Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow - Budapest and Marseille by Coline Masson

Department of History of Architecture and Monument Preservation Architectural Research For Exchange Student - ET Autumn Semester 2019

WATERFRONTS, HERITAGE FOR TOMORROW

Student. Coline Masson Director of the study report. Halmos Balazs

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all those who contributed to the preparation of my study report. First of all, I would like to thank my tutor Mr Halmos Balazs, for his involvement and the valuable advice he provided me throughout the preparation of the report. Finally, I would like to thank the Budapest University of Technology and Economics for accepting my research request within the Department of History of Architecture and Monument Preservation and ENSA Marseille for allowing me to complete my ERASMUS year here in Budapest.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

The aim of this research is about the evolution of two industrial parks, in Budapest and Marseille. These two main cities seem very different, both in their physical appearance and in their economic functioning. However, the industrial revolution of the 19th century marked a deep change in the evolution of their urban fabric. Buildings, warehouses and factories are in strategic areas of the city. With an increase in population, new infrastructure is being built.

Foreword Challenges and future for the industrial heritage of cities Challenges and future for Budapest waterfront? Last year, I did research on the mediation and transformation of the city's image through iconic architecture. I studied the urban strategies of different European cities (Bilbao and Barcelona) which make them attractive and internationally known. Then I studied more specifically the transformation of Marseille through a major event after being nominated as the ÂŤEuropean Capital of Culture in 2013Âť. During this research, I discovered that current and old industrial buildings had an important role in the attractiveness of the city. Some of them, with a strong history, have been restored, others have downsized their activities and others have changed their function (cultural center, shop, exhibition hall...). In Budapest, many industrial buildings are also present. I would like to compare the industrial heritage of Budapest and Marseille. What remains of these industries? Does the industrial heritage of these cities have an impact on their attractiveness? What is the future of those spaces? To what extent is the history of a building preserved while integrating it into changes?

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Waterfronts : a European model applied in port cities

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING 2.1 The space and city structure of an industrial building

CASE STUDIES (Marseille and Budapest waterfronts) 3.1 The City’s industry and urban planning 3.2 Objectives 3.3 Industrial building transformations

COMPARISON OF THE BÁLNA BUDAPEST AND THE DOCKS VILLAGE IN MARSEILLE 4.1 Similarities and differences (waterfronts, site/location, dimensions, architectural style, structure, plans, functions…) 4.2 Consequences (positive and negative)

CONCLUSION 5.1 Connections between Marseille and Budapest?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

01 Introduction 1.1

WATERFRONT : A EUROPEAN MODEL APPLIED IN PORT CITIES

In the city's new urban concept, most attention is paid to industrial, railway and port areas. These large spaces, most often located at the city border, exits and in front of the city, are an opportunity to boost the city's development and regain its territory. In connection with the previous part, I choose to focus the following analysis on the recapture of urban waterfronts. They represent one of the greatest international concerns of the 21st century.

Waterfronts

" Moving cities ", " The regained water fronts have become the tourist showcases of the port-cities. " - Maria Gravari-Barbas Culture and tourism are part of projects to restore the waterfront. Maria Gravari-Barbas talks about "Waterfront attitude " and explains that since the second half of the 20th century, port cities have been subject to many transformations, linked to different parameters (such as the gigantism of commercial and cruise ships and the relocation of traditional port functions). The port was thought to be part of the city's system as a driving force for the city' s development and as a gateway to the international marketplace. It is now being considered separately as a " flux vector ".

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Over time, cities are changing. They are expanding and rebuilding on their own. It's simply because the population is growing, buildings are getting older and we live differently. Then new buildings are built, demolished or transformed.

02 Industrial building 2.1

THE SPACE AND CITY STRUCTURE OF AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING

An industrial building is used to manufacture goods in an industrial way: efficient and economic. It means that the production of goods is dependent on the transformation of raw materials or materials which have already been transformed and the use of energy resources.

Previously between handicraft and mechanization, it was at the beginning of the 18th century and then in the 19th century that the industrial activity increased. Thanks to the emergence of capitalism, new technologies and fossil energy sources are used. Production grows to satisfy the needs of the population and the industrial sector is becoming more rational: -

Involving â&#x20AC;&#x153;mass productionâ&#x20AC;? for a growing society, machinery is automated. The division of labour support workers to live in better conditions.

To host this developing activity, architecture adapts and specializes to provide natural light and space for equipment. Buildings are built according to a rational plan. These are large spaces, similar to agricultural hangars, shed roofs and based on load-bearing structures associated with the facades.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

The general look of the building is important for the city structure and the space. Industrial architecture uses metal, bricks, glass and reinforced concrete combined to create a distinctive building shape. In general, these factories prioritize utility over aesthetics. Nevertheless, in the 19thcentury, the aesthetic of a building, as a landmark had an important influence in the look of the area. They are located close to the water-ways and railways to facilitate trade. Initially off-center, the industry creates links between cities along the same pathways and finally settles there. Nevertheless, it is linked to the economic crisis of the 1970s when European countries were affected by deindustrialization. The economy moves away from industry towards a post-industrial society and a large part of the factories are left abandoned. As witness of a historical heritage, we think of reinvesting in them rather than demolishing these spaces. On the 20th century, this industrial type of architecture initiated contemporary architecture on service-sector activity such as head offices or office building. In a sustainable development perspective, 80% of building interventions are carried out on existing buildings. Increasingly concerned about the industrial heritage that is offered to us, companies are investing these sites. They keep the faรงade and change the function of the building by converting it into cultural space, market or exhibition hall.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

03 Case studies : Marseille waterfront 3.1

THE CITY’S INDUSTRY AND URBAN PLANNING

Marseille is the second largest city in France. Its 860 000 inhabitants in 2015 constituted 1.3% of the France population.

Previously known as " The Gateway to the East ", Marseille’s port was the most important commercial port in the Mediterranean in the 19th century. At the time of the Industrial Revolution, industry played an important role in the economic development of the city. Marseille was a city where there were many factories: soap factories, oil factories, tile factories, chemical factories... and many warehouses to store the goods. But from the 1960s to the 1970s, French cities began to deindustrialize: factories closed one after the other. Some are moving to other countries. In Marseille, especially in the port districts of La Joliette and d'Arenc, most industrial buildings were demolished, others lose their value and deteriorate. Since the 1980s, offices have often had replaced factories and warehouses. Nevertheless, metallurgical plants, oil factories and other melting works are still present, visible to anyone who pays attention to them. Some of them are «historic monuments». It means that they are protected and can’t be demolished. Usually, “historic monument” refers to churches, castles, residential buildings... but in recent years there is an increasing interest in «production» buildings: where all kinds of stuff is worked and made. This is what has been called the «industrial heritage».

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Marseilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s seafront

3.2

OBJECTIVES

Marseille Provence 2013

"There will be a before and an after 2013. "- Regards de l'Agam.

In 1985, the idea of launching a label proclaiming the title of European Capital of Culture for Europe's metropolitan areas was born at the same time as Bilbao's transformation. This is an opportunity to create a network between European cities, including those "on the margins" or with a weak reputation, in order to have a common voice on a global scale. According to author and professor Maria Gravari Barbas, Marseille belonged to the category of marginalized cities before 2013. The consequences of such a network would, from her point of view, make a prestigious added value and remediate the image of a neglected city. Involving itself on a territorial scale makes it possible to activate the local network of cities that are engaged to propose the best project to revitalize or add a cultural life, in order to strengthen attractiveness, corporate image and to establish itself on an international scale. The title of European Capital has been a success for the host city many times.

"Developing cultural life as a way of renovating the city, improving shared quality of life and improving living together" are the ambitions affirmed by the Mayor of the city, Jean-Claude Gaudin, during the MP2013 campaign. As soon as the 2013 fallout came, the city's policy reversed the trend by placing the main motivations previously enunciated as cultural and architectural highlights. The mutation of the waterfront was then launched, and the Skyline of Marseille transformed.

The city center transformation

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Esplanade J4

Regards de Provence Foundation

J1 Warehouse

3.3

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING TRANSFORMATIONS

The transformation process of Marseille's coastline begins with the rehabilitation and creation of new public spaces that facilitate the pedestrian walkway.

Tourist development of the city center Neither the Prado-Corniche Kennedy waterfront, built from 1848 to 1863 (from the Prado roundabout to the Catalans district), or the Old Port, built during the Antiquity and redesigned in 2012, were suitable for events to be held. Traffic road is the main cause. Then, the city thought about the creation of a new waterfront that would connect La Joliette to the Old Port by passing through a large open space called lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Esplanade J4, once used to store the goods. The location is strategic because it is located on the port front of its neighborhood countries, in the city center and includes the former industries of the port and the shopping streets up to La Joliette. Industrial building along the coast were restored for the showcase. The Regards de Provence Foundation by the French architects Guy Daher and The J1 warehouse by Catherine Bonte (estimated cost ~ 8 million euros).

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

The Regards de Provence Foundation

The J1 Warehouse Marseille has a very rich industrial heritage that it no longer hesitates to revisit. This is the case, for example, of warehouse such as Les Voûtes sous la Major designed for trade and storage and built in 1893 by the architects Henri-Jacques Espérandieu and Henri-Antoine Revoil. They were then renovated following the award of the competition in 2010 by architects Jean-Baptiste Pietri and José Pasqua in shops, bars and restaurants. Also The Silo, by Roland Carta is a grain silo transformed into offices and a theatre. All of them follow the cultural itinerary of the Old Port: the golden triangle of urban tourism.

Les Voûtes sous la Major

Le Silo

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

In the 19th century, Marseille experienced strong economic and demographic growth. It became essential to readjust infrastructures to these new challenges. The construction of Les Docks is one of the most impressive industrial transformation. It meets these requirements and corresponds to an extension of the port to the north. Built from 1858 to 1864 it includes 4 warehouses around 4 courtyards, to symbolize the four seasons. The total lenght of 365 m corresponds to the number of days per year, the 52 doors to the number of weeks, and there are seven levels corresponding to the number of days in a week. They were used as a warehouse to store the goods. In 1988, the activity stopped. Then, in 1992, the idea of creating a public space came up. They were first renovated (in 1995) into an office complex by the architect Eric Castaldi, then by the architects Alfonso Femia, Benedetto Camerana & Partners in 2015, who added commercial functions. Today, the restored buildings contain commercial activities (food and catering, bars, restaurants, ready-to-wear and decoration shops, workshops), cultural activities (exhibition rooms), temporary services (escape rooms, pop-up store), and offices on the upper floors.

Les Docks de la Joliette

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

The Danube River

03 Case studies : Budapest waterfront 3.1.1

THE CITY’S INDUSTRY AND URBAN PLANNING

“The Danube riverside represent one of the most important waterways of Europe.”- History of Budapest. Budapest is the second largest city in Central Europe. Its 1 756 million inhabitants in 2016 represented 19.3% of the Hungarian population and 27.8% of the country's industrial workforce. For a long time, Hungary’s economy was dominated by foreign powers. Economy was mainly agricultural. The economy developed progressively, when the country received a higher degree of autonomy with the formation of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1867. Carpentry and metal working activities also grew, and machine tool manufacturers settled in the suburbs of the capital. Then, to get closer to transport connections, industries moved towards the Pest side of the city center and close to easily accessible entry points as the Danube River or main railway stations in Budapest. The company Ganz started to manufacture railway wagons and, later, cars. In 1911, Manfréd Weiss founded the steel factory of the same name in the Csepel district of Budapest, which later became a major equipment company. Half of the country's industrial production was concentrated in and around the capital. In the following years, Budapest became a booming metropolis and the arriving of new railways improved transport and trade between cities and countries. The industrial boom in the Austrian main territories at the end of the 19th century also brought more and more factories to Hungary but the radical reorganization of South-East Europe after the First World War paralyzed development progress. With the reservoirs of natural resources, particularly iron and coal, being now on the other side of the border, production has fallen apart. At the same time, the commercial links established between these countries have been dismantled. Hungary becomes dependent on its neighboring countries and loses face. Between 1921 and 1930 the number of factories and workshops in Budapest doubled. During the World War II, the Hungarian economy experienced a major economic boom, particularly in the military, chemical and electrical equipment fields. This was achievable thanks to financial support from National Socialist Germany. Belonging to the occupation of the Soviet army after the Wolrd War II, the massive expansion of heavy industry dictated by the USSR finally created an opportunity for the many rural unemployed to work. The production of steel and machinery has increased considerably. However, as this investment neglected agriculture and consumer goods production to meet citizens' needs, the Kádár government began to integrate market elements into the planned economy in 1956 in its "Hungarian model". In the 1960s, Hungary became an urban industrial society.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

District V

3.2.2 OBJECTIVES

From the beginning of the politico-economic transition, Budapest process of “city-formation” intensified. Located on the Pest Side, the District V became the target and beneficiary of entrepreneurial capital. Still, the Buda side for topographical reasons doesn’t evolve during the 20th century. Nevertheless, in 1990, the business district of Budapest has slowly surpassed the borders of the District V thanks to direct foreign investments and “construction of banks and office buildings”, up to the “Grand Boulevard”. In the mid 2000’s, the economic city area is growing, and some sub-centers areas emerges on the Buda Side and on the South of the city.

District V Grand boulevard

Former business district of Budapest

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Mammut Millenaaris

Dreher Sรถrgyรกrak Zrt.

Revesz utca

3.3.3 INDUSTRIAL BUILDING TRANSFORMATIONS

All along the Danube’s river, firms and ancient industrial buildings are landmarks in the landscape of Budapest. International companies are mainly located along the river because these areas are very attractive and close to the dynamic and economic life of the city. Most of the former industries have been demolished or “turned into offices”. The reason is that the city's policy does not necessarily intend to preserve them (except those "protected" because they are landmarks) and wants to make these spaces attractive.

The waterfront economy The transformation process of Budapest’s coastline begins with a change of function for old unused building. When we walk through the Danube, we come across many industrial buildings on our way. Some are still fully operational and some not. The largest economic area extends “between the Margaret Bridge and the Petőfi Bridge on the Pest side and is entirely located in the capital's "economic city"” of the District V.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Main focus I choose to focus on some landmarks in Budapest that turns into international trade or cultural activities. The first one is located on the “Budapest Silicon Valley”, also called the Aquincum Campus or The Graphisoft Park. The area is a former Óbuda Gas Work built by Albert Weiss in 1910. It was the first gas work in operation in Budapest in 1914. This location was chosen because of the road, railway and the waterway connection. But in 1980, the city switched to natural gas and the gas plants were shut down in 1984. Then, the architects Ferenc CSÁGOLY and Ferenc KELLER were comissioned to renovate and transform many buildings into office buildings related to the Graphisoft business. Nowadays, the latest research in technology and software programs takes place. Some other didn’t receive a new function but are still standing and are landmark spots to emphasize the area.

The Graphisoft Company Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

04 Comparison of The Balna Budapest and The Docks Village in Marseille 4.1

SIMILARITTIES AND DIFFERENCES

Another recent landmark of the city is The Bálna Budapest, also called The Budapest Whale, built in 2013 by Dutch architect Kas Oosterhuis and his Hungarian cooperator Lenard Ilona. This modern building with multifunctional area as shopping, cultural center, entertainment and gastro center was previously a public warehouse complex used to store the goods transported by water. Warehouses were built in 1881. Now, this glass-fronted building is a spotlight for the city which connects two of the four warehouses in the atrium and extends parallel to the riverside of the Danube with a whale-shaped head. I would like to make a comparison of “The Budapest Whale” and “Les Docks Village” because these buildings, built at the same period were warehouse that have been transformed into multifunctional buildings.

Common objectives?

"In European cities, and specifically in Mediterranean cities, the rehabilitation of waterfronts is linked to metropolitan issues. " - Maria Gravari-Barbas. In this case study, I will focus on the attractiveness of port cities, the first visibility of the country from the water, with the example of two industrial warehouses in Budapest and Marseille (through the "Bilbao effect" and Marseille Provence 2013). One linked to the Danube River and the other to the sea, it seems interesting for me to carry out a comparative case study between these different port cities in Europe which have experienced a huge urban transformation during the industrial revolution of the 19th century. Does the attractiveness strategy present in Marseille also works in Budapest? What are their similarities? Their objectives? The negative and positive effects?

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Similarities Built in the 19th century, renovated in 2013 The Bรกlna Budapest was built in 1881 and The Docks Village was built from 1858 to 1864. Both were renovated in 2013.

Located on the Waterfront, to facilitate the transport and receipt of goods from the waterways

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Same function in the past and in the present, main spots for tourism These contemporary buildings with multifunctional areas as shopping, cultural center, entertainment and gastro center were former public warehouse complex used to store the goods transported by water during the XIX century. For all public Both multifunctional buildings, they are dedicated to all ages.

Symmetry in floor plan Both have a symmetry in floor plan. Nevertheless, Les Docks has a symmetry perpendicular to the length of the building, while Balna Budapest has a symmetry in the axis of the length of the building.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Differences Dimensions Les Docks Village have kept the same dimension as it is an identical restoration but Balna has increased its length from 83 to 150 meters by adding the ÂŤWhaleÂť extension.

Les Docks Village Lenght : 365m Width : 40m Height : 30m

Balna Budapest Lenght : 150m Width : 47m Height : 23m

Materials and structure Both buildings use same materials as concrete, stone, glass and iron but the extended part of the Balna building was built in a particular and curve form. Building composition Les Docks Village includes 4 warehouses around 4 courtyards, to symbolize the four seasons. The 52 doors correspond to the number of weeks, and there are seven levels corresponding to the number of days in a week. The Balna Budapest includes 2 warehouses connected by a metallic structure whith glass cover.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

The Bilbao Effect The «Bilbao effect» is the name given to an urban planning phenomenon that appeared in the 1980s in the city of Bilbao, northern Spain. It demonstrates how the economic impact of a landmark cultural building can transform the city and revitalize its economy. The trend shows that for several decades now, the architect’s role as an actor in the functioning of the city at all its levels has become the main one. The iconic architecture have a direct impact on the attractiveness of a city and therefore on its economy. Marseille was considered a place of tensions, arms trafficking, racism, environmental degradation and uncontrolled migration flows. From these words, the situation in the city seems uncontrollable and unmanageable. From the fallout in 2013, the «Bilbao effect» of new building such as Les Docks applied to urban policy reversed the trend by placing the main motivations for coming in this city as cultural and architectural attractions. The mutation of the waterfront is then launched, and the Skyline of Marseille is transformed. In Budapest, tourists are not coming here to visit the contemporary architecture development. They are more interested by the late 19th century architecture and the history of the city rather than the new “iconic building”. Most of the new construction use rather the image of the city and the attractiveness of the environment to make itself attractive.

Architectural style Les Docks Village Industrial architecture mixed with contemporary architecture inside

Balna Budapest Industrial architecture mixed with contemporary architecture outside

Disposition along the waterfront As we studied before, Les Docks Village located one street behind the sea is not directly connected to the waterfront. Its rectangular shape, its opaque materiality and the limited number of openings to the outside give priority to the articulation with its 4 indoor courtyards. On the other hand, Balna is directly located on the banks of the Danube and therefore supports the development of quays (with bars, skateparks and restaurants). The «Whale», made of glass, provides a direct view of the Danube and the nearby streets. Nevertheless, while Les Docks is the success of Marseille thanks to its dynamism and the various programs offered throughout the year ; the success that was expected for Balna Budapest did not come to pass. The interior space is less attractive, the building areas are half empty, and there are only few investors.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Acceptation by the public On an urban scale, Les Docks Village has always occupied a strategic position in Marseille : between the port and the city, at the crossroads of the main roads, near the Saint-Charles station and close to the old port. As part of the transformations for the event Marseille Provence 2013, the restoration of the Docks has been the subject of much advertising. Located at the heart of Marseille’s new cultural and artistic infrastructure, no one can miss the visit of its i nterior. Reflecting the cultural specificities all around the world, the dimension of the living space and the concept of a village inside a city, this unique place always renews its activities and advertising. «There’s always something going on at Docks Village!», is good reputation attracts more and more people. The Balna has an elegant architecture, this is a good place to admire the waterfront view and rest but this very ambitious project has not been well commercialised. This former factory, entirely renovated, preserved the industrial spirit of the place in its architecture. Nevertheless, when Budapest citizens are asked what words come to their mind when they think about the Balna, some of them refers to politic. As a meeting point, this is also the place where the government and Viktor Orbán gave their speach.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

05 Conclusion 5.1

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN MARSEILLE AND BUDAPEST?

Even if these two buildings, located on the waterfront, have similarities related to their past and new function, their construction and rehabilitation period, they are mostly different. Due to their scale, their transformation and their open attitude to the city, they have not generated the same economic and attractive benefits. The Balna Budapest building, through its extension, has privileged an overture to the Danube and the creation of large spaces. However, the realization of this modern extension, which contrasts with the urban space and the history of the city, has been controversial, many people have rejected it and the building, although curious, does not attract. On the other hand, the façade restoration and interior redevelopment of the Docks Village, while open to its interior courtyards, intrigued people. The balance between the history of the Docks and its new function is harmonised and is linked to the urban fabric of the district. Unlike The Balna Budapest, from the exterior, the building does not appear «iconic» but without pretensions it attracts by its simplicity.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

05 Bibliography

Books GRAVARI-BARBAS Maria, Aménager la ville par la culture et le tourisme, Paris, collection « Ville-Aménagement » n°6, Éditions « Le Moniteur », 2013, 159 p. MARSEILLE-PROVENCE 2013, Capitale européenne de la culture, dossier de candidature, 2006, p.8.

Articles DOSSIER DE L’ART, in « L’architecture », le MucEM, thématique n°4, France Métro, juillet 2013, 64 p. DOSSIER DE L’ART, in « Itinéraire : Du Vieux-Port à la Joliette musées et promenades entre ciel et mer », Les Musées de Marseille, n°209, France Métro, juillet/aout 2013, p.86-91. GEO, Voyage : in « Marseille fait peau neuve », La métamorphose de Marseille : Comment la plus vieille ville de France devient capitale Européenne, n°408, février 2013, p.64-94. Regards DE L’AGAM, in « Marseille Provence 2013, un effet de levier pour le tourisme », Territoires n°24, 2014, 12 p.

Websites Balna Budapest, http://www.balnabudapest.hu/article/venue-hire, consulted on November 13 ,2019. Capitale européenne de la culture, Wikipédia.com, 19 janvier 2019, consulted on may 8, 2019. HISTORY OF BUDAPEST, BME Budapest, http://www.urbanisztika.bme.hu/segedlet/angol/HISTORY%20OF%20%20BUDAPEST.pdf, consulted on November 11, 2019. Immerse yourself in the history of the Docks de la Joliette in Marseille, Made In Marseille, https:// madeinmarseille.net/2117-archive-histoire-docks-marseille-joliette/, consulted on November 11, 2019. Marseille and its industrial past, Shorthand Social, https://social.shorthand.com/lamarsweb/ j2Uk6YYjEf/marseille-et-son-passe-industriel, consulted on October 15, 2019. Marseille-Provence 2013, D’Europe et de Méditerranée, Dossier de Presse, Présentation de la candidature au titre de Capitale européenne de la culture en 2013, 25 octobre 2007. http:// www.marseille.fr/epresse/documents/thesaurus/documents/1723/dpmarseillececulture20 13.pdf, consulted on May 8, 2019.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Óbuda Gas Works, Industrial Heritage Hungary, https://www.industrialheritagehungary. com/02-Industrial-Heritages/04-Utilities/obuda-gas-works.html, consulted on October 28, 2019. Transformation processes of the city center of Budapest: from historical development to the new economy, espacio e economia, https://journals.openedition.org/espacoeconomia/5049?lang=en, consulted on November 11, 2019.

Pictures 1

Online in Paredo : https://www.paredro.com/una-coleccion-creativa-isotipos-ani males, drawing.

MASSON Coline,080419, « Marseille skyline after 2013 », based on : https://dlpng.com/ png/4161388, drawing.

MASSON Coline,071119, « Budapest skyline after 2013 », based on : https://www.123rf. com/photo_105540363_stock-vector-budapest-skyline-hungary-city-buildings-vector. html , drawing.

Online in ShorthandSocial, «Marseille and its industrial past» : https://social.shorthand. com/lamarsweb/embed/j2Uk6YYjEf, picture.

Online in Qingdao XGZ Steel Structure Co.,Ltd : https://www.mocfa.org/sell-410498-xgzlight-steel-structure-building-materials-prefab-house-materials.html, picture.

Online in 19eme.fr, «Marseille in the 19th century: the city and the port» : http://www.19e me.fr/articles/marseille.htm, picture.

Online in H99 : http://www.h99.fr/fr/le-quartier/euromediterrannee picture.

MASSON Coline, 080419, «The city center transformation », drawing.

Online in Made in Marseille : https://madeinmarseille.net/5475-esplanade-j4-mar seille-mucem/, picture.

Online in Trip Advisor : https://www.tripadvisor.fr/LocationPhotoDirect Linkg187253-d40 72480-i276343864-Regards_Cafe-Marseille_Bouches_du_Rhone_Provence_ Alpes_Cote_d_Azur.html, picture.

Online in L’antenne : https://www.lantenne.com/Marseille-le-hangar-J1-et-ses-abordsmis-en-appel-a-projets_a33564.html, picture. Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Regards DE L’AGAM, online In « Marseille Provence 2013, un effet de levier pour le tou risme », p.8, http://www.agam.org/fr/publications/regards-de-lagam/regards-de-la gamn24.html,Territoires n°24, 2014, consulté le 8 mai 2019, drawing.

MASSON Coline, 080419, « Les Voûtes sous la Major », drawing.

MASSON Coline, 080419, « Les Docks de la Joliette », drawing.13 Online in Business Immo : https://www.businessimmo.com/contents/76422/les-docks-villageelus-commercial-building-of-the-year-aux-leaf-awards-2016, picture.

Online in Le Moniteur : https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/a-marseille-les-docks-se-trans forment-en- centre-de-vie-urbain.871409, picture.

Online in Made In Marseille : https://madeinmarseille.net/7639-docks-village-com merce-joliette/, picture.

Online in Le Moniteur : https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/a-marseille-les-docks-se-trans forment-en- centre-de-vie-urbain.871409, picture.

Based on : «Borderlines of the ‘economic city’ of Budapest in the 1990s», online in Journal Open Edition : https://journals.openedition.org/espacoecono mia/5049?lang=en, drawing.

Online in PIXEL: https://pixels.com/featured/1-budapest-city-view-david-pyatt.html , picture.

Online in Budapest Varosom : http://budapest.varosom.hu/latnivalok/terek-parkok/Fe renciek-tere.html, picture.

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Online in Varosom : http://varosom.hu/blog/beszamolo/Egy-erdekes-nap-a-DreherSorgyarban.html, picture.

Online in Wikipedia : https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Budapest_Riverloft.JPG, picture.

Based on : «Clusters of new economy in Budapest in 2013», online in Journal Open Edition : https://journals.openedition.org/espacoeconomia/5049?lang=en, based on : «Clusters of new economy in Budapest in 2013», drawing.

Based on : https://www.istockphoto.com/fr/vectoriel/carte-noir-et-blanc-vec teur-ville-de-budapest-avec-des-couches-s%C3%A9par%C3%A9es-biengm1022694142-274542101, drawing. Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow

Online in Industrial Heritage Hungary : https://www.industrialheritagehungary.com/02-In dustrial-Heritages/04-Utilities/obuda-gas-works.html, pictures.

Online in Hegyenvolgyon : http://hegyenvolgyon-hajni.blogspot.com/2015_01_01_ar chive.html, picture.

Online in Made In Marseille : https://madeinmarseille.net/2117-archive-histoire-docksmarseille-joliette, picture.

Online in CNN Style : https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/budapest-contemporary-ar chitecture/index.html, picture.

Online in The Plan : https://www.theplan.it/eng/award-2016-renovation/docks-di-mar siglia-1, drawing.

Online in Architizer : https://architizer.com/idea/1216678/, drawing.

Waterfronts, heritage for tomorrow