www.seipub.org/ff Frontiers in Finance Volume 1, 2015
The Game Model of Closed‐Loop Supply Chain Based on Tax and Subsidy Xin‐ran Li1, Rong Chen*2 Faculty of Management and Economics, Dalian University of Technology, China lixr@dlut.edu.cn; *2dreamcr@163.com
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Abstract This paper discussed a closed‐loop supply chain (CLSC) consisting of a single manufacturer, remanufacturer and retailer under the tax and subsidy policy. We constructed CLSC models with or without tax and subsidy respectively and made a comparative analysis of the two models. We discussed the impact of the tax as well as the subsidy on the decision and profits of the CLSC models based on remanufacturing. Results revealed that, (1) compared with the CLSC models without the tax and subsidy policy, the new product’s market demand will decrease while the remanufactured product’s market demand and the quantity of recycling of waste product will increase. Further the manufacture’s profit will be less and the remanufacturer’s profit will be more; (2) the profit of retailer and CLSC system and the product price vary with the size of the tax and subsidy changes. Keywords Closed‐Loop Supply Chain; Tax and Subsidy; Decision Strategies
Introduction In recent years, the economic and environmental value of obsolete product remanufacturing has attached more and more attention by researchers and government authorities. Many governments enact environmental laws to reduce the emissions of toxic and harmful substances. On August 7, 2012, Regulations of Government Fund for the Recovery and Disposal of Waste Electrical and Electronic Products was jointly issued in China. The regulations stated that the producer pays taxes according to the quantity of products they sell while the government subsidizes the recycling and remanufacturing enterprises according to the amount they collected and remanufactured. The effect of the tax and subsidy policy on the promotion of remanufacturing for waste products has been widely confirmed. Bansal et al. (2003) considered two sets of policy instruments—uniform policies for the firms and policies that discriminate between the firms based on their environmental quality. Hong et al. (2011) presented a stackelberg‐type model to determine advanced recycling fees and socially optimal subsidy fees in reverse supply chains. On this basis, Hong et al. (2014) added competition and did further research. Atasu et al. (2013) compared manufacturer‐operated systems and state‐operated systems and found that their impacts on different stakeholders can be significantly different. Shi et al. (2013) investigated two critical environmental factors of the product weight and the collection rate, as well as their environmental consequence of the landfill quantity. Cao et al. (2013) designed incentive contracts between government and manufacturers under the condition that government taxes new products and give subsidies to remanufactured products. Gao et al. (2014) comparatively analyzed pricing strategy of a CLSC with carbon tax, subsidy and a combination of both and found the combination is most effective. Yu et al. (2014) discussed four different recycling models of the government tax and subsidy. Xiao et al. (2014) studied the government’s incentive mechanism for manufacturers with different policy backgrounds. Above results have made contributions to the study of CLSC with tax and subsidy, but none has considered price discrimination and competition between remanufacturers and manufacturers. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the decision strategies of a CLSC with competition and price discrimination under the tax and subsidy. Model Description We examine a CLSC system composed of one manufacturer, one remanufacturer and one retailer. The manufacturer manufactures new products with raw materials and the remanufacturer remanufactures with
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