01 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

20


ò«ØæJ ‘ ÉgOƒ¡L äGQQÉeE’G ádhO âØãc IQƒ£àŸ ŸG á«°SÉ°SC’G á«æÑÑdG ™jQÉÉ°ûe øe ójõŸG

bGx:&* fJ¡ -H b -4vBH b g£ <bAH f£E¡ ²* ,y /&°* ,$b C fJx~{cD* i*4v D* f£ -H f£ £ gD*H f£F¡Fb D*H f£ Jx~{gD* Í gD* @@Jx@@: ¯ Ì~zD*H ib@@Ev@@³* I¡g~z§ $b@@ @ -4°*H *K v~8bB ¤ :¡D* D* ¯ Í :*¡´* fC4b~{E yJy -H ¤~6b£~zD* £~6¡- É1 E b +4%bE ¶(* f£:*xB¡ÂvD* f+xmgDb+ ¡~8¡D* f£ Jx~{- f ~zC ¤ :¡D* z m´* 4H2 yJy -H fC4b~{´* b F ¤ :H nEbFx+ ,4¡ + ¶(* Ñ* b@@<4 ¡ ~6 b<2 b C f£+bB4H f :*¡´*H $b gF°* £B £ -H fJ¡ D* yJy - ¶(* v J o3¡ C fDHvD* 5*x@@+(° fE5ÉD* f£ gm´* Hx D* ÌA¡-H £BH i*v g E E g£ /xE v g~zJ 4¡ gE ¥x~|< gm´ )*vD* 4b jg~6°*H $b+%°* l*x-H fDHvD* B*HH i*4bE(°* d ~7 ¡pF £/¡-H Í+¡G¡´*H Í<vc´* fJb<4H ebc~{D* fBb D f Eb~{D* f£ gm´* f£ gD* fB¡c~zE Ì= i*5b½(* ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* fDH2 h 0

19

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

A bK Eb< bK £~6b£~6 *K 4b:(* H&* *K 4b ~7 J µ 2b«°bA f+xmgD* f£<b g/°*H fJ2b~|gB°* f£ gDb+ fJ*vcD* w E c-4* + ¶(* I2&* b» C f£+x D* i*4bE(°* fDH2 I¡g~zE ¢ < f Eb~{D* ,b£p+H bK £ g0 *K Ì~|E 2b«°b+ i*4bE(°* fDH2 ¤ :*¡E +4 ,2b ~zD*H f£GbAxDb+ ,v<*H z£)4 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 0 t£~{D* ¡0x´* vD*H ,bAH v + E $*¡ D* Ñ* 0 fDHvD* ¡ ~6 2v@@/H ~6 ̳ 1 Ì1 b A Ñ* 04 v@@J*5 ¢ 1H fJ¡B ,2*4(b@ + ,Ì~z´* b g~6* ¢ < v D* Ñ* b@@<4 fDH2 b -&*¡c- ¤gD* fB¡Ex´* fFb ´* £;¡- É1 E f .*H f £.H ¡ ~6 bK £ cgE µb D* H2 Í+ ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* bK ~z£~6&b- f£ B*H *v@@G&*H fp~9*H I'H4 É1 E ¤ :H < Í+ £~z gD*H Hb gD* b m EH b~zF(°* b gJb= ,vJv/ f 0x´ A4H 4*x D* ~8 ib£D%* kJv«H ¤ ¹H ¥2b«* ¡G bE C


᫪æàdG ä’É› ‘ ábƒÑ°ùe ÒZ äGRÉ‚EG IóëàŸG á«Hô©dG äGQÉeE’G ádhO â≤≤M ï«°SôJ ÖfÉéH ,á«fGôª©dG É¡à°†¡fh á«eƒμ◊G äÉeóÿG ôjƒ£Jh ÉgOÉ°üàbG ™jƒæJh ¬H RGõàY’Gh √ôjƒ£Jh ‘É≤ãdG çGÎdÉH ∂°ùªàdG º«b

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

18


:*¡´* $b +H b~zF(°b+ 9¡ D* E i*4bE(°* fDH2 h ­ vBH f£ £ gD* f~} D* hFb A $b D*H wcD* ¢ < 42b D* qDb~|D* ¤<b g/°* b ~}D* f E iv@@g@E*H f£Ab jD*H f£p~|D*H Gx~9b0 ¢ < Í E%* *¡pc~8&bA $b jg~6* É+ £ ±* ~{gD bC4&* 2¡~z- ub E ¯H ²*H fD*v D* f E h« c g~zEH I4¡~{D* ÁbjD* ¤ :¡D* v£ Db+ g« ¤@@GH i*4b@@@E(°* f@@DH2 h B ¶(* h ~8HH f Eb~{D* f£ gD* £ « ¯ *K v£ + bK :¡~7 Í +4&°*H *3(* $b D*H $*2&°* ¯ ,ym E j­ ¡ D* E fEv gE 0*xE b £A h « ¤gD* )É D* i*¡ ~zD* 2v + h~z£B bE ¢ < f@@J2b@@«°* f+xmgD* b g 0 ¤gD* i*5b@@ @½(°* Äg -H wG u¡~64 ¶(* i2&* ¤gD* ibE¡ ´* 5x+&* E ¤ 1*vD* v£ ~|D*

17

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

¯ b Eb£B É<(* w EH ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* fDH2 b -y½&* b£ F %* b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* D 4¡ ´* ,2b£ + 1971 b D* $*xp~8 hDb0&* b <&°* E £ ~|+ x~9b²* v~zm+ d)b D* bK £+4 b Jx1H f0*H i*4bE(°* i*¡ s+ v g- &* ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* fDH2 h<b g~6* f £~6¡D* ¡G :*¡´* b@@C bE bK @ @)*2H b ~z F $b + ¯ f .*H pgJ i*4b@@E(°* $b +&* ¥vJ&bcA f£ gD* f£ < E v D*H bK J¡B bK £ :H bK ~{£/ fDHvD* hEbB&* b@@©°* *wG ¯H 5b@@½(°* ix@@G25*H Fb~|´* h_~{F&* b C b £~9*4&* fJb 0 ¢ < *K 42b@@B ivgE*H £ gD* ~z0H fAb D*H b ±b+ iy£­H v@@´* f / ¶(* $*xp~|D* hD¡« b EH v´* wG Í+ +x- x D* Jx;b D* x~z- $*x~}1


bG4¡~8 ¢ +&b+ ̳*H ²*H v D* Áb E C iv~z/ ¤+x D* ¥Hv0¡D* rx~|D* ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* fDH2 j­ fDH2 ¶(* D¡«H -¡B xB +4 E È@@C&* É1 hc.&* ¥w@@D* fFb ´*H *Æ@@0°* @@D3 É@@1 E fc~zg E µb ´* fs~6*4 1971 Ä ~zJ2 E ÁbjD* ¡J v JH /&* µb D* ¯ Í-54bcD* E | s´* D* ¢ E ¢ < fD°vD* ¯ f E f£+x< f ¹ ,v0H b ~9x - ¤gD* f£sJ4bgD* Hx D f£<*¡D* ,v0¡D* /&* ¢ < ,v£D¡D* ,v0¡D* iy -4* v@@BH Æ~{´* Ì~|´*H v@@D* 2v0H ibcjD* E Ìj D* bGb <&* v gD* ¢ < |F 4¡g~62 fJ4¡g~6vD* ,b£p D 2b@@«°* d ~7 2*v<(*" F&b+ fDHvD* vG ¤+b£F ¤:*xB¡Â2 0 ¡pF bK EvB + Ì~zD* E fÂx D* ,x²* ¡³* E 4xpgE ¤EÉ~6(* ¤+x< g¸ ¯ bC4&°* Eb gE ¤gD* f )b D* ,x D* GbmgJ &* x E £ g~zJ °H " D*H

/&*H ¤c;¡+&* ,4bE(* Cb0 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* fDHvD bK ~z£)4 D G4b£g1* ¢ < i*4bE(°* b 0 ¡ ~zD* ebp~8&* G4*xB É@@<(° bK Fb£+ *H4v@@~@8&*H ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4b@@E(°* 4¡g~6vD* E 51 ,2b´* d/¡§ ® £A $b/ b»H &É´* ¢ < b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 ebsgF* )*vD* ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* fDHvD bK ~z£)4 b /(°b+ ¤c;¡+&* Cb0 b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* ·b D* :¡D* v£ A D 4¡ D bK 1 b£ F %* b 0 2b«ÉD ¢ <&°* z m´* $b~}<&* ¡ ~zD* ebp~8&* vC&*H ¡g E t£~{D* D 4¡ ´* ~6&*x- ¥wD* b g/°* É1 i*4bE(°* $bA¡D* ¢ < DbcD* ~8x0 Ñ* 04 ¡g E %* v~7*4 + ¯ ,y£ gE a2bcE E fDHvD* z~6'¡E Ìc D* 0*xD* b~64&* b´ f £~8&*H f £cF £B E s~64H ~6x= bEH ²*H ,2b£ D*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

16


z ¸ z£)xD bK c)bF ££ g+ ¥2b@@«* d~| E H&* ¤c;¡+&* obgpJ v + ¯ Ìj D* ¤ J bC d~| E ¡GH ¥2b«°* $*45¡D* £« hFbC ¥wD* ¤~6b£~zD* $b cD* E *K $v+ Eb~7 $b + ¶(* ¤gD* fJ2b~|gB°* f£ gDb+ *K 4HxE ,vJv< f£ £ B(* ibJv« + ¤gD* f£<b g/°* f£ gDb+ $b gF*H 24*¡´* f B bGx~8b« hFbC ,xA¡gE - µ fJx~{+ 24*¡EH 2¡ / ¶(* obg« 4¡ ´* ex D* £ 0 04 2004 b< E Ì@@1&°* +xD* ¯ £0x+H +4 4*¡/ ¶(* b£ F %* b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* D ex D* v AH bK @Âx@@C ÉK £ / bK @ +&* b c ~7H i*4b@@ E(°* iv A ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 ¶(* ,v_A&°*H ¡£ D* C h ©bA *K v)bB µb D*H

15

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

,2v gEH f gº f ~{F&b+ i&*v@@+ ¤c;¡+&* v < f@@J°H ¡ ~6 v - @@EH 1969 b@@< ¯ f£+x D* i*4b@@ E(°* fDHvD ¥2b@@«°* b£ D* $b~{F(* i*¡ 1 *K 4¡¹ v@@J*5 t£~{D* b@@CH f<4b~zgE *K 2b@@ @+&* w1&b- ,vpg´* A*x~|F* E ¤ £c D* E bCH b D *K v)bBH i*¡ ³* w D $bc<&* E Ä@@C&°* $y±b+ ¤ J &* f@@J2b@@«°* fDHvD* $b cD b£B EH v < ·H -b< ¢ < ¤c;¡+&* ,4b@@E(* ¯ f£ gD* 1971 b< Ä ~zJ2 E ÁbjD* ¯ b DÉ g~6*H 2b«°* fDH2 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 b E h ~6¡ ,4bE(* ¯ ¤ p´* 4b@@:(°* ~9 c~8b E ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ ¶¡gA


IóëàŸG á«Hô©dG äGQÉeE’G ádhO πã“ âÑKCG …òdG »Hô©dG …hóMƒdG ìô°üdG ¬dƒ–h ¬Jƒb ¿ôb ™HQ øe ÌcCG ∫ÓN øe áÑ°ùàμe ⁄É©ŸG áî°SGQ ádhO ¤EG ÚJRQÉÑdG áfÉμŸGh ΩGÎM’G ∂dP ∫ÓN ™ªLCG ⁄É©dG ‘

,4*2(°*H ,2b£ D* ¡ A ¢ < b £A x - fc~|1 ,ÆA -b£0 E ¯ ²* vJ*5 t£~{D* D 4¡ ´* ~z- E i*¡ ~6 lÉ. v +H bK £DH f £ 1 t£~{D* Í£ - ® 1969 b< ¯ ¥&* ¤c;¡+&* ,4bE(* *wG ¤ D vBH x < E bK Eb< 21 C&* vB bGv < bCH v D f Cb²* b£ F %* ,x~6&* E bK ~6*H bK c£0x- £0 ¯ Í£ gD* -H ,x~6&°* -v < b´ f£ p´* f£<b g/°* b~6H&°* EH °H b~|³*H ib ~|D* ~z0 E f £ 1 t£~{Db+ b~6H&°* b ´* $*2&* ¢ < v<b~6 D ,HvB vJ*5 t£~{D* 2¡/H (bA ~7 f £BvD* £~8b gD* E *K v/ bK cJxB bC v A D h CH&* ¤gD* f Ab0 -b£0 / exB ¡GH Í :*¡ D f£E¡£D* ,b£²* EH

Ñ* 0 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 1948 b< 4¡ D* x~|+&* v A b/xD* E ,¡ ~|D* w D o3¡¿ D h g/* /xD Í D* f Jv§ Jx< h£+H fÂxC ,x~6&* ¯ Í D z£D tJ4b- Fb~8 ¡ £D g G&* ¤gD* f £c D* ib ~|D* C fDH2 z£~6&b- Ä< f D b¿(* b Gv0H ¤c;¡+&* ,4bE(° °H ,4b E hp~9&* ¢g0 b g~} F $b +H ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* µb D* ¯H ex D* 2É+ Í+ K E bcJxB b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 bC ,4bE(* Cb² ÉK j» bC bEv < vJ*5 t£~{D* D 4¡ ´* vD*H ,Æ D* - hFbCH f£Bx~{D* f ´*H Í D* f JvE ¯ ¤c;¡+&*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

14


ádhódG ¢ù«FQ ƒª°ùdG ÖMÉ°U

¿É«¡f ∫BG ó`` ` ` `jGR ø`H á``Ø` «`∏N ï`«` °û`dG ¬∏dG ¬¶ØM

¿É`` °ù`fE’G ó``FÉ``≤dG xJxpgD* ,4*2(* 2*v<(* b~zF(°* Cb²* F&b+ b£ F %* b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* ¶b - Ñ* 3(b+ D 4¡ ´* ~8H ¢ < ¡~64*vD* /&* K j» bC &* w E -b£0H ~z F 4wF ¥wD* vD*¡D* v)b D* v£Db E ¶¡- &* ¶(* 1946 b< Í D* ¯ ¤c;¡+&* Cb² É É1 E D3H 1971 b< ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* fDH2 ,2b£B ~z- ¶(* 1966 b< ¤c;¡+&* ,4bE(* ¯ ²* E&°*H 4*x g~6°* bG2¡~zJ fÂxC ,b£0 ¯ -b -H Í :*¡´* ib0¡ : £ « ¢ < )b D* ²* ¯ m E f £ 1 t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 m F ¢ < 4b~6H v + E fFbE&°* 0 Ñ* 04 £04 v +H $b1xD*H f£GbAxD*H ÃxCH x D* v +H D* f0b/4 ¯ bG¡ ~z+ bJbm~zD K*2*vgE* b A Ñ* 0 fDHvD* z£)4 b£ F %* vJ*5 + E Ñ* cGH b/xD* E ,¡ ~8 °(* £ < 4v J ° ¥wD* ¥vpgD* b A " ~6 ̳ 1 Ì1" ¥&* b~|³* ~z F&* *Hv<&bA v D* fEbB(* ¢ < f<bm~7H < f0b/4H K*vB¡gE Kb G3H Kb£Eb~6 Kb 1H Kbs~6*4 KbFbÂ(* ExC }£A Hy½&* bE $É<(° KbJ2bGH K*y -xE ¡ gD )b ~8 x ~6H ~zD* b~|1H ,Ì~6 Í j gE ib ´* )b D

13

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2


28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

12


Ñ<(¸*K jDf n G zM*5 ¢+ £f 6 ~F|H ª)4

ï«°ûdG ƒª°S

£f©¤I % * zM*5 ¢+ £f 6 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗــﺼــﺪر ﻋــﻦ ﻣــﺮﻛــﺰ ﺳــﻠــﻄــﺎن ﺑــﻦ زاﻳـــﺪ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ وا!ﻋـــﻼم‬

x@@JxpgD* z£)4 b@@ @ D* x@@ @~{´*

«CCnCCªCH|G* zCªC CCC 6 zCC C0&* x@@Jxp@gD* 4b~{g~zE

f=%* £f I 9fM4 2 x@@Jxp@gD* x@@Jv@E

CC=5 uCC-fCCD zC CCtCH 2 ox@@ @ @ @s´*

CCCC;fI 5*§CCCCD ¡ ~6*x´*

ex@@ @ @ @ @´* - ¤@@ @ @g@ @´* Ñ*v@@ @ @c@ @ @ < x@@)*y@@±* - ¢@@ @ @~@|@E ,y@@ @Jb@@ @A x@@ @~@ @ |@ @ E - ·v@@ @ @ @ @< b@@ @ @ @ @ @~@ @ @ @ @ @ 74 @@ @z@ @ F¡@@ @- - 2¡ ¹ + f :bA @@ z@ @J4b@@ + - @@ @ @ Jy@@ @ @ D* Iv@@ @ @ @ @ @ @G ÕC 7¸ CM|CCC 7 4¡@@~|@´* K~CC< zCCM'§CH ¥4*2(°* x@@ £@-x@ @~zD* x@@Jx@p@gD* iÉ~6*xE dr.fatehz@gmail.com 00971 2 2223000 -fCJ 00971 50 6251829 Mf+§H

J5¡gD* H'¡~zE

6fg< z 0&* marketing@cmc.ae 00971 56 3150303 -fCJ


äÉ`` ` `jƒ`` ` à` ` ë`e

" ª¡© G* © G* " 132

"mfMKf G* hM42 " 96

l©gG* ¼(* ,2§ G*

ªÈ| G* 2f G

«ÒJ~G* z©GK

ª-*4fH(* zgH D&* ,~)f/

N *z/ ,Ò E E 138

zMz/ D&* §tI 100

,zMz/ L'K4 ¢ 0 f 6

N *z/ ,Ò E E 139 ªH§ D z ¿ E |Df º* 140 ,Ò E «Kf<42 ,Ò¡H Ï0&¶ if <&* 142 j ©G* ª < £*5§ 6

H&fk G ,§<2

2f +&¶* ª.Ï. 144 2f ;fI 5*§D jq¡: jq¡: © ± 148 ,|0f G* ¢MzG* 4§I Kz 8

j©Df . fH*4§If+ j

jM*K4 " ª)|H Ò= " ª " 154 § § 6|-f+ £N § 6|-f+ ©· jE§ H

*| G* 2§ ¿

¨nI&* mfMf 0

ªg E µ 162 ¢:K }8fI É|H

ª¡© 0 6§M

i2&¶* »*§< ¤ G

© G* zg< £f © 6

4f G*

¸* jgJ&* ¨ < 102

j©Df . £*§G&* £f¡ G* j+|¯ µ 56 ,z©g< zGf1 ª © kG* «*|·* j¡HfM y§/ £fD l IfD 62 ½z< f 74

$§ G* ,|)*2

8f1 H

m*4fH(¶* jGK2 ¢< ,ztkº* j©+| G*

oGfnG* z© G* jg 6f¡­

Ó +4&¶*K

£f I(¶* z)f G* 12 |M|tkG* ,4*2(*

z© 6 24*K2&* 70

j+|qkG* m*4fH(¶* 2f±* 25

f ©H 5zG§¡M4

jt/f¡G*

£f n< z 0&* j /|-

f=%* £f I 9fM4

jM§ G fMf E

g G* h)fq G* 32

jq¤ G*K j G* 74

jM| 7 ,z© E

© G* ª0K4 | 6

ª 7f+ if E ©gI

§ M* µ ¡M&* ¸* 77

,2f©E zM*5 ¢+ j © 1 34

f G* zg< 6f+

¢:K /&* ¢H jGK'§ H

¼(* | -

*zk H

ªºf G* i2&¶*

j )fI j¡MzH $*ÌgG* 78

z 6 2f <

,~q H fM§= 118

ª-f¡HzG* z 0&*

m*Ò kº* ; µ ª-*4fH(¶*

z IK mf 6*42

j©<f k/¶*

z© 74 f F Ï+

z¡< f©¡M|DK~© G* 106

ª+| G* nº* uGf G* fIfI(*

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

j© © º* jM*K|G* 108

,zMz·*

zg< z 0&* j /| © G*

µ j¡Mzº* mfM2}6 114 |J§/ z ¿ Mz 8

G* Lztk- $f 8

©J*|+(* «z¾

m*zJf H

$f¡©º* v} º* 122 j¡Mzº*K

Kz©g< z ¿

kF* ÏD&* 126

N *z+&* 9| - »K fJ|M§ -

©0|G* zg< z 0&*

|w G* z1 ¨ < ª0} º* ¡G* m¶§± 40

£*§G&¶* 4*}6&* ¢H 86 | 0&¶* ,4§ + jtg 8 z ¿ hk M f ¡©0 92 ©©t©G £f © 6 j© < f 94

z/fº* z 0&*

ª 9fº* ¢H }8f¡< j©¡ ©G* £z< µ §gH*4 46 z© G* z ¿ ½f M(¶* jGf0|T G* 50 §G§+ §F4fH © ¹* 2§ ¿ z 0&*


2z G* jª0fkkD*

x@@ @Jx@@p@ gD* z@£@)4

¤@@ @j@ @ £@ @ Ex@@D* v@@ £@ @ ~6 v@@ @ 0&*

è¡æe á∏°üfih ájDhQ êÉàf b g0°* IxC3 E bK E*ygE "f£Ab jD* i*4bE(°*" E 2v D* *wG 4v~|J ,yJy< IxC3 ¤GH ,vpg´* f£+x D* i*4bE(°* fDHvD Í +4&°*H kDbjD* ¤ :¡D* ¡£Db+ EH E pFH i*4b@@E(°* $b +&* £ / b g0xA ¯ ¥¡g~zJ z D* ¢ < f£Db=H d D* ¢ < ¥wD* ¯b jD* 5b½(°* k£0 f gº ¡ - 2b - f£Db D* IxCwD* w + Í j´* f0xA &* °(* £+ pJ µ Í )b g´* ÈC&* &° v~|J 2b J ° i*5b½(°* E Ì C F&b~7 2b«°* ,Ì~zE É1 « f£Ab jD* É D* E ,v0*H ,v0*¡D* v£D* +b~8&* bG2v< 5HbmJ ° 2¡ < É1 i*4bE(°* qc~|- &b+ C h « £C ¡G *'¡~zD* ¢ cJH µb D* I¡g~zE ¢ < b B ¡D DbcF ° + ¤+x D* µb D* ¯ f ´* "i*5b½(°* Ev E ¯H Ñ* 04 ¡~z~6'¡´* $b+%°* + bB bE ¡G b ´* *wG ¯ bG3&°* ¶(* y J bE H&* (* Jx D* *Hv E v A *x. Ñ* d£: b£ F %* b ~6 + vJ*5 t£~{D* ¶b - Ñ* 3(b+ D 4¡ ´* $b +&* bE&* *K x0 bm´* *¡pgA . f£Ab jD*H f£jpcD*H fJx D*H f£ £ gD* ib~z~6'¡´* E vJv Db+ H4bF&*H f£B*4 fAb .H bK <vcE *K x A bGHx~{ JH fJÈD* ib~z~6'¡´* wG £+b J E *¡<b g~6* bE *¡ £D fDHvD* v ±*H hB¡D*H b´* E Ìj D* d - D 6b D* } + b J vB ¤gD* fD¡ ~zDb+ J µ xE&°* D ng E ¢ < ¡~|p D ÉK £c~6 µb D* ibAb . ¢ < rbg F°* iv g<* ¤gD* fcBbjD* fJ'HxD* hFbC D3 C cBH DH d~zpA D3 z£D %°* lvpJ b C + ¤GbcF ¯b . 5b½(* £ «H DbjE&* 4b~}J ¥4b~}0 ¯b . AbpJ bK /b£~6 E *¡ ~8H Jx D* l*ÆD* *¡£0&* F&* D Ñ* x = F*¡1(*H vJ*yD xCwF &* dmJ ¯ ¡B¡D*H DyD* E ~| JH f£´b D* ibAb jD* ib ¹H ib £¹ ¯ 4bp+(* É1 i*4bE(°* +* ¢ < ¤EÉ~6(°* ¤+x D* g¸ i*2b<H £B < fcJx D*H f£+x D* 4b A&°* nGbcEH .*x+ K É£cFH ÉK £~8&*H bK Jx< bK jE *K y£ gE bK £-*4bE(* bK Fb~zF(* ¶b - Ñ* ~} + bmgF&* n D* D3H fJ'HxD* J2 Jv J f~8b³* gAb . ¶(* b ~}£D -*xG5 /&* ¯b . bg~z+ C E ¤ g J *v@@+(°* ~{ J - obgF } + Ñ* 0 b ²* F*¡1(*H f £ 1 *w A xsA °H Ãv D* .*x- pJH á D* Í<vc´* )b ³ bK _£ GH d£ D* ~6x= Í~z~6'¡´* $b+%ÉD bK _£ A n ´* D3 f ~|¹H fJ'HxD* Ìs+ gF&*H b< CH i*4bE(ÉD bK _£ GH b ~z F&° bK _£ GH



fC4b~{´* Ä< b £~6°H ~}A&* fJ'H4 E b ­ ibEv³*H $b~}A ¯ b g+x© ¯ b BbA%* h ~z-* ¤gD* f£ <b gD* f£ :¡D* f£ :¡D* f£DH'¡~z´b+ ¥¡ D* 4¡ ~{D*H fJx²* E ¡0 -b - ¯H b )b +&* 0É- ¯ fDHvD* ,¡B v½ pFH ¯H v@@0¡@@´* :¡ D ~8É1(* ¯H ¤ :¡D* b <Hx~{E b £Fb § @@ @E*y@@g@D*H f@@£@ @:¡@@D* fJ¡ D ¤@@<*¡@@D* @@ @)b@@AH b m~{D* 2¡ ±* GH -b 0H :¡D* 42 GH f£Eb~zD* GH $b cD* ib0b~6 ¯ ¡~| s´* ¡ Eb D*H $b@@£@AH&°* ¤~9b´* ¡ ~6 @@E ~} F ¤-*¡ D* ib@@£@-*4b@@E(°* $b~z D* &* v + D* J2b£E C ¯ fC4b~{´* fJ¡£0 ¶(* y BH :¡D*H ,x~6&°* $b + ¯ -*4vB :&*H Db+ p ~z E&°* A i*4bE(°* v£< ¯ f£pgDb+ ebc~{D* £/ |1&*H b c ~7  &* xJv D* ¤ D* Ñ* ¡@@<2&*H c g~z´* GH rbm D* @@Jx@@: ¢@@ @< i*5b@@ @½(°* @@E v@@Jy@@´* £ « @@E x g~z´* ¡ gD*H v<b~|g´*

7

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

f£ ~6¡D* fJ'HxD* v - ¤GH ¤<b g/°* E&°* ÌA¡- ¢ < 4¡ gD*H *v+(ÉD b BbA%* qg -H fAb jD*H x D* ¯ *vg<°*H vBH ibAb jD*H i*4b~}²* <b gD jE&°* o3¡ D* v -H JvA*H E fJx~{cD* b£:&* C ~}- fDH2 b F¡ + ¡Gy- h-b+ rbm D* ¡ pJH 4*x@@ @g@~@6°*H @@E&°b@@+ ¡ J Í £ EH b £ :*¡E f C g©H ¡Fb D* b £A 2¡~zJ fDH2 ¯ ¡ gD*H f£Fb~zF(°* £ D 8É1(°* ¢ <H :¡D* fc¹ ¢ < c g~z D b gJ'H4 ~zg- ¤ :¡D* bFv£ + b g0* @@C ¯H ¡G £ gD* &*H -bBb:H Db/4 G ¡£D* b :&* &* 4vFH + $b -4°*H $b cD* f +bg´ fE2b D* b£/&°* 2*v<(* *v£E ¢ cg~6H £ gD* J2b£E ¯ f£Db< i*y B fDHvD* h 0 vBH f@@+H'H2 f +bgE d g- f@@J¡@@DH&°* ,x@@)*2 ¯ f£m ´* ³* k£p+ £ gD* ib/xº ¯ jE&°* ,$b D *K x g~zE *K xJ¡ -H c g~z´* ib/b£g0* f£c - ¢ < 4vB&* ¡ f£ gD* J2b£E ¯ « bE D ,x g~z´* f /*x´* wGH


¢ < f Ab¹ ̳*H $b Db+ iy£­ ¤gD* f~8b³* g+x© h :&* vBH i*4b@@E(°* fDH2 Áb+ b s~64 ¤gD* f £c D* £ D* d ~7 E Ñ* E ~}A ¡GH ̳* vJ*5 d D e¡ ~{D* £ < EH )b ~7&* C E ~8*¡gD* 4¡~z/ v &* E i*4b@@ E(°* fJ̳* J4b~{´* ¯ $b E vJ D ¡ - &*H f Jv~|D* ¼&°* 4b jg~6°* < ¡j0bcD* JvD vmJ &*H f£Fb~zF(°*H f£.b=(°*H ¯ f£Db D* fJ¡~zD*H ,$b D*H ,2¡@@±* E £D(* ¡p J bE c g~z´* f<b ~8 ¯ f<*ÄD*H Jx~{D* zAb gD* ¯H $*2&°* fJx~{cD* v - ¶(* v - ¤gD* f£Fb~zF(°* fC*x~{D* Ä< f /*xE b< C ¤ :¡D* v£ Db+ b g0°* ¡ J &* E v+°H rbm D* ebc~6&° f~6*42H m)bg D bK ¡ -H 5b@@½(* ® b´ £pJ b@@E &* 4v@@F pFH 4¡~|B H&* 1 ¥&° bK @ C4*v@@-H ¯ f ²* @@E *K v@@Jy@@E d gJ f@@ FH%°* w@@G ¯ b g § &* E i*4b@@E(°* fDH2 h ­ vBH D ¥v~|gD*H g±b E h~8x0H µb D* ¯ eb@@G4(°* ¥w J ¥w@@D* x gD* /*¡-

0 b£ F %* vJ*5 + f £ 1 t£~{D* fDHvD* z£)4 ¡ ~zD* E ¡ ~6 ,2b£ + fDHvD* h 0 bE b c ~{DH D 4bcFH Ñ* y + $b+%°* ,Ì~zE +b- vBH ,b£²* ¤0b E C ~{J v Hx D* E vJv D* h /*H ,v£~74 f £ 0 fJ'Hx+H 4*vgB*H v Db+ i*4b@@@E(°* f@@DH2 ~|0 v@ @BH f@@£@DHv@@D* i*Ì@@ @g@´*H Q ym - &* E -2b£ + fDHvD* h ­H c ~{D 8É1(°b+H f£´b< ibJ¡g~zE ¶(* y - &*H f£ gD* J4b~{E E vJy´* IÄC °K H2 zAb - &*H ¥¡ gD*H ¥2b~|gB°* bG4¡~}0 ¯ f£ gD* ibJ¡g~zE i*x~7'¡E ¯ G&*H y½&* b§ d ~{D* b g0* ¡G ¤ :¡D* i*4bE(°* v£< (* h ~6H -4v E h -4* ¥wD* b~zF(°* $b + ¡G « 5b½(* ¤ D* 9¡ D* Ä< c g~zE ÉgE* E ­H -bFb E(* E ,2bA(°* ¯ x+ vBH D* J2b£E ¢g~7 ¯ *v+(°* Ä<H EH ibc D* 5Hb©H 0*x´* 4b~|g1* E E ~{+ -bBb: *v+(° e¡ ~{D* e4b© $*x g~6* EH ,HÈ D jE&°* £;¡gD*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

6


rx~|D* *wG *ยกย + ย JwD* ย *xย D* bย )b+%ยฐ $bAยกD* x<b~{E ย b< hย ย / ยคgD* fยฃDHvD* ย gFbย ยง ยกGyFH ย ยฃA ย ย ย F ยฅwD* tEb~{D* bย g+xยฉ axย g~zgD 4bย F&ยฐ* bย ยฃD(* ยกFx- f@@DH2 i*4b@@E(ยฐ* ย E ย ยฃย ยซ ยฏH 4*xย g~6ยฐ*H fยฃย ย gD*H $bย cD* ยฏ ,$ยกย ย D* fยฃย pย ยด* bย cย ~{D 4bG25ยฐ*H $b1xD* d0b~|D $bAยกD*H fcpยด* fยฃยซ ย /ยกF ยคย D ย DwC fc~6bย E ยคGH

5

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 4 ย K&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF C ร ย ย ย M2

,4v@@B v@@Jv@@ยด* ย ย sJ4b- ร @@< 2*v@@@/&ยฐ* ,ร @@~@6 ย @@E *K vย g~zE ร ~|Db+ bย ยฃย < *Hx~|gF* ยคgD* ibJvpgD* fย /*ยกE ยขย < ,wA ย ยฃc~6 ,v0ยกD* ย &* ย ยกC4vJ *ยกFbCH 9ยกย ย D* ยขย < ย ยฃย ~|gD*H ย ย ยญ ยคgD* $bย ย ยด* ,ร ยณ* fcย ~|D* 94&ยฐ* ยคG bย F&*H ,ยกย D* ย A*vG&*H ย -b0ยกย : ย ยฃย ยซ ย E ย ย cย ~7 ย C bย ยฃA 2vยฝ fc~6bย E ยคย :ยกD* i*4bE(ยฐ* vยฃย + bย Dbย g0* ย (*


»`æ`WƒdG äQÉ`eE’G ó`` `«`Y

~CCqCI&* f¯ hC CCC CG* fCC CkC0* §CJ

wM*5 + c 6 u¤ |G* ¢ 6 Ò* 0 gGKwG* {¤)4 ¢ {G* e0c 8 k¼ ‫ﺑﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ وا رﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ا ﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

Y @@ @ :¡@@ @ D* 42Z @@ @ @E @@ @E*y@@ @g@ @ Db@@ @+ x@@ ~@ @{@ @F b 0 F*¡1(* E *x. Ñ* d£: b£ F %* b ~6 + vJ*5 b< Ä ~zJ2 E ÁbjD* ¡J g C h g/* Í0 i*4bE(°* fJ¡B ,v0¡E f@@DH2 $b cD c ~7 ib - Jv~z¸ 1971 fJ'H4 BbA%* hpgA £A4 I¡g~zE ¶(* b )b +&* ,2*4(b@+ } 2vmgJ bK B*H 4b~8 bE b<x~6 ¥wD* c g~z´* i&*4 f £ 0 f Eb D* -bBb: C b c ~7 £A w+ J¡: rb C f p E Ä<

f£+x D* i*4b@@ @E(°* f@@DHv@@D ¤ :¡D* v£ Db+ b@@ @g@0°* ¤@@-&b@J Ñ* v p+ F pFH Í +4&°*H fjDbjD* *xC3 ¯ ,vpg´* vBH $b+%°* 0 bC ¥wD* £ D* 5b½(°* E Gb~7 ¢ < Íg´* 8É1(°*H fJ¡ D* fÂy D*H fc ~|D* ,2*4(°b@@+ « 2b«°* ,Ì~zE b E h F* ¤gD* f£Eb~zD* £ D*H a2bc D t£~{D* D 4¡ ´* *v@@/¡@@D* ¯ vDb³* v@@D*¡@@D* bG2bB ¤gD*

28

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 4 K&¸* £§IfF C Ì M2

4



‫ذﻛﺮى رﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻢ اﺗﺤﺎد ا ﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬


‫ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌـﺪد ‪ 28‬ـ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ـ ﻛﺎﻧﻮن ا ول ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫‪OÉ–’G ó«Y‬‬ ‫‪¿ƒ©HQC’Gh ådÉãdG‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ا ﻧﺴﺎن‬

‫‪ vJ*5 + b ~6 t£~{D* ¡ ~6‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﺪ ا ﻣﺎرات اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻫﻮ اﺣﺘﻔﺎل اﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﺠﺰ‬


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.