ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE MODJESKA MONTEITH SIMKINS SITE: REPORT OF FINDINGS VOLUME I
Jakob D. Crockett, PhD
Program Director Columbia Archaeology Program
Recommended Citation Crockett, Jakob D. (2016) Archaeology at the Modjeska Monteith Simkins Site: Report of Findings, Volume I. Columbia Archaeology Program, Columbia, South Carolina.
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Columbia Archaeology Program is a research and education organization dedicated to making contemporary historical thought freely available worldwide. Documents published under the Columbia Archaeology Program imprint are produced through a partnership between the City of Columbia and Historic Columbia Foundation. Columbia Archaeology Program 1601 Richland Street Columbia, South Carolina 29201 USA www.ColumbiaArchaeology.org
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE completion of any project is dependent upon contributions from a multitude of individuals. I am indebted to Columbia Major Steve Benjamin, who initiated the Columbia Archaeology Program. Financial support for the Modjeska Simkins Archaeology Project came from Hospitality Tax via Columbia City Council. Historic Columbia supported the project with PR, in-kind donations, and by acting as fiscal agent. Bobby Southerlin of Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas did the faunal analysis. The completion of fieldwork is a direct result of Joseph M. Johnson’s time and efforts. A multitude of individuals volunteered in the field and lab. Their hard work, interest and excitement made for a better project. I owe a special thank you to Kelly Goldberg, Don Rosick, Kelsey Hanrahan, Staci Young, Diane Wallman, Chris Judge, and Kimberly Simmons who volunteered their time to make Public Archaeology Days at the Modjeska Simkins Site an outstanding success.
CONTENTS VOLUME I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................................iii FIGURES........................................................................................................................................vii PREFACE......................................................................................................................................viii 1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1-1 ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND........................................................................................1-2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.................................................................................................1-4 THE STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT.......................................................................................1-8 2 RESEARCH DESIGN.....................................................................................................................2-1 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPERTY................................................................................................2-1 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ISSUES.........................................................................................2-1 SCOPE OF WORK..................................................................................................................2-1 PRIOR RESEARCH..................................................................................................................2-1 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................2-1 METHODS.............................................................................................................................2-1 BROADER SIGNIFICANCE......................................................................................................2-1 3 METHODOLOGIES......................................................................................................................3-1 FIELD METHODS..................................................................................................................3-1 LABORATORY METHODS......................................................................................................3-2 COLLECTION DATING..........................................................................................................3-5 ARTIFACT CLASSIFICATION..................................................................................................3-6
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4 FEATURE ASSOCIATIONS.............................................................................................................4-1 MODERN FEATURES / DISTURBANCE...................................................................................4-1 FIRST GENERATION PRIVY...................................................................................................4-4 SECOND GENERATION PRIVY...............................................................................................4-4 TRASH PITS...........................................................................................................................4-5 FENCE / PROPERTY LINES.....................................................................................................4-5 POST MOLDS / HOLES..........................................................................................................4-6 ACTIVITY AREAS...................................................................................................................4-6 SITE STRATIGRAPHY.............................................................................................................4-6 SITE MAPS.............................................................................................................................4-7 5 ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS...........................................................................................................5-1 FIRST GENERATION PRIVY (FEATURES 55N, 55P, 55R)......................................................5-1 FEATURE 53Z (TRASH PIT)..................................................................................................5-7 6 DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................6-1 DEMOGRAPHICS...................................................................................................................6-1 DATING THE DEPOSITS........................................................................................................6-3 THE STRUCTURING ENVIRONMENT OF CONSUMERISM.....................................................6-5 MARKET INTEGRATION........................................................................................................6-6 RELATIVE PRICE INDICES.....................................................................................................6-9 COMMODITY FLOW & NATIONAL MARKET ACCESS........................................................6-15 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................6-20 REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................R-1 APPENDIX A. CONTRIBUTORS TO FIELD AND LABORATORY WORK........................................A-1 APPENDIX B. ARTIFACT CATALOG FIELDS AND VALUES...........................................................B-1 APPENDIX C. PROVENIENCE SUMMARY....................................................................................C-1 APPENDIX D. PROVENIENCE DESCRIPTIONS............................................................................D-1 APPENDIX E. CITY DIRECTORY INFORMATION.........................................................................E-1
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VOLUME II 7 ARTIFACT CATALOG...................................................................................................................6-1
VOLUME III 8 FAUNAL ANALYSIS OF REMAINS FROM THE SIMKINS HOUSE....................................................7-1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................7-1 METHODS.............................................................................................................................7-2 RESULTS................................................................................................................................7-4 DISCUSSION........................................................................................................................7-10 SUMMARY...........................................................................................................................7-11 REFERENCES CITED............................................................................................................7-15 FAUNAL REMAINS PHOTOGRAPHS.....................................................................................7-17
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FIGURES 1-1 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE SIMKINS SITE CIRCA 1960S..................................................................1-1 1-2 DETAIL FROM THE 1904 SANBORN FIRE INSURANCE MAP OF COLUMBIA.............................1-2 1-3 SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSIOGRAPHIC UNITS..............................................................................1-3 2-1 PHOTOGRAPH OF 1320-1/2 ELMWOOD AVENUE.....................................................................2-3 2-2 DETAIL FROM THE 1919 SANBORN FIRE INSURANCE MAP OF COLUMBIA.............................2-6 2-3 SAMPLING AREAS FOR THE SIMKINS SITE. SAMPLING AREA 1.................................................2-8 4-1 NEW SEWER LINE BEING INSTALLED AT THE SIMKINS SITE....................................................4-2 4-2 FIRST GENERATION PRIVY BEFORE EXCAVATION....................................................................4-3 4-3 BISECTED FIRST GENERATION PRIVY ALONG A NORTH-SOUTH AXIS....................................4-3 4-4 PROFILE FROM THE FIRST GENERATION PRIVY.......................................................................4-3 4-5 OUTLINE OF THE SECOND GENERATION PRIVY IN UNIT 53..................................................4-4 4-6 WEST PROFILE OF TRASH PIT FEATURE 53Z...........................................................................4-5 4-7 MODJESKA SIMKINS SITE, TOP OF LEVEL 2..............................................................................4-8 4-8 MODJESKA SIMKINS SITE, TOP OF LEVEL 3..............................................................................4-9 4-9 MODJESKA SIMKINS SITE, TOP OF LEVEL 4............................................................................4-10 6-1 DETAIL FROM PATENT 405,558................................................................................................6-4 6-2 NATIONAL MARKET ACCESS AREAS........................................................................................6-16
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PREFACE FOUNDED in 2012 as a partnership between the City of Columbia and Historic Columbia, and emerging in 2016 as an independent volunteer organization, the Columbia Archaeology Program (CAP) is a city-wide archaeology research and education organization providing a focal-point for engaging scholarly, professional, and community perspectives on the social dynamics and historical legacies of Columbia South Carolina’s diverse residents. We are particularly interested in those histories which lie outside the ‘official’ and ‘mainstream’, and those histories which challenge our existing ideas and understandings of the past and present. Archaeology allows us to understand the ways in which people made their own histories within the political-economic structures they inherited. Like today, people during the past had differential access to a wide range of opportunities and resources. Also like today, most of these individuals never made it into the history books. The result: the majority of people who contributed to the fundamental making of society have been disappeared to the margins by those who could – and can – control the spotlight of history. The role of CAP is to refocus the spotlight of history to illuminate the stories of those citizens whose pasts have been obscured and shadowed. MISSION
To promote alternative histories of underrepresented pasts in ways that challenge our existing ideas of the past and present. GOALS
1. Explore how the histories and experiences of individuals are shaped and informed by larger political-economic, gender, race, age, and class considerations. 2. Use the experiences of individuals within Columbia as a lens into what it means to be an American. 3. Create opportunities for individuals to participate in the production of history. 4. Explore innovative methodologies at the intersection of new media studies and traditional cultural heritage management. 5. Develop new understandings of how objects and humans interact to form society and history. APPROACH
Despite the number and diversity of preservation-, scholarship-, and outreach-oriented activities that a multitude of stakeholders have enacted in Columbia, there remain gaps in our collective history. These gaps in history are the silenced voices of our neighbors past, disappeared from our narrative landscape by time and intent. Our guiding question behind our mission is simple: If this is your city, where are your stories?
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A poverty of answers indicates a gap in our collective knowledge and the need to explore an underrepresented past. This report is one exploration of a people and past lost in the shadow cast by historians and a near-exclusive attention to the life and works of Modjeska Monteith Simkins. To this end, the data presented in this report serve as a foundation and launching point for further investigations into the histories and realities of the individuals and households who comprised the interior of Columbia City Block 260 from the 1880s to the 1930s. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT This report is split into three volumes. Volume I provides detailed descriptions of the project, including research design, field and laboratory methodologies, and feature/provenience descriptions. Volume II is a full catalog of all artifacts recovered from excavations at the Simkins Site. To aid in the manipulation and general use of the artifactual data, the full catalog is also presented in spreadsheet form on the enclosed CD. Volume III is an analysis report of faunal remains recovered from the site.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
THIS report describes the archaeological findings from the Modjeska Simkins Site, a joint venture between the Columbia Archaeology Program (sponsored by the City of Columbia) and Historic Columbia (HC), a not-forprofit preservation organization. The focus of the report is a technical discussion of the archaeological investigations of, and data recovered from, the Simkins Site (Figure 1-1). Figure 1-1. Photograph of the Simkins Site circa 1960s. The house at 1320The site is located at 20251/2 Elmwood is pictured right. The small structure at the left of the photograph is a privy plumbed with running water and sewerage. 1/2 Marion Street, one lot (Photograph courtesy of Joseph Winter Collection, South Caroliniana south of the southwest corLibrary, University of South Carolina, Columbia) ner of Elmwood and Marion streets in downtown Columbia, South Carolina (Figure 1-2). Although the lots at 2025 Marion and 1320-1/2 Elmwood Street are one property today, historically, the Modjeska Simkins Site was two independent house lots from the 1890s to 1932 (Figure 1-2). All archaeology and interpretation centered around the smaller house and property at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Street, predating the purchase of the lot by the Simkins household in 1932. In other words, the focus of this report predates any association of Modjeska Simkins with 1320-1/2 Elmwood Street property, instead concentrating on the myriad individuals who rented the house and property from the 1890s to 1932. 1-1
Today, the 3,140 square-foot site (of which 2,050 squarefeet are accessible) is part of the larger property at 2025 Marion Street, which functions as a social justice center and museum of the Civil Rights Movement in which Modjeska Figure 1-2. Detail from the 1904 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map of Columbia Simkins played such a showing the location of the site at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Street relative to the Simkins defining role. The house at 2025 Marion Street. (Image courtesy of South Caroliniana Library, smaller building at University of South Carolina, Columbia) 1320-1/2 Elmwood is rented to scholars and activists working on human rights issues in South Carolina. Both properties are owned by the City of Columbia. Historic Columbia is steward of the complex. A total of 300 square-feet were excavated (14.6% of accessible yard area). The Modjeska Simkins Archaeology Project was initiated by the Columbia Archaeology Program early October 2012. Fieldwork concluded at the end of February 2013. Faunal analysis was conducted by Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas and concluded November 2013. In three volumes, this report provides detailed descriptions of the project, including research design, field and laboratory methodologies, feature/provenience descriptions and full artifact catalog data. The information contained in these volumes provides the basis for site interpretations presented elsewhere and will hopefully encourage other researchers to use this data and extend the interpretation and analysis to other sites.
ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND The interior of South Carolina is formed by the Appalachian Mountains to the west with an average elevation of 3,000 feet, followed to the east by the Appalachian Piedmont that typically ranges in elevation from 300 to 1000 feet (Figure 1-3). Continuing eastward from these highlands is a “Fall Line” which serves to transition into the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The Atlantic Coastal Plain gently slopes towards the Atlantic Ocean with few elevations higher than 300 feet. Center in the state, Columbia sits along this “Fall Line,” at the confluence of the Saluda and Broad rivers, forming the 47-mile long Congaree River in Richland County.
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GEOLOGY AND SOILS The “Fall Line” is an unconformity that marks the boundary between the upland Piedmont region (bed rock) and the Coastal Plain region (sediment). The Piedmont is the remains of an ancient mountain chain that has been eroded with existing elevations ranging from 300 feet to 1,400 feet. The Piedmont is characterized by gently rolling topography, deeply weathered bedrock, and relatively few rock outcrops. The vertical stratigraphic sequence consists of 5 to 70 feet of weathered residual soils at the surface Figure 1-3. South Carolina Physiographic Units (redrawn from SCDOT 2008:11-2). underlain by metamorphic and igneous basement rocks (granite, schist, and gneiss). The geology of the Piedmont is complex with numerous rock types that were formed during the Paleozoic era (250 to 570 MYA). The typical residual soil profile consists of clayey soils near the surface, where soil weathering is more advanced, underlain by sandy silts and silty sands. The land to the southeast of the “Fall Line” is characterized by a gently downward sloping elevation (2 to 3 feet per mile) as it approaches the Atlantic coastline (SCDOT 2008).
CLIMATE Columbia resides in the center of STRATUM Climate Zone “South,” noted for humid, subtropical conditions. The city receives an average of 42.22 inches of rainfall a year compared to 51.53 inches at Charleston and 43.51 inches at Charlotte, NC. April is the driest month with 3.18 inches of rainfall; August is the wettest month with 5.48 inches of rainfall (NOAA 2013). The Piedmont Plateau experiences some of the hottest temperatures in the state and the daily and regional temperature variations in Columbia are usually consistent throughout the year. The difference between daily minimum and maximum temperatures averages 20–25 degrees during all months of the year. The coldest month is January with a mean temperature range of 32–55 degrees F. July is the warmest month with a mean temperature range of 70–92 degrees F. The mean annual temperature is 65 degrees F (NOAA 2013).
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND “Columbia began as a political theory,” explains historian Margaret B. Meriwether (1936:192). The product of political and economic conflict between the Low-Country and UpCountry, the state legislature voted in 1786 to move the capital of South Carolina from Charleston to Columbia, narrowly beating Stateburg by a single vote (Selby 1905:134). In 1805 Columbia was incorporated as a town; in 1854, a city; and in 1859, a Confederate city. “Born of government, it [Columbia] has existed and grown by and for government” (Buchanan 1936:57). Although Columbia was the capital of South Carolina, it was never a large city. In 1793, Samuel Green, a merchant and hotel purveyor, reported that the number of stores in Columbia were increasing “so fast in this place that the proportion of business each can do must be very inconsiderable” (Moore 1993:55). In 1802, roughly 200 houses and 12 stores existed within Columbia’s original two square mile boundary (Forbes 1936:242). Dr. F. A. Michaux (in Moore 1936:261), passing through Columbia during the early nineteenth century, observed that the houses of Columbia “are almost all constructed of planks, and painted grey or yellow; and although very few of them raised more than two stories, on the whole they have a very agreeable appearance.” By 1820 the city boasted roughly 250 houses (Fickling 1936) and a number of grocery stores, taverns, tailor shops, and drug stores, many of which, by mid-century, were large emporiums (Moore 1993). From its inception, Columbia served a dual purpose—as a seat of government and as a commercial crossroads between the Up-Country and Low-Country. While Columbia’s economy was based on trade, agriculture and slave labor, it was not until after 1800, when cotton production began to flourish in the Up-Country that Columbia became a market of importance (Derrick 1936). Starting in the 1820s, however, cotton production in the Up-Country steadily declined (Coclanis 1985). In 1801, South Carolina produced 20 million pounds of cotton, half of the national crop. By 1820, with the development of cotton production in other regions, particularly in eastern Texas, South Carolina produced only 28% of the national crop, despite unchanged cotton production (Moore 1993). Regardless of market saturation, by 1850, nearly all of Columbia’s economy was based on cotton. With the adoption of a one-crop slave economy based on cotton came substantial social change. In 1790, Africans and African Americans comprised 33% of the state's population, but by 1830, Africans and African Americans outnumbered white individuals by 2:1 (Moore 1993). In Columbia, the differences between white and African American populations were never that great. The only time during the antebellum period when African Americans outnumbered white individuals in Columbia was in 1840, with 2,136 whites and 2,204 African Americans (of whom 149 were free). Throughout the Antebellum period, Columbia supported a relatively large free African American community. In 1850, Columbia’s free African American population grew to 196 individuals living in 68 households. By 1860, 314 free African Americans resided in 92 free African American households (Moore 1993). Perhaps as a reaction to economic troubles related to a declining cotton market and the beginning of the abolition movement in the North, a number of state statutes and city ordinances were created that sent a clear message to free African Americans of their second-class status. In 1825, the 1-4
first police force in Columbia was created, with orders to disperse unlawful assemblies of African Americans and apprehend slaves without “tickets.” African Americans were not allowed to assemble in groups of five or more (except at funerals) without a white individual present. In 1834, it became a crime in South Carolina to teach a slave to read or write, and in the 1850s, a person could be fined and imprisoned if caught circulating published or written material to a slave. The punishment for anyone, except white females, caught trafficking goods with slaves was 39 lashes. To protect the interests of white individuals and reserve skilled crafts for white Columbians, in 1851, slaves were ordered not to become mechanics, trades-people, clerks, or sales persons, to grow produce for resale, or keep a boarding house. Even smoking a cigar on the street was punishable by not more than 20 lashes (Moore 1993). According to the 1850 census, free African Americans in Columbia worked primarily as stable keepers, shoemakers, musicians, carpenters, tailors, and cabinetmakers, among other occupations. Free African American women in Columbia worked as dressmakers, seamstresses, washerwomen, and health care workers (Randle 2004). As with most of the South during this time, the majority of barbers in Columbia were black. Barbers were often afforded greater social privileges than other free African Americans. Of the 196 free African Americans in 1850 living in Columbia, seven owned real estate valued at more than $1,000 (Moore 1993). Throughout the Antebellum period, social attitudes of Euroamerican’s remained essentially unchanged. Mrs. Brevard, one of Columbia’s most wealthy citizens (with over 200 slaves), wrote, “Negroes are strange creatures. I cannot tell if they have any good feeling for their owners or not… what are we to expect from slaves – when mine hate me as they do – it is nothing more than I am white and own slaves” (in Moore 1993:126-7, emphasis in original). Matilda Lieber, a Columbia resident, wrote that African Americans “are so good natured – so grateful for any kindness shown them” (Moore 1993:127). While attitudes may not have changed much by the end of the Antebellum period, the dynamics of social relationships were beginning to change significantly. By the start of the Civil War, some Columbians were calling for the eviction of all free African Americans from the state (Moore 1993). On 11 April, 1864, the editor of the Guardian newspaper complained of African Americans’ lack of supervision and not producing for the war effort enough; he stated that, “in cities and towns he [the African American] is comparatively under no control” (Moore 1993:186). With the fall of Columbia to General Sherman in February of 1865, Reconstruction commenced and the city began a radical social restructuring. Two concerns were forefront in the minds of most of Columbia’s residents during Reconstruction: the economy, and what to do with the introduction of thousands of new citizens into the social order (Moore 1993). While rigid control of the lives of African Americans by white Southerners came to a halt with emancipation in 1865, the subjugation of African Americans by white rule continued in more subtle forms. Most white Columbians assumed that they, the minority, would continue to set policy and control the majority. “We can control and direct the Negroes,” wrote South Carolina planter Wade Hampton in 1867 of the African American vote, “if we act discreetly, and in my judgment the highest duty of every Southern man is to secure the good will and confidence of the Negro. Our future depends on this” (in Moore 1993:219). 1-5
Hampton’s efforts to control the African American vote failed, despite South Carolina’s attempt to deny African American suffrage in its first post-war constitution. One-hundred and twentyfour delegates (67 African American) wrote a new state constitution in January, 1867, granting suffrage rights to African Americans. Resistance on the part of white South Carolinians prompted the United States Congress to abolish South Carolina’s state government in March 1867, setting the stage for African Americans to fully exercise their political rights for the first time. But resistance to African American political participation continued, thus forcing U.S. military authorities to remove the mayor and five aldermen. These authorities installed six people of their choosing, of which three were African Americans (Moore 1993). By April 1870, African Americans succeeded in holding the majority of all Richland County and Columbia city offices, but mayor, sheriff, and any position related to finances remained in white hands throughout Reconstruction (Moore 1993). Nonetheless, political involvement was not the only way to gain social empowerment. In 1881, a public school board was organized, but, “the [white] people had little interest in education… the poor [White] people were too proud to accept what they regarded as the charity of the state” (Crow 1936:119). The total attendance for the two years preceding the creation of the school board was roughly 500 students, of whom the majority were African Americans (Crow 1936). Historian James Moore (1993) suggests that the Columbia community had a relatively easier time adjusting to these new social conditions than the rest of South Carolina for two reasons. First, compared to many communities in South Carolina, Columbia has always had a relatively large free African American population; and second, Columbians put economics before politics. Regardless of how South Carolina’s white population may have felt about the African American vote and political power, an individual's day-to-day economic conditions – how one is to make a living – received considerable attention. The Freedmen’s Bureau reported in October of 1886 that 10,304 individuals in Richland county were destitute, nearly half of the county’s population (Moore 1993). During Reconstruction, rural economies continued to decline. Although the number of small farms increased, largely as the result of splitting large plantations, the majority of farms were based on the sharecrop ping system, perpetuating an already destitute population. Out-of-state migration soared, and by 1870, the population of Columbia was just 9,298, an increase of only 1,200 people over a ten year period (Moore 1993). An African American political majority in Columbia ended abruptly in 1877 when Democrats succeeded in ousting Republicans from city and county governments. With African American political disempowerment and a new hands-off attitude by U. S. Congress toward the restructuring of the South, Reconstruction came to an end. African Americans were forced to use alter native means to obtain social empowerment in this post-Reconstruction environment that actively sought to deny African Americans the full privileges of citizenship. Many African Americans and members of other marginalized groups took advantage of an emerging mass market and consumer culture to achieve social objectives. Post-Reconstruction, a period lasting from 1877 to the Civil Rights era, was a time of African American disenfranchisement through official and unofficial discrimination. Jim Crow legislation, labor segregation, public surveillance, and political exclusion all served to perpetuate an exist 1-6
ing racist ideology and social structure. Prevalent racist social thought in the South, and an assumed superiority, are evidenced in the way some white historians of the post-Reconstruction era wrote about the end of Reconstruction. “After the desolation of the war, interest in art naturally suffered for some years,” wrote historian Harriet M. Salley of Columbia in 1936, “but with the restoration of white control, the indomitable spirit of Columbians soon asserted itself and gradually there was a revival of interest in” the arts and music (Salley 1936:186, emphasis added). W. B. Nash, a prominent African American member of the South Carolina Republican party, observed that reconstruction and military rule in South Carolina had little effect on dominant white ideology; white Southerners were “not conquered—not changed” (in Moore 1993:253). The Post-Reconstruction era witnessed the growth of a full market economy and the development of brand names, distinctive packaging, labor unions, electric trolleys, telephones, home electricity, and national advertising and marketing (Spencer-Wood 1987; Strasser 1989). As the variety and availability of consumer goods increased throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, so too did the opportunities for consumers to re-appropriate the meanings of mass-produced goods. Material goods became the dominant mode of cultural expression, where objects worked to create personal connections to larger spheres of cultural meaning (Grier 1988). This newly emerging consumer space became a key arena for the white Southern creation of, and African American resistance to, a culture of segregation (Hale 1998). Segregation increasingly became an ideological war fought within the spaces of consumption (Weems 1998). Segregation and Jim Crow legislation – what historian Robert Weems (1998) has called ‘American apartheid’ – came in two fundamental forms: as a legal structure and as social custom (the “etiquette” of Jim Crow) (Packard 2002). Fundamental to Jim Crow was the principle that any White person was superior to every Black person, regardless of wealth, education, or status. Under the illusion of “sameness,” and “separate but equal,” the goal of Jim Crow was to separate African Americans from white society; “The etiquette of race represented an obligatory ritual to keep whites in mind of their first-class rank and blacks of their second-class standing” (Packard 2002:165). Hale (1998) suggests that segregation became the foundation of Southern society and “the central metaphor of Southern life” because it balanced white demand for social superiority and the spread of a national marketplace. Consumer culture, Hale argues, created spaces that both explicitly and implicitly challenged segregation. Although marketers attempted to reach a broad cross section of American society through advertising, most Americans at the turn-of-the-20th century still bought unlabeled goods such as sugar, flour, salt, soap and vinegar from bulk containers at local or general stores (Strasser 1989). African Americans were routinely subjected to second-class treatment in retail establishments. The rise of a mass market, and the shopping options it afforded, changed the nature of the relationship between consumer and retailer. With a national market came a greater separation between consumer and retailer that facilitated an individuality and identity often not available from local stores. While consumer space was never free from racial bias, African Americans and other marginalized groups were able to employ various consumption strategies that undermined white’s singular claim to the full privileges of citizenship (Mullins 1999b).
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The national mass-market brought with it branded goods, a one-price principle, mail-order retailers, and chain stores (Strasser 1989). Brand-name goods were often used by African Americans as a social negotiation strategy. By linking a commodity to a symbolic ‘national’ market and identity, brand-name goods provided African Americans an effective strategy for evading the racism of local marketers. Conducting research on African American consumer behaviors in 1932, Paul Edwards noted:
In purchasing foods in bulk she [the African American female consumer] often not only suspects short weight, but has no way to assure herself as to quality. North and South the Negro all too often has been victimized by unscrupulous merchants. Brands have come to be relied on to provide protection in buying (in Weems 1998:26).
Brand names stood for the consumer’s expectation of product quality. Companies produced standardized products to win consumer trust and sell more products. Brand name goods offered consumers a new kind of control over local surveillance and discrimination. Likewise, by the late 19th century, mail-order outlets served to integrate individual consumers into the mass market and provided African Americans with an effective strategy for evading the racism of local marketers. Sears, Roebuck, and Company and Montgomery Ward provided a large array of products and gave access to the national market and a national identity without racial deference or a storekeeper’s prerogative in determining the quality of goods a consumer would receive (Hale 1998; Strasser 1989). Attempting to preserve cultural identities and foster social empowerment while at the same time challenging a hegemonic white social structure, in the 1920s and 1930s, the National Negro Business League urged African American consumers to avoid White establishments altogether and “Buy Something From a Negro Merchant!” (Weems 1998:17).
THE STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT This report is divided into three volumes. The remainder of Volume I outlines the project and findings. The research design, field strategies, and history of the project are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 is a presentation of field and laboratory methodologies. Feature associations, largely organized around structures and fence lines, are presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 is a discussion of the artifactual findings from each provenience. Appendix A lists the individuals who contributed to field or lab work. Appendix B lists the artifact catalog fields and values used during cataloging and analysis. Appendix C is a summary of all proveniences, including short title, type of provenience (e.g. trash pit or post hole), TPQ, number of artifacts recovered and associated MNI. Appendix D contains a detailed description of each provenience encountered at the site. Proveniences are presented in numeri cal order. Descriptive data for each excavation unit, as well as levels within units, are also summarized in Appendix D.
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Volume II is the full artifact catalog, representing over 1,600 artifacts – over 460 individual artifacts – from the site. Volume III is the faunal analysis report. A variety of fauna were identified, including wild and domestic species. Many of the remains (especially cow, pig, and large mammal categories) have saw marks, and may have been purchased as cuts of meat from the butcher/market. Chicken appears to have been a significant dietary item, but non-meat yielding body parts (e.g., feet and head) are most common, suggesting a different acquisition, processing, and/or disposal pattern than with large mammals. Volume I includes a CD containing additional drawings and the full artifact catalog as a digital .xml document, as well as a digital 4x3 foot site map.
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CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH DESIGN
FIELDWORK
took place between October 2012 and February 2013. At the conclusion of excavation, 250 square feet of the site had been opened. The following sections outline the research design that guided field and laboratory work and subsequent analysis.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROPERTY The significance of the Modjeska Monteith Simkins Site lays not only with Simkins’ occupation of the property, but also the occupation of those who came before but did not make it into the history books. Those individuals who came before – yet remain unrecognized by historians – are representative of the vast majority of Columbia’s residents. Their lack of recognition is symptomatic of a larger malaise in historical studies, where significance is too often equated with singularity and narrow definitions of achievement. This habit of focusing on individuals who are already known, already equated with greatness, already deemed significant, is outdated. Such an approach to the past produces histories that ignore the significance of everyday acts of living by the majority of people making up a community. Nonetheless, it is just these everyday acts that produce communities – shopping, working, allocating resources, playing, interacting with neighbors, fixing meals, and similar activities are the ‘stuff’ of community. Community is thus the product of everyday people doing everyday activities and making everyday decisions. It is this community approach to history that tells us something about how we got from ‘there’ to ‘here’ because the process of community production remains the same today. Thus, if we wish to understand the past in a way that tells us something about our world today, we need to produce histories of everyday people using sites associated with the non-famous in ways that allow for interand intra-site and temporal comparisons. The pre-Simkins occupation of the Simkins Site is well positioned to address this gap in local history as well as broader topics of historical significance because of its historic association with working class African American renters and relative isolation from contemporary construction and development activities. The site is thus less likely to contain intrusive materials and therefore offers an 2-1
ideal opportunity to focus on a household representative of the majority of the population during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS The primary goal of the data recovery programs at the Simkins Site was to obtain archaeological data related to diachronic change in spatial organization, food preparation and consumption, and artifact assemblage patterns and composition. The study of these changes is part of two interrelated research domains: consumerism and foodways. Research considerations at the Siminks site looked for data related to diachronic changes in intra-site spatial organization (household organization and landscape), food preparation and consumption (domestic economy), and artifact assemblage patterns and composition (consumer behavior, home production, household organization). On a site-specific basis, the questions that governed the research design were:
1. Are there changes present in the refuse disposal processes and techniques at these sites? Can temporal changes be observed in the patterns of artifact distributions and densities, and are these changes indicative of varied spatial utilization of the site? Additionally, can such changes in inter-site patterning be related to historically-documented economic and social changes in Columbia and the surrounding Midlands region? 2. Are there changes in the presence/absence, or frequencies, of certain artifact classes? Can these changes be related to the social or economic position of the sites' occupants and/or to local or regional economic conditions? 3. Can changes in either of the above questions be analyzed for meaningful covariance? These overarching research questions actually contain a number of different research perspectives which can serve to focus the investigation. Broadly defined, these research perspectives can be divided into two categories: historical and archaeological research perspectives. Neither category is mutually exclusive of the other, and both rely on data generated from the other to be effective in site interpretations.
SCOPE OF WORK The scope of work for the Modjeska Monteith Simkins project was defined by time period and historic property boundaries. Modjeska Simkins purchased the property at 1320 ½ Elmwood Avenue (also referred to as rear 2025 Marion Street) in 1932 (Figure 2-1). Since the significance of the property for this study centers on those who did not make it into the history books, the temporal scope of work is the first documented occupation of the property in the mid-1890s up to 1932. Historic property boundaries guided the spatial scope of work. The historic boundaries of 1320 ½ 2-2
FIGURE 2-1. PHOTOGRAPH OF 1320-1/2 ELMWOOD AVENUE (REAR 2025 MARION STREET) TAKEN 20 APRIL 1960. (COURTESY SOUTH CAROLINIANA LIBRARY, JOSEPH WINTER COLLECTION)
Elmwood Avenue formed the site boundaries for archaeological sampling and excavation. Despite modern construction to the north, west, and south, the original property at 1320 ½ Elmwood Avenue was not impacted by post-1932 block nor intra-site construction activities. The result is a largely undisturbed household-scale window into the turn-of-the-twentieth century.
PREVIOUS AND COMPARATIVE RESEARCH No previous archival or archaeological research at 1320 ½ Elmwood Avenue has been found beyond an account of who lived at the property using City Directory and US Federal Census sources (Historic Columbia 2010).
PREVIOUS DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH Before and after the Modjeska Simkins house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, a number of individuals have produced an impressive set of interpretations and an equally impressive range of approaches to understanding Modjeska Simkins and her legacy (c.f. Aba-Mecha 1978, Crawford, et al. 1990, Smith 1991). Unfortunately, as previously discussed, none of these ac2-3
counts discuss the inhabitants of the property at 1320 ½ Elmwood Avenue prior to 1932. No docu ments were discovered that discussed the inhabitants of Columbia City Block 260 independently of Modjeska Simkins apart from an accounting of City Directory and US Federal Census information.
PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH No previous archaeological or survey work has been undertaken at either of the 1320-½ Elmwood Ave or 2025 Marion Street properties.
COMPARATIVE ARCHAEOLOGY The majority of urban archaeology in South Carolina has been conducted in the greater Charleston area and most late 19th and early 20th century sites that have been excavated in the state are located within rural areas. Within downtown Columbia, archaeology has taken place at only four other sites: the Woodrow Wilson Family Home, the Seibels House, the Hampton-Preston Mansion, and the Mann-Simons Site. Each of these sites is managed by Historic Columbia. In 1983, Kenneth E. Lewis of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology (SCIAA) directed excavations at the Woodrow Wilson Family Home (WWFH) (Lewis 1989). Located six blocks south and four blocks east of the Simkins site, the WWFH site functioned as a do mestic property from 1870 to the early 1920s. Dr. Lewis's goal was to locate evidence of both known and unknown razed outbuildings on the original lot, including a detached kitchen, two stables or car riage houses, a second house and an outbuilding of unknown function. In 2006, John Milner Associates, Inc (JMA) was hired by HCF to re-locate foundation piers associated with the detached kitchen previously discovered by Dr. Lewis (JMA 2007). These excavations represent the only temporally-comparable archaeological data available from the Columbia area. Archaeological investigations at the Seibels House were conducted between 2003 and 2005 under the direction of Dr. Terrence Weik, University of South Carolina—Columbia, Department of Anthropology (Weik 2008). Located three blocks east and one block south of the Simkins site, the property was home to wealthy families and their enslaved and free servants since 1796, when the house was built. Of particular interest to HCF was an early 19th century detached kitchen behind the house. Using archaeological data, Dr. Weik's primary objective was to rethink how to bring to light and explain the lives of enslaved African Americans in a 19th century, urban household. Two of Dr. Weik's students produced MA theses based on these excavations (Quertermous 2004; Samolis 2005). The vast majority of artifacts were from the first half of the 19th century. Heléna L. Ferguson excavated sections of the Hampton-Preston Mansion in 2008 as part of her MA thesis at the University of South Carolina—Columbia (Ferguson 2011). Using ground penetrating radar and digging a series of 2 x 2 foot units, her goal was to document the evolution of physi cal landscapes within the northwest quadrant of the property during the past 200 years and attempt to connect these physical changes with changes in household and social structure. However, the site
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was heavily disturbed by mid-20th century activities, thus limiting the number of in situ late 19th and early 20th century deposits. The Mann-Simons Archaeology Project is the largest archaeological investigation in downtown Columbia. In 1998, Chris Clement of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology (SCIAA), on behalf of Historic Columbia, conducted limited excavation of the back yard area from 16 April to 7 May. Four excavation units were opened: two 10 x 10 foot squares and two 5 x 5 foot squares, for a total of 250 square feet. A total of 8,410 artifacts and 7,076 grams of bone were recovered from all contexts. Clement's work was the first in South Carolina to focus on the archaeology of a free African American household and remains, with the addition of this study, the only excava tion of an African American owned site in the greater Columbia area. Although the 1998 archaeology demonstrated the presence of significant, intact deposits and offered some tantalizing clues about life in Columbia, both 10 x 10 foot excavation units (N536 E505 and N530 E555) were actually located within the 1906 Marion Street property boundaries and relate only indirectly to the Mann-Simons family. The 5 x 5 foot excavation units (N490 E560 and N490 E545) were located within the 1904 Marion Street lot. In 2003, using Clement's data for the author’s MA thesis (Crockett 2005), the author examined how different material consumption strategies may have been used by the family to challenge their social status as marginalized consumers and citizens. Between 2005 and 2007, as part of the au thor’s PhD dissertation, 1,850 square-feet were excavated in the back and side yards. Over 40,000 ar tifacts were recovered. In 2012, an additional 386 square feet were excavated to explore further the turn-of-the-twentieth century lunch counter located on the northeast corner of Richland and Marion Streets. The results of these excavations can be found principally in Crockett 2011, 2012, and 2013.
OBJECTIVES 1. The primary objective of fieldwork was straightforward: excavate a representative sample of the entire 1320 ½ Elmwood Avenue (the house at the rear of the property today, rear 2025 Marion Street) property within accessible spaces (i.e. the site boundaries defined by modern features, for example, the paved parking lots north and south of the site) between the early 1890s and 1932, the year Modjeska and her husband purchased the property. The goal was to establish how the material culture of the various households varied in relation to changes in both household structure and Columbia's social environment throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 2. The secondary objective was to identify landscape features associated with the Simkins household not previously known through documentary or oral-historical sources. 3. The tertiary objective was to increase public awareness of alternate/untold stories of Columbia's past and generate new opportunities for public participation. All objectives were met with success.
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Figure 2-2. Detail from the 1919 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map of Columbia. Elmwood Avenue is the northern boundary of the block (top), Sumter Street is the western boundary, Calhoun Street is the southern boundary, and Marion Street is the eastern boundary. Outlined in red is the property at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Avenue (rear 2025 Marion Street). (Courtesy of South Caroliniana Library)
METHODS General methods and excavation techniques are discussed in detail in Chapter 3. In summary, the following sources were revived as part of the pre-excavation inventory phase:
a) Listings of the National Register of Historic Places. b) Records of comparative archaeological excavations. c) Records and publications of state and local historical societies and preservation organizations. d) Museum and library exhibition catalogs, photo and print collections. e) Previous surveys undertaken by state and local planning agencies. f)
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City Directory and US Federal Census information.
Original field notes, photographs, and other record materials are in the possession of the author. Full copies of all record materials were deposited with Historic Columbia Foundation. All artifacts are curated at the Mann-Simons Site and Outdoor Museum, Columbia, South Carolina under the stewardship of Historic Columbia Foundation. Objective 1: A stratified random sampling strategy was used to recover a representative sample of below-ground materials. To avoid negative numbers, a permanent datum point was established in the backyard area and assigned the arbitrary coordinates N500 E500 Z100. Available yard space within historic property boundaries (Figure 2-2)was divided into three strata to better sample different activity areas (Figure 2-3). Sample area 1, the front yard area, was eight 10 x 10 foot units (800 feet2); sample area 2, the back/side yard area, was ten 10 x 10 foot units (1,000 feet 2); sample area three, the far backyard area, was five 5 x 10 foot units (250 feet 2). A random number table was generated using random.org’s integer generator. The proposed excavation strategy was to excavate five units to generate a 22% sample of the total yard area (Table 2-1). Due to time constraints, only two and a half units were excavated (Units 40, 53, and the southern half of 55), all within the back/side yard area, resulting in a 12.2% sample (Table 2-2). Highlights include the discovery of three trash pits, a surface midden, and two privies. Analysis suggests the trash pits are associated with the pre-Simkins occupation of the property. Based on the types of bottles recovered, the surface midden, or trash scatter, is associated with the 1930s/1940s Simkins occupation. The first-generation privy was a typical pit feature, 6x6-foot square, dating from the 1890s. The second-generation privy, 14-feet closer to the house, was on brick piers and plumbed for water and sewerage. Objective 2: Few previously-unknown landscape features of the Simkins-era were uncovered. Findings included a brick walk-way and gate/fence-line terminating along the northern edge of the site – suggesting lines-of-movement and interactions different than today – and decorative, delineated boundaries between planting and activity spaces. Objective 3: Increased public awareness during excavations came from daily interactions with local business owners and employees in the vicinity, an article in The State newspaper, television interviews with WLTX and WIS, and Public Archaeology Days. Volunteer participation included one part-time volunteer (an undergraduate student in anthropology) and two retired historians volunteering their time to do documentary research. There were 123 participants at Public Archaeology days, a two-day, hands-on event at the site (the first of its kind in Columbia). Participants had an opportunity to learn how to excavate using a trowel, screen and wash artifacts, and draw archaeological maps. Seven local archaeologists volunteered their time to work side-by-side with the participants. Dr. Kimberly Simmons (Dept. of Anthropology/African American Studies, USC) and Chris Judge (Director of the Native American Institute, USC—Lancaster) gave lunchtime lectures and Keith “Little Bear” Brown demonstrated traditional pottery techniques of the Catawba Nation.
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Figure 2-3. Sampling areas for the Simkins Site. Sampling area 1 (front yard) is in red, sampling area 2 (side/backyard) is in yellow, and sampling area 3 (far backyard) is in blue. Note that north is to the right. 2-8
Table 2-1. Proposed sample areas and area to be sampled. Sample Area 1 2 3
Feet2 800 1000 250
Total 2050
Feet2 Sampled 100 300 50
% 12.5 30 20
450
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Table 2-1. Actual sample areas and areas sampled. Sample Area 1 2 3
Feet2 800 1000 250
Total 2050
Feet2 Sampled 0 250 0
% 0 25 0
250
12.2
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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGIES
SINCE conclusions are only as good as the work that produced the data that generated those conclusions, this chapter outlines the field and laboratory methodologies that guided investigations at the Modjeska Simkins Site.
FIELD METHODS An arbitrary datum and grid system was established and used for all work to ensure comparability of data (Figure 2-1). The grid system at the site is oriented square to the 2025-1/2 Marion Street house, which is roughly square to the Columbia street system, which is 14°-24’ west of magnetic north. The permanent datum consists of a three-foot length of ½-inch rebar driven flush with the ground near the backdoor of the house at 2025 Marion Street and was assigned an arbitrary coordinate of N500 E500 and an elevation of 100 feet.
Excavation units were 10×10-feet divided into quads and excavated by natural stratigraphic layers. Each unique provenience (stratum, interface, feature, etc.) was assigned a unique provenience designation and received its own provenience form. Provenience designations consist of two parts: the unit number and a letter specific to that provenience. Provenience designations were assigned in the order in which they were encountered. For instance, if the unit number is 6, then the first layer in the southwest quad is 6A, the northwest quad would be 6B, if a feature is next encountered, it would be 6C, and so on. Quads were excavated in clockwise order beginning with the southwest quad. If provenience assignments used the entire alphabet, double letters were assigned, such as AA, BB, CC, etc. Because of their confusion with other letters or numbers when written on small artifacts, the letters ‘I’ and ‘O’ were not used for provenience designations. Each provenience was also given a short title, generally based on a functional description of the feature (e.g. 'post hole') or strictly descriptive (e.g. ‘Level 1, SW Quad’, ‘Circular Intrusion’, ‘Charcoal Lens’, etc.). Having two designations per provenience helps minimize the chance of recording error. Screening was performed through ¼-inch wire mesh for all soil dug from units. If a feature appeared to be rich in organics, soil samples were taken for later flotation processing.
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All field measurements used an engineer’s scale of feet, tenths, and hundredths. While all measurements are presented here in engineer’s scale of feet, in some cases they are also presented in the common English scale of feet and inches. English measurements are presented for their cultural relevancy—it is the scale the occupants of 2025-1/2 Marion Street would have used when buying lumber, building structures, laying out their yard, etc.
Photographic documentation of all stages of archaeological investigation included general views of the site, work in progress, and detailed record shots. Stratum photographs were taken from the south whenever lighting or physical conditions permitted. Photographs of each profile were taken after a unit was completely excavated. A digital camera was used for all photographs. Resulting images were saved in .tiff format to minimize data loss and maintain image integrity. Panoramic photography methods were employed at the site to create plan view photographs of block excavations. A seven-foot high bipod was constructed from two lengths of 2 x 4 inch lumber with a hinge connecting the two and a camera mount from a traditional tripod secured at the apex. A series of photographs which overlapped by at least 50% were taken of the excavation areas. The resulting images were stitched into a single photograph using the freeware software program Hugin™, which automatically corrects for slight deviations in camera roll, pitch, and yaw. The result is a high resolution photograph of the excavation area that overcomes the too-common problem associated with traditional overview photographs: a single photograph of a large area unable to depict minute details. Additionally, Austin Paterek, a visual anthropologist, employed historic photographic superimposition to document locations of nonexistent structures not visible archaeologically. In doing so, Paterek (2009) developed a new method of photographic superimposition using readily available digital equipment that expands the range of interpretive potential of historic photographs.
Two types of drawings were produced: plan view and profile drawings. The standard drawing material was a prepared tracing paper, either 15 x 16 or 11 x 17 inches, with a blue-line grid of 10 squares-to-the-inch. All plan view and profile drawings used a scale of 1 inch = 1/2 foot, while full site maps were drawn at a scale of either 1 inch = 10 feet or 1 inch = 20 feet. In general, the profile of the north wall was drawn, but if the strata appeared differently in other walls then those walls were drawn as well. Profile drawings were also completed for each feature along its bisection line. Plan view drawings followed the same conventions as the profile drawings.
LABORATORY METHODS Once a provenience was completely excavated and screened in the field, the artifacts were brought to the laboratory at either the Department of Anthropology at the University of South Carolina— Columbia or the Mann-Simons site for cleaning, cataloging and curation. Before any cleaning took place, artifacts were inspected for objects which might require special treatment. The following is a general overview of the processing steps for all artifacts following initial inspection. Artifact
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processing followed the Society for Historical Archaeology Standards and Guidelines for the Curation of Archaeological Collections (1993) and the Society for Historical Archaeology Curation FAQ (2006).
Following initial sorting, artifacts requiring cleaning for identification, curation, or display were separated by appropriate cleaning technique. Robust, stable, low-porosity materials, excluding metal, were washed in plain, non-distilled water with a soft-bristled nylon brush. Initially, bone was also washed with water, but this practice was halted early on to prevent possible damage before being examined by a faunal analyst. Objects with delicate surface decoration were generally not washed, preferring a dirty artifact over an undiagnostic artifact. After cleaning, artifacts were placed on galvanized steel screens and allowed to air dry. Given the high acid content of paper materials, artifacts were never placed on newspaper or paper towels to dry. Organic materials such as leather, cloth, and wood were lightly dry-brushed or not cleaned at all. For leather, a micro-environment was usually created to prevent undue drying and shrinking. These micro-environments were composed of two polyethylene bags. The artifact was placed in the first bag, in which small holes had been punched with a pin. This bag was then placed in a second, larger bag in which several drops of water had been placed. The result was an easy-to-construct micro-environment that prevents direct contact between the leather and water.
Metal objects were dry-brushed with nylon brushes of varying stiffness. Given the fragile nature of metal objects, most were only cleaned enough to allow for identification. Two exceptions to this rule were 1) artifacts likely to be displayed as part of HCF’s museum activities and 2) ferrous-alloy artifacts likely to continue corroding in storage but representing unique findings thus requiring stabilization. Some metals, like aluminum, develop a thin layer of corrosion that forms a stable, protective barrier against further corrosion (Peterson 1968; SHA 2006). Unless such a barrier obscured important surface details, these metals were dry-brushed only, regardless of potential for display. Other metals, like iron, require stabilization for preservation. Given that surface details are often preserved in corrosion layers, the decision for corrosion removal was done on a case-by-case basis. The purpose of stabilization is to prevent further deterioration and reveal important information. If the decision was made to remove corrosion, two methods, alone or combined, were used: mechanical (e.g. hand brushes, soft and hard picks) and electrolytic.
Mechanical methods alone were used on most non-iron artifacts, although some brass and copper objects received limited electrolytic treatment. Due to the incorporation of water soluble salts into iron over time, iron objects requiring stabilization most often received direct electrolytic treatment with limited mechanical removal of corrosion.
Electrolytic reduction treatments come in two flavors. The first, indirect electrolysis, is an electrochemical process whereby an artifact (forming the cathode) is placed in an iron container, covered with particles of mossy zinc (forming the anode), and a 10-20% solution of sodium hydroxide (the 2-3
electrolyte) poured over them (Peterson 1968). The artifact is left in solution until cleaned to its desired state. The advantage of indirect electrolysis is a great degree of control over the rate of rust removal. The disadvantage is the high cost of mossy zinc. Due to cost constraints, artifacts from the Mann-Simons site were treated using the second method, direct electrolysis, which uses electric current to turn iron-oxides and iron-chlorides back into metallic iron. The advantage of direct electrolysis is the extremely low cost of operation. The disadvantage is slightly less precise control over the process. Following standard procedures, the anode consisted of stainless steel, a 15-20% solution of sodium chloride was used as an electrolyte, and a target 2 Ampere current flow was sought (Western 1972; Canadian Conservation Institute 1995). Power came from a desktop computer power supply unit (PSU). A computer PSU has several advantages over the more commonly used automobile battery charger, including a design meant to be run 24-hours a day/seven days a week, the ability to push 3.3, 5 and 12-volts simultaneously, the cost is free or nearly free, and they are much smaller. After electrolytic treatment, artifacts were rinsed throughly in distilled, de-ionized water, dried in an oven, coated in melted microcrystalline wax, and placed into polyethylene bags containing dry silica gel in desiccators.
After cleaning, artifacts were laid out in preparation for cataloging. A unique catalog number was assigned to each artifact or group of artifacts with identical descriptive values within a given provenience. The catalog number is composed of two elements separated by a hyphen: the provenience designation and the artifact number. The artifact number at the end is unique within each provenience and is assigned sequentially. For example, cataloging the provenience designated as ‘6A’, the first artifact to be cataloged within that provenience is numbered ‘6A-1’, the second artifact as ‘6A-2’, the third as ‘6A-3’, and so on. This procedure is repeated for each discrete provenience. Note that catalog numbers within every provenience begin with ‘1’ and continue in numerical order.
Catalog numbers were applied directly to artifacts to aid in identification and as a security device. Each individually labeled artifact (or those belonging to the same catalog number) was placed in its own polyethylene bag with the catalog number written on the lower, right-hand side of the white writing block on the outside of the bag. An acid-free paper slip labeled with the provenience and catalog information was also placed in the bag with the artifact. The labeling technique involves applying Acryloid B-72 as a bottom coat, writing the number using a Rapidograph pen filled with black pigment-based ink, and then applying B-72 as a top coat. Acryloid B-72 is a stable acrylic resin that can be applied and removed with acetone (SHA 2006). For darkly colored objects, titanium dioxide pigments were added to the bottom coat of B-72. This method was used on artifacts like ceramics, glass, metal, and decorative bone (such as buttons). It was not used on plastic or rubber artifacts as acetone would cause damage, nor was this method used for organic materials like leather, cloth, or non-decorative bone. A string-tag label was attached to artifacts too large to fit in a gallonsized bag, as well as wooden items like posts. Bulk artifacts like nails, undiagnostic bottle fragments, and metal can fragments were not labeled individually.
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After cataloging and conservation, artifacts were re-bagged into larger polyethylene bags and placed in acid-free storage boxes. The exterior end of each box was labeled in permanent ink with provenience data and inclusive catalog numbers and a Box Contents List placed within each box.
COLLECTION DATING While the process of dating any site, feature, or artifact can be complex, in late nineteenth and early twentieth century contexts the complexities are compounded by the materials themselves. When compared to the literature on seventeenth and eighteenth century material culture, descriptions of mass-produced goods manufactured in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries are remarkably scarce in the archaeological literature. Additionally, these materials are in many cases still being produced today. Thus, historical archaeologists of the recent past face a unique set of challenges, characterized by a broad temporal range for many of the most commonly found artifacts and a shortage of published fine-grained artifact chronologies and typologies. A semester spent at Winterthur Museum and Estate, Delaware, allowed for the development of multiple fine-grained artifact chronologies using period trade literature, including, among others, asbestos, carbon rods, and electrical wiring.
Two methods for dating archaeological deposits are commonly employed by historical archaeologists. The first method, developed by Stanley South (1978), involves deriving a mean ceramic date (MCD) for a site or assemblage, or, as Mark Groover (2001) has proposed, a mean artifact date (MAD). With this method, the median date for the manufacture of each ceramic (or artifact) type is multiplied by its frequency (for ceramics, either number of sherds or minimum number of vessels), which is then divided by the total number of ceramic types in the sample. The product is the mean date of the manufacture of recovered ceramics. Although mean ceramic dating is a proven method for dating archaeological assemblages, particularly for early nineteenth century and earlier sites, it is not the best option for the Mann-Simons site for two reasons. First, as Miller, et al. (2000) note, a deposit that accumulated over a period of ten years and one that accumulated over 100 years can produce the same MCD. Given the long, continuous, and recent occupation of the Mann-Simons properties, this is a valid concern. Second, like many artifacts, the majority of the ceramics produced during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries are still in production today. Many of the ceramics would have, for example, an introduction date of 1820 (the introduction date of whiteware) and an end date of today, producing a mean manufacturing date of 1917—a date that is completely unrelated to the actual deposits or periods of occupation.
Therefore, dates for deposits were calculated using the second common dating method: by terminus post quem (TPQ), Latin for 'date after which.' This method involves dating a deposit by the latest made artifact in the assemblage. The introduction date of the latest made artifact is the earliest date that the deposit could have been created (Miller, et al. 2000). For example, if a feature contained 2-5
three artifacts – a crown cap bottle closure (introduced in 1892), an undecorated whiteware plate (introduced to North America circa 1820), and a galvanized roofing nail (introduced in 1901) – the TPQ date for the feature would be 1901; the earliest date the feature could have been created. When dateable characteristics overlapped, typically the tighter date range was used.
ARTIFACT CLASSIFICATION The classification and cataloging system used for the Mann-Simons project was a modified version of the system set forth in the National Park Service’s (NPS) Museum Handbook, Part II (2000), which itself is based on the classification system proposed by Roderick Sprague (1981). Nineteen unique fields were available for describing each artifact, six more than provided for under the NPS system. Deviations from the NPS cataloging system are noted when discussed. A complete list of object names and descriptors used in this study for each field is provided at the end of this chapter. Diane Wallman (USC-Columbia) did the faunal analysis for the project. Her methods and classification system is listed in a subsequent section.
There has been some criticism of the use of Sprague's typology (Spude 2006), revolving around the idea that a typology based on common functional descriptions preconditions the archaeologist to viewing artifacts in terms of these predefined functions and not the possible function(s) the artifacts might have had for the actual users. Although I agree that preconditioned thought is a concern, what this argument ignores is that typologies are not only structured ways of organizing variation, and thus for understanding something about the people interacting with these objects, but a method of communicating such variation as well. The example of a hardware superstore illustrates this point. The majority of products in hardware stores have so many potential uses it is impractical to group them together in ways that relate to the immediate requirements of individual consumers. The thousands of items for sale are therefore organized according to a recognizable typology which distinguishes between plumbing fittings, paints, wood stains, electrical wiring, and so forth. The Sprague typology is a way of distinguishing between nails and ammunition in a way that people will recognize, regardless that nails and ammunition can both function as instruments of injury.
Under this taxonomy, each artifact was first assigned to a Class. Nine classifications were available: Ceramic (includes brick), Glass, Metal, Mineral, Synthetic, Organic, Composite (more than one material), Soil (used only for soil samples), and Unidentified. Once broadly classified, artifacts were assigned an Object Name. Most object names are self evident, such as Toy, Marble. Other terms are specially defined. Container refers to packages that contained a product (e.g. Container, Bottle, Medicinal). Tableware refers to utensils designed for table use (e.g. Tableware, Knife). Utilitarian refers to utility ware objects (e.g. Utilitarian, Jar/Crock). Vessel was used when the specific form of a tableware or utilitarian ware was not recognizable. Vessel was not used in conjunction with container. Hollowware was used with tableware or utilitarian ware and refers to fragments with enough curvature to indicate volume and depth but unrecognizable as to specific form. Flatware was also used 2-6
with tableware and utilitarian wares where fragments were more or less flat but the specific form is unknown. Lastly, Unidentified was used when the function or form of an artifact could not be identified (e.g. Unidentified, Vessel or Unidentified, Glass). When the specific form of an object could be identified, an additional level of description was used to add further specificity to the Object Name group. For example, an egg cup is a type of bowl, and therefore would be assigned the Object Name Tableware, Bowl, Egg Cup. As this example illustrates, the hierarchical nature of object names is one of the most useful characteristics of this classification system, allowing for increasing specificity as new information about an object is gathered.
Under the NPS system, classification is further divided into seven broad groups: Manufacturing Technique (e.g. Pressed Glass or Three-Piece Mold), Decorative Technique (e.g. Embossed or Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome), Decorative Design (e.g. Floral or Geometric), Decorative Element (e.g. Fleur-de-lis or Diamond), Color (e.g. Mulberry or Cobalt Blue), Part (e.g. Handle or Lip), and Material (e.g. Stoneware or Aluminum). The ‘Decorative Element’ field was also used when the specific decorative pattern could be identified (e.g. Willow or Hobnail). When cataloging ceramic objects, the ‘Color’ field was used to record information about the color of decoration or glaze and was used only when color was not part of the information contained in one of the Decorative fields. Given the widely varying criteria in use for determining the color of historic glass, for this study the Color field for glass objects was used mainly for descriptive purposes. Count was used to record the number of artifacts falling under the same catalog number. Manufacturing Date was used to record the manufacturing start and end dates for an object, if known, or, in some cases, a peak usage date range.
The Mann-Simons project also used several additional fields not included in the NPS classification system. These fields reflect the specific research questions of the project, as well as the time period under investigation. The Maker’s Mark field was used to record any manufacturer’s mark(s) on an object. Other Mark refers to any mark other than a Maker’s Mark, including, but not limited to, back marks, quality marks, content marks, and post-consumption marks (e.g. initials scratched into the side of a bottle). Weight was typically recorded for less-diagnostic artifacts, for example, sheet metal fragments or brick. Weights for ceramics and glass were not recorded. The Dimensions field was used when the size of the object is an important part of its identification (e.g. the diameter of a marble, radius of a rim sherd, or shank length of a nail). Date Source was used to record the reference materials used to determine the date entered in the Manufacturing Date field.
The MNI field, or Minimum Number of Items, refers to, as the name suggests, the minimum number of complete items that could account for the number of artifacts under a given catalog identification. Although MNV (Minimum Number of Vessels) is the traditional term for referring to minimum numbers of ceramic and glass vessels, the use of MNI as a generic term for all Minimum Number counts is a better option, as it avoids the situation of needing to develop an unnecessary slew
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of terms to refer to objects other than vessels, like MNC (Minimum Number of Cartridges), MNB (Minimum Number of Buttons), MNN (Minimum Number of Nails), and on, and on.
Looking at ceramic vessels, Spencer-Wood (1987) examined several different methods for calculating minimum number counts. Two methods for determining counts were tested: the first used rims only and the second used rims and any other distinctive body fragments that could not be part of any vessel represented by a rim or other body fragment. She determined that the rim and distinctive body fragment method resulted in a more complete vessel count than just using rims alone. For this reason, MNI counts for ceramic, glass, and metal containers (like tin cans) were calculated here using the rim and distinctive body fragment method. MNI values for other artifact types were determined based on the unique characteristics of that particular type of object. For example, for nails, MNI counts were based on heads, regardless of the number of shank fragments recovered; lamp chimney counts were based on rim type and circumference.
In all cases, artifacts were examined for possible cross-mends. Fragments that did not mend were examined for matches in design, form, color, and other attributes which would indicate association with previously defined objects. Objects that did not match either mended objects or other fragments were counted as additional objects. For closed contexts, like trash pits and privies, recovery provenance was maintained for each artifact (such as the level from which an artifact was recovered), while cross-mends and minimum number of object counts were determined for the entire feature as appropriate.
My use of Functional Category differs from the traditional program of functional analysis proposed by South (1978) and used by many historical archaeologists. South devised his system of functional analysis to aid in identifying patterns in the archaeological record on seventeenth and eighteenth century sites that could then be correlated to general theoretical explanations for the existence of these patterns. But South’s categories for seventeenth and eighteenth century sites are less than ideal for answering certain types of questions for late nineteenth and twentieth century sites. For this project, ‘Functional Category’ refers to the following general categories: Architectural, Domestic, Electrical, Kitchen, and Personal. While the Kitchen and, to a lesser extent, the Personal object categories are in keeping with South’s schemata, the Architectural, Domestic, and Electrical categories, when examined temporally, have the potential to yield information about the introduction, adoption, and use of technologies and materials unique to the manufacturing and consumption context of the late nineteenth and twentieth century. General categories contain several subcategories:
2-8
Architectural Architectural-Exterior Architectural-Interior Kitchen
Kitchen-Tableware Kitchen-Utilitarian
Domestic
Personal
Personal-Clothing Personal-Firearms Personal-Hygiene Personal-Ornamental Personal-Sewing Personal-Toy Electrical
Artifacts in the Architectural category include nails, brick, mortar, plaster, roofing/siding tiles, window glass, door hinges, etc. Architectural-Exterior refers specifically to those items related to the exterior surfaces of structures, such as roofing and siding materials. The Architectural-Exterior subcategory does not include objects whose function is not unambiguously related to exterior structural surfaces, for example, nails, brick, mortar, etc., which are assigned the general category Architectural. The Architectural-Interior subcategory is used for architectural objects unambiguously related to structural interiors, for example, plaster.
The Electrical category refers to objects used in the transmission of electricity such as wire, insulators, plugs and fuses, objects used in the conversion to or from electricity such as batteries, carbon rods and light bulbs, as well as objects operating by way of electricity, such as telephones and door bells.
Kitchen artifacts include all objects related to the storage, serving, or preparation of foods and beverages such as glass and ceramic vessels, serving and eating utensils, etc. The Kitchen-Tableware subcategory is used for utensils, ceramics, or glass designed for table use. This includes bowls suitable for serving at the table, cups, forks, refined hollowwares, drinking glasses, knives, plates, spoons, etc. The Kitchen-Utilitarian subcategory is used to designate objects of utility ware, including bottles, crocks, jars, cans, and jugs. When an artifact was identifiable as a kitchen item, but not as Tableware or Utilitarian, it was assigned the general category Kitchen.
2-9
Personal artifacts include clothingrelated items such as buttons or buckles, as well as coins, sewing-related items, tobacco pipes, etc. The PersonalToy subcategory is used for marbles, Text Aqua (blue) balls, figurines, jacks, and other items Base fragments traditionally associated with the 13 1 activities of children. Artifacts in the Personal-Clothing subcategory include Base diameter = 3-inches Kitchen-Utilitarian buttons, buckles, clothing rivets, shoe Yes No leather, hook-and-eye fasteners, etc. 1915-1923 Personal-Sewing is used for needles, Lockhart, et al. 2007:34 “CHERO COLA� embossed, straight pins, safety pins, thimbles, and angled block text, center base other items related to the making, repairing, and tailoring of clothing. The Personal-Ornamental subcategory includes rings, necklaces, pendants, broaches, earrings, etc. The Personal-Hygiene subcategory is used to designate objects that are hygiene, cosmetic, or personal appearance related, including toothpaste/brushes, soap, combs, hair products, etc. The Personal-Firearms subcategory includes all objects related to firearms. When an artifact was identifiable as a personal item, but not as Toy, Clothing, Sewing, Firearms, Ornamental, or Hygiene, it was assigned the general category Personal. The Domestic category was used to distinguish household-related items, including furniture hardware, light shades/chimneys (those not assigned to the Electrical category), door knobs, bric-a-brac, flowerpots, and other household objects. CLASS: OBJECT NAME: MATERIAL: MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE: DECORATIVE TECHNIQUE: DECORATIVE DESIGN: DECORATIVE ELEMENT: COLOR: PART: COUNT: MNI: WEIGHT: DIMENSIONS: FUNCTIONAL CATEGORY: MAKER'S MARK: OTHER MARKS: MANUFACTURING DATE: DATE SOURCE: NOTES:
Glass Container, Bottle, Soda Pop Glass Cup-bottom Mold Embossed
Lastly, a Notes field is provided at the end of the catalog entry to record any additional information relevant to the object not included in the previous fields. Not every artifact description used every available field. Classification fields were used as appropriate for the object. To the left is an example artifact catalog entry to illustrate the system. A full list of classification field values is found in Appendix B.
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CHAPTER 4 FEATURE ASSOCIATIONS
T
ISH chapter presents a discussion of features/proveniences organized around unifying structures or themes. For example, under the 'First Generation Privy' header are all proveniences associated with that structure; under the header 'Infrastructure' are all the artifacts and features associated with electricity, plumbing, gas, etc. For a complete list of all features/proveniences documented at the site, please see Appendix C. The full site map figures found at the end of this chapter might also be useful for the following discussion.
MODERN FEATURES / DISTURBANCE Modern features / disturbance at the Simkins site were limited to infrastructural modifications associated with the 1320-1/2 Elmwood Avenue property and lighting for the common backyard area. Feature 40J, running north-south through Unit 40, was a modern (circa 2011) trench for an electrical line associated with small yard lamps. The trench was dug with a ditch witch and was not screened. Running east-west through Unit 40 was a shallow, hand-dug trench for electrical wiring that was intruded upon by trench feature 40J. The wire within the trench was cut by Feature 40J. Unknown to when the trench/wiring dates. A third trench for electrical wiring, Feature 53J (circa 2011), ran east-west through Unit 53. The trench was dug with a ditch witch and also was not screened. A modern gas trench, cut circa 2011, was uncovered in the far northwest corner of the unit. Since such a small portion of the trench was within the unit, the trench was taken down with the unit strata. Soil from the trench feature was not screened; no artifacts were recovered. The base of the trench was not reached. Instead, excavation was halted when subsoil was reached in the unit. Shortly after the conclusion of excavations, on 9 May, 2013, a new sewer line was installed at the Simkins Site (Figure 4-1). The author was alerted to the construction in progress and was able to document the impact to the site. No effort was made by HCF to mitigate impact to below-ground resources. Instead of following the route of the old sewer line – which was dug up and removed prior to construction – the plumbers cut a new trench diagonally across the site, from the southeast corner of the rear 1320-1/2 Elmwood Avenue house to the northwest corner of the common backyard area. This approach makes sense in terms of plumbing: the least amount of materials are used and it takes the least amount of time. However, this approach does not make sense in terms of preservation. Reusing the existing pipeline trench as practically as possible would have minimized disturbance to a known archaeological site. Instead, the new trench destroyed roughly 140 square feet of the site (~ 94 x 1.5', an area equivalent to 40% of what was excavated). The types of animal bones (including large mammalian vertebrae, suggesting home butchery and 4-1
FIGURE 4-1. NEW SEWER LINE BEING INSTALLED AT THE SIMKINS SITE.
possible wild resource gathering), tablewares, and low-curation objects like bottles along the banks of the new trench suggest at least one intact deposit was negatively impacted. 4-2
FIGURE 4-2. FIRST GENERATION PRIVY BEFORE EXCAVATION.
FIGURE 4-3. BISECTED FIRST GENERATION PRIVY ALONG A NORTH-SOUTH AXIS.
FIGURE 4-4. PROFILE OF THE FIRST GENERATION PRIVY.
Having the new line run as closely as practical along the path of the old was important for more than just minimizing damage, it also represents good stewardship practices and could have been used as an opportunity for community education. A number of questions are raised for any organization charged with the preservation of a publicly-owned archaeology site, including: what are the practical components of preservation? What do we, organizationally, want to preserve materially? How does this material preservation articulate with cultural heritages? Who defines this? Is there a set of guidelines for advocacy, or is it more opportunistic?
4-3
FIGURE 4-5. OUTLINE OF THE SECOND GENERATION PRIVY IN UNIT 53.
FIRST GENERATION PRIVY One of the most exciting discoveries at the site was the assemblage associated with an early privy (Figures 42, 4-3). Located in the far southeast corner of the site, along the east property line near the intersection of the south property line, the privy was a pit feature measuring six-by-six feet. The privy feature was discovered at the surface of Level 3 (55J) and had a maximum depth of 2.8 feet (4.05 feet below surface). The privy feature was composed of six distinct deposits / strata (Figure 4-4). The uppermost strata (55N) is likely associated with the filling of the privy and the construction of the second generation privy.
SECOND GENERATION PRIVY A second privy was constructed on the site sometime prior to 1960. Unlike the first generation privy, the second generation privy was plumbed for sewerage and water. Also unlike the first generation privy, photographic documentation exists for the second generation privy (see Figure 2-1, left-hand structure). Photographic evidence suggests that the privy superstructure was wooden with a tin roof and resting on piers. Archaeological evidence suggests that the piers were of un-mortared brick construction spaced five-byfive feet (Figure 4-5). The water and sewerage lines entered the privy from the northeast corner of the common backyard area, entering the property from Marion Street along the north side of 2025 Marion Street. The sewerage line was 4� cast iron pipe. At the far west side of the feature was a wye fitting on the surface, atop the pipe. The trench was hand-dug. The pipe was cast iron but with rubber unions. The water line was 3/4� iron pipe. When the house at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Avenue was plumbed for water and 4-4
FIGURE 4-6. WEST PROFILE OF TRASH PIT FEATURE 53Z. NOTE HOW TRENCH FEATURE 53J INTRUDES UPON THE NORTH END OF THE FEATURE.
sewerage, the lines were taken directly west into the house from the privy location (trench Feature 53R). It is unknown when the second generation privy was removed. Directly under the privy was discovered a surface midden associated with the Simkins occupation of the site (Feature 53EE).
TRASH PITS Two trash pits and a surface midden were uncovered during excavations. The surface midden (Feature 53EE), located directly under the location of the second generation privy, dates to the 1930s or 1940s and is associated with the Simkins occupation of the site. Feature 53EE was a very large, amorphous, shallow pit feature containing pockets and lenses of wood ash and coal-burning by-products. The two trash pits, both located in Unit 53 (Features 53X and 53Z), are associated with the preSimkins occupation of the property. Both trash pit features were discovered at the surface of Level 4 (53T). Feature 53X was a small, semi-circular trash pit within the southwest corner of Unit 53 truncated by the west wall. The profile was roughly bowl-shaped and measured 1.2-feet maximum east-west and 1.75-feet north-south maximum, with a depth of 1.55-feet. Feature 53Z was an ovaloid pit feature truncated on the north by modern trench feature 53J (Figure 4-6). The truncated feature measured 2.7 feet north-south and 2.15 feet east-west. The maximum depth of the feature was 1.8 feet (2.82 feet below surface). Composed of two deposits (Figure 4-***), the upper, intrusive, deposit was a compact sandy clay (subsoil) matrix containing few artifacts. The lower deposit was an artifact-rich loose sandy loam.
FENCE / PROPERTY LINES Surface reconnaissance located the remains of the fence line and gate depicted in Figure 2-1. The fence was post-in-ground construction. Removal of the fence – date unknown, but post-dates the 1960 photograph date of Figure 2-1 – consisted of cutting off the posts at ground level. Surface reconnaissance did not observe any remains of historic fence lines in, or along the edges of, the property. 4-5
POST MOLDS / HOLES One circular post hole (diameter=0.45 feet) was uncovered in Unit 40 (Feature 40AE). Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. One post mold/hole and two post holes were uncovered in Unit 53. Feature 53Y was a square post mold/hole with slightly rounded corners and nearly vertical walls on the north, east, and west, and a sloping south wall. The base of the feature was composed of two indentations (east and west sides) with a hump between them. Function of the feature is most likely post hole or mold, but this is not conclusive. No artifacts found within the feature. Feature 53BB was a rectangular post hole with rounded corners located directly east of the northeast corner pier of the privy. Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Feature 53CC was a circular post hole (diameter=0.85 feet) truncated by the east wall of the unit. Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. No post holes/molds were uncovered in Unit 55. The function of all post molds/holes is unknown.
ACTIVITY AREAS Aside from the first generation privy located in Unit 55 in the southeast corner of the historic yard area and a building trench in Unit 40 associated with the circa 1890s construction and 2011 reconstruction of the southeast pier of 1320-1/2 Elmwood Avenue, all archaeological features not associated with modern disturbance of Levels 1 and 2 were located within Unit 53 in the mid-backyard area. Features included two trash pits, a surface midden, the second generation privy, and three post molds/holes.
SITE STRATIGRAPHY Although site stratigraphy varied somewhat across the site, depending on the degree of disturbance in a given area, excavations uncovered four distinct strata present across most of the site. Each of these levels corresponds to a distinct occupation era or suite of activities. Level 1 was a thin layer of modern disturbed soil associated with the renovation of the house at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave in 2011 that varied in thickness from 0.01 to 0.1 feet, with an uneven slop across the site. Variation in depth is associated with weather and ground water runoff, as well as landscaping activities. No features were associated with this level. The stratum was not screened. Level 2 was a loose, black silty loam, very dry, with a large number of small hair roots. No features, but soil matrix suggests plantings. Level 2 was halted at the surface of a black but more compact stratum (Level 3). Level 2 was ~0.6 feet thick across the site and is associated with the Simkins occupation of the property. Level 3 across the site was a mottled stratum containing many artifacts. The level is a transitional stratum between Level 2 (Simkins era) and Level 4 (pre-Simkins era). The majority of artifacts likely are associated with disturbance of the top of Feature 53EE, a trash deposit. At the top of Level 3 was the top of Feature 53R, the trench associated with the waste and clean water pipes. Possible that Level 3 is associated with the plumbing of the property. Level 4 was the lowest-level uncovered within all units at the site. Although features uncovered at the surface of Level 4 were fully excavated, the level itself was not taken down further and subsoil was not reached. Features uncovered at the surface of Level 4 are associated with the pre-Simkins occupation of the site and include the first-generation privy, post-hole/molds, and both trash pit features. 4-6
SITE MAPS The following are three site maps representing the three primary stratigraphic strata (Levels 2, 3, and 4) at the site and associated features (Figures 4-7, 4-8, 4-9).
4-7
FIGURE 4-7. MODJESKA SIMKINS SITE, TOP OF LEVEL 2.
4-8
FIGURE 4-8. MODJESKA SIMKINS SITE AT THE TOP OF LEVEL 3.
4-9
FIGURE 4-9. MODJESKA SIMKINS SITE AT THE TOP OF LEVEL 4.
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CHAPTER 5 ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS
OVER 1,600 artifacts from the Modjeska Simkins Site were cataloged, representing over 460 individual
objects. An estimated 2,000 more artifacts were recovered but not cataloged. 1 This chapter presents the artifactual findings from one trash deposit and one privy in detail. Note that while this chapter presents a representative sample of all materials recovered from the site, it is not a representative sample of all occupation eras. For a variety of reasons – including archaeological and sampling biases, depositional practices of different generations and households and the changing availability of consumer and disposable goods – the sample here is heavily biased towards the last decade of the 19th-century and the first decade of the 20th-century. A full accounting of all proveniences is found in Appendix D and full catalog information for all recovered artifacts is found in Volume II. A full report of the faunal analysis is found in Volume III.
FIRST GENERATION PRIVY (FEATURES 55N, 55P, 55R) One of the most exciting finds at the site was a large, well preserved privy pit in Unit 55 at the surface of Level 4 (Figures 4-2, 4-3, 4-4). A total of 940 artifacts (representing 288 MNI) and 79.7 grams of floral material were recovered from the privy pit (see Chapter 4 for feature illustrations). The following discussion, organized by functional type, provides information only as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other archaeological phenomena, as well as highlighting artifacts of special note found in the privy. Table 5-1 presents the same data summarized in terms of Object Names and minimum counts.
PERSONAL ITEMS Including subcategories, a total of 68 artifacts were recovered from the privy belonging to the Personal group, representing 35 individual items. Items not belonging to a subcategory were one fragment from a 7/32-inch diameter slate pencil and the backplate of a steel pocket watch.
1
The vast majority of artifacts not cataloged were recovered from post-1932 contexts, including plant beds and surface middens. Although artifacts from these contexts represent the time period(s) in which they were used, the spaces also contained a large number of artifacts from underlying features, particularly trash deposits. Thus, the decision was made not to catalog these artifacts. Nonetheless, all artifacts were cleaned, re-bagged and stored properly should someone in the future wish to undertake an analysis. 5-1
Table 5-1. Summary of Artifacts from First Generation Privy Sorted by Object Name and MNI
5-2
Object Name
MNI
Object Name
MNI
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38 Ammunition, Shot, Lead Architectural, Concrete Architectural, Glass, Window Clothing, Buckle, Suspender Clothing, Button, 2-Hole Clothing, Button, 4-Hole Clothing, Button, Fabric Clothing, Shoe Clothing, Snap Clothing,, Button, Loop-Shank Communication, Pencil, Slate Container, Bottle Container, Bottle, Alcohol Container, Bottle, Beer Container, Bottle, Beverage Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap Container, Bottle, Food Container, Bottle, Medicinal/Pharmaceutical Container, Bottle, Wine Container, Can Container, Can, AMS Container, Can, Hole-In-Top Container, Can, Lid, Press-fit Container, Jar, Closure, Lid, Liner Container, Jar, Preserving Container, UID Electrical, Battery, Dry-Cell Fauna, UID Floral, Wood, UID Food Preparation, Pan Furniture, Caster Hardware, Bracket, ‘L’ Hardware, Chain, Lap-Link
1 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 12 1 1 5 1 1 11 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
Hardware, Hinge, Butt Hardware, Nail, Common Hardware, Spike, Railroad Hardware, Strap Hardware, Wire Household Accessory, Flowerpot Lighting, Lamp, Chimney Lighting, Lamp, Shade Mineral, Coal Mineral, Slate Personal, Jewelry, Earring Personal, Watch, Pocket, Back Personal, Water Basin Sample, Soil Sewing, Finger Guard Sewing, Thimble Tableware, Bowl Tableware, Cup, Tea Tableware, Drinking Glass Tableware, Flatware Tableware, Hollowware Tableware, Knife Tableware, Plate Tableware, Saucer Tableware, UID Toy, Marble Unidentified, Ceramic Unidentified, Glass Unidentified, Metal Unidentified, Vessel Utilitarian, Bowl Utilitarian, Hollowware Utilitarian, Vessel, Chamberpot
1 133 10 1 1 6 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 10 5 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 5 1
TOTAL
288
CLOTHING Clothing-related objects were mostly fasteners, including an undecorated brass snap, two brass suspender buckles, a rubber 2-hole button, one shell 2-hole button, one bone 4-hole button, three porcelain (prosser) 4-hole buttons, and two 2-piece fabric covered iron buttons. Unfortunately, nearly all the fabric is gone and the color is indeterminate. The final clothing related objects were fragments from two leather shoes. The shoes had brass pegs (nails) and brass grommets.
FIREARMS Two firearms-related objects were recovered: a single piece of lead shot and a .38 caliber brass centerfire cartridge case. The cartridge case was marked, “U.M.C. / S H / .38 S & W” (Union Metallic Company, 1867-1911).
HYGIENE Thirteen hygiene-related objects were recovered, eleven of which were medicinal/pharmaceutical bottles. Five of the bottles had maker’s marks, although one mark was too fragmented to identify. Those that were readable included two gonorrheal treatments (“MALYDOR // MANFG. Co. // LANCASTER // OHIO” and “PARIS // INJECTION BROU // 102 RUE RICHELIEU”) and two from local Columbia druggists (“BRIAN E. MIOT // DRUGGIST / COLUMBIA, S.C.” and “W.C. FISHER / DRUGGIST / COLUMBIA / S.C.”). The two non-bottle hygiene objects recovered included an pearlware water basin and a whiteware chamberpot.
ORNAMENTAL A single object was recovered belonging to the Personal-Ornamental category: a small, intact, diamond-cut green glass pendent held in a thin copper band.
SEWING Two sewing-related objects were recovered: a metal thimble embossed, “… MFORD” (unidentified mark) and an intact, undecorated brass finger guard.
TOYS Only one toy-related object was recovered from the privy pit: a kalion/ball clay marble, heavily weathered.
KITCHEN ITEMS A total of 303 artifacts recovered from the privy belonged to the Kitchen group, representing 62 distinct objects. Table 5-2 summarizes the Kitchen group ceramic data in terms of decorative style/technique. 5-3
Table 5-2. Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from First Generation Privy, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique MNI
Decorative Style/Technique Porcelain Refined Opaque Glaze Stoneware Graniteware Alkaline Glazed
1 3 4 1 1
Bristol Slip Molded Earthenware Pearlware Plain / Colorless Glaze Whiteware Rockingham Ware Plain / Colorless Glaze Opaque Glaze Molded Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome Edge Decorated Gilded Yellowware Plain / Colorless Glaze
1 1 11 1 3 6 2 2 1 3 Total
41
TABLEWARE A total of 86 artifacts, representing 31 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. The low number of tableware artifacts, but a relatively high minimum number of items, suggests that the privy, at least during its use as a trash deposit, functioned not as a primary refuse deposit, but as a convenient place to dispose of small, miscellaneous trash items, for example, yard sweepings. This is supported by the contrasting pattern presented by low curation items, like bottles (discussed in the next section), of which there were a high number of artifacts relative to the minimum number of vessels (suggesting that bottles and like items were deposited as unbroken objects). Identifiable tablewares included one seven-inch undecorated whiteware bowl, four whiteware tea cups (one undecorated, one with an ivory opaque glaze, and two with blue transfer printing), and two pressed-glass drinking glasses of unknown style/form. Nine tableware objects were identified as flatware, seven of which were whiteware. Of these seven, four were undecorated, one was green edgeware with a scallop design, and one had a single band along the 5-4
Table 5-3. Cylindrical Can Data from First Generation Privy Diameter 2 Inches 2-1/8 Inches 4-1/6 Inches 4-1/4 Inches 10 Inches UID
MNI 1 2 1 1 1 1
Type
rim of ‘liquid gold.’ The remaining two flatwares included an undecorated fragment of pearlware and an undecorated fragment of graniteware.
One additional tableware were recovered, but the fragment was too small Total 7 to determine if it was flatware or hollowware. The fragment (#55N-23) had a surface decoration not found on any other tableware items from the deposit and was therefore included in the MNI count. Paint style can
UTILITARIAN A total of 217 artifacts, representing 31 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. The high number of artifacts, but relatively low minimum number of items, is the product of highly-fragmented glass bottles. The only non-bottle glass items were a preserving jar base and fragments from two milk-glass preserving jar lid liners. Utilitarian items of ceramic included four serving/mixing bowls (one redware with a black mineral interior slip, one undecorated whiteware, one undecorated yellowware, and a molded stoneware bowl with a brown opaque glaze) and five hollowware vessels (one of undecorated yellowware and four alkaline glazed stoneware vessels). One type of bottle closure was recovered: a single crown cap. A minimum of five ferrous alloy food cans were recovered. The only other metal kitchen-utilitarian object recovered was a cast iron handle from a frying pan. The remaining Kitchen-Utilitarian objects were all bottles. Five beverage bottles were recovered (two with maker’s marks too fragmented to identify), along with three higly-likely beverage bottles, one beer bottle, one wine bottle, and one alcohol bottle (from the SC Dispensary). The beer bottle was a stoneware vessel with a Bristol slip. The last bottle was a solitary food bottle.
ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS A total of 185 artifacts (137 MNI) related to architecture were recovered from the privy, most being nails (173 artifacts, 133 MNI). Both wire and cut nails were recovered. None were specialty nails, although corrosion made identification difficult. The remaining four objects recovered belonging to the Architecture group were 8.5 grams of concrete, fragments of window glass, a cast iron ‘L’ bracket, and a cast iron butt hinge.
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Table 5-4. Summary of Functional Group Artifacts From First Generation Privy Functional Group Architecture Interior Exterior
INTERIOR MNI 185 0 0
Domestic
16
Electricity
1
Kitchen Tableware
31
Utilitarian
31
Personal Clothing Firearms Hygiene Ornamentation Sewing Toy
2 14 2 13 1 2 1
No architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the interior of a structure were recovered. This is not surprising, given that it was a privy.
EXTERIOR No architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were recovered.
DOMESTIC ITEMS A total of 85 Domestic group artifacts was recovered from the privy, representing 16 objects, including a small, cast iron furniture caster (minus the wheel), six flowerpots (one of yellowware with an opaque interior glaze; two of terracotta; and three of coarse earthenware), six lamp chimneys (one of leaded glass), and two lamp shades (one of milk glass, the other of
leaded glass). The last Domestic group artifact was a small amount (3.8g) of burned coal.
ELECTRICAL ITEMS One artifact associated with electricity was recovered from the privy—a carbon rod from a ‘C’-size dry cell battery.
OTHER ITEMS Also recovered from the privy were a number of artifacts that do not fit neatly into any of the above functional categories (297 artifacts representing a minimum of 36 objects). Most of these objects are hardware related. Not included here are artifact fragments classified as 'Unidentified.' A minimum of nine glass bottles were identified but were represented by such small fragments that it was impossible to identify the type or function of the bottle (e.g. beverage, hygiene, food, etc.). Also recovered was a 10-inch diameter press-fit can lid (like those used on paint cans), a two-inch diameter can lid, and small fragments from a pressed leaded-glass container of unknown form/function.
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Hardware-related items include a 1.5-inch chain lap-link, a small length of copper wire, fragments of a 1.5-inch wide barrel strap, and 10 railroad spikes. Interestingly, all of the railroad spikes have had the heads cleanly removed – only the shanks were recovered. Lastly, 72.7 grams of charred wood was recovered, as well as 7.0 grams of uncharred wood.
SUMMARY A summary of functional group artifacts from the first generation privy is found in Table 5-4.
FEATURE 53Z (TRASH PIT) Also exciting was the discovery of a medium-sized, well preserved trash pit in Unit 53 at the surface of Level 4 (Figure 4-6). A total of 666 artifacts (representing 174 MNI) and 0.0 grams of floral material were recovered from the trash pit pit (see Chapter 4 for feature illustrations). The following discussion, organized by functional type, provides information only as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other archaeological phenomena, as well as highlighting artifacts of special note found in the privy. Table 55 presents the same data summarized in terms of Object Names and minimum counts.
PERSONAL ITEMS Including subcategories, a total of 32 artifacts were recovered from the privy belonging to the Personal group, representing 18 individual items. The only item not belonging to a subcategory were two fragments of lined writing slate.
CLOTHING All clothing-related objects were fasteners, including two brass shoe grommets, a brass hook from a hook-and-eye set, an iron loop-shank button, two prosser 4-hole buttons, one prosser 2-hole button, and one zinc 2-piece button.
FIREARMS Three firearms-related objects were recovered: a .38 caliber centefire cartridge case and two 12gauge shotgun shells. All three artifacts were too corroded to identify headstamps.
HYGIENE Four hygiene-related objects were recovered, including two medicinal/pharmaceutical bottles (one with a maker’s mark “… RMIO … / … MOR ...”), one glass vial, and one bone toothbrush.
5-7
Table 5-5. Summary of Artifacts from Feature 53Z Sorted by Object Name and MNI Object Name
MNI
Object Name
MNI
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38
1
Hardware, Hammer, Claw
Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 12 Gauge
2
Hardware, Lock, Rim Lock
1
Architectural, Concrete
1
Hardware, Nail, Common
106
Clothing, Button, 2-Hole
2
Hardware, Nail, Spike
1
Clothing, Button, 4-Hole
2
Hardware, Strap
4
Clothing, Button, Look-Shank
1
Hardware, Tube, Flexible
1
Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye, Hook
1
Hardware, Wire
1
Clothing, Safety Pin
1
Household Accessory, Flowerpot
2
Clothing, Shoe, Grommet
2
Lighting, Lamp, Chimney
3
Communication, Slate
1
Mineral, Coal
1
Container, Bottle
2
Personal, Toothbrush
1
Container, Bottle, Beverage
1
Tableware, Bowl
1
Container, Bottle, Beverage
1
Tableware, Cup, Tea
5
Container, Bottle, Closure, UID
1
Tableware, Flatware
2
Container, Bottle, Medicinal/Pharmaceutical
2
Tableware, Hollowware
3
Container, Bottle, Wine
2
Tableware, Plate
2
Container, Can
1
Tableware, Saucer
1
Container, Can, Lid, Press-Fit
5
Toy, Tea Set, Cup
1
Container, Vial
1
UID, Metal
1
Fauna, Shell, Oyster
1
UID, Metal, Ring
1
Furniture, Tack
1 1
UID, Metal, Tube
1
Utilitarian, Hollowware
2
Hardware, Door, Knob
1
TOTAL
174
ORNAMENTAL No objects were recovered belonging to the Personal-Ornamental category.
SEWING One sewing-related objects were recovered: a one-inch brass safety pin.
TOYS Only one toy-related object was recovered from the trash pit: a fragment of a porcelain cup from a child’s tea set.
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Table 5-6. Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from Feature 53Z, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique MNI
Decorative Style/Technique Porcelain Refined Colorless Glaze
1 1
Painted, Underglazed, Polychrome Stoneware Graniteware Alkaline Glazed Earthenware Whiteware Plain / Colorless Glaze Opaque Glaze Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome Gilded Yellowware Plain / Colorless Glaze
1 1
5 1 3 1 1 Total
15
KITCHEN ITEMS A total of 183 artifacts recovered from the privy belonged to the Kitchen group, representing 26 distinct objects. Table 5-6 summarizes the Kitchen group ceramic data in terms of decorative style/technique.
TABLEWARE A total of 48 artifacts, representing 14 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. Identifiable tablewares included one seven-inch whiteware bowl, five tea cups (four of whiteware and one of refined porcelain), two whiteware plates, and one whiteware saucer. Objects identifiable as flatware included one of graniteware and one of refined porcelain. Both were undecorated. Objects identifiable as hollowware included one transferprinted whiteware vessel and one pressed leaded-glass vessel with an unidentified pattern.
UTILITARIAN A total of 135 artifacts, representing 12 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. The high number of artifacts, but relatively low minimum number of items, is the product of highly-fragmented cans. 5-9
Table 5-7. Cylindrical Can Data from Feature 53Z Diameter
MNI
4-1/2 Inches UID
Type
1 1 Total
2
Utilitarian items of ceramic included yellowware hollowware vessel with a colorless glaze and an alkalineglazed stoneware hollowware vessel. One unidentified bottle closure was recovered. The molded
glass closure was marked, “PATENTED / SEPT 2 1884 / AUG 4 1885”. Three two-inch press-fit can lids were recovered, along with one press-fit can lid 1.6-inches in diameter. Can included one 4-1/2 inch diameter can and 113 fragments of unidentified can fragments. The remaining Kitchen-Utilitarian objects were all bottles. Bottles included two wine bottles and two beverage bottles. None of the bottles had maker’s marks.
ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS A total of 112 artifacts (108 MNI) related to architecture were recovered from the trash pit, most being nails (106 artifacts, 106 MNI). Both wire and cut nails were recovered. None were specialty nails, although corrosion made identification difficult. Also recovered was a redware door knob decorated with an opaque, marbled glaze.
INTERIOR No architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the interior of a structure were recovered.
EXTERIOR Five fragments of concrete (1 MNI) were the only architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure that were recovered.
DOMESTIC ITEMS A total of 69 Domestic group artifacts was recovered from the privy, representing 7 objects. Three of the recovered objects were lamp chimneys (one of leaded glass). Also recovered were two flowerpots (one terracotta, one an unglazed coarse earthenware), a brass furniture tack with a square shank, and a cast iron rim lock.
ELECTRICAL ITEMS No artifacts associated with electricity were recovered from the trash pit. 5-10
Table 5-8. Summary of Functional Group Artifacts From Feature 53Z
OTHER ITEMS Functional Group Architecture Interior Exterior
MNI 108 0 0
Domestic
7
Electricity
0
Kitchen Tableware Utilitarian Personal Clothing Firearms Hygiene Ornamentation Sewing Toy
14 12 1 8 3 4 0 1 1
Also recovered from the trash pit were a number of artifacts that do not fit neatly into any of the above functional categories. Most of these artifacts are hardware related. Not included here are artifact fragments classified as 'Unidentified.' The only non-metal artifacts recovered not belonging to a functional category included two bottles of unknown function, 5.5 grams of burned coal, and fragments of 1/4-inch white flexible rubber tubing. Metal artifacts recovered included the head of a claw hammer (with one claw broken), a six-inch press-fit can lid (like that found on paint cans), 137 fragments of bailing wire, four sizes of iron straps (1-inch, 3/4-inch, 1/2-inch, and 1/4-inch), and one wire nail spike.
SUMMARY A summary of functional group artifacts from the Feature 53Z trash pit is found in Table 5-8.
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CHAPTER 6
DISCUSSION
IN this chapter, I present a three-step methodology for investigating consumption in an archaeological context. The approach taken is a synthesis of several ideas, but is essentially a merging of supply-side methodologies. Together, these steps involve understanding the conditions and constraints of the environment within which consumer behavior took place. Before outlining the interpretive methodology, it is important to understand how I am using the word consumption. First, specific consumer strategies are employed by groups to define and re-define who they are within a social environment (Mullins 2001, 1999a, 1999b). Building on this idea, consumption, for the purpose of this study, is defined as the selection, purchase, use and discard of consumer goods in a market economy. It is both an activity – the physical behavior of selecting, acquiring, using and discarding material goods – and a practice, in that people actively select, acquire, use and discard material goods as part of social negotiations and in accordance with self and socially defined identities. Consumption practices operate within specific social-historical contexts that partially structure these consumption practices. Occupation, income level, socioeconomic status, social environment and commodity flow clearly place limits on the nature and types of consumption practices available to a consumer. These external market structures exist independent of individual consumer behaviors. While neither dictating nor totally accounting for the specific form of consumption practices, market structures do condition and constrain available options. It is through the recontextualization of available goods – where individuals and groups engage in non-verbal communication and create social relations – that the significance of consumption patterns is made manifest. In the following sections, I begin with an overview of the household demographics of 1320-1/2 Elmwood Avenue (rear 205 Marion Street), followed by a linking between specific households and the deposits recovered from the first generation privy and the Feature 53Z trash pit. With the household/artifact links established, I present the three-step methodology for investigating consumption in an archaeological context: 1) market integration and ceramic variation; 2) relative price indices and socioeconomic status; and 3) commodity flow and national market access.
DEMOGRAPHICS According to Federal Census and Columbia City Directories, the first record of occupation at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Avenue (rear 2025 Marion Street) is 1897 by William Johnson, an African American painter. Between 1897 and 1932, 12 different households (18 different individuals) over 16 years are listed for the 35 year period before the Simkins family purchases the property in 1932. Table 6-1 presents a summary of 6-1
Table 6-1. Summary of Columbia City Directory Information for Rear 2025 Marion Street/1320-1/2 Elmwood Avenue, 1875-1930 Year 1897-8
Head of Household Wm Johnson
Ethn c
Spouse
1899
Waites Moorman
c
Linda
1903
Matthew Adams
c
Laborer
James Shuler
c
Laborer
John Shuler
c
Laborer
Eugene Schuler
c
Driver
Laura Shuler
c
Laundress
1906
Laura Shuler
c
Laundress
1907-8
Elizabeth Geiger
c
Laundress
Eugene Schuler
c
Grocer @ 813 1/2 Hampton Ave
Laura Schuler
c
Laundress
Eugene Shuler
c
Laura Shuler
c
Laundress
Elizabeth Geiger
c
Laundress
Elizabeth Geiger
c
Laundress
Sarah Hill
c
1911
Shelley Reeves
c
1912
Edw Brunson
c
Elizabeth Geiger
c
1917
Thos Williams
c
Employee @ Southern Ry
1918
Rafe Davis
c
Elevator operator @ Jerome Hotel
1919
Annie Barnwell
c
David Wallace
c
Eva Wallace
c
Susie Scott
c
Jasper Wells
c
1931
Carrie Haynes
c
Maid @ Jefferson Hotel
1932
Carrie Haynes
c
Maid @ Jefferson Hotel
1904-5
1909
1910
1926
Painter
Occupation
Carpenter
Laundress Delia
Painter
laborer Cook Iona
Janitor @ Blossom St School
demographic information for each household. All occupants are African American. Of the 12 households, seven of the listed heads of household are male while five are listed as female. Seven of the 12 households take in at least one border. Only four occupants stay at the property for more than one year: the Shulers (Eugene, a driver and grocer, and Laura, a laundress) call the property home for four years; Elizabeth Geiger, a laundress, also lives at the property for four years (one year as a boarder with the Shulers); and Carrie Haynes, a maid at the Jefferson Hotel, lives on the property for two years. Only three of the 18 individuals are lacking an occupation listing. Occupations for the remaining 15 individuals include: a hotel maid, four laborers, two painters, three laundresses, a school janitor, a hotel 6-2
elevator operator, a cook, a carpenter, an employee at the Southern Railway, and an individual listed one year as a driver and the next as a grocer.
DATING THE DEPOSITS Two dating methods are used to associate the recovered archaeological materials with the households who contributed to the deposition of the materials: mean ceramic dating and terminus post quim (TPQ). The first method, developed by Stanley South (1978), involves deriving a mean ceramic date (or mean artifact date) for an assemblage. With this formula method, the median date for the manufacture of each ceramic type is multiplied by its frequency (either number of sherds or minimum number of vessels), which is then divided by the total number of ceramic types in the sample (South 1978). The product of this formula is the mean date of the manufacture of recovered ceramics. Although mean ceramic dating is a proven method for dating an archaeological assemblage, it is not a viable option for the Simkins site for two reasons. First, as Miller et al. (2000) note, a deposit that accumulated over a period of ten years and one that accumulated over 100 years can produce the same mean ceramic date. Given the continuous occupation of the site, this is a valid concern. Second, the majority of the ceramics produced during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century are still in production today. Many of the ceramics would have an introduction date of circa 1820 (the introduction of whiteware) and an end date of today, producing a mean manufacturing date of 1912— a date that is completely unrelated to the actual deposits. Therefore, dates for the deposits at the Simkins site were calculated using the second common dating method: by terminus post quem (TPQ). This method involves dating a deposit by the latest made artifact in the assemblage. The introduction date of the latest made artifact is the earliest date that the deposit could have been created (Miller et al. 2000). The TPQ date for the stratum above this deposit represents the terminus ante quem (TAQ) date—the date before which the deposit had to have been created —producing lower and upper date brackets for the creation of the deposit. Unfortunately, since the deposits above the features being dated are disturbed, they do not provide reliable TPQ dates. For this reason, TPQ dates are calculated for each deposit to determine the earliest date the feature could have been created, and the absence of expected artifacts is used to determine a likely upper date range. Dates related to the absence of expected artifacts are derived from the introduction of new products or technologies and changes in popularity for particular goods or styles of goods.
FEATURE 53Z TRASH PIT As discussed in Chapter 5, Feature 53Z was a medium-sized, well preserved trash pit discovered at the surface of Level 4 in Unit 53. A total of 666 artifacts (representing 174 MNI) and 0.0 grams of floral material were recovered from the pit. Of the 174 minimum number of items, 24 items had characteristics that where assignable a manufacturing date range or introduction date. The artifact with the most recent TPQ date was a one-inch safety pin (artifact number 53Z-49). The style of head used on this particular safety pin was patented in 1889 (Pat. No. 405,558) (Figure 6-1). No other identifiable artifact had a more recent manufacturing date. Thus, we know that the Feature 53Z trash pit was created in 1889 or sometime thereafter. 1889 predates the first known occupants of the property, suggesting the trash pit was created by one of the earlier households during the late nineteenth or first decade of the twentieth centuries. All of the bottles recovered from the trash pit had a maximum production range of circa 1870 to 1920, further supporting an association between the trash pit and late nineteenth or first decade of the twentieth centuries occupants of the property
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Figure 6-1. Detail from patent 405,558. This is the patent used to establish the TPQ date of the Feature 53Z trash pit using artifact number 53Z-49. (Image courtesy of Google Patents)
FIRST GENERATION PRIVY The first generation privy was a collection of three features (55N, 55P, 55R – see Chapter 5 for a detailed discussion). Taken as an assemblage, a total of 940 artifacts (representing 288 MNI) and 79.7 grams of floral material were recovered from the privy pit. Of the 288 minimum number of items recovered, 193 items had characteristics that where assignable a manufacturing date range or introduction date. The artifact with the most recent TPQ date was a 2-1/8 inch diameter hole-in-top style ferrous alloy can (artifact number 55P-56). This style of can was introduced in 1900. No other identifiable artifact had a more recent manufacturing date. Thus, we know that the first generation privy deposit was created in 1900 or sometime thereafter. This does not mean that the privy itself was constructed in 1900 or thereafter, simply that the deposit within the privy was created in 1900 or thereafter. Four additional artifacts had 1890s TPQ dates (artifacts 55N-39, 55N-73, 55P-54, 55P-65), supporting an early twentieth century deposit creation date event. Three artifacts with closely-spaced ending manufacture dates strongly suggest that the first generation privy deposit was created during the first decade of the twentieth century: artifact 55R-15, a .38 caliber cartridge case had a headstamp (“U.M.C. / S H / .38 S & W”) made between 1867-1911; artifact 55P-55, a medicinal/pharmaceutical bottle marked “W.C. FISHER / DRUGGIST / COLUMBIA / S.C.” was produced between 1871-1908; the third artifact, 55N-39, was a South Carolina Dispensary bottle produced between 1891-1907.
SUMMARY Both the Feature 53Z trash pit and the first generation privy have closely-spaced creation dates and are thus associated with the same set of occupants. The Feature 53Z trash pit was created between 1889 and 6-4
the early twentieth century, likely during the first decade of the twentieth century. The first generation privy was created sometime in or after 1900, also likely during the first decade of the twentieth century.
THE STRUCTURING ENVIRONMENT OF CONSUMERISM Consumer strategies are, in part, explained by the social characteristics of the consumer, his/her subjective place or status in society, and the employment of individualized consumption strategies and tactics used to help negotiate his/her specific social environment. The study of consumption within an archaeological context begins with as complete an understanding as possible of the external factors influencing consumer options. The value of this type of analysis is that it defines the structure within which consumption practices take place. The depth of such analysis is, of course, dependent upon the nature of the site, sample sizes and available lines of evidence, both archaeological and documentary, but should include an analysis of market integration, relative price indexing, and commodity flow. These factors, discussed below, are based on etically-derived categories and represent the strongest external constraints upon consumer behaviors and options. MARKET INTEGRATION Mark Leone (1999) contrasted ceramic decoration with form by tableware, teaware, food preparation and personal use goods to produce an index of variation meant to reflect market integration. This index comes from a formula that utilizes whole vessel counts (MNI), the number of forms, and the number of types. By manipulating the variables, the formula stresses either type variation or functional variation. Results from these formulas are used to assess changes in market integration over time. The variation reported by each of these formulas is the product of the degree to which a household is integrated into the market. Specifically, when looking at the index produced by both the Function-Variation and Type-Variation formulas, “the higher the index … the greater the likelihood that individualism and its etiquettes were operative in the household” (Leone 1999:212). The ceramic variation index is a useful analytical tool for archaeologists interested in assessing the degree to which the residents of eighteenth to twentieth century households participated in the national market. This usefulness extends beyond the investigation of differential capitalist integration of individual households to included individual and collective identity creation through the consumption of material goods, in both the ethnographic present and the archaeological past. RELATIVE PRICE INDICES The hypothesis underlying relative price indexing is that as access to goods increases for consumers, there is an increase in the average ceramic price index value. Access to goods is measured in terms of socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status is determined by documented income and the occupation(s) of the site’s residents. A relative price index analysis allows for an examination of ceramic expenditure patterns in terms of time, space and/or functional groups. Relative price indexing assumes that consumers with more disposable income purchase, and therefore discard, more expensive ceramics. Since consumers are very much limited in what they can purchase by available funds, congruence with, or deviation from, expected patterns of ‘fit’ between socioeconomic status and the relative price values of recovered ceramics is a source of insight into consumer strategies.
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COMMODITY FLOW A commodity flow analysis examines patterns of household consumption from a supply-side economic perspective. The Commodity Flow Model (Riordan and Adams 1985) predicts the spatial distribution of household consumer goods in terms of geographic and market access areas. Geographers use the term commodity flow to describe how goods move from manufacturer to consumer (Pred 1970). Within an archaeological context, manufacturer location is derived primarily from makers’ marks. The assumption behind commodity flow is that access to consumer goods is dependent upon the physical availability of goods. Availability of goods, in turn, is dependent upon the factors identified above. In other words, you cannot buy from a store what a store does not carry. Any deviation from the predicted pattern of goods present in an assemblage must be explained. As with relative price indexing, congruence with and deviation from expected patterns of commodity flow are a source of insight into consumer strategies.
MARKET INTEGRATION The market variation index is a useful analytical tool for archaeologists interested in assessing the degree to which the residents of eighteenth to twentieth century households participated in the national market. This usefulness extends beyond the investigation of differential capitalist integration of individual households to include individual and collective identity creation through the consumption of material goods, in both the ethnographic present and the archaeological past. Observed variation within household table- and tea-ware assemblages has been used by archaeologists as support for a variety of interpretations. James Deetz (1996) argues that changes in ceramic types and forms, in conjunction with changes in gravestones and architecture, is the result of a shift during the late 18 th and early 19th centuries to a “Georgian,” or modern, worldview. This worldview is characterized by an emphasis on the individual and is spread uniformly through social emulation. George Miller (1991) argues that these same changes are the result of a “consumer revolution [which] was driven more by supply than demand… because falling prices… affected a much larger segment of the population than did the process of social emulation” (Miller, in Leone 1999: 199). Rejecting the processual uniformity of Deetz and the passive receptiveness of the consumer implied by Miller, Mark Leone (1999: 196) suggests that “ceramic use and change… [is] heavily influenced by participation in a wage-labor and profit-making economy.” Since there is differential participation in market and wage-labor systems and individualism is reflected in ceramics, “there should be fluctuations in the use of matched ceramics from household to household as people… are in or out of the market” (Leone 1999: 200). In other words, ceramic variation is a reflection of a household’s market integration. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSUMPTION Leone (1999) contrasted ceramic decoration with form by tableware, teaware, food preparation and personal use goods to produce an index of variation meant to reflect market integration. This index comes from a formula that utilizes whole vessel counts (MNI), the number of forms, and the number of types. By manipulating the variables, the formula stresses either type variation or functional variation. The TypeVariation formula, which stresses function over ware type, is, (V/F)(W) Where V = the total number of vessels (or MNI); F = the number of different vessel forms; and W = the number of ware types plus primary decorative techniques. The Function-Variation formula, which stresses ware type over function, is, 6-6
(V/W)(F) The variation reported by each of these formulas is the product of the degree to which a household is integrated into the market. Results from these formulas are used by Leone to assess changes in market integration over time. Ceramic variation “is not one of inevitable cognitive modernity, as Deetz suggests, nor of ever greater use of ever cheaper ceramics, as Miller predicts. Moreover, the pattern is certainly not a verification of poorer households emulating ‘better-off’ neighbors” (Leone 1999: 197-8). Leone argues that “because eating… [is] rule-bound and leave[s] archaeological traces later, the indicators are matched cups and saucers” (1999: 2034). Specifically, when looking at the index produced by both the Function-Variation and Type-Variation formulas, “the higher the index… the greater the likelihood that individualism and its etiquettes were operative in the household” (Leone 1999: 212). Leone concludes his study by suggesting that his “result, then, should be taken, not only as a measure of the variable operation of the etiquette–ideology–wage-labor mechanism, but also as a chance to examine other sources to verify whether or not such variation could have been true” (1999: 214). The ceramic variation index is a potentially useful analytical tool for archaeologists interested in assessing the degree to which the residents of 18 th-20th century households participated in the national market. This usefulness extends beyond the investigation of differential capitalist integration of individual households to included individual and collective identity creation through the consumption of material goods, in both the ethnographic present and the archaeological past. The ceramic variation index is based on two assumptions: first, ceramics were selected and purchased new (in the forms and types desired, in matched or un-matched sets) by the residents of a household; second, ceramic types and forms are reflections of individualism and differential participation in a market system. These assumptions raise an important question, one in which Leone (1999: 213) addresses by asking, “does a low index mean that people can exempt themselves from the market, or that they were just too poor to own the ceramics needed to meet the requirements of the index?” In calculating the variation index, the study is limited to types and forms of tableware and teaware, and includes both ceramics and glass. Standard classifications are used. Function (F) includes forms such as plate, bowl, drinking cup, etc., and is calculated by adding together the total number of forms present, regardless of the number of vessels of a particular form. Ware type (W) includes paste (earthenware, stoneware, porcelain) and major decoration categories (blue-banded ware, geometrically molded, slipware, etc.). As with function, this value is independent of the number of vessels belonging to each type. The total number of vessels (V) is simply a count of the number of vessels in the household.
FINDINGS Indices of ceramic variation were calculated by comparing ceramic decoration by form for tableware and teaware for both the first generation privy and the Feature 53Z trash pit. Table 6-2 summarizes these results. For the first generation privy, the ceramic assemblage contained 40 vessels (MNI), 11 different vessel forms and 12 ware types plus primary decorative techniques. The type-variation formula (V/F x W),
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TABLE 6-2. Ceramic Variation for the Feature 53Z Trash Pit and First Generation Privy. Type (V/F x W)
Function (V/W x F)
Tableware
34.4 (31/9 x 10)
27.9 (31/10 x 9)
Teaware
18.0 (9/2 x 4)
4.5 (9/4 x 2)
Tableware
10.0 (8/4 x 5)
6.4 (8/5 x 4)
Teaware
12.0 (6/2 x 4)
3.0 (6/4 x 2)
Privy
Trash Pit
which stresses function over ware type, produced an index value of 34.4 (31/9 x 10) for tableware and 18 (9/2 x 4) for teaware. The function-variation formula (V/W x F), which stresses ware type over function, produced an index value of 27.9 (31/10 x 9) for tableware and 4.5 (9/4 x 2) for teaware. For the Feature 53Z trash pit, the ceramic assemblage contained 14 vessels (MNI), 6 different vessel forms and 7 ware types plus primary decorative techniques. The type-variation formula (V/F x W), which stresses function over ware type, produced an index value of 10.0 (8/4 x 5) for tableware and 12.0 (6/2 x 4) for teaware. The function-variation formula (V/W x F), which stresses ware type over function, produced an index value of 6.4 (8/5 x 4) for tableware and 3.0 (6/4 x 2) for teaware.
DISCUSSION The market integration hypothesis predicts that the ceramic assemblages of households more fully integrated into the market – who have more fully internalized the ideology of individualism and practiced its associated etiquettes – will have a variety of vessel functions (which illustrates segmentation), but few vessel types (which illustrates standardization). Conversely, households less integrated into the market will have few vessels of different functions but a variety of vessel types (Rotman and Bradbury 2002). However, since different rules and degrees of participation existed for different types of goods, an analysis of a ceramic assemblage as a totality obscures subtle differences in social behaviors and consumption practices (Leone 1999). These differences are revealed by examining variation between and within material culture categories. As Table 6-2 indicates, the residents of the rear 2025 Marion Street had very few specialized vessels. Recovered teaware was limited to cups and saucers. Tableware was limited to plates, bowls and unidentified flatwares and hollowwares. However, for the privy, there were 10 different ware types plus decorative techniques for tableware and 4 for teaware. Likewise, there were 5 different ware types plus decorative techniques for tableware and 4 for teaware. What do these results suggest? According to Leone (1999) and Shackel (1993), these data suggest that the residents of the rear 2025 Marion Street were less integrated into the national market and its associated ideologies. The absence of multiple vessel forms is indicative of a lack of segmenting behaviors. Likewise, the presence of a multitude of different ware types and decorative techniques suggests a household not fully embracing the ideologies and associated etiquettes of an individualistic market system. While these results are intriguing, they raise several questions that need to be addressed: did the occupants of the household really exempt themselves from the dominant ideology of individualism? If they did exempt themselves, how (and why) did they do it? What other explanations might 6-8
account for this pattern of material goods? How are these results affected if the features represent not an individual household but an aggregate of households?
RELATIVE PRICE INDICES Socioeconomic status has been suggested as an explanation for some of the observed variability in archaeological assemblages (c.f., Henry 1987; Miller 1980, 1991; Spencer-Wood 1987b). These arguments assume that people consume particular goods because of their socioeconomic status. Henry (1987) explains that nearly every individual, and by extension, household is a member of at least two cultural sub-groups: social class and ethnic group. These are “reference groups,” used by individuals to determine appropriate judgments, behaviors and beliefs (Henry 1987). Social class is generally equated with socioeconomic status, which in turn is determined by documented income level and/or occupation (Spencer-Wood 1987b). The social status of a commodity is related to how much the commodity cost (Miller 1980:39). The assumption underlying the link between socioeconomic status and material goods is that consumers of higher socioeconomic statuses purchase, and therefore discard, more expensive material goods. The goal of earlier relative price analyses was to define the degree to which observed variability in artifact assemblages co-varied with socioeconomic status (Henry 1987). Lower socioeconomic status households should have assemblages with lower relative price index values. Similarly, higher socioeconomic status households should have higher relative price index values. Spencer-Wood (1987b:326) notes, however, that “consumer appetite [for more expensive goods] increases with wealth, until it nears the limits of status expression possible with ceramics or other categories of consumer goods.” Interestingly, although never identified as such, the fundamental theory behind relative price indexing is Thorstein Veblen’s (1899) idea of conspicuous consumption. In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Veblen posited that the powerless emulate the powerful through the consumption of material goods. For the powerful, objects are consumed for their ability to display social prestige or communicate a defined and commonly understood social identity. For the disenfranchised, the motivation to consume objects is based on a desire to emulate this “leisure class.” By suggesting that consumers of higher socioeconomic statuses purchase more expensive material goods, a relative price index analysis is actually a method of measuring conspicuous consumption. Not surprisingly, a closer examination of the data within the broader social contexts surrounding the acquisition of goods illustrates that the motivations underlying consumer choice are more complex. Nevertheless, relative price indices do provide a valuable departure point for discussing choice, even though the approach to consumption taken in this thesis runs counter to Veblen’s ideas of emulation. In 1980, George Miller developed an economic scaling technique to measure the relationship between socioeconomic status and ceramic vessels. This technique determines the relative economic value of a ceramic assemblage, which provides a means to discuss the relative economic level, or socioeconomic status, of the household that acquired, used and discarded the ceramic goods (Henry 1987). Alternatively, with this technique, the relative economic level of the household can be determined from archival sources, which provides a means to discuss the expected relative economic value of the ceramic assemblage. Lastly, relative economic values can be used to compare the value of one assemblage with another, allowing for an examination of ceramic expenditure patterns in terms of time, space and/or functional group. Miller’s economic scaling of eighteenth and nineteenth century ceramics is based on the cost of different decorated wares compared with the lowest-priced undecorated cream-colored ware (CC ware) (presented in Miller 1980, updated in 1991). The values of different decorated wares are expressed in relation to a fixed index value of 1.00 for CC ware at various points in time. For example, in 1825, transfer printed plates had an index value of 3.00, indicating that transfer printed plates cost three times as much as 6-9
TABLE 6-3. Ceramic Price Indices (adapted from Henry 1987: 245) Average Price per Dozen Cups and Saucers
Plates
1895-1897 Undecorated Molded Other decoration*** Transfer-printed Transfer, gilt Porcelain
$1.10 1.26 1.30 1.49 1.73 4.12
1900-1902-1909 Undecorated Molded Color*, gilt Porcelain 1922-1927 Undecorated Molded Gilt band Decal-printed Porcelain
Decoration
Ceramic Indices
Bowls
Cups and Saucers
Plates
Bowls
$0.68 0.75 0.84 1.00 1.32 2.71
$1.00 1.15 1.19 1.37 1.94 2.80
1.00 1.15 1.18 1.35 1.57 3.75
1.00 1.10 1.24 1.47 1.94 3.99
1.00 1.15 1.19 1.37 1.94 2.80
$0.68 1.07 1.70 2.82
$0.50 0.73 1.27 2.01
$0.72 0.97 1.71 --
1.00 1.57 2.50 4.15
1.00 1.46 2.54 4.02
1.00 1.35 2.38 4.00**
$2.21 2.52 3.41 4.69 6.10
$1.50 1.63 1.70 2.36 4.31
$1.51 1.93 2.16 2.77 4.02
1.00 1.14 1.54 2.12 2.76
1.00 1.09 1.13 1.57 2.87
1.00 1.28 1.43 1.83 2.66
* The "color" category refers to both transfer-printed and decal-printed. Since both decorative techniques existed during this time and their prices are relatively the same, both techniques are combined. ** Estimated value based on the relationship of porcelain to other categories (no bowl prices available). *** The "Other decoration" category includes hand-painted, sponge-painted, edged and annular style decorations. Since Henry did not include these in her original analysis, relative prices and index values for these decorative types were situated between undecorated and transferprinted wares.
6-10
undecorated CC plates (Miller 1991). Similarly, in 1855, sponged painted plates had an index value of 1.2, indicating that sponged painted plates cost 1.2 times as much as undecorated CC plates (Miller 1991). Although redware and yelloware vessels were not included in the price indices, Miller (1980:48) noted that these ware types would probably have an index value of less than 1.00. However, Miller’s price indices are incomplete after 1870 and non-existent after 1881, therefore excluding their use on late nineteenth and twentieth century sites. To overcome this limitation, Susan Henry (1987) developed a series of relative price scales for ceramic goods for the period 1895 to 1927. Prices for cups/saucers, plates and bowls were collected from seven Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck mail-order catalogs. Based on these prices, relative index values were generated for different decorated wares relative to the least expensive undecorated ware. Since Miller’s CC ware is not a ware type identified in any of the catalogs, “semiporcelain” was used, which was in all cases the least expensive ceramic type identified in all of the catalogs. Price variability within decorative categories was averaged to obtain a single figure, since variability between, rather than within, decorative categories is the important variable in the analysis (Henry 1987). Additionally, prices from several catalogs were averaged to create indices for different time periods. Since the Feature 53Z trash pit and first generation privy both date to the late nineteenth and first decade of the twentieth century, Henry’s ceramic price indices, presented in Table 6-3, are used in this analysis. Determining the relative economic value of a ceramic assemblage is fairly straightforward. One first determines the minimum number of vessels (MNI) for plates, cups/saucers and bowls. These form types are then grouped by decorative type. Assuming the assemblage has been dated, the next step is to pick a year from one of the relative price index lists. Next, the index value of each type for that year is multiplied by the number of vessels of that type. The result is a set of three price indices, one each for cups/saucers, plates and bowls. When the results from each vessel type are summed and divided by the total number of vessels, the result is a mean economic value for the entire ceramic assemblage (Henry 1987; Miller 1980, 1991). FINDINGS Both archival and artifactual data were used to determine occupations and ceramic indices. Columbia City Directories provided information on name, occupation (sometimes including the place of work) and address of residence. Archaeological data comes from the Feature 53Z trash pit and the first generation privy. Socioeconomic status was indicated by position within a hierarchy of occupational categories (Spencer-Wood 1987b). Five occupational categories were used: 1) professional and high whitecollar (e.g., banker, lawyer, physician); 2) proprietary and low white-collar (e.g., storekeeper, clerk, teacher); 3) skilled trades (e.g., carpenter, blacksmith, train engineer); 4) semi-skilled and un-skilled (e.g., waiter, teamster, laborer); and 5) unclassifiable, unemployed and unlisted (adapted from Henry 1987). An average of occupations for all residents of the rear 2025 Marion Street lot from 1897 to 1910 was used in the analysis. An average occupational ranking was used since the first generation privy and Feature 53Z trash pit are considered the product of one or more African American households circa 18971910. An average occupation ranking therefore more accurately reflects the socioeconomic status of the household(s) likely contributing to the features. Occupational data used in this analysis is found in Table 61. Based on this data, the average occupation ranking of the site’s residents falls between the third (skilled trades) and fourth (semi-skilled and un-skilled trades) position. Spencer-Wood (1987b) examined the effect several different methods for calculating minimum number of vessel (MNI) counts had on ceramic indices. Her results demonstrated that sherd counts, as opposed to MNI counts, consistently underestimated actual ceramic price index values. Two methods for determining MNI counts were tested by Spencer-Wood. MNI counts were first calculated from rims only and second by rims and any other distinctive body sherds that could not be part of any vessel represented by a rim or other body sherd. She determined that the rim and distinctive body sherd method of calculating a 6-11
TABLE 6-4. Ceramic Index Values Feature 53Z Trash Pit Ware Type Porcelain
Form
Decoration
MNI
Cup
1
Plate
Painted, Underglazed, Polychrome Undecorated
Bowl
Undecorated
1
Cup
1
Cup
Gilded, ‘Liquid Gold’ Undecorated
Plate
Undecorated
2
Bowl
Opaque Glaze
1
Saucer
Transfer-printed
1
Bowl
Transfer-printed
1
Cup
Transfer-printed
1
1
Whiteware
Total
2
12
First Generation Privy Porcelain Bowl
Opaque Glaze
1
Saucer
Undecorated
3
Cup
Undecorated
1
Cup
Opaque Glaze
1
Cup
Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome
1
Whiteware
Transferprint, Underglaze, Monochrome Undecorated
2
1
Bowl
Transferprint, Underglaze, Monochrome Molded
Plate
Undecorated
5
Plate
Gilded, ‘Liquid Gold’
1
Plate
Edgeware
2
Cup Bowl Bowl
Plate Plate Total 6-12
Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome Transferprint, Underglaze, Monochrome
2
1
1 2 24
TABLE 6-5. Ceramic Indices for the Feature 53Z Trash Pit. Ceramic Occupation MNV Index Values Rank* Cups / Saucers Plates Bowls Mean
6 3 3
2.28 1.92 2.51 2.24
4 4 4 4
* The listed occupation rank is that associated with the corresponding ceramic index value.
MNI value resulted in a more complete vessel count than just using rims alone. For this reason, MNI counts in this analysis are calculated using the rim and distinctive body sherd method. Table 6-4 is a summary of the ceramic assemblages from the Feature 53Z trash pit and the first generation privy, sorted by ware type, vessel form, decorative style and MNI. While many more decorative styles were indicated by individual sherds, only those styles used in calculating MNI values are included here. Further, only whiteware, pearlware, and porcelain vessels were used to determine relative price values. In addition, whiteware and pearlware vessels were amalgamated since a distinction was not indicated in the catalogs Henry used to establish relative prices. The total MNIs that could account for the Feature 53Z trash pit whiteware and porcelain ceramic assemblage consisted of 12 vessels: 5 cups; 1 saucer; 2 plates; 1 bowl; and 3 other vessels (one flatware and two hollowwares). For analysis, hollowwares were categorized as bowls and flatwares were categorized as plates. Relative ceramic price indices for the Feature 53Z trash pit were calculated independently for 1) plates, 2) bowls and 3) cups/saucers, and a mean ceramic price index value was calculated for the entire ceramic assemblage. For the ceramic plates, the relative price index value is 2.51; bowls produced a value of 1.92; while a value of 2.28 was obtained for the cups and saucers (the teaware assemblage). Tableware (plates and bowls combined) had a mean ceramic index value of 2.22. A mean ceramic price index value of 2.24 was established for the entire ceramic assemblage. A comparison of ceramic index values by socioeconomic status for the Feature 53Z trash pit indicates that the relative value of the ceramic assemblage and its components (1.92 – 2.51) is well within the expected value range for the socioeconomic status rank TABLE 6-6. Ceramic Indices for the First Generation Privy. Ceramic Occupation MNV Index Values Rank* Cups / Saucers Plates Bowls Mean
8 11 5
1.75 1.64 2.1 1.81
4 4 4 4
* The listed occupation rank is that associated with the corresponding ceramic index value.
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of semi-skilled and un-skilled occupations. Table 6-5 summarizes the relative ceramic price index results for the Feature 53Z trash pit. The total MNIs that could account for the first generation privy whiteware and porcelain ceramic assemblage consisted of 24 vessels: 8 cups and saucers; 11 plates; and 5 bowls. Relative ceramic price indices for the first generation privy were calculated independently for 1) plates, 2) bowls and 3) cups/saucers, and a mean ceramic price index value was calculated for the entire ceramic assemblage. For the ceramic plates, the relative price index value is 1.64; bowls produced a value of 2.10; while a value of 1.75 was obtained for the cups and saucers (the teaware assemblage). Tableware (plates and bowls combined) had a mean ceramic index value of 1.87. A mean ceramic price index value of 1.81 was established for the entire ceramic assemblage. A comparison of ceramic index values by socioeconomic status for the first generation privy indicates that the relative value of the ceramic assemblage and its components (1.64 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2.10) is well within the expected value range for the socioeconomic status rank of semi-skilled and un-skilled occupations. Table 6-6 summarizes the relative ceramic price index results for the first generation privy. DISCUSSION Of no surprise, consumer choice, particularly with the development of the mass-market during the late nineteenth century, was not practiced uniformly by each household. The primary value of a relative price index analysis is its use in exposing alternate consumption strategies. An index value that is higher or lower than expected, based on documented socioeconomic status, should cause the archaeologist to reexamine the material goods and relevant documents for clues that may not have been previously noticed about the consumption practices and social conditions of the household being studied. It goes without saying that an index value higher than expected is not simply an indication that the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents were motivated by emulation and conspicuous consumption. A close fit between the etically defined socioeconomic status of the residents of rear 2025 Marion Street and the mean relative price index value for the entire assemblage suggests, somewhat anti-climatically, that these individuals were not devoting a disproportionate percentage of their income on ceramic goods. Looking only at the mean ceramic assemblage value, however, obscures possible variation occurring within the ceramic assemblage. It is immediately apparent that the prevalent ceramic ware type is teaware (cups and saucers) compared with tableware (plates and bowls, by a ratio of just over 4:3). In order to discern possible differences between these assemblages in terms of ceramic price index values, a t-test for statistical significance was performed on the teaware and tableware assemblages. The null hypothesis is: no difference exists between the relative value of the teaware and the relative value of the tableware in the Feature 6 ceramic assemblage. The calculations produced a t-value of 1.70 with 53 degrees of freedom and a probability of p<.05. There is, therefore, a 95 percent probability that the relative value of the teaware assemblage is significantly greater than the relative value of the tableware assemblage. This difference indicates that the residents of rear 2025 Marion Street invested more in their teaware than tableware. Additionally, although not used in the calculations, the assemblage contained fragments of a molded porcelain childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tea set (one cup). It is worth emphasizing at this point that statistical significance does not equate with social significance. Statistical tests, explains Warner (1998:198), are useful methods for determining similarities and differences. They are not designed to reveal, indiscriminately, patterns of social behavior or self-evident conclusions. To explore some of these patterns of social behavior that the teaware data indicates and the social significance it may have held for the residents of the rear 2025 Marion Street, I examine the place tea held in late nineteenth century American society. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the act of taking tea was a firmly established idealized American ritual of genteel behavior. While the practice of taking tea was initially the product of seventeenth century European aristocracy, it soon spread across all socioeconomic strata, taking on a diverse range of 6-14
social meanings for different social groups, from a formal social event to an informal family gathering (Warner 1998). By the late nineteenth century, many African Americans and other socially marginalized individuals sought to demonstrate their suitability to social and consumer citizenship by embracing the materialism that went along with these genteel behaviors (Mullins 1999a). This materialism allowed African Americans to represent themselves as full participants in society and consumer culture. To own and embrace the proper material goods meant that one shared the cultureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conception of the formal characteristics of respectability (Grier 1988). The relative price index analysis suggests that the residents of the rear 2025 Marion Street property were living within their economic means, as implied by their occupations. But the analysis also indicates that they were spending different levels of their income on different categories of goods. Materials associated with the taking of tea are instruments of public display, visible indicators that they shared, and more importantly, understood, the intricacies of how popular culture and ideology defined social respectability. Tablewares, on the other hand, are less visible materials, reserved more for private than public use. From the data, it appears that the households associated with the Feature 53Z trash pit and first generation privy allocated a greater percentage of their available income and possibly attached a greater degree of significance to materials associated with genteel behavior and consumer citizenship than to materials reserved for more domestic behaviors.
COMMODITY-FLOW & NATIONAL MARKET ACCESS A commodity flow analysis examines patterns of household consumption from a supply-side economic perspective. The Commodity Flow Model (Riordan and Adams 1985) predicts the spatial distribution of household consumer goods in terms of geographic and market access areas. Geographers use the term commodity flow to describe how goods move from manufacturer to consumer (Pred 1970). Within an archaeological context, manufacturer location is derived primarily from makersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; marks. The assumption behind commodity flow is that access to consumer goods is dependent upon the physical availability of goods. Availability of goods, in turn, is dependent upon the factors identified above. In other words, you cannot buy from a store what a store does not carry. Any deviation from the predicted pattern of goods present in an assemblage must be explained. As with relative price indexing, congruence with and deviation from expected patterns of commodity flow are a source of insight into consumer strategies. Geographers use the term commodity flow to describe how goods move from manufacturers to consumers. Commodity flows are composed of five factors: 1) the type of goods being manufactured; 2) the geographical location of the producer; 3) the geographical location of the consumer; 4) the transportation network used to move the goods; and 5) the volume of the goods being moved. One can look at either a particular commodity flow or at commodity flows (plural). A particular commodity flow is the link that exists between a single manufacturer and a specific area of consumption. For example, you could look at a particular commodity flow between a glassmaker in New York City and the town of Winnemucca, Nevada. This flow would be composed of the commodity type (glass), the number of goods being moved (the volume), and how those goods moved from New York City to Nevada (the transportation network) (Crockett 2003). Commodity flows (plural), on the other hand, are the sum of all individual flows on a regional, national, or international scale. For example, you could look at commodity flows from the Northeast to the Southwest or from Western Europe to America. In this case, all flows (and their components) are combined to produce an overall picture of how goods move from producer to consumer (Crockett 2003). The geographer Allen Pred (1970) developed a typology of commodity flows based on industry type and market access. Industry was divided into three types: 1) Raw Material Industries extract raw 6-15
materials to be transported elsewhere to be manufactured into finished goods; 2) Market Oriented Industries, the industry type examined here, serve regional and national markets; and 3) Labor Related Industries manufacture finished goods that either have very low production costs per unit or are of such high value that transportation costs are not a factor. Market access was arbitrarily defined as the percent of access below New York City. Figure 6-2 illustrates how Pred divided the county into three main access areas and different percentages of access below New York City. These market access areas are: 1) High Access (0 to 25 percent below New York City); 2) Intermediate Access (25 to 40 percent below); and 3) Low Access (more than 40 percent below New York City). In other words, Pred assumes that the residents of New York City have full access to manufactured goods and that consumers living away from New York City have less than full access to those same goods (e.g. a consumer living in Columbia, South Carolina, has 35 percent less access to goods than a consumer living in New York City). There are two different ways of measuring commodity flow—one based on artifact frequency, the other on company frequency. Artifact frequency was developed by Timothy Riordan and William Adams (Riordan and Adams 1985), who applied Pred’s typology to several nineteenth and twentieth century sites around the country. They hypothesized that: “when located in different geographic regions, sites having the same access to the national market will show greater similarity to each other than to sites having different access, even when located in the same region” (Riordan and Adams 1985:8). Comparing artifact frequency by access area, Riordan and Adams measured the total volume of goods moving from manufacturers to consumers. This volume of goods is independent of the actual number of flows. For example, a single manufacturer in a given access area producing 1,500 objects of a particular type would be the same as ten manufacturers in the same access area each producing 150 objects of the same type. It is the volume of goods moving from one access area to another that is important. In 2001, William Hampton Adams (Adams et al. 2001) suggested a second way of measuring commodity flow based on company frequency instead of artifact frequency. He argued that comparing company frequency by access area avoids biases caused by re-use and artifact breakage. With this approach, the total number of flows between manufacturers and consumers in different areas are measured— independent of the volume of goods moving within these flows. For example, ten manufacturers in a given 6-16
access area each producing 100 objects of a particular type would generate the same result as ten manufacturers in the same access area each producing 500 objects of the same type. It is the actual number of links, or flows, that exist between various manufacturing locations and a particular consumption area that are important. Elsewhere, I suggested three applications of the Commodity Flow Model (Crockett 2003, 2005, 2011). The first application is that of a predictive pattern—essentially a test for site comparability. Since commodity flow largely determines the range of goods available in a market economy, the Commodity Flow Model is an effective way of testing to see if the site under study is subject to the external factors that comprise commodity flows. In other words, if the pattern of observed goods ‘fits’ the pattern of expected goods, then observed variation within assemblages is the result of factors other than market location, transportation networks or production forces. If observed patterns do not ‘fit’ expected patterns, then the archaeologist must first account for at least some of the observed assemblage variation by examining commodity flow variables before examining the effects of consumer choice on assemblage composition. The second application of the Commodity Flow Model is to look at how the national market changed over time. Although this application of the model is not discussed further in this thesis, I suggested that over time, Intermediate Access Area manufacturers will increase their flows at the expense of the High Access Area, but in Low Access Areas the increase will be at the expense of the Intermediate Access Area. This occurs since neither Intermediate nor Low Access Area manufacturers are able to overcome the distribution networks already established by High Access Area manufacturers and due to transportation costs Low and Intermediate Area manufacturers are competitive only within their own region. The Commodity Flow Model is also a useful way of evaluating consumer preference for locally versus nationally manufactured goods—the third application of the model. Preference can be approached in two ways: the first method looks at change over time within the same site, while the second examines how a site compares with national trends. In most studies, local preference for goods is determined by looking at both the ceramic and glass assemblages. However, ceramic goods might not be the best indicators of changing preference for locally produced goods, since the location of these manufacturers is determined largely by raw resource availability. Consequently, comparable manufacturers are not able to develop in other, local areas, therefore necessitating the importation of these goods from non-local manufacturers, such as those in East Liverpool, Ohio, where quality clay is abundant. Conversely, by applying the Commodity Flow Model to goods produced using materials and technologies that exist independent of geographic location, changes in the preference for locally versus nationally marketed goods are made clearer. A good example of a manufacturing process equally available to all, and one that survives well in the ground, is the glass industry. Note that what are being analyzed here are the flow of glass containers and other goods and not the contents of those containers. The second method for determining preference for locally versus nationally produced goods springs from an assertion put forth by Paul Mullins (1996). Mullins argued that post-bellum African American tenant farmers participated in the national market to a greater degree than white tenant farmers. This raises the question: is there a way to measure degrees of market participation using only material goods? Commodity flow might be one way. By knowing, at a national level, the artifact volume and company distributions for market access areas for different periods of time, it might be possible to calculate the frequencies for a given site, match the percentages, and see where the site fits within the national market evolution time line. This might be a good proxy measure for a site residents’ degree of participation in the national market; a way of identifying if they were participating in the national market to a greater or lesser degree than other comparable sites at a given time. As of this writing, not enough sites have been analyzed for commodity flow to develop a base-line data set to test this hypothesis. However, Leone (1999) has developed an alternative method for measuring market participation based on variations in ceramic vessel form and decoration type that will be discussed further in this chapter.
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TABLE 6-7. Summary of Feature 53Z Trash Pit Artifacts (MNI) Associated with Identifiable Maker's Marks. Manufacturer
Type
City
Sate/Country Mfg. Date
Access Area
n
Cat. no.
“… RMIO … / … MOR ...”
Glass
?
?
?
?
1
53Z-33
“PATENTED / SEPT 2 1884 / AUG 4 1885” Glass
?
?
1885+
?
1
53Z-43
TABLE 6-8. Summary of First Generation Privy Artifacts (MNI) Associated with Identifiable Maker's Marks. Manufacturer
Type
City
Sate/Country
Mfg. Date
Access Area
n
Cat. no.
UID
Glass
?
?
?
?
1
55N-34
UID
Glass
?
?
?
?
1
55N-36
“… RCE ...” “… BO ...”
Glass
?
?
?
?
1
55N-48
“PORC … / FOR MASON ...”
Glass
?
?
?
?
1
55N-49
“… MFORD”
Metal
?
?
?
?
1
55N-58
UID
Ceramic
?
?
?
?
1
55P-24
UID
Glass
?
?
?
?
1
55P-43
“… B ...”
Glass
?
?
?
?
1
55P-47
UID
Ceramic
?
?
?
?
1
55R-2
UID
Ceramic
?
?
?
?
1
55R-8
“MALYDOR // MANFG. Co. // LANCASTER // OHIO”
Glass
Lancaster
Ohio
?
High
1
“I.R.C. CO. // GOODYEAR 1851” – India Ruber Comb Company
Rubber
?
New York
High
1
“PARIS // INJECTION BROU // 102 RUE RICHELIEU”
Glass
?
New York
?
High
1
“U.M.C. / S H / .38 S & W”
Metal
Bridgeport
Connecticut
1867-1911 High
1
55R-15
“… SOUTH ...”
Glass
?
South Carolina
?
Intermediate
1
55N-33
South Carolina Dispensary
Glass
?
South Carolina
1891-1907 Intermediate
1
55N-39
“BRIAN E. MIOT // DRUGGIST / COLUMBIA, S.C.”
Glass
Columbia
South Carolina
“W.C. FISHER / DRUGGIST / COLUMBIA Glass / S.C.”
Columbia
South Carolina
1854-1898
1895-1938
Intermediate
1
Intermediate
1
1871-1908
55N-51 55P-30 55P-53
55P-54 55P-55
FINDINGS The Feature 53Z trash pit contained two artifacts representing two different makers’ marks. However, neither of the marks were traceable to their location of manufacture. The first generation trash pit contained 18 artifacts representing 18 different makers’ marks. However, only eight of the marks were traceable to their location of manufacture. Due to their fragmentary nature, four marks were unidentifiable. Tables 6-7 and 6-8 list each makers’ mark and its associated market access area. Table 6-9 summarizes the artifact and company frequency distributions by access area. Taken together, a comparison of artifact frequency by access area for the two assemblages show that 50.0 percent of the total number of recovered artifacts with identifiable makers’ marks originated within the High Access Area, 50.0 percent of 6-18
TABLE 6-9. Artifact and Company Distributions by Market Access Area. Artifact Frequency N %
Company Frequency N %
Access Area Low Intermediate High Foreign Total
0 4 4 0
0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 100.0
0 4 4 0
0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 100.0
the goods came from the Intermediate Access Area, and 0.0 percent were from the Low Access Area, while 0.0 percent were from the Foreign Access Area. With company frequency by access area, 50.0 percent of the companies manufacturing consumer goods imported into the Columbia, South Carolina area were located within the High Access Area, 50.0 percent were located within the Intermediate Access Area, 0.0 percent were located within the Low Access Area, and 0.0 percent of manufacturers were located in the Foreign Access Area. DISCUSSION With such a small sample size, it is difficult to draw any definite conclusions. Nevertheless, the data are suggestive. If the Commodity Flow Model is a valid way of determining the degree in which the geographic location of a site within the national market influences the composition of late nineteenth and early twentieth century household consumer goods, then there should be a close fit between the modelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s predicted pattern of artifact distribution and the observed archaeological pattern. Specifically, when artifact frequency is compared by access area, the highest frequency of artifacts will originate within the High Access Area. The next most frequent manufacturing location will be the Intermediate Access Area, with the least frequent U.S. production location in the Low Access Area. Household consumer goods coming into the Columbia, South Carolina, region from the Foreign Access Area will comprise the smallest frequency of artifacts. Comparing company frequency by access area, the spatial distribution of manufacturers should be comparable to the spatial distribution of artifacts. For U.S. production, the highest percentage of manufacturers should be found within the High Access Area, followed by Intermediate Access Area producers and, lastly, Low Access Area manufacturers. Foreign Access Area manufacturers should account for the smallest percentage of represented companies. The Feature 53Z trash pit and first generation privy assemblages clearly fit the pattern predicted by both versions of the Commodity Flow Model for the spatial distribution of household consumer goods within the national market. Ignoring the bias caused by small sample size, the residents of rear 2025 Marion Street engaged in consumption practices that deviated little from the practices employed by the majority of U.S. residents during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Considering that by 1900, 65 percent of all U.S. production took place in the Northeast (Spencer-Wood 1987a), it is not surprising that 50.0 percent of the manufacturers represented were located in the High Access Area. What is surprising is that none of the remaining makersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; marks were associated with goods from Low Access Area manufactures.
6-19
CONCLUSION
This chapter presented a three-step methodology for investigating consumption practices in an archaeological context. Given that consumption practices operate within specific social-historical contexts that partially structure these consumption practices, this three-step methodology focused on understanding the conditions and constraints of the environment within which consumer practice took place. The first methodological step involved understanding market integration through ceramic consumption practices. This analysis suggests that the residents of the rear 2025 Marion Street property were less integrated into the national market system than the average American. The second methodological step looked at the relationship between ceramic consumption practices and socioeconomic status via ceramic price indices and occupation. Data from this analysis suggests that the residents of the rear 2025 Marion Street property were devoting an average percentage of their income on ceramic goods. Further, this analysis suggests that residents devoted a statistically-significant greater amount for teaware than tableware. The third and final methodological step involved understanding the flow of commodities and national market access. This analysis suggests that the residents of the rear 2025 Marion Street property were not accessing the national market in any unexpected ways. Together, these three analyses suggest that variation within the material culture of the residents of the rear 2025 Marion Street property was not due to any supply-side economic conditions.
6-20
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Jones, Olive R. and Catherine Sullivan, with contributions by George L. Miller, E. Ann Smith, Jane E. Harris and Kevin Lunn. 1989
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LeeDecker, Charles H., Terry H. Klein, Cheryl A. Holt, and Amy Friedlander 1987 Nineteenth-Century Households and Consumer Behavior in Wilmington, Delaware. In Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology, Suzanne M. SpencerWood, editor, pp. 233-259. New York: Plenum Press.
R-3
Leone, Mark P. 1999
Ceramics from Annapolis, Maryland: A Measure of Time Routines and Work Discipline. In Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism, Mark P. Leone and Parker B. Potter, Jr., editors, pp. 195-216. New York: Kluwer Academic.
Miller, Daniel 1987
Material Culture and Mass Consumption. Oxford: Blackwell.
Miller, George L. 1980 Classification and Economic Scaling of 19th Century Ceramics. Historical Archaeology 14(1):1-14. 1991
A Revised Set of CC Index Values for Classification and Economic Scaling of English Ceramics from 1787 to 1880. Historical Archaeology 25(1):1-24.
Miller, George L., Patricia Samford, Ellen Shlasko and Andrew Madsen 2000
Telling Time for Archaeologists. Northeast Historical Archaeology 29(1):1-22.
Moore, John H. 1993
Columbia and Richland County: A South Carolina Community, 1740-1990. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Mullins, Paul R. 2001 Racializing the Parlor: Race and Victorian Bric-a-Brac Consumption. In Race and the Archaeology of Identity, Charles E. Orser Jr., editor, pp. 158-176. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 1999a
â&#x20AC;&#x153;A Bold and Gorgeous Frontâ&#x20AC;?: The Contradictions of African America and Consumer Choice. In Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism, Mark P. Leone and Parker B. Potter, Jr., editors, pp. 169-193. New York: Kluwer Academic.
1999b
Race and Affluence: An Archaeology of African America and Consumer Culture. New York: Kluwer Academic.
National Park Service 2000 NPS Museum Handbook, Part II: Museum Records. http://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/MHII/mushbkII.html. Last accessed: 28 March 2013.
R-4
Pendery, Steven R. 1992
Consumer Behavior in Colonial Charlestown, Massachusetts, 1630-1760. Historical Archaeology 26(3):57-72.
Riordan, Timothy B. and William H. Adams 1985
Commodity Flows and National Market Access. Historical Archaeology 19(2):5-18.
Rotman, Deborah L. and Andrew Bradbury 2002
Salley, A. S. 1936
Measuring Modern Discipline: A Re-Examination of Type and Variant Indices Using Ceramics from the Monterey Site in the Central Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. Final draft, 11/07/02, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc., Lexington, KY.
Physical Growth. In Columbia: Capital City of South Carolina: 1786-1936, Helen K. Henning, editor, pp. 363-372. Columbia: Columbia Sesqui-Centennial Commission.
Sanborn Map Company 1919 Insurance Maps of Columbia, South Carolina. Sanborn Map Company, New York. Samford, Patricia M. 1997
Response to a Market: Dating English Underglaze Transfer-Printed Wares. Historical Archaeology 31(2):1-30.
Seddon, Matthew T. 2001
Consumer Choice in Salt Lake City During the Early 20 th Century: Report of Excavation and Analysis of Sites 42SL309 and 42SL327. (CD-ROM) Utah Department of Transportation and Utah Division of State History, Salt Lake City.
Shackel, Paul A. 1993
Personal Discipline and Material Culture: An Archaeology of Annapolis, Maryland, 1695-1870. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
Society for Historical Archaeology 1993 Standards and Guidelines for the Curation of Archaeological Collections. http://www.sha.org/research/curation_standards.cfm. Last accessed: 28 March 2013. R-5
South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) 2007 Geotechnical Design Manual. South Carolina Department of Transportation, Columbia. South Carolina State Department of Agriculture, Commerce and Immigration. 1907
Handbook of South Carolina: Resources, Institutions and Industries of the State. The State Company, Columbia.
Spencer-Wood, Suzanne M. 1987 Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology, Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood, editor. New York: Plenum Press. 1987a
Introduction. In Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology, Suzanne M. SpencerWood, editor, pp. 1-24. New York: Plenum Press
1987b
Miller’s Indices and Consumer-Choice Profiles: Status-Related Behaviors and White Ceramics. In Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology, Suzanne M. SpencerWood, editor, pp. 321-358. New York: Plenum Press.
Strasser, Susan 1989
Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Veblen, Thorstein 1893
The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. 1973 reprint, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Warner, Mark S. 1998
R-6
“The Best There Is of Us”: Ceramics and Status in African American Annapolis. In Annapolis Pasts: Historical Archaeology in Annapolis, Maryland, Paul A. Shackel, Paul R. Mullins and Mark S. Warner, editors, pp. 190-224. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
APPENDIX A
CONTRIBUTORS TO FIELD AND LABORATORY WORK
THE following is a list of individuals who worked in the field and/or laboratory between 2005 and 2012 as part of the Mann-Simons Archaeology Project. I have made every effort to keep track of everybody's names over the past seven years, but there is still a chance that I missed somebody. If you contributed to the project but do not find your name listed hereâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;I apologize greatly. Without the time, effort and skills of all of these individuals, this project would not have been possible. Thank you all.
PAID WORK Joseph Johnson
LONG-TERM VOLUNTEERS Sarah Robertson Adam Butler
SHORT-TERM VOLUNTEERS Charlyce Goodwin Marla Crockett
PUBLIC DAYS VOLUNTEERS Diane Wallman Staci Young Kelly Goldberg Don Rosick Kelsey Hanrahan Sarah Richardson
A-1
APPENDIX B
THE following is a full list of fields and values used for cataloging artifacts at the Columbia Archaeology Program. Details are found in Chapter 3.
CLASS
PART (cont')
COLOR (cont')
Bone
Links
Ivory
Ceramic
Lip
Lavender
Composite
Neck
Medium Sapphire Blue
Glass
Profile
Mottled
Metal
Rim
Mulberry
Mineral
Seam
Multiple
Organic
Shank
Olive
Shell
Shell
Olive ('Black')
Soil
Sole
Olive, Dark
Stone
Spine Catch
Olive, Light
Synthetic
Spine Tip
Orange
Wood
Spring Guard
Pink
Tooth
Polychrome
Top
Red
PART Back Plate
Reddish-Brown
Base
COLOR
Reddish-Orange
Bat
Amber
Silver
Blade
Amethyst
Translucent White
Body
Aqua (Blue)
Turquoise
Bowl
Aqua (Green)
White
Bracket
Black
Yellow
Cap
Blue
Yellow / Cream
Clasp
Blue, Dark
Yellow/Brown
Complete
Blue, Light
Core
Brown
Cup
Brown, Dark
Architectural
End
Buff
Architectural-Exterior
Ewer
Clear Green
Architectural-Interior
Face
Cobalt Blue
Domestic
Finish
Colorless
Electrical
Footring
Copper
Kitchen
Fragment
Cream
Kitchen-Tableware
Handle
Gold
Kitchen-Utilitarian
Head
Gray
Personal
Heel
Green
Personal-Clothing
Kick-Up
Green, 'Black'
Personal-Firearms
Lead
Green, Dark
Personal-Hygiene
Leg
Green, Light
Personal-Ornamental
Lens Ring
Green, Lime
Personal-Sewing
Lid
Grey
Personal-Toy
FUNCTIONAL CAT.
B-1
MATERIAL
DEC. ELEMENT
Bone
12-Sided
Animal
Brass
Bank
Annular
Brick
Bohemian
Architectural
Carbon
Circle(s)
Ball
Cast Iron
Diamond
Band
Cement/Concrete
Diamond(s)
Bar & Anvil Primer
Composite
Dot(s)
Barrel
Copper
English Hobnail
Barrel Design
Cupric Alloy
Excelsior Pattern
BB Cap
Earthenware
Eyelets
beaded Edge
Ferrous Alloy
Feather
Berdan Primer
Glass
Female
Buckshot
Glass, Cobalt
Flower(s)
Bull's Eye & Fluted
Glass, Frosted
Flower(s)
Cable
Glass, Leaded
Hatch Marks
Circular
Glass, Manganese
Hole
Circular Head
Glass, Milk
Interior
Concave
Glass, Soda
Leaves
Cone
Glass, Solarized
Letter(s)
Conical
Glass, Uranium
Line(s)
Conical
Graphite
line(s) (trailed)
Continuous Threads
Lead
Loop
Cork Lined
Leather
Loop(s)
Cylindrical
Marble
'L'-Shape
Dendridic
Mortar
NC Flowers
Diamond Point
Nut
number(s)
Disc
Organic
Person
Dish Shape
Paper
Plant(s)
Dome
Pewter
Prism and Flute
Dome Head
Plaster
Rib(s)
Dome Head / Square Shank
Porcelain
Ribs
Dome Shape
Rubber
Rope
Doughnut-Shaped
Rubber, Gutta-Percha
SC Dispensary
Dumb Bell Shape
Rubber, Hard
SC State Seal
Elixir / Handy
Shell
Sheep
Feather Edge
Slate
Slot
Figure(s)
Soil
Solid
Fish Scale
Steel
Thumb Print
Flat Head
Stoneware
Tick Marks
Flat Rim
Synthetic
Tree(s)
Floral
Terneplate
Weaving
Fluted
Terra Cotta
Willow
Fluted Diamond
Tin
Fluted Oblong
Unidentified Material
B-2
DEC. DESIGN (cont')
DEC. DESIGN
French Square
Unidentified Metal
1 lb
Friction-Ring Groove
Wood
2-Wire
Frozen Charlotte
Zinc
3-Hole
Geometric
DEC. DESIGN (cont')
DEC. DESIGN (cont')
MAN. TECH. (cont')
German Cologne Style
Smooth Back
Cast, Two-Piece
Glass Liner
Smooth Edge
Centerfired
Golden Gate Oval
Smooth Rim
Champagne Finish
Gothic Revival
Sphere
Chinese Export Porcelain
Grape
Square
Coarse
Hex
Square Ended
Codd Stopper Finish
Hexagonal
Starburst
Collared Ring Finish
Hump Style
Stippling
Combination
Insignia
Straight
Continuous Threads
Interior
Studded
Crimped
Interior
Sunburst
Crown Cap Finish
Jo-Jo Flask
Table, Medium
Cup-Bottom Mold
Locking
Tapered End
Cup-Seat Mold
Long
Twisted
Cut
L-Shaped Head
Two-Wire
Die Cut
Millville Round
Dip Body Mold
Mushroom
MAN. TECH.
Double Ring Finish
Neck-and-Eye
1-Piece Button
Drilled
Octagonal
2-Piece Button
Exterior (glazed)
Octagonal (Irregular)
Extruded
Opened
3-Part Blow Mold 3-Part Blow Mold w/Dip Body Mold
Oriental
3-Part Press Mold
Fired Lip
Ovaloid Head
Agateware
Flared Ring Finish
Panel
Albany Type Slip Glazed
Flat Glass
Panel, 2x2
Alkaline Glazed
Folded
Panel, Square
Applied Lip
Folded Lip Finish
Philadelphia Oval
Automatic Machine, Bottle
Forged
Plain
Back Plated
Gimlet Point
Polygon
Bead Finish
Graniteware
Pressed-Powder Cake
Beaded Finish
Gray Paste Stoneware
Prism
Grooved Ring Finish
Rectangular
Blob-Top Finish Blob-Top, Lightning Stopper Finish
Rectangular/Square
Blow Over Finish
Ground Lip
Ribbed
Blown in the Mold
Ground Lip, Shoulder Seal
Rosette
Bottom-Hinged Mold (2-Piece)
Ground-Off Pontil
Round
Brandy Finish
Hand Made
Round Base, Square Shoulder
Brandy Finish, Straight
Hand Pressed
Round Cornered Blake
Brazed
Hand Soldered
Round Head
Bristol Glazed
Hand Wrought
Rounded Corners
Brown Paste Stoneware
Hotel Ware Porcelain
Rounded Head
Buff Paste Earthenware
Hutchinson Stopper Finish
'S'
Buff Paste Stoneware
Industrial Porcelain
Salamander Oval
Burned
Infolded Lip
Sauce Style
By-Product
Insulated
Scalloped Edge
Cap-Seat Finish
Interior (glazed)
Scroll
Carved
Iron Oxide Glazed
Seed
Cast
Ironstone
S-Form
Cast, One-Piece
Kaolin / Ball
Finishing Tool
Ground
B-3
MAN. TECH. (cont')
B-4
MAN. TECH. (cont')
MAN. TECH. (cont')
Key-Wind
Sawn
Yellowware
Knurled
Screw Band
Yellowware, Utilitarian
Laid-On Ring
Sew-Through
Lightning Stopper Finish
Shank Molded 1 Piece
Lipping Tool
Sheared Ring Finish
Ammunition, Bullet, .22 Caliber
Long
Sheared Top
Ammunition, Bullet, .32 Caliber
Machine Cut
Short
Ammunition, Bullet, .45 Caliber
Machine Made
Shoulder Seal
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber
Machine Pressed
Side Seam, Double, Lap
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .25 Caliber
Machine Soldered
Side Seam, Single, Lap
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber
Melted
Silvered (mirror)
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38 Caliber
Mineral Finish
Slip Glazed
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .40 Caliber
Mixed
Small Mouth Ext. Thread Finish
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45 Caliber
Molded
Snap Case
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45-70 Caliber
Molding Technique Unknown
Soldered
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, Unidentified
Neck Lugs
Solid
Ammunition, Shot, Lead
Neck Wire
Solid Core
Ammunition, Shot, Steel
Other Glazed
Spot Crown
Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 10 Gauge
Packer Finish
Stacked Ring Finish
Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 12 Gauge
Parian
Stamped
Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 14 Gauge
Patent Finish
Stamped End
Architectural, Door Stop
Pearlware
Stranded
Architectural, Brick
Pegged (nail)
Stranded Core
Architectural, Cement / Concrete
Pegged (wood)
Super-Short
Architectural, Glass, Block
Plated
Threaded Finish
Architectural, Glass, Window
Pontil Rod
Threaded Finish (external)
Architectural, Mortar
Post-Bottom Mold
Threaded Finish (internal)
Architectural, Plaster
Prescription Lip Finish
Three-Piece Mold
Architectural, Post
Press-and-Blow Machine
Torpedo Base
Architectural, Sheet Metal
Press Cap Finish
Turn Mold
Architectural, Sheet Metal, Corrugated Iron
Pressed
Two-Piece Mold
Architectural, Tile, Floor / Wall
Pressed Powder
Unglazed
Architectural, Tile, Flooring
Pressed, Hand
Unidentified (UID)
Architectural, Tile, Roofing
Pressed, Machine
UID Ceramic
Architectural, Tile, Roofing, Asphalt
Prosser
UID Color Paste Earthenware
Architectural, Tile, Roofing, Tin
Punched
UID Finish
Architectural, Tile, Siding, Asbestos
Quarried
UID Manufacturing Technique
Architectural, Tile, Siding, Asphalt
Red Paste Earthenware
UID Stoneware
By-Product, Clinker / Slag
Red Paste Stoneware
UID White Paste Earthenware
Clothing, Blueing Agent
Refined Porcelain
Uninsulated
Clothing, Buckle
Reinforced Extract Finish
Unmodified Natural Material
Clothing, Buckle, Belt
Rimfire
White Saltglazed
Clothing, Buckle, Suspender
Ring Finish
Whiteware
Clothing, Buckle, Suspender
Riveted
Wide Mouth Ext. Thread Finish
Clothing, Button
Rockingham / Bennington
Wide Mouth, Applied Lip
Clothing, Button, 2-Hole
Rolled
Wide Prescription Finish
Clothing, Button, 2-Piece
Rolled Rim
Wide Prescription Finish
Clothing, Button, 4-Hole
Salt Glazed
Wire
Clothing, Button, 5-Hole
OBJECT NAMES
OBJECT NAMES (cont')
OBJECT NAMES (cont')
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45-70 Caliber
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Mustard
Clothing, Button, Collar
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Spice / Extract
Clothing, Button, Collar Snap
Container, Bottle, Cosmetic
Clothing, Button, Drilled-Eye Shank
Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Perfume/Cologne
Clothing, Button, Loop-Shank
Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Skin Lightener
Clothing, Button, Military
Container, Bottle, Food
Clothing, Button, Shank Molded
Container, Bottle, Food, Olives
Clothing, Button, Staff-Type
Container, Bottle, Food, Pickles
Clothing, Clip
Container, Bottle, Food, Pickles/Olives
Clothing, Clip, Cuff-Holder
Container, Bottle, Household Cleaner
Clothing, Cuff Link
Container, Bottle, Ink
Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye
Container, Bottle, Liquor / Whisky
Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye, Eye
Container, Bottle, Medicinal / Pharmaceutical
Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye, Hook
Container, Bottle, Milk
Clothing, Grommet
Container, Bottle, Other
Clothing, Hat Pin
Container, Bottle, Soda Pop / Water
Clothing, Rivet
Container, Bottle, Wine
Clothing, Safety Pin
Container, Bucket
Clothing, Shoe
Container, Bucket, Lead/Solder Pot
Clothing, Shoe Horn
Container, Can
Clothing, Shoe, Grommet
Container, Can Tobacco, Snuff
Clothing, Shoe, Sole
Container, Can, Closure
Clothing, Snap
Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid (non-screw)
Clothing, Straight Pin
Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid, Screw
Clothing, Zipper
Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lip Lid
Communication, Holder, Pencil
Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip
Communication, Pen, Ball-Point
Container, Can, Hole-in-Cap
Communication, Pen, Fountain
Container, Can, Hole-in-Cap, Hand-Soldered
Communication, Pencil, Graphite
Container, Can, Hole-in-Cap, Machine-Soldered
Communication, Pencil, Slate
Container, Can, Hole-in-Top
Communication, Telephone, Receiver Hook
Container, Can, Key
Container, Bottle
Container, Can, Key-Wind
Container, Bottle, Alcohol
Container, Can, Rolled Seam
Container, Bottle, Beer
Container, Can, Sanitary
Container, Bottle, Beverage
Container, Can, Side-Seam, Double
Container, Bottle, Bitters
Container, Can, Side-Seam, Single, Lap
Container, Bottle, Closure
Container, Can, Side-Seam, Single, Soldered
Container, Bottle, Closure, Cork
Container, Can, Square / Rectangular
Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap
Container, Can, Tapered
Container, Bottle, Closure, Lead Seal
Container, Can, Tobacco
Container, Bottle, Closure, Lighting Stopper
Container, Can, Tobacco, Snuff
Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper
Container, Jar
Container, Bottle, Closure, Press-Fit Cap
Container, Jar, Lid
Container, Bottle, Closure, Screw Cap
Container, Jar, Lid Liner
Container, Bottle, Condiment
Container, Jar, Lid, Preserving
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Iced Tea Tumbler
Container, Jar, Preserving
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Jelly/Mustard Tumbler
Container, Personal
B-5
OBJECT NAMES (cont')
B-6
OBJECT NAMES (cont')
Container, Personal, Cosmetic / Hygiene
Hardware, Hinge
Container, Vial
Hardware, Hinge, Blind Hinge Hook
Electrical, Battery, Carbon Rod
Hardware, Hinge, Butt
Electrical, Connector
Hardware, Hinge, Butt, Shutter
Electrical, Insulator, Cleat
Hardware, Hinge, Rolled Plate Hinge
Electrical, Insulator, Split Knob
Hardware, Hinge, Strap
Electrical, Wire
Hardware, Hook
Electrical, Wire Connector, Molding
Hardware, Hook, Box Latch
Electrical, Wire, Double Conductor
Hardware, Hook, Box Latch
Electrical, Wire, Quadruple Conductor
Hardware, Hook, Coat-and-Hat
Electrical, Wire, Single Conductor
Hardware, Hook, Cup Hook
Electrical, Wire, Triple Conductor
Hardware, Hook, Eye Hook & Staple
Fauna
Hardware, Hook, Plain
Fauna, Clam Shell
Hardware, Hook, Screw Hook
Fauna, Egg Shell
Hardware, Latch, Barn Door
Fauna, Oyster Shell
Hardware, Lock, Bolt
Fauna, Shell
Hardware, Lock, Case Lock
Flora
Hardware, Lock, Key
Flora, Nut, Pecan
Hardware, Lock, Key, Case Lock
Food Preparation, Baking Dish
Hardware, Lock, Key, Lever Tumbler
Food Preparation, Cooking Pot
Hardware, Lock, Key, Pin Tumbler
Food Preparation, Cooking Pot, Lid
Hardware, Lock, Key, Rim Lock
Furniture
Hardware, Lock, Key, Wafer Tumbler
Furniture, Caster
Hardware, Lock, Lever Tumbler
Furniture, Spring
Hardware, Lock, Padlock
Furniture, Tack
Hardware, Lock, Pin Tumbler
Hardware, Bar
Hardware, Lock, Rim Lock
Hardware, Barbed Wire
Hardware, Lock, Unidentified
Hardware, Barrel Strap
Hardware, Lock, Wafer Tumbler
Hardware, Bolt
Hardware, Nail, Braid
Hardware, Bolt, Carriage
Hardware, Nail, Common
Hardware, Bolt, Counter-Sunk Carriage
Hardware, Nail, Escutcheon Pin
Hardware, Bolt, Eye
Hardware, Nail, Finishing
Hardware, Bolt, Saw
Hardware, Nail, Roofing
Hardware, Bracket
Hardware, Nail, Spike
Hardware, Bracket, Angle
Hardware, Nail, Unidentified
Hardware, Chain
Hardware, Nut
Hardware, Chain, Lap-Link
Hardware, Pull Chain
Hardware, Chain, Link
Hardware, Ring
Hardware, Collar
Hardware, Rod
Hardware, Cotter Pin
Hardware, Scissors
Hardware, Door Knob
Hardware, Screw, Eye-Screw
Hardware, Eye
Hardware, Screw, Metal
Hardware, Handle, Door Pull
Hardware, Screw, Wood
Hardware, Handle, Door Ring
Hardware, Spike
Hardware, Handle, Drawer
Hardware, Spring
Hardware, Handle, Drawer Pull
Hardware, Staple
OBJECT NAMES (cont')
OBJECT NAMES (cont')
Hardware, Staple, Fence
Personal, Pin-Back
Hardware, Stock, Bar
Personal, Pocket Knife
Hardware, Strap
Personal, Pocket Knife, 2-Blades
Hardware, Tack
Personal, Pocket Knife, 3-Blades
Hardware, Tube
Personal, Scissors
Hardware, Unidentified
Personal, Umbrella
Hardware, Washer
Personal, Unidentified
Hardware, Window, Shutter Dog
Personal, Watch, Pocket
Hardware, Wire
Personal, Water Pitcher / Ewer
Hardware, Wire, Bailing
Plumbing, Pipe
Harness Hardware, Horseshoe
Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting
Household Accessory, Candle Stick Holder
Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, End Cap
Household Accessory, Figurine
Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, Gas
Household Accessory, Fireplace Tool Stand
Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, Gas Stove
Household Accessory, Flowerpot
Plumbing, Pipe, Sewer
Household Accessory, Lettering
Religious Item
Household Accessory, Unidentified
Soil Sample
Lighting, Arc, Carbon Rod
Tableware, Bowl
Lighting, Bulb
Tableware, Bowl, Footed-Salt
Lighting, Bulb, Incandescent
Tableware, Bowl, Salt / Sugar
Lighting, Lamp
Tableware, Bowl, Serving
Lighting, Lamp, Chimney
Tableware, Bowl, Tea-Waster
Lighting, Lamp, Globe
Tableware, Cup
Lighting, Lamp, Shade
Tableware, Cup, Tea
Lighting, Unidentified
Tableware, Drinking Glass
Machinery, Gasket
Tableware, Drinking Glass, Goblet
Machinery, Unidentified
Tableware, Drinking Glass, Stemware
Mineral, Coal
Tableware, Drinking Glass, Tumbler
Mineral, Unidentified
Tableware, Flatware
Paper
Tableware, Fork
Paper, Newspaper
Tableware, Fork, 2-Prong
Personal, Bead
Tableware, Fork, 3-Prong
Personal, Bead, Round
Tableware, Fork, Serving
Personal, Bead, Seed
Tableware, Hollowware
Personal, Bead, Tube
Tableware, Knife
Personal, Coin
Tableware, Pitcher
Personal, Comb
Tableware, Plate
Personal, Handbag
Tableware, Plate, Lunch
Personal, Handbag, Clasp
Tableware, Plate, Serving
Personal, Jewelry, Broach
Tableware, Saucer
Personal, Jewelry, Earring
Tableware, Spoon
Personal, Jewelry, Necklace
Tableware, Spoon, Serving
Personal, Jewelry, Pendent
Tableware, Unidentified
Personal, Jewelry, Pendent/Earring
Tableware, Utensil
Personal, Jewelry, Unidentified
Tableware, Vessel
Personal, Jewelry, Wire
Tobacco, Ashtray
Personal, Mirror
Tobacco, Pipe Tobacco, Pipe, Pamplin-Style
B-7
OBJECT NAMES (cont') Tool, Pliers Tool, Scale, Balance Weight Tool, Screwdriver Toy, Ball Toy, Coin Bank Toy, Doll Toy, Doll, China Head Toy, Figurine Toy, Marble Toy, Tea Set Toy, Unidentified Unidentified, Architectural Unidentified, Ceramic Unidentified, Flat Glass Unidentified, Glass Unidentified, Metal Unidentified, Metal, Disc Unidentified, Metal, Plate Unidentified, Object Unidentified, Sheet Metal Unidentified, Slate Unidentified, Vessel Unidentified, Wood Utilitarian, Bottle / Jug Utilitarian, Bowl Utilitarian, Crock Utilitarian, Hollowware Utilitarian, Jar Utilitarian, Jar / Bottle Utilitarian, Jar / Crock Utilitarian, Vessel
B-8
APPENDIX C
Provenience
Unit
Short Title
Type
40A
N494 E453
Level 1, SW Quad
Stratum
40B
N494 E453
Level 1, NW Quad
Stratum
40C
N494 E453
Level 1, NE Quad
Stratum
40D
N494 E453
Level 1, SE Quad
Stratum
40E
N494 E453
Level 2, SW Quad
Stratum
40F
N494 E453
Level 2, NW Quad
Stratum
40G
N494 E453
Level 2, NE Quad
Stratum
40H
N494 E453
Level 2, SE Quad
Stratum
40J
N494 E453
Trench, Electrical
Trench
40K
N494 E453
Level 3, SW Quad
Stratum
40L
N494 E453
Level 3, NW Quad
Stratum
40M
N494 E453
Level 3, NE Quad
Stratum
40N
N494 E453
Level 3, SE Quad
Stratum
40P
N494 E453
Circular Depression
UID
40Q
N494 E453
Irregular Depression
UID
40R
N494 E453
Shallow Irregular Depression
UID
40S
N494 E453
Shallow Irregular Depression
UID
40T
N494 E453
Shallow Circular Depression
UID
40U
N494 E453
Rectangular Depression
UID
40V
N494 E453
Shallow Irregular Depression
UID
40W
N494 E453
Trench, Electrical
Trench
40X
N494 E453
Trench, Brick Foundation
Trench
40Y
N494 E453
Irregular Depression
UID
40Z
N494 E453
Brick Foundation
Foundation
40AA
N494 E453
Level 4, SW Quad
Stratum
40AB
N494 E453
Level 4, NW Quad
Stratum
40AC
N494 E453
Level 4, NE Quad
Stratum
40AD
N494 E453
Level 4, SE Quad
Stratum
40AE
N494 E453
Post Hole
Post Hole
53A
N484 E463
Level 1, SW Quad
Stratum
53B
N484 E463
Level 1, NW Quad
Stratum
53C
N484 E463
Level 1, NE Quad
Stratum
53D
N484 E463
Level 1, SE Quad
Stratum
53E
N484 E463
Level 2, SW Quad
Stratum
53F
N484 E463
Level 2, NW Quad
Stratum
53G
N484 E463
Level 2, NE Quad
Stratum
53H
N484 E463
Level 2, SE Quad
Stratum
53J
N484 E463
Trench, Lamp
Trench
53K
N484 E463
Trench, Gas
Trench
53L
N484 E463
Level 3, SW Quad
Stratum
C-1
Provenience
Unit
Short Title
Type
53M
N484 E463
Level 3, NW Quad
Stratum
53N
N484 E463
Level 3, NE Quad
Stratum
53P
N484 E463
Level 3, SE Quad
Stratum
53R
N484 E463
Trench, Pipe
Trench
53T
N484 E463
Level 4, SW Quad
Stratum
53U
N484 E463
Level 4, NW Quad
Stratum
53V
N484 E463
Level 4, NE Quad
Stratum
53W
N484 E463
Level 4, SE Quad
Stratum
53X
N484 E463
Circular Depression
Trash Pit
53Y
N484 E463
Square Post Mold
Post Mold
53Z
N484 E463
Circular Deposit
Trash Pit
53AA
N484 E463
Circular Depression
UID
53BB
N484 E463
Rectangular Post Hole
Post Hole
53CC
N484 E463
Post Hole
Post Hole
53DD
N484 E463
Post Hole
Post Hole
53EE
N484 E463
Large Depression
Trash Pit
53FF
N484 E463
Brick Piers
Foundation
55A
N484 E483
Level 1, SW Quad
Stratum
55D
N484 E483
Level 1, SE Quad
Stratum
55E
N484 E483
Level 2, SW Quad
Stratum
55H
N484 E483
Level 2, SE Quad
Stratum
55J
N484 E483
Level 3, SW Quad
Stratum
55M
N484 E483
Level 3, SE Quad
Stratum
55N
N484 E483
Rectangular Depression, Level 1
Privy
55P
N484 E483
Rectangular Depression, Level 2
Privy
55Q
N484 E483
Rectangular Depression, Level 3
Privy
55R
N484 E483
Charcoal Deposit
Privy
55S
N484 E483
Rectangular Depression, Level 4
Privy
55T
N484 E483
Rectangular Depression, Level 5
Privy
Total Proveniences: 68
C-2
APPENDIX D
Modjeska Monteith Simkins Site Provenience Descriptions
Unit:
40A N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 1, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Very Dark Gray (10YR3/1) loose sandy loam, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy loam
Feature Association:
n/a
Provenience:
TPQ Date:
n/a
Based Upon:
n/a
Elevations: SE
Opening: 100.206
Closing: 100.045
NE 100.109 NW 100.092
99.970
SW 100.096 C 100.108
99.977
99.971 99.989
Date Excavated:
30 October 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Level 1 was a thin layer of disturbed soil that included dead leaves and modern shrubs. No evidence of features. Not screened.
Unit:
40B N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 1, NW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Very Dark Gray (10YR3/1) loose sandy loam
Feature Association:
n/a
Provenience:
TPQ Date:
n/a
Based Upon:
n/a
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.076 99.984
NE 100.069 NW n/a
99.982
SW 100.030 C 100.031
99.981
n/a 99.981
Date Excavated:
30 October 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
D-1
Level 1 was a thin layer of disturbed soil that included dead leaves and modern shrubs. No evidence of features. Quad contained a brick pier associated with the NW corner of the structure at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave. Not screened.
Notes:
Provenience: Unit:
40C N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 1, NE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy loam, mottled with 45% Very Dark Gray (10YR3/1) sandy loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
n/a
Based Upon:
n/a
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.163 100.062
NE 100.161 NW 100.100
99.946
SW 100.123 C 100.115
100.019
99.938 99.984
Date Excavated:
30 October 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Level 1 was a thin layer of disturbed soil that included dead leaves and modern shrubs. No evidence of features. Not screened.
Provenience: Unit:
40D N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 1, SE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Very Dark Gray (10YR3/1) loose sandy loam, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
n/a
Based Upon:
n/a
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.265 100.075
NE 100.169 NW 100.069
100.002
SW 100.154 C 100.158
100.088
99.958 100.021
Date Excavated:
30 October 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
D-2
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Level 1 was a thin layer of disturbed soil that included dead leaves and modern shrubs. No evidence of features. Not screened.
Provenience: Unit:
40E N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 2, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) loose silty loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.045 99.443
NE 99.970 NW 99.971
99.446
SW 99.977 C 99.989
99.393
99.396 99.421
Date Excavated:
6 November 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Level 2 was a loose, black silty loam, very dry, with a large number of small hair roots. No features, but soil matrix suggests plantings. Soil matrix was removed primarily through shnitting.
Provenience: Unit:
40F N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 2, NW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) loose silty loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.984 99.447
NE 99.982 NW n/a
99.443
SW 99.981 C 99.981
99.395
n/a 99.427
Date Excavated:
6 November 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
D-3
Notes:
Level 2 was a loose, black silty loam, very dry, with a large number of small hair roots. No features, but soil matrix suggests plantings. Soil matrix was removed primarily through shnitting.
Provenience: Unit:
40G N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 2, NE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) loose silty loam
Feature Association:
40J
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.062 99.505
NE 99.946 NW 99.938
99.502
SW 100.019 C 99.984
99.454
99.492 99.479
Date Excavated:
6 November 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Level 2 was a loose, black silty loam, very dry, with a large number of small hair roots. Soil matrix suggests plantings. Level was intruded upon by Feature 40J, a modern electrical trench. Excavation strategy was to remove Level 2 and 40J at the same time, provenienced separately.
Provenience: Unit:
40H N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 2, SE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) loose silty loam
Feature Association:
40J
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.075 99.499
NE 100.002 NW 99.958
99.505
SW 100.088 C 100.021
99.450
99.455 99.480
Date Excavated:
6 November 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
D-4
Notes:
Level 2 was a loose, black silty loam, very dry, with a large number of small hair roots. Soil matrix suggests plantings. Level was intruded upon by Feature 40J, a modern electrical trench. Excavation strategy was to remove Level 2 and 40J at the same time, provenienced separately.
Provenience: Unit:
40J N494 E453
Short Title:
Trench, Electrical
Type:
Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
Feature Association:
Intrudes upon 40G & 40H
TPQ Date:
n/a
Based Upon:
n/a
Elevations: N
Opening: Closing: 99.938 98.973
S
100.088
99.045
C
99.958
99.056
Date Excavated:
8 November 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40J was a modern (circa 2011) trench for an electrical line associated with small yard lamps. 40J was at the surface of Level 2 (40G & 40H), running north-south. Trench was dug with a ditch witch. Not screened.
Provenience: Unit:
40K N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 3, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/4) silty sand
Feature Association:
40P, 40Q, 40R, 40S, 40T, 40U, 40V, 40W
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.443 98.949
NE 99.446 NW 99.396
98.952
SW 99.393 C 99.421
98.920
98.921 98.974
Date Excavated:
17 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
At the top of Level 2 (40K) were several circular features and one irregular feature along the south wall of the unit. Very few artifacts found within stratum.
D-5
Unit:
40L N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 3, NW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/4) silty sand
Feature Association:
40W, 40X
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Provenience:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.447 99.014
NE 99.443 NW n/a
99.024
SW 99.395 C 99.427
98.920
n/a 98.988
Date Excavated:
17 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40L (Level 3, NW Quad) was associated with two features: 40W and 40X. Stratum contained a deposit of mortar, likely from the brick pier intruding upon the unit. The bottom of 40L coincided with the top of an extended portion of the pier.
Provenience: Unit:
40M N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 3, NE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/4) silty sand
Feature Association:
40W
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.505 99.071
NE 99.502 NW 99.452
98.961
SW 99.454 C 99.479
99.039
98.983 99.095
Date Excavated:
19 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Level 3 (40M) contained very few artifacts and was associated with trench Feature 40W at the surface.
D-6
Unit:
40N N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 3, SE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/4) silty sand
Feature Association:
40Q, 40W, 40Y
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Provenience:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.499 99.051
NE 99.505 NW 99.455
99.067
SW 99.450 C 99.480
98.885
99.050 99.016
Date Excavated:
19 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Level 3 (40N) contained very few artifacts.
Provenience: Unit:
40P N494 E453
Short Title:
Circular Depression
Type:
UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) silty sand
Feature Association:
40P at surface of 40K (Level 3, SW Quad)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.443 99.189
Date Excavated:
6 December 2012
Excavated By: Recorded By: Notes:
Prior to excavation, 40P appeared to be a post hole. Upon excavation, however, 40P showed no signs of a post or mold. Function unknown but possible post-related. Very few artifacts.
Provenience: Unit:
40Q N494 E453
Short Title:
Irregular Depression
Type:
UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt
Feature Association:
40Q at surface of 40K (Level 3, SW Quad)
D-7
Based Upon:
TPQ Date: Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.499 99.211
C
99.499
99.189
Date Excavated:
10 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40Q appeared on the surface of Level 3 as an irregular stain along the south wall of the unit. Upon excavation, the shallow feature had irregular walls and floors. Function of feature is unknown, but is likely disturbance-related, possibly from a planting space or the construction of 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave house. Very few artifacts recovered.
Provenience: Unit:
40R N494 E453
Short Title:
Shallow Irregular Depression
Type:
UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Brown (10YR5/3) silty sand
Feature Association:
40R at surface of 40K (Level 3)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.393 98.973
Date Excavated:
10 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40R appeared on the surface of Level 3 as an irregular stain near the southwest corner of the quad. Upon excavation, the shallow feature had irregular walls and floors. Function of feature is unknown, but is likely similar to Feature 40Q: disturbance-related, possibly from a planting space or the construction of 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave house. Very few artifacts recovered.
Provenience: Unit:
40S N494 E453
Short Title:
Shallow Irregular Depression
Type:
UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Brown (10YR5/3) silty sand
Feature Association:
40S at surface of 40K (Level 3)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.393 98.953
Date Excavated:
D-8
10 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Prior to excavation, 40S appeared to be a post hole. Upon excavation, however, 40S showed no signs of a post or mold. Function unknown but possible post-related. Very few artifacts.
Provenience: Unit:
40T N494 E453
Short Title:
Shallow Circular Depression
Type:
UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt
Feature Association:
40T at surface of 40K (Level 3)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.446 98.974
Date Excavated:
10 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Prior to excavation, 40T appeared to be a post hole. Upon excavation, however, 40T showed no signs of a post or mold. Function unknown but possible post-related. Very few artifacts.
Provenience: Unit:
40U N494 E453
Short Title:
Rectangular Depression
Type:
UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt
Feature Association:
40U at surface of 40K (Level 3)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.396 99.050
Date Excavated:
10 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40U appeared on the surface of Level 3 as a semi-circular stain. Upon excavation, the shallow feature had irregular walls and floors. Function of feature is unknown, but is likely similar to Feature 40Q: disturbance-related, possibly from a planting space or the construction of 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave house. Very few artifacts recovered.
Provenience:
40V N494 E453
Unit:
D-9
Short Title:
Shallow Irregular Depression
Type:
UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt
Feature Association:
40V at surface of 40K (Level 3)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.421 99.123
Date Excavated:
10 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40V appeared on the surface of Level 3 as a semi-circular stain. Upon excavation, the shallow feature had irregular walls and floors. Function of feature is unknown, but is likely similar to Feature 40Q: disturbance-related, possibly from a planting space or the construction of 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave house. Very few artifacts recovered.
Provenience: Unit:
40W N494 E453
Short Title:
Trench, Electrical
Type:
Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/4) sandy silt
Feature Association:
40W at surface of Level 3 (40K, 40L, 40M, 40N)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening: E
Closing: 99.316
W
n/a
C
99.303
Date Excavated:
10 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40W was a shallow, hand-dug trench for electrical wiring that was intruded upon by trench feature 40J. The wire within the trench was cut by 40J with no effect on electricity at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave. Unknown to when the trench/wiring dates.
Provenience: Unit:
40X N494 E453
Short Title:
Trench, Brick Foundation
Type:
Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
n/a
Feature Association:
40X at surface 40L (Level 3)
D-10
Based Upon:
TPQ Date: Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 98.988 n/a
Date Excavated:
Not Excavated
Excavated By:
n/a
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40X was a possible trench feature associated with the southeast brick pier at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave. Feature edges were very diffuse and it was clear if 40X was a distinct feature or a soil stain that was the product of leaching from the pier. No artifacts. Feature was not excavated to depth, but removed to the top of Level 4. Stratigraphic definition not recorded.
Provenience: Unit:
40Y N494 E453
Short Title:
Irregular Depression
Type:
UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand
Feature Association:
40Y at surface of 40N (Level 3)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: E
Opening: Closing: 99.499 99.253
W
99.450
99.219
C
99.480
99.210
Date Excavated:
11 December 2012
Excavated By:
JMJ
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40Y appeared on the surface of Level 3 as a semi-circular stain. Upon excavation, the shallow feature had irregular walls and floors. Function of feature is unknown, but is likely similar to Feature 40Q: disturbance-related, possibly from a planting space or the construction of 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave house. Very few artifacts recovered.
Provenience: Unit:
40Z N494 E453
Short Title:
Brick Foundation
Type:
Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition:
No soil matrix
Feature Association:
40Z at surface of 40AB (Level 4)
TPQ Date:
n/a
Based Upon:
n/a
Elevations: Opening:
Closing:
D-11
C
98.965
n/a
Date Excavated:
Not Excavated
Excavated By:
n/a
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40Z is part of the southeast brick pier for the structure at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave. The pier was the same with and depth as the above ground portion through Levels 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3, but at the surface of Level 4 (40AB), the pier became one brick-width wider (narrow dimension). The top of this change in width corresponded with a change to Level 4 stratum.
Provenience: Unit:
40AA N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 4, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt
Feature Association:
40AE
TPQ Date:
n/a
Based Upon:
n/a
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 98.949 n/a
NE 98.952 NW 98.921
n/a
SW 98.920 C 98.974
n/a
n/a n/a
Date Excavated:
Not Excavated
Excavated By:
n/a
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Lower-most stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: Unit:
40AB N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 4, NW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/4) silty sand
Feature Association:
40Z
TPQ Date:
n/a
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.014 n/a
NE 99.024 NW n/a
n/a
SW 98.920 C 98.988
n/a
D-12
n/a n/a
Based Upon:
n/a
Date Excavated:
Not Excavated
Excavated By:
n/a
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Lower-most stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: Unit:
40AC N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 4, NE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/4) silty sand
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
n/a
Based Upon:
n/a
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.071 n/a
NE 98.961 NW 98.983
n/a
SW 99.039 C 99.095
n/a
n/a n/a
Date Excavated:
Not Excavated
Excavated By:
n/a
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Lower-most stratum. Not excavated. No features.
Provenience: Unit:
40AD N494 E453
Short Title:
Level 4, SE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/4) silty sand
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
n/a
Based Upon:
n/a
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.051 n/a
NE 99.067 NW 99.050
n/a
SW 99.885 C 99.061
n/a
n/a n/a
Date Excavated:
Not Excavated
Excavated By:
n/a
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
Lower-most stratum. Not excavated. No features.
D-13
Unit:
40AE N494 E453
Short Title:
Post Hole
Type:
Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt
Feature Association:
40AE at surface of 40AA (Level 4)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Provenience:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 98.976 n/a
Date Excavated:
Not Excavated
Excavated By:
n/a
Recorded By:
JMJ
Notes:
40AE was a circular feature (dia=0.45'), likely a post hole. Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated.
Provenience: Unit:
53A N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 1, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.205 100.120
NE 100.194 NW 100.268
100.117
SW 100.238 C 100.209
100.175
100.172 100.123
Date Excavated:
30 October 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 1 was a thin layer of modern disturbed soil associated with the renovation of the house at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave in 2011. At the south edge of the unit, the layer was less than 0.01' thick; at the north edge, the layer was ~0.1' thick, with an uneven slop between. No features present at surface. Not screened.
Provenience: Unit:
53B N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 1, NW Quad
D-14
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.194 100.090
NE 100.182 NW 100.285
100.013
SW 100.211 C 100.192
100.126
100.009 100.093
Date Excavated:
30 October 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 1 was a thin layer of modern disturbed soil associated with the renovation of the house at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave in 2011. Level 1 in 53B was more compact than 53A. Most, if not all, of the disturbance was the result of digging, and then back-filling, two trenches, both electrical, one for the lamp posts and the other for the house. No features present at surface. Not screened.
Provenience: Unit:
53C N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 1, NE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.264 100.087
NE 100.135 NW 100.182
100.028
SW 100.196 C 100.195
100.090
100.027 100.005
Date Excavated:
30 October 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
D-15
Notes:
Level 1 was a thin layer of modern disturbed soil associated with the renovation of the house at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave in 2011. Level 1 in 53C was more compact than 53A. Most, if not all, of the disturbance was the result of digging, and then back-filling, two trenches, both electrical, one for the lamp posts and the other for the house. No features present at surface. Not screened.
Provenience: Unit:
53D N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 1, SE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.234 100.077
NE 100.225 NW 100.205
100.075
SW 100.295 C 100.099
100.174
100.080 100.079
Date Excavated:
30 October 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 1 was a thin layer of modern disturbed soil associated with the renovation of the house at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave in 2011. Level 1 in 53D was more compact than 53A. Most, if not all, of the disturbance was the result of digging, and then back-filling, two trenches, both electrical, one for the lamp posts and the other for the house. No features present at surface. Not screened.
Provenience: Unit:
53E N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 2, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) loose silty loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening: Closing: 100.120 99.487
SE NE 100.117 NW 100.172
D-16
99.513 99.676
SW 100.175 C 100.123
99.646 99.482
Date Excavated:
1 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 2 was a loose, black silty loam, very dry, with a large number of small hair roots. No features, but soil matrix suggests plantings. Level 2 was halted at the surface of a black but more compact stratum (Level 3).
Provenience: Unit:
53F N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 2, NW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) loose silty loam
Feature Association:
53J, 53K
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening: Closing: 100.090 99.515
SE NE 100.013 NW 100.009 SW 100.126 C 100.093
99.669 99.631 99.614 99.607
Date Excavated:
1 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 2 was a loose, black silty loam, very dry, with a large number of small hair roots. Soil matrix suggests plantings. Level 2 was halted at the surface of a black but more compact stratum (Level 3). Two features were highly visible at the surface of Level 2: the first (53J) was a lamp post trench running eastwest; the second (53K) was an electrical trench in the far northwest corner of the unit.
Provenience: Unit:
53G N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 2, NE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) loose silty loam
Feature Association:
53J
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.087 99.449
NE 100.028
99.473
D-17
NW 100.027 SW 100.090
99.818
100.005
99.403
C
99.463
Date Excavated:
1 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 2 was a loose, black silty loam, very dry, with a large number of small hair roots. Soil matrix suggests plantings. Level 2 was halted at the surface of a black but more compact stratum (Level 3). As with 53F (the NW Quad), Feature 53J (Lamp Post Trench) continued running east-west through the unit. The lamp post itself is located within this quad.
Provenience: Unit:
53H N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 2, SE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) loose silty loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 100.077 99.353
NE 100.075 NW 100.080
99.360
SW 100.174 C 100.079
99.444
99.487 99.496
Date Excavated:
1 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
As with 53E (Level 2, SW Quad) the SE Quad (53H) was shallow compared with the northern quads. A water pipe & sewer pipe clean-out are both within the quad, although it is difficult to distinguish any feature boundaries around the pipes.
Provenience: Unit:
53J N484 E463
Short Title:
Trench, Lamp
Type:
Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Black (10YR2/1) silty sand
Feature Association:
53J @ surface of 53F (Level 2, NW Quad)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening:
D-18
Closing:
E
99.997
W
100.085
C
100.079
Date Excavated:
1 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
53J was a mechanically dug trench for a yard lamp installed in 2011. The west half of the trench, in the NW Quad, was excavated so that a profile was generated on the east & west walls of the quad. Two electrical PVC conduits were found. It appears that two trenches were dug, one intruding upon the other, in nearly the same location along the same line. The base of the 1st, earlier, trench was too deep to fully excavate with the conduits in place while at the surface of Level 2. Base of trench reach after Levels 3 and 4 were fully excavated. None of the trench fill was screened due to its recent creation.
Provenience: Unit:
53K N484 E463
Short Title:
Trench, Gas
Type:
Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
Feature Association:
53K @ surface of 53F (Level 2, NW Quad)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: 100.023
Closing:
Date Excavated:
1 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
A modern gas trench, cut circa 2011, was uncovered in the far NW corner of the unit. Since such a small portion of the trench was within the unit, the trench was taken down with the unit strata. Soil from the trench feature was not screened; no artifacts were recovered. The base of the trench was not reached. Instead, excavation was halted when subsoil was reached in the unit.
Provenience: Unit:
53L N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 3, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 30% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam and <1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
53R
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening:
Closing:
D-19
99.487
99.093
NE 99.513 NW 99.676
99.133
SW 99.646 C 99.482
99.198
SE
99.169 99.070
Date Excavated:
14 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 3 across the unit was a mottled stratum containing many artifacts. The level is a transitional stratum between Level 2 (MMS era) and Level 4 (preMMS era). The majority of artifacts likely are associated with disturbance of the top of Feature 53EE, a trash pit deposit. At the top of Level 3 was the top of Feature 53R, the trench associated with the waste and clean water pipes. Possible that Level 3 is associated with the plumbing of the property.
Provenience: Unit:
53M N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 3, NW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 30% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.515 99.096
NE 99.669 NW 99.631
99.123
SW 99.614 C 99.607
99.188
99.164 99.106
Date Excavated:
14 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Provenience description same as 53L.
Provenience: Unit:
53N N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 3, NW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 30% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks n/a
Feature Association:
D-20
Based Upon:
TPQ Date: Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.449 99.065
NE 99.473 NW 99.818
99.041
SW 99.463 C 99.403
99.114
99.118 99.028
Date Excavated:
14 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Provenience description same as 53L.
Provenience: Unit:
53P N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 3, NW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 30% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.353 99.080
NE 99.360 NW 99.487
99.019
SW 99.444 C 99.496
99.124
99.162 n/a
Date Excavated:
14 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Provenience description same as 53L.
Provenience: Unit:
53R N484 E463
Short Title:
Pipe Trench
Type:
Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam
Feature Association:
53R @ top of 53L (Level 3, SW Quad)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening:
Closing:
D-21
E
99.961
98.985
W
99.638
99.132
Date Excavated:
14 November 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Feature 53R was a linear pipe trench running east-west through the SW and SE Quads. Roughly within the center of the tench was a 4â&#x20AC;? cast iron pipe. This trench feature was not visible until the surface of the pipe had been reached, suggesting that Level 2 was created down to the level of the upper pipe surface after the pipe was laid. At the far west side of the feature was a wye fitting on the surface, atop the pipe. The trench was hand-dug. The pipe was cast iron but with rubber unions. Within the same trench was also a cast iron clean water pipe running to an above-surface tap near the east wall of the unit. From the tap westward, the pipe was PVC. Both the waste and clean water pipes ran toward the house at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave. These pipes serviced a privy on brick piers directly above.
Provenience: Unit:
53T N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 4, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, mottled with 2% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
53X, 53Y, 53EE
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.093 n/a
NE 99.133 NW 99.169
n/a
SW 99.198 C 99.070
n/a
n/a n/a
Date Excavated:
3 December 2012
Excavated By:
Not Excavated
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 4 was the lowest-level uncovered within all units at the site. Although features uncovered at the surface of Level 4 were fully excavated, the level itself was not taken down further.
Provenience: Unit:
53U N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 4, NW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, mottled with 2% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam, with <1% charcoal flecks
D-22
Feature Association:
53Z
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.096 n/a
NE 99.123 NW 99.164
n/a
SW 99.188 C 99.106
n/a
n/a n/a
Date Excavated:
3 December 2012
Excavated By:
Not Excavated
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 4 was the lowest-level uncovered within all units at the site. Although features uncovered at the surface of Level 4 were fully excavated, the level itself was not taken down further.
Provenience: Unit:
53V N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 4, NE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, mottled with 2% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
53AA, 53BB, 53CC
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.065 n/a
NE 99.041 NW 99.118
n/a
SW 99.114 C 99.082
n/a
n/a n/a
Date Excavated:
3 December 2012
Excavated By:
Not Excavated
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 4 was the lowest-level uncovered within all units at the site. Although features uncovered at the surface of Level 4 were fully excavated, the level itself was not taken down further.
Provenience: Unit:
53W N484 E463
Short Title:
Level 4, SE Quad
Type:
Stratum
D-23
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, mottled with 2% Black (10YR2/1) silty loam, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
53DD, 53EE
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.080 n/a
NE 99.019 NW 99.162
n/a
SW 99.124 C n/a
n/a
n/a n/a
Date Excavated:
3 December 2012
Excavated By:
Not Excavated
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 4 was the lowest-level uncovered within all units at the site. Although features uncovered at the surface of Level 4 were fully excavated, the level itself was not taken down further.
Provenience: Unit:
53X N484 E463
Short Title:
Circular Depression
Type:
Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, with 1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
53X @ top of 53T (Level 4, SW Quad)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.161 98.543
Date Excavated:
3 December 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Feature 53X was a small, semi-circular trash pit within the southwest corner of the unit truncated by the west wall. The profile was roughly bowl-shaped.
Provenience: Unit:
53Y N484 E463
Short Title:
Square Post Mold
Type:
Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, with 90% mortar fragments
Feature Association:
53Y @ top of 53T (Level 4, SW Quad); intrudes upon Feature 53EE
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening:
D-24
Closing:
C
99.170
98.568
Date Excavated:
10 December 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
53Y was a rectangular feature with slightly rounded corners and nearly vertical walls on the north, east, and west, and a sloping south wall. The base of the feature was composed of two indentations (east and west sides) with a hump between them. Function of the feature is most likely post hole or mold, but this is not conclusive. No artifacts found within the feature.
Provenience: Unit:
53Z N484 E463
Short Title:
Circular Deposit
Type:
Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam
Feature Association:
53Z @ top of 53U (Level 4, NW Quad)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.183 97.344
Date Excavated:
6 December 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Feature 53Z was a large, oval trash pit with vertical walls along the upper half and sloping, bowl-like wall along the bottom half. The pit was bisected for excavation along a north-south axis, generating a profile depicting a center “bowl” of Yellowish Red sandy clay within a soil matrix of Black sandy loam. Very few artifacts were recovered from the sandy clay “bowl.”
Provenience: Unit:
53AA N484 E463
Short Title:
Circular Depression
Type: Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 20% Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
53AA @ top of 53V (Level 4, NE Quad); intruded upon by **
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.136 n/a
Date Excavated:
6 December 2012
Excavated By:
Not Excavated
Recorded By:
JC
D-25
Notes:
53AA was a circular feature intruded upon by Feature ***, which destroyed the north half of 53AA and a tree stump. A brick pier associated with the northeast corner of the plumbed-privy partially rested upon the surface of 53AA. Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Function of feature is unknown.
Provenience: Unit:
53BB N484 E463
Short Title:
Rectangular Post Hole
Type:
Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 40% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt
Feature Association:
53BB @ top of 53V (Level 4, NE Quad)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.054 n/a
Date Excavated:
6 December 2012
Excavated By:
Not Excavated
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
53BB was a rectangular post hole with rounded corners located directly east of the northeast corner pier of the privy. Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated.
Provenience: Unit:
53CC N484 E463
Short Title:
Post Hole
Type:
Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt
Feature Association:
53CC @ top of 53V (Level 4, NE Quad)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.077 n/a
Date Excavated:
6 December 2012
Excavated By:
Not Excavated
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
53CC was a circular feature truncated by the east wall of the unit. Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Although the function of the feature is unknown, most likely the feature is a post hole.
Provenience:
53DD N484 E463
Unit:
D-26
Short Title:
Post Hole
Type:
Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
53DD @ top of 53W (Level 4, SE Quad)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: C
Opening: Closing: 99.054 n/a
Date Excavated:
6 December 2012
Excavated By:
Not Excavated
Recorded By:
JC
Notes: Provenience: Unit:
53EE N484 E463
Short Title:
Large Depression
Type:
Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Grayish Brown (10YR5/2) silt and <1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% mortar fragments and <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
53EE @ top of 53W (Level 4, SE Quad)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: E
Opening: Closing: 99.014 98.105
W
99.138
98.064
C
99.101
97.982
Date Excavated:
10 December 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Feature 53EE was a very large, amorphous trash pit containing pockets and lenses of wood ash and coal burning by-products. At the base of the feature, along the south wall of the unit, were the remains of two likely post holes, one squarish (east) and one round (west). The post hole features would predate the trash pit. To the north of the square post feature was a round(ish) depression with vertical walls that might also be post-related.
Provenience: Unit:
53FF N484 E463
Short Title:
Brick Piers
Type:
Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition:
No soil matrix
Feature Association:
Top of piers at top of Level 3
D-27
Based Upon:
TPQ Date: Elevations: SE
Top: 100.298
Base: 99.248
NE 100.068 NW 99.852
99.368
SW 100.115
99.405
99.502
Date Excavated:
Not Excavated
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Feature 53FF is a collection of four brick piers associated with each corner of the backyard plumbed privy. Elevations were recorded from the top and bottom of each pier. The southeast pier was 3 bricks high; the northeast pier was two bricks high; the northwest pier was one brick high; and the southwest pier was two bricks high. The maximum elevation difference at the top of the piers was 0.446' (between the southeast and northwest piers). The maximum elevation difference at the base of the piers was 0.254'. Given that brick height is 0.35', likely each pier was four bricks high. Each of the bricks used was an â&#x20AC;&#x153;Augustaâ&#x20AC;? road paver.
Provenience: Unit:
55A N484 E483
Short Title:
Level 1, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) loose silty loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.866 99.774
NE 99.864 NW 99.917
99.817
SW 100.008 C 99.899
99.924
99.870 99.795
Date Excavated:
30 October 2012
Excavated By:
JC, SR
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 1 was a thin layer of modern disturbed soil associated with the renovation of the house at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave in 2011. No features present at surface. Not screened.
Provenience: Unit:
55D N484 E483
Short Title:
Level 1, SE Quad
D-28
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) loose silty loam
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening: Closing: 99.884 99.737
SE NE 99.786 NW 99.875 SW 99.870 C 99.859
99.757 99.812 99.816 99.714
Date Excavated:
30 October 2012
Excavated By:
JC, SR
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 1 was a thin layer of modern disturbed soil associated with the renovation of the house at 1320-1/2 Elmwood Ave in 2011. No features present at surface. Not screened.
Provenience: Unit:
55E N484 E483
Short Title:
Level 2, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, with 2% coal and byproducts
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.774 98.690
NE 99.817 NW 99.870
98.861
SW 99.924 C 99.795
99.025
99.049 98.878
Date Excavated:
19 December 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 2 was a thick, disturbed, modern level. Its most distinguishing attribute was a VERY strong smell of asphalt. It seems that some of the tar from the parking lot to the south either soaked in or the soil was mixed in. Mix of artifacts suggests possible large feature in close proximity. No features uncovered.
Provenience:
55H N484 E483
Unit:
D-29
Short Title:
Level 2, SE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, with 2% coal and byproducts
Feature Association:
n/a
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 99.737 98.521
NE 99.757 NW 99.812
98.550
SW 99.816 C 99.744
98.616
98.795 98.650
Date Excavated:
19 December 2012
Excavated By:
JC
Recorded By:
JC
Notes:
Level 2 was a thick, disturbed, modern level. Its most distinguishing attribute was a VERY strong smell of asphalt. It seems that some of the tar from the parking lot to the south either soaked in or the soil was mixed in. Mix of artifacts suggests possible large feature in close proximity. No features uncovered.
Provenience: Unit:
55J N484 E483
Short Title:
Level 3, SW Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Red (2.5YR4/8) sandy clay
Feature Association:
55N
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: SE
Opening: Closing: 98.690 n/a
NE 98.861 NW 99.049
n/a
SW 99.025 C 98.878
n/a
n/a n/a
Date Excavated:
14 January 2013
Excavated By:
JC/JJ
Recorded By:
JC/JJ
Notes:
Due to time constraints, Level 3 was the lowest-level encountered in Unit 55 and was not excavated. Level 3 was dominated by Feature 55N.
Provenience:
55M
D-30
Unit:
N484 E483
Short Title:
Level 3, SE Quad
Type:
Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Red (2.5YR4/8) sandy clay
Feature Association:
55N
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening: Closing: 98.521 n/a
SE NE 98.550 NW 98.795 SW 98.616 C 98.650
n/a n/a n/a n/a
Date Excavated:
14 January 2013
Excavated By:
JC/JJ
Recorded By:
JC/JJ
Notes:
Due to time constraints, Level 3 was the lowest-level encountered in Unit 55 and was not excavated. Very little of Level 3 was visible, as the stratum was dominated spatially by Feature 55N.
Provenience: Unit:
55N N484 E483
Short Title:
Rectangular Depression, Level 1
Type:
Privy
Stratigraphic Definition:
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) sandy silt
Feature Association:
55N at top of Level 3 (55J & 55M)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: E
Opening: 98.576
W
98.661
C
98.665
Closing:
97.170
Date Excavated:
14 January 2013
Excavated By:
JC/JJ
Recorded By:
JC/JJ
D-31
Notes:
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Rectangular Depressionâ&#x20AC;? is the feature name for a privy deposit located in the far southeast corner of the original lot at 1326-1/2 Elmwood Ave. The privy deposit extended a maximum of 6.10 feet east-west, and 4.00 feet north-south (the southern portion of the privy was truncated by the south wall of the unit). 55N, the upper-most layer of the privy deposit, along a north-south axis, was bowl-shaped; along an east-west axis, the layer extended to the privy edges. Due to time constraints, only the west half of the privy was excavated. The face of the eastern half was covered in plastic before back-filling
Provenience: Unit:
55P N484 E483
Short Title:
Rectangular Depression, Level 2
Type:
Privy
Stratigraphic Definition:
Reddish Brown (5YR4/4) sandy loam, mottled with 3% Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt
Feature Association:
55P directly below 55N (Rectangular Depression, Level 1)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening:
Closing:
SE NE NW SW C
97.170
Date Excavated:
15 January 2013
Excavated By:
JC/JJ
Recorded By:
JC/JJ
Notes:
55P, a lens measuring roughly 0.3 feet thick, was the second layer encountered in the privy deposit. The upper surface of 55P followed the bowl-shape of 55N (Level 1), but the lower surface was nearly flat, producing a thick northern section.
Provenience: Unit:
55Q N484 E483
Short Title:
Rectangular Depression, Level 3
Type:
Privy
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) silty sand, mottled with 5% Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam and 3% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
55Q directly below 55P (Rectangular Depression, Level 2)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening: SE NE
D-32
Closing:
NW SW C Date Excavated:
16 January 2013
Excavated By:
JC/JJ
Recorded By:
JC/JJ
Notes:
55Q, Level 3 of the privy deposit, was the thickest of the five layers, with a maximum thickness of 0.85' and minimum of 0.45'. Intruding upon 55Q was a thin pocket or lens of charcoal and charcoal-stained soil (55R).
Provenience: Unit:
55R N484 E483
Short Title:
Charcoal Deposit
Type:
Privy
Stratigraphic Definition:
Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, with 60% charcoal and charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
55R within & at surface of 55Q (Rectangular Depression, Level 3)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening:
Closing:
C Date Excavated:
16 January 2013
Excavated By:
JC/JJ
Recorded By:
JC/JJ
Notes:
55R was a thin, roughly rectangular pocket/lens of charcoal fragments/flecks and charcoal-stained soil. Intruding upon Level 3 (55Q), the surface of 55R was at the top of 55Q. 55R measured ** x ** feet, with an average depth of 0.35 feet. Very few artifacts were within the deposit.
Provenience: Unit:
55S N484 E483
Short Title:
Rectangular Depression, Level 4
Type:
Privy
Stratigraphic Definition:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand
Feature Association:
55S directly below 55Q (Rectangular Depression, Level 3). Intruded upon by 55R (Charcoal Deposit)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening:
Closing:
SE NE NW SW C
D-33
Date Excavated:
16 January 2013
Excavated By:
JC/JJ
Recorded By:
JC/JJ
Notes:
55S (Level 4 of the privy deposit) was the bottom-most layer covering the majority of the floor of the privy pit. The exception was 55T (Level 5), a thin strip below 55S along the north edge of the pit. Artifacts were few. No suggestion of night-soil. Maximum thickness = 0.4'; minimum thickness = 0.15'.
Provenience: Unit:
55T N484 E483
Short Title:
Rectangular Depression, Level 5
Type:
Privy
Stratigraphic Definition:
Strong Brown (7.5YR5/8) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association:
55T directly below 55S (Rectangular Depression, Level 4)
TPQ Date:
Based Upon:
Elevations: Opening: SW C
Closing: 95.908 95.929
Date Excavated:
22 January 2013
Excavated By:
JC/JJ
Recorded By:
JC/JJ
Notes:
55T (Level5) was the bottom-most layer of the privy deposit. The layer was a thin (~ 0.10') deposit running east-west along the north edge of the privy pit floor. Very few artifacts. No suggestion of night-soil.
D-34
APPENDIX E
No listing No listing No listing
1892
1893
1894
C C
John Melkire
W
Rev P L Kirton Celia McDuffie
C
Henry Jackson
2019 Marion St
C
Joe Carroll
2026 Sumter St
C
Walter Brunson W
C
Peter Brunson A B Motte
C
H Brunson
2020 Sumter St
C
Emma Wells Wm Bradley
C
Dedford Wells C
C
Winnie Nettles
Elliott Asgill
C
Charles Nettles
2012 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
C
Wm Hooper
2010 Sumter St
E-1
No listing
1891
laborer
cook
pastor Marion Street Methodist Church
laborer
laborer
blacksmith So Railway
drayman
drayman
drayman
gardener
carpenter
laundress
brick mason
laundress
Notes
Thackham R O, policeman, n e c Marion and Lumber
Thackham F P, n e c Marion and Lumber
"Asbill"
No listing
1890
drayman
No listing
1889
painter
No listing
1888
W
No listing
1887
1895
No listing
Occupation
1886
Spouse No listing
Ethnicity*
1885
Head of Household No listing
Address
Summary of Columbia City Directory Information, 1875-1932.
1875-6
Year
APPENDIX E.
2020 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
C
C
James Washington
Wm Frazier
C
Warren Sly
C
C
Balaam McJunkin
Andrew A Sims
C
Judson Ginyard
C
C
Walter Brunson
Andrew J Sims
C
Hilliard Brunson
C
Dedford Wells C
C
George Kinard
Peter H Brunson
C
Annanias Chapman
C
C
Ephraim Bowman
Wm H Bradley
C
W
Charles Nettles
Vacant
J A Turner
1319 Lumber St
W
T D Hook C
W
S Hook
Emma Thomas
W
W
W R Watts M L Hook
W
J M Watts W
W
H E Watts
Mrs A E Hook
W
Ethnicity* C
R C McCants
Head of Household Mary Melkire
1315 Lumber St
1307 Lumber St
2025 Marion St
Address
1897-8 2010 Sumter St 2012 Sumter St
1896
Year
E-2
Spouse
driver
wood 1931 Sumter
cook
lab
wks So Ry
lab
lab
drayman
drayman
drayman
gardener
lab
lab
wks W T Martin
gardener
lab
not listed
laundress
clerk T A McCreery & Co
machinist
cash boy at "The Hub"
not listed
clerk
works state dispensary
works state dispensary
collector
cook
Occupation
1206 Elmwood Richard C. Keenan owned property that stretches to 1414 Elwood (Powell S. Boatwright [c])
No listing
Methodist Episcopal Church
Notes
Year
C C
Sylvia McDuffie Hester Williams
C
Wm Green
W
Thomas D Hook
C
W
Samuel Hook
Warren Thomas
W
Miss Mary H Hook
Vacant
W
Leon Hook
1315 Lumber St
W
C
Hester Bryant Mrs Anna E Hook
W
Wm H Monckton Jr
C
C
Wm Johnson Sarah Rollison
W
James M Watts C
W
Elizabeth Watts
Cicero Weathers
W
Edmunds H Watts
C
Robert Smith W
C
James Gibson Wm R Watts
W
D George W Jamison
1309 Lumber St
1307 Lumber St
1301 Lumber St
2029 Marion St
2025 Marion St
2021 Marion St
C
Wm Ruth
2019 Marion St
W
Algernon G Bookman
2011 Marion St
W
C
Henry Jackson Rev Preston L Kirton
C
Ethnicity* C
Joseph C Carroll
Head of Household Joseph McKenzie
2007 Marion St
2026 Sumter St
Address
E-3
wid Samuel C
Mrs Mary C
wid Wm R
Mrs Mary L
Mrs Mary A
Mrs Lillie L
Spouse
lab
lab
clk T A McCreery & Co
mess W U Tel Co
saleslady J L Mimnaugh & Co
cash boy The Hub
not listed
sick nurse
mgr T A McCreery & Co
laund
driver W T Martin
painter
wks State Dispry
not listed
clk State Dispry
W R Watts & Co
driver
lab
flgman Sou Ry
lab
laund
lab
county dispenser 1717 Main
Pastor Marion St M E Church, S
wks S W Rhea Jr
lab
Occupation gardener
"res r 1301 Lumber"
"res r 2025 Marion"
"res r 2021 Marion"
"res r 2021 Marion"
Notes
1899
1898
Year
2026 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
rear 2016 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
2012 Sumter St
2010 Sumter St
1319 Lumber St
Address
C C C
Rachel L Sims William Fraser Joseph McKenzie
C
C
William Johnson
C
C
James Q Washington Anna L Sims
C
Robert Ruff Andrew J Sims
C
William Boyd
C
Herbert Williams C
C
Henry Robinson Samuel Barnett
C
Young Jones
C
Henry Wells
C
C
Denford Wells
William Barsh
C
Samuel Scott
C
C
Peter Brunson
C
John Robinson
C
George Deas Melvin Brown
C
Francis Deas C
C
Joseph B Carroll
Charles Nettles
C
C
Eliza Price Willis Bolton
W
Ethnicity*
Joseph Turner
Head of Household
Belle
Lizzie
Emma
Alice
Hester
Lizzie
Rilla
Isabel
Agnes
Susan
Winnie
Rebecca
E-4
Spouse
painter
lab
grocer 2032 Sumtrer, r 2020 Sumter
teacher
dressmkr
cook Parlor restaurant
attdt Insane Asylum
cook
lab
lab
lab
bricklayer
lab So Rwy
fish and game, 1113 Washington
drayman
bricklayer
bricklayer
lab
coachman
cook
drayman
lab
paper carrier
fur repairer 1407 Richland
wks State Asylum
laund
Occupation
same as 1897
"res r 1319 Lumber"
page containing info missing form City Directory
Notes
Year
1309 Lumber St
1307 Lumber St
1301 Lumber St
2025 Marion St
rear 2021 Marion St
W W W W
Leon Hook Miss Mary Hook Miss Mary H Hook Samuel C Hood
C
W
Alvin Hook
Warren Thomas
W
W
Thomas D Hook
W
C
Waites Moorman
Reuben C Aughtry
W
Vance W Boswell
Barney D Williams
W
C
William Wells
Marion B Boswell
C
John Wells
W
C
Lowery Shuler
Boyce L Boswell
C
John W Shuler
W
C
Maxcey Goode
James P Boswell
C
Edward Geiger
W
C
Miles Hall James F Casey
C
James Guilford W
C
James Gilford
William M Casey
C
Walter Brunson
2021 Marion St
C
Hilliard Brunson
2019 Marion St
C
Ethnicity*
William Fraser
Head of Household
2032 Sumter St
Address
Mamie
Eliza
Hattie E
Linda
Jessie M
Hattie
Annie
Frances
Bettie
Bridget
Cornelia
Mamie
Mattie
Emma
E-5
Spouse
clk
not listed
clk J L Mimnaugh & Co
clk The Hub
coll J L Shull
clk Globe Dry Goods Co
wks Thomas Harper
sales T A McCreery & Co
carp
tel opr
painter
clk
bkkpr
lab
bricklayer
lab
waiter
bricklayer
lab
app So Rwy
watchman So Rwy
lab
driver
butler
drayman
drayman
grocer 2032 Sumtrer, r 2020 Sumter
Occupation
not listed in "General Department of Names"
possibly a misspelling of "Hook"
Notes
1901
1900
Year
W W
William Jefferson William M Casey James F Casey John K Craig
2019 Marion St
2021 Marion St
2025 Marion St
rear 2021 Marion St
W
William Fraser
2032 Sumter St
W W W W
Boyce L Boswell Bernard M Boswell Vance W Boswell
William Meekin James P Boswell
C W
Angeline Code
C
C
C
Henry Norman
2028 Sumter St
C
William Johnson
C
Joseph Kinley
2026 Sumter St
C
William Fraser
rear 2020 Sumter St
C
C
Benjamin Edwards Andrew Sims
C
Samuel Boler
2020 Sumter St
C
William B Barsh
2016 Sumter St
C
C
Charles Nettles
C
Andrew Harris
W
Martha McQuatters
Willis Bolton
W
C
Warren Thomas Edw K McQuatters
C
Ethnicity*
Emma Thomas
Head of Household
2012 Sumter St
2010 Sumter St
1319 Lumber St
1315 Lumber St
Address
Jessie
Janie
Julia C
Bridget
Deborah
Emily
Belle
Elizabeth
Emma
Sallie
Mary
Rilla
Winnie
Rebecca
wid Samuel
Sallie E
E-6
Spouse
tel opr Union depot
painter
clk E K McQuatters
clk Cola Furniture Co
lab
laundress
clk Acme Loan and Mercantile Co
boilermkr So Ry
watchman So Ry
lab
grocer
plasterer
painter
lab
drayman and grocer 2032 Sumter
lab
lab
lab
wiper So Ry
cook
wks State Asylum
not listed
grocer 2030 Main, r 1319 Lumber
lab
Occupation
"r 2016 Lumber" in "Names Directory"
1901 City Directory Incomplete/ pg. 302
not listed in "General Department of Names"
Notes
1903
1902
Year
W W
R Golding Blackburn W Frank Blackburn
C C C
Charles Nettles John Robinson Dedford Wells Dedford Wells Jr
2012 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
C
John Henry Wilson
2010 Sumter St
C
Wm Vanderhorst
C
C
Andrew Phillips
Andrew J Sims
C
Henry Malister
C
C
John Harley
Andrew A Sims
C
James Frederick
C
Vacant
C
W
1326 Elmwood Ave
Robert C McCants
1323 Lumber St
C W
James Metz
C L Warfield
1300 Elmwood Ave
Albert James
W
Miss Lucy McKinnon
1321 Lumber St
W
Martha E McQuatters
rear 1319 Lumber St
W
Edw K McQuatters
W
Samuel C Hook
1319 Lumber St
W
Leon Hook
Vacant
W
Alvin Hook
1309 Lumber St
1307 Lumber St
W
William Blackburn
1301 Lumber St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
Ethnicity*
Head of Household
Address
Rosa
Sallie
Bertha
Susie
Agnes
Winnie
Phyllis
Minnie
Rosa
E-7
wid of Samuel A Y
Sallie E
Mamie
Emma
Sarah L
Spouse
cook Parlor Restaurant
grocer 1931 Sumter
porter State Asylum
lab
lab
wks W H Gibbes & Co
carp
bricklyr
bricklyr
lab
quarryman
wks Mutual Carpet Co
not listed
wks State Dispensary
lab
clk Globe Dry Goods Co
not listed
grocer 2030 Main
repairer Wheeler Wheel Co
clk The Hub
clk F & M Co
stnpr So Ry
clk S A L office
trav sales
clk Internal Revenue Dept
Occupation
Notes
Year
C
Benj Williams
W W W
W Hope Whyte William Whyte Jerry R Smathers Miss Orrie Steele
2015 Marion St
rear 2021 Marion St
2021 Marion St
2019 Marion St
W
James T Baker
2032 Sumter St
C C W C
William Bosch William Meekin Lawrence Shuler
W
Jas F Casey Loius Adams
W
C
William Jefferson
J O Gordon
C
Edward Aiken
C
C
Henry Norman
2028 Sumter St
C
C
Walter J Simons Wm Johnson
C
James Perry
C
C
Julius Taylor
James Williams
C
Joseph McKinley
C
C
Jesse Jones
Robt J Palmer
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Henry Jones
Jas H Sims
Head of Household Anna L Sims
2026 Sumter St
rear 2024 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
rear 2020 Sumter St
Address
Laura
Janie
Lillie
Deborah
Fannie
Emma
Emma
Ella
Adelaide
Ellen
Lizzie
E-8
Spouse
lab
lab
porter
porter
app So Ry
painter
porter Globe D G Co
stngpr
sales A M Meetze & Co
trav agt
sales C O Brown & Bro
grocer 2032 Sumter, r 1307 Elmwood Ave
plasterer
drayman
tailor R J Palmer
lab
app R J Palmer
tailor and clothing 1626 Main
lab
cook
lab
wks P Maltry
lab
drayman
Occupation clk A A Sims
Purvis Jos, * driver Consumers Ice Del Co, r Marion nr Lumber
not listed in "General Department of Names". Henderson Wm N, * carp So Ry, r Marion nr Lumber
was not listed in "Street and Avenue Department". Casey Wm M (Bridget), * watchman So Ry, r Marion nr Lumber
Notes
Year
E Belton Luther Joel Wilson Needham D Walker
1321 Lumber St
rear 1321 Lumber St
1323 Lumber St
W
C
W
C
W
George N Gallman Peter Mills
W
C
David Holmes John R Swearingen
C
W
George Miller Thos B Ellis
W
Miss Lucile Mckinnon C
W
Martha E McQuatters
Emma Thomas
W
W
Sidney S Blackburn Miss Emily B McQuatters
W
R Golding Blackburn W
W
W Frank Blackburn
Edw K McQuatters
W
C
Elizabeth Marks Wm Blackburn
C
C
John Shuler Rev Jas H Johnson
C
W
Vance W Boswell James Shuler
W
Madison B Boswell C
W
Boyce L Boswell
Matthew Adams
W
Maggie
Ellen
Myra
Janie
Sallie
Laura
wid Samuel
Sallie
Emma
Sarah
Jessie N
E-9
Ethnicity* Spouse C Delia
Jas P Boswell
Head of Household Irvin Wiley
rear 1319 Lumber St
1319 Lumber St
1315 Lumber St
1307 Lumber St
1301 Lumber St
2029 Marion St
rear 2025 Marion St
2025 Marion St
Address
mngr Acme Loan & Real Estate
lab
draymaster
porter
ck Globe D G Co
lieut police
app carp
lab
laund
clk E K McQuatters
clk Globe D G Co
not listed
clk
grocer 2030 Main
student
clk So Ry
stngpr Abney & Thomson
trav sales
seamstress
clk U S Int Rev Office
lab
lab
lab
tel oper So Ry
clk
clk So Ry
agt Life In Co of Va
Occupation drayman T J Harper
Notes
C
David Ritter
rear 2016 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
rear 2012 Sumter St
2012 Sumter St
C
Chris Haynesworth Jr
2010 Sumter St
C
Wm Harris
C
Judge Williams
C
C
John Satterwhite Adaline Barney
C
James Washington
C
James Hall
C
Jasper Wells C
C
Arthur Wells Edmund Davis
C
Deptford Wells
C
Nash Miller
1326 Elmwood Ave
C
Rev Robt L Hickson
C
Francis H Thomas
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm H Thomas
C
Emma E Toland
Hattie Ray
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm M Bell
1314 Elmwood Ave
C
Vacant
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
John W Meade
1310 Elmwood Ave
C
James T Baker
W
Miss Sadie M Feagan
1904-5 1306 Elmwood Ave 1308 Elmwood Ave
W
R Andrew Feagan C
W
Mrs Kate E Feagan
Lawrence Davis
W
Thomas K Feagan
1331 Lumber St
Rachel
Alice
Lizzie
Alice
Anna
Ida
Agnes
Frances
Susie
Jennie
Janie
Estelle
Ella
Louisa
Alice
Katie E
E-10
Ethnicity* Spouse W Mattie
Head of Household Edw W Smith
Address 1329 Lumber St
rear 1331 Lumber St
Year
carp
laund
porter
driver
wks State Asylum
carp
lab
lab
lab
bricklayer
carp
barber C Haynesworth
proper Carolina Barber Shop
not listed
tchr
barber 1213 Taylor
grocer 1314 Elmwood av, r 1316 same
tchr
carp 1120 Laurel
not listed
grocer 2032 Sumter, r 1306 Elmwood Av
porter Mrs Kate Feagan
clk Mrs Kate Feagan
student
grocer 1331 Lumber
wholesale and retail confectioner 1727 main
Occupation asst supt S C Cot Oil Co
Notes
Year
W W W W
Paris Smith James P Boswell Boyce L Boswell M Bernard Boswell Miss Sallie Boswell Vance W Boswell
rear 2021 Marion St
2025 Marion St
W W
G Flavie Cooper Patience Cooper
1315 Lumber St
W
Edw K McQuatters
1307 Lumber St
C
Lizzie Marks
W
C
James A Summersett
C
Annie S Johnson
C
Laura Shuler Rev James H Johnson
C
Eugene Schuler
C
W
1301 Lumber St
2029 Marion St
rear 2025 Marion St
W
James P Easler
2021 Marion St
C
Wm Frazier
W
James M Peak
C
Wm Vanderhorst
2019 Marion St
C
James T Baker
C
Robt Waiters
C
James Williams C
C
Walter J Simons Page Johnson
C
C
James K Perry Robt J Palmer
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Isaac Kelly
James Sims
Head of Household Andrew Sims
2015 Marion St
2032 Sumter St
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
rear 2020 Sumter St
Address 2020 Sumter St
E-11
wid Green F
Mary H
Sallie
Anna B
Sarah
Jessie
Mattie
Nancy
Emma
Rosa
Rosa
Alice
Sarah
Judy
Maggie
Spouse
Notes
not listed
dep clk Circuit Court
grocer 2030 Main
train mstr C N & L R R
not listed
tchr Howard Sch
clk U S Int Rev Office
laund
driver
yd clk So Ry
clk Sligh & Allen Co
painter So Ry
yd clk So Ry
wks J E Dent
lab So Ry
clk State Dispensary
hackman
grocer 1219 Taylor, r 1227 Taylor "J M Peak, r 2015 in street listing"
wks Col L & M Co
grocer 2032 Sumter, r 1306 Elmwood Av
butler
carrier P O
app R J Palmer
tailor R J Palmer
tailor and clothing 1626 Main
not listed
painter
driver
Occupation cook Parlor Restr
1906
Year
W W W W W
Clarence D Mills Edw W Smith Silas D Cromer T K Feagan Miss Mayme Feagan R Andrew Feagan Miss Sadie M Feagan
1323 Lumber St
1329 Lumber St
1331 Lumber St
C
Wm H Thomas Minnie G Pugh
1316 Elmwood Ave
C C
Chris Haynesworth Jr Depford Wells Arthur Wells
2010 Sumter St
2012 Sumter St
C
W
Sion W Parham
2006 Sumter St
C
C
Arthur Brown Joseph H Garner
C
Nash Miller
C
1326 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Emma E Toland
1314 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm Bell
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Judy Taylor C
C
Pender McDuffie Wm Hall
C
Maggie Lane
1310 Elmwood Ave
C
John W Meade
1308 Elmwood Ave
C
Rev James T Baker
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
W
W
Thos B Sox
1321 Lumber St
W
C
Susie
Ruth
Charlotte
Jennie
Estelle
Ella
Angeline
Louisa
Alice
Kate
Mattie
Ella
Maggie
Sallie
Mattie
E-12
Ethnicity* Spouse C Mattie
John R Swearingen
Thos Mitchell
Head of Household Annister Mitchell
1319 Lumber St
Address rear 1315 Lumber St
lab
bricklayer
barber 1332 Main
auditor C N & L R R
supt N C M & P Assn
barber N Miller
barber 1119 Gervais
trained nurse
barber 1213 Taylor
grocer 1314 Elmwood av, r 1316 same
sexton First Bap ch, and carp shop 1120 Laurel
driver
cook
cook
waitress
not listed
grocer 2032 Sumter
not listed
student
clk T K Feagan
mnfg confectioner 1727 Main
grocer 1331 Lumber, r 1836 1/2 Main
engr S C Cot Oil Co
fireman C F D
agt Carolina I & C Co
lieut police
carp
carp
Occupation
Notes
Year
C
Mattie Smith Elizabeth Stewart James P Boswell
C
Adams Lillie
rear 2021 Marion St
2025 Marion St
C
James P Easler
2021 Marion St
W
W
C
Wm Frazier
2019 Marion St
W
C
July Weeks Robt E Baughman
C
C
Wm M Coultry Rev James T Baker
C
Page Johnson
C
C
Betsy Williams C
C
Shem Perry
Robt J Palmer Jr
C
James K Perry
Robt J Palmer
C
Jerry Jennings
C
James Sims C
C
Andrew Sims Jr Wm Hall
C
C
Lizzie White Andrew Sims
C
Wm Harrison
C
Judge Williams C
C
Adeline Barney
C
James Washington Jr
C
Susan Scott James Washington
C
Ethnicity* C
Maggie Russell
Head of Household Jasper Wells
2015 Marion St
*2032 Sumter St
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
rear 2020 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
rear 2016 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
Address
Jessie
Nancy
Emma
Ella
Frances
Judy
Maggie
Rachel
Alice
Alice
E-13
Spouse
clk S D Cromer
wks State Asylum
laund
wks State Asylum
shipg clk State dispy
hackman
clk S L Sweeney
barber 1812 Main
grocer 2032 Sumter St, r 1306 Elmwood Av
wks P J Rucker
not listed
tailer R J Palmer
tailer and clothier, 1626 Main
not listed
lab
wks So Ry
wks A D Cumpsty
lab
hackman
tchr
cook
laund
lab
laund
driver Lion Furn Co
porter E K McQuatters
painter State Asylum
laund
laund
lab
Occupation
Notes
W
G Flaive Cooper Patience Cooper
1315 Lumber St
W W W
Thos K Feagan Miss Mayme Feagan R Andrew Feagan
Mack Neal Wm Bell
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
John Pinckney
C
C
C
C
C
Louisa Mead
Rev James T Baker
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
Vacant
W
Silas D Cromer
*1331 Lumber St
W
Edw W Smith
1329 Lumber St
W
Clarence D Mills
W
Miss Pearl Huhn
1323 Lumber St
W
Geo Huhn
1321 Lumber St
C
Annister Mitchell W
C
Wm McCreery John R Swearingen
C
Henry Aiken
W
1319 Lumber St
rear 1315 Lumber St
W
Ernest B Gibson
1311 Lumber St
W
Edw K McQuatters
1307 Lumber St
C W
James A Summersett
Annie S Johnson
1301 Lumber St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
Ethnicity* W
Laura Shuler
Head of Household Madison B Boswell
rear 2025 Marion St
Address
1907-8 1304 Elmwood Ave 1306 Elmwood Ave
Year
Ella
Kizziah
Victoria
Alice
Katie
Mattie
May
Mattie
Sallie
Mattie
Katie
E-14
wid Green F
Mary H
Mittie
Sallie E
Anna
Sarah
Spouse
carp shop 1120 Laurel
lab
laund
janitor P O
not listed
grocer 2032 Sumter
student
clk T K Feagan
mnfg confectioner 1727 Main
grocer 1331 Lumber, r 1913 Bull
mach S C C O Co
pipe fitter
milliner
blksmith
lieut police
carp
driver C F D
lab
not listed
city clerk and treasurer
mngr E M Andrews Furn Co
grocer 2030 Main
train mstr C N & L R R
tchr Howard Sch
clk Int Rev office
laund
painter
Occupation
Notes
Year
C C
*Rev J T Baker July W Weeks
2032 Sumter St
C
Page Johnson
2028 Sumter St
C
Alice B McMorris
C
Mary Shuler
2024 Sumter St
C
James Perry
rear 2020 Sumter St
C
C
Wm Harris Andrew Sims
C
C
Adeline Barnett
Judge Williams
2020 Sumter St
rear 2016 Sumter St
C
James Washington
C
Jasper Wells C
C
Arthur Wells James Q Washington
C
Depford Wells
2012 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
C
Christopher Haynesworth
2010 Sumter St
C
James Turnipseed W
C
Wesley Gantt
Rowland M Parrot
C
Book David
2006 Sumter St
C
Wm Edwards
1326 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Emma E Toland Wm H Price
C
Francis H Thomas
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm H Thomas
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Ethnicity*
*Emma E Toland
Head of Household
1314 Elmwood Ave
Address
Frances
Alice
Judy
Rachel
Alice
Alice
Susie
Maude
Lizzie
Fannie
Margaret
Estelle
E-15
Spouse
barber, Weeks & Thomas
grocer 2032 Sumter, r 1306 Elmwood Av
wks P O
not listed
laund
lab
lab
carp
laund
porter
porter Walker, R & Co
wks State Hospital
lab
bricklyr
bricklyr
barber 1332 Main
v-prest and mngr ParrottBailey Co
lab So Ry
lab So Ry
lab
lab
clk P O
grocer 1314 Elmwood Ave, r 1316 Elmwood Av
tchr Howard Sch
barber 1207 Taylor
grocer 1314 Elmwood Ave
Occupation
Notes
Year
Thos A Cobb Saml P Jones Clarence D Mills Edw W Smith
1319 Lumber St
1321 Lumber St
1323 Lumber St
1329 Lumber St
Amos Mitchell John R Swearingen
C
Henry Aiken
rear 1315 Lumber St
1317 Lumber St
C
G Flavie Cooper
1315 Lumber St
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
Ernest B Gibson
1311 Lumber St
W
W
James A Summersett Jr Edw K McQuatters
W
James A Summersett
C
Annie S Johnson
C
Laura Schuler C
C
Eugene Schuler Rev James H Johnson
C
W
Vance W Boswell Elizabeth Geiger
W
Bernard M Boswell
1307 Lumber St
1301 Lumber St
2029 Marion St
rear 2025 Marion St
W
Boyce L Boswell
Mattie Smith W
C
John Robinson James P Boswell
C
Thos Adams
2025 Marion St
C
Vacant
rear 2021 Marion St
C
Claiborne Frazier
2021 Marion St
C
Wm Frazier
2019 Marion St
Mattie
May
Sadie
Victoria
Sallie
E-16
Spouse
Mary H
Mittie
Sallie
Anna
Sarah
Jessie
Lillie
Emma
Ethnicity* W Ella
Head of Household Robt E Baughman
Address 2015 Marion St
asst supt S C Cot Oil Co
wks Gas Co
mach So Ry
cond So Ry
lieut police
carp
driver C F D
city clerk and treasurer
mngr Gibson-Miller Co
grocer 2030 Main
clk J A Summersett
contr and bldr, real est and ins, and supt ins dept K of P, office 1218 Washington
tchr Howard Sch
clk U S Int Rev Office
laund
grocer 813 1/2 Hampton Av
laund
clk So Ry
painter
clk So Ry
clk S D Cromer
laund
lab
lab
farmer
drayman
Occupation constable
Notes
1909
Year
C C C
Rev James P Baker Louisa Mead Judy Taylor Maggie Lane
1306 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
C C C C
W H Thomas Francis H Thomas Harry Toland Emma E Toland Minnie Pugh
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
John Suber
2016 Sumter St
2012 Sumter St
C
Della Manigault
C C
Jasper Wells Susan Scott
C
C
Arthur Wells
James I Washington
C
Deptford Wells
W
Rowland M Parrot
2010 Sumter St
C
Walter J Simons
2006 Sumter St
C
Jennie M Palmer
C
C
Adelaide G Palmer
Isaiah M A Myers
C
Robt J Palmer
C
1326 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Emma E Toland
*1314 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm Bell
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Edw Freeman
1310 Elmwood Ave
C
Vacant
1304 Elmwood Ave
W
Ethnicity*
*Silas D Cromer
Head of Household
1331 Lumber St
Address
Alice
Ella
Maude
Clyde
Essie
Ella
Daisy
Alice
E-17
Spouse
Head of Household
Notes
wks State Hospital
dom
lab
app bricklyr
bricklyr
driver Pal Ice Co
laund
v-prest and mngr ParrottBailey Co
tchr
tailor 1123 1/2 Washington
tchr
tchr
not listed
trained nurse
grocer 1314 Elmwood Ave
tailor
tchr Howard Sch
Head of Household
Head of Household
Head of Household
Head of Household
barber and pool room 1131 Washington Head of Household
grocer 1314 Elmwood Ave
carp shop 1120 Laurel
driver J B Friday & Co
cook
cook
not listed
grocer 2032 Sumter
grocer 1331 Lumber, r 1913 Bull
Occupation
Year
C C
Eugene Shuler Laura Shuler
rear 2025 Marion St
C
Halcott W Bratton
2025 Marion St
C
Elizabeth Stewart
W
C
Mattie Smith Wesley C Klugh
C
John Robinson
2023 Marion St
C
C
Miss Ruth C Watson Lucy Macon
C
Julia A Watson
rear 2021 Marion St
C
Rev P P Watson
W
Mrs Mamie Russum
2021 Marion St
W
James T Rose C
W
Miss Etta Pennington
Wm Frazier
W
Susanna R Baughman
2019 Marion St
W
Robt E Baughman
C
Philip Lewis
2015 Marion St
C
Rev James P Baker
*2032 Sumter St
C
Page Johnson
C
Lewis C Scott
2028 Sumter St
C
Alice B McMorris
2024 Sumter St
C
Henry Williams
C
James Sims
C
Thos Nixon C
C
Andrew J Sims
C
Isaac Kelly
C
Judge Williams Adeline Barney
C
Ethnicity* C
Lizzie Satterwhite
Head of Household James C Washington
rear 2020 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
rear 2016 Sumter St
Address
Mragaret
Lillie
Nancy J
Emma
Lizzie
E-18
wid Drury H
Ella
Martha
Alice
Judy
Martha
Lizzie
Emma
Alice
Spouse
Head of Household
Head of Household
Head of Household
Notes
laund
not listed
clk J W Bailey
clk O Y Owings
nurse State Hospital
laund
farmer
laund
tchr Benedict College
missionary
misspelled as "Halcott Bradley
Head of Household
pastor Second Calvary Bap Ch Head of Household
hackman
wks R L Bryan Co
attdt State Hospital
clk J L Tapp Co
constable
lab
grocer 2032 Sumter
PO
mail contr
not listed
lab
drayman
cook
farmer
wks So Ex Co
not listed
lab
laund
driver
Occupation
1910
Year
W W W
G Flavie Cooper Patience Cooper L Murray Fischer
1315 Lumber St
Edw Freeman Wm Bell Emma E Toland
*1314 Elmwood Ave
C
C
C
C
Judy Taylor
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Maggie Lane
1310 Elmwood Ave
C
Louisa Meade
1308 Elmwood Ave
C
W
R Andrew Feagan Rev James T Baker
W
Thos K Feagan
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Silas D Cromer
W
Elizabeth Watts
*1331 Lumber St
W
Robt C McCants
1329 Lumber St
W
Peter G Buchan
W
James A McConnell
1323 Lumber St
W
Albert P Hiller
W
James Coyne
1321 Lumber St
W
Thos A Cobb
1319 Lumber St
W
John R Swearingen
1317 Lumber St
W
Saml F Killingsworth
1311 Lumber St
W
Edw K McQuatters
W
James A Summersett Jr
1307 Lumber St
W
James A Summersett
C
Annie S Johnson
1301 Lumber St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
Ethnicity* C
Head of Household Elizabeth Geiger
Address
Ella
Daisy
Alice
Katie E
wid Wm R
Minnie
Mary
Lula
Jennie
Victoria
Sallie
Genevieve
E-19
wid Green F
Mary H
Corrie
Sallie
Anna A
Sarah
Spouse
grocer 1314 Elmwood Ave
carp shop 1120 Laurel
driver J B Friday & Co
cook
dom
not listed
grocer 2032 Sumter
student
mnfg confr 1727 Main
grocer 1331 Lumber, r 1913 Bull
not listed
clk Hart Bros
bkkpr J E Young & Bro
sec M & M Club
mngr M & M Club
boiler inspr
cond So Ry
lieut police
pharmacist W C Fisher & Co
not listed
city clerk and treasurer
dentist 1521 Main
grocer 2030 Main
student
contr and real est agt 1218 Washington
tchr Howard Sch
clk U S Int Rev Office
laund
Occupation
Head of Household
Head of Household
Head of Household
Head of Household
Notes
Year
rear 2020 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
C
C
James H Sims James Perry
C
C
Thos Nixon Andrew J Sims
C
C
Judge Williams Isaac Kelly
C
James C Washington
rear 2016 Sumter St
C
James I Washington
2016 Sumter St
C
Susan Scott C
C
Jasper Wells Belle Rowe
C
Arthur Wells
rear 2012 Sumter St
C
C
Wm O McGill Deptford Wells
C
Rev Eugene H McGill
2012 Sumter St
C
Rev Danl M McGill
2010 Sumter St
W
C
Francis H Thomas Rowland M Parrot
C
Lemon Ryan
C
Walter J Simons
C
Harry Toland C
C
Emma E Toland
Jennie M Palmer
C
Robt Paul
C
C
Fabrer Paul
Robt J Palmer
C
Ethnicity*
Wm H Thomas
Head of Household
2006 Sumter St
1326 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
1316 Elmwood Ave
Address
Maggie
Lizzie
Emma
Alice
Alice
Carrie
Maude
Ella
Essie
E-20
Spouse
farmer
drayman
not listed
farmer
wks So Ex Co
driver Norton & Carraway
porter E K McQuatters
wks State Hospital
cook State Hospital
not listed
lab
plasterer
lab
student
not listed
presiding elder
prest and mngr Parrott-Bailey Co
tchr Howard Sch
bricklyr
cleaning and pressing, 1110 Washington
not listed
not listed
tailor I S Leevy
grocer 1314 Elmwood Ave, r 1316 same
app D H Means
presser I S Leevy
barber 1127 Washington
Occupation
Head of Household
Notes
Year
C W W W
Rev James T Baker Mrs R E Baughman (Ella) Robt E Baughman Susanna R Baughman
*2032 Sumter St
2015 Marion St
C
Sarah Hill
Nora Roberts
rear 1317 Lumber St
Ormus Mitchell John R Swearingen
C
Henry Aiken
rear 1315 Lumber St
1317 Lumber St
C
G Flavie Cooper
1315 Lumber St
C
W
W
W
J Ernest Wilson
1311 Lumber St
W
Miss Nelle Summersett W
W
James A Summersett Jr
Edw K McQuatters
W
James A Summersett
C
C
Elizabeth Geiger
Annie S Johnson
C
Halcott Bradley
C
C
Delphine Bradley
Rev James H Johnson
C
Donie Bradly
C
John Robinson
1307 Lumber St
1301 Lumber St
2029 Marion St
2025 Marion St
C
C
Julia A Watson Lucy Macon
Rev P P Watson
2021 Marion St
rear 2021 Marion St
C
Vacant
2019 Marion St
C
Judy Johnson
2028 Sumter St
Ethnicity* C
Head of Household Alice B McMorris
Address 2024 Sumter St
Sallie
Mattie
Lizzie
Mary H
Sue M
Sallie
Anna A
Sarah
Lillie
Nancy
E-21
wid Drew H
Ella
Alice
Spouse
laund
lieut police
carp
driver C F D
city clerk and treasurer
trav sales
grocer 2030 Main
not listed
student
real est and contr 1218 Washington
tchr Howard Sch
clk U S Int Rev Office
not listed
laund
clk J W Bailey
tchr
laund
lab
laund
missionary
pastor Second Calvary Bap Ch
not listed
farmer
not listed
grocer 2032 Sumter
cook State Asylum
Occupation not listed
Head of Household
Head of Household
Notes
1911
Year
W
Robt C McCants Silas D Cromer Thos K Feagan
1329 Lumber St
*1331 Lumber St
Rowland M Parrot
2006 Sumter St
W
C
C
Walter J Simons Rev Edw Robinson
C
Ella Palmer
1326 Elmwood Ave
C
Adelaide G Palmer
C
Harry Toland C
C
Emma E Toland Robt J Palmer
C
Francis H Thomas
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm H Thomas
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Emma E Toland
C
John P Vaughan
*1314 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Louisa Meade Wm M Bell
C
Maggie Lane
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Casper Anderson
C
C
Janie Harris
C
Judy Taylor
C
James Baker Frank Taylor
C
Rev James T Baker
W
W
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Peter G Buchan
1323 Lumber St
W
Arthur H Keller
1321 Lumber St
Maude
Carrie
Essie
Alice
Ella
Lizzie
Essie
Alice
Katie
Minnie
Mary
May
E-22
Ethnicity* Spouse W Victoria
Head of Household Thos A Cobb
Address 1319 Lumber St
prest and treas Parrott Scale & Fixture Co
porter Sylvan Bros
tailor 1110 Washington
tchr
tchr Howard Sch
not listed
tailor J S Leevy
wood shop 1314 Elmwood
tchr High Sch
barber 1131 Washington
wood shop 1314 Elmwood
tchr
carp
laund
laund
laund
emp So Ry
laund
waiter Columbia Hotel
driver Walker Paper Co
grocer 2032 Sumter
mngr confectioner, 1727 Main
grocer 1331 Lumber, r 1913 Bull
clk Lorick & L
bkkpr P M Elec Co
mngr W H Cobb Co
Occupation cond So Ry
Notes
Year
Rev Paul P Watson Lucy Macon
rear 2021 Marion St
C
C
C
Thos R Thompson
2021 Marion St
C
Albert H Thompson
W
Susanna R Baughman C
W
Robt E Baughman Thos L Thompson
W
Mrs R E Baughman (Ella)
2015 Marion St
2019 Marion St
C
Rev James T Baker
*2032 Sumter St
C
C
Wm Coultry
C
C
Artless Green Ellen Johnson
C
Minnie Sims Butler W Nance
C
C
Lizzie Satterwhite James Sims
C
Lizzie Nixon C
C
Isaac Kelly
Andrew J Sims
C
C
Judge Williams Adeline Barnett
C
C
Henry Smith Caldwell Washington
C
Susan Scott C
C
Kate Douglas
James Washington
C
C
Wm McGill Maggie Wells
C
Ethnicity*
Rev Danl M McGill
Head of Household
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
rear 2016 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
2012 Sumter St
2010 Sumter St
Address
Nancy
E-23
wid Drew H
Ella
Alice
Daisy
Sarah
Alice
Emma
Carrie
Spouse
laund
pastor Second Calvary Bap Ch
(T L Thompson & Sons)
(T L Thompson & Sons)
(T L Thompson & Sons)
clk H A Taylor
not listed
grocer 2032 Sumter
not listed
hair dresser
ry postal clk
laund
laund
driver
cook
laund
laund
driver So Ex Co
cook
porter Abrams Furn Co
chaffeur
emp State Hospital
lab
laund
laund
laund
not listed
pres elder Sumter Dist A M E Church
Occupation
Notes
1912
Year
W W W
Miss Flora Berkman Joseph Berkman Meyer Berkman
Robt C McCants Silas D Cromer Rev James T Baker
*1331 Lumber St
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Ruby A Beymer
1329 Lumber St
W
Peter G Buchan
1323 Lumber St
C
W
W
W
Arthur H Keller
1321 Lumber St
W
Thos A Cobb
W
J Benj Swearingen
1319 Lumber St
W
John R Swearingen
1317 Lumber St
W
Wm G Bird C
W
Patience Cooper Louis A Mitchell
W
G Flavie Cooper
rear 1315 Lumber St
1315 Lumber St
W
Bernard H Berkman
1311 Lumber St
W
Edw K McQuatters
1307 Lumber St
W
C
Annie S Johnson Joel W Riser
C
Sarah Johnson
1301 Lumber St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
Wm Roberts C
C
Halcott W Bradley Shelley Reeves
C
C
Alice
Minnie
Mary
May
Victoria
Sallie
Mattie
Rossie
E-24
wid Green F
Mary H
Dora
Sallie
Sallie
Sarah
Mattie
Ethnicity* Spouse C Amelia
Donnie Bradley
Reuben Roseborough
Head of Household John Roseborough
rear 2025 Marion St
2025 Marion St
Address
grocer, 2032 Sumter, r 1306 Elmwood
grocer 1331 Lumber, r 1913 Bull
clk
electn Perry Mann Elec Co
bkkpr Perry Mann Elec Co
mngr Wm Cobb Co
cond So Ry
clk E W Parker
lieut police
carp
engr So Ry
not listed
city clerk and treasurer
clk B H Berkman
clk So States Sup Co
bkkpr A Ayoub
jeweler and watchmaker 1418 Main
grocer 1931 Main
bkkpr St Ry
tchr Howard Sch
not listed
clk U S Int Rev Office
laund
emp So Ry
clk J W Bailey
laund
porter
lab
Occupation
Notes
Year
C C
Andrew J Sims Anna Sims
C
Alice Dreher
2020 Sumter St
C
James Washington
2016 Sumter St
C
Susan Scott C
C
Wm L Douglas Moses Boozer
C
Kate Douglas
rear 2012 Sumter St
C
Maggie Wells
C
Wm O McGill
2012 Sumter St
C
Rev Danl M McGill
2010 Sumter St
W
Rowland M Parrot
C
Walter Fields
C
Walter J Simons C
C
Adelaide G Palmer Edw Robinson
C
Robt J Palmer
C
Emma E Toland
2006 Sumter St
1326 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
C
John P Vaughan Wm H Thomas
C
Herman E Ray
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Judy Taylor Wm M Bell
C
Joseph H W Morris
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Maggie Lynn
C
C
Casper Anderson
Janie Harris
C
Ethnicity* C
Louisa Meade
Head of Household James Baker
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
Address
Alice
Mary
Carrie
Maude
Cornelia
Carrie
Essie
Alice
Ella
Mamie
Lizzie
E-25
Spouse
Notes
hairdresser
cook
cook State Hosp
emp State Hospital
lab
cook
presser P D Kohn
cook
not listed
not listed
presiding elder Sumter Dist A M E Ch
prest and treas Parrott Scale & Fixture Co
driver Cola I & F Co
porter Sylvan Bros
tailor, 1110 Washington
tchr Howard Sch
tailor
not listed
barber and pool room 1131 Thompson Luther J, tailor W J Simons, r Washington 1218 Gregg
sub letter carrier
spcl del messgr
janitor First Bap Ch
not listed
cook
bricklyr
cook
helper So Ry
not listed
Occupation driver Walker Paper Co
Year
C
Thos L Thompson Thos R Thompson
*2019 Marion St
C
Lizzie Johnson
Edw K McQuatters
1307 Calhoun St
W
W
C
Annie S Johnson J Wesley Riser
C
Rev James H Johnson
C
C
Julia Earle
Elizabeth Geiger
C
Josephine Bradley
C
C
Halcott W Bradley
Edw Brunson
C
Donie Bradly
C
C
Wesley Gaines John Roseborough
C
Ruth C Watson C
C
Julia A Watson
Wesley Gantt
C
W
Rev Paul P Watson
1301 Calhoun St
2029 Marion St
rear 2025 Marion St
2025 Marion St
rear 2021 Marion St
2021 Marion St
C
Robt E Baughman
2015 Marion St
C
Rev James T Baker
*2032 Sumter St
C
Joseph Robertson
C
Sarah Johnson
C
Annie Rice C
C
James Perry Butler W Nance
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Agnes Jackson
Minnie Sims
Head of Household James Sims
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
rear 2020 Sumter St
Address
Sallie
Sallie C
Sarah
Delia
Mamie
Aurelia
Bertha
Nancy
Grace
Ella
Alice
Lily
Belle
E-26
Spouse
grocer 1931 Main
clk Cola Ry G & E Co
tchr Howard Sch
clk Int Rev office
not listed
painter
nurse State Hospital
nurse State Hospital
tchr
clk J W Bailey
not listed
emp Pal Natl Bank
lab
emp Gibbes Machy Co
tchr Benedict College
city missionary
pastor Second Calvary Bap Ch
carp
contr and bld, 2019 Marion, r same
clk H A Taylor
grocer, 2032 Sumter, r 1306 Elmwood
lab
cook
ry postal clk
not listed
not listed
not listed
not listed
drayage
Occupation
Notes
1913
Year
W W W
Arthur H Keller Peter G Buchan Robt C McCants Silas D Cromer Thos K Feagan Robt A Feagan
1321 Calhoun St
1323 Calhoun St
1329 Calhoun St
*1331 Calhoun St
Edw Robinson
C
C
Wm Coultry
1326 Elmwood Ave
C
Daisy Coultry
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
C
John P Vaughan
Wm H Thomas
C
Herman E Ray
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm Bell
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Joseph Morris Eugenia Robinson
C
Casper Anderson
1310 Elmwood Ave
C
Louisa Meade
1308 Elmwood Ave
C
Rev James T Baker
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
W
W
W
Thos A Cobb
1319 Calhoun St
W
Miss Pearl Copeland C
W
J Benj Swearingen Hattie Bailey
W
W
Patience Cooper John R Swearingen
W
W
Meyer Berkman G Flavie Cooper
W
Ethnicity*
Bernard H Berkman
Head of Household
rear 1317 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
1315 Calhoun St
1311 Calhoun St
Address
Carrie
Gertrude
Alice
Ella
Mamie
Lizzie
Alice
Katie
Minnie
Mary
May
Victoria
Sallie
E-27
wid Green F
Mary H
Dora
Spouse
emp State Hospital
clk A Coultry
not listed
barber 1129 Washington and Shelton & Thomas
letter carrier
spcl del mess P O
sexton
not listed
bricklyr
lab
not listed
not listed
bkkpr P D Kohn
mfg confectioner 1727 Main
grocer 1331 Calhoun, r 1913 Bull
not listed
bkkpr Perry Mann Elec Co
mngr Wm H Cobb Co
cond So Ry
cook
stngpr Natl Bis Co
student
sergt police
not listed
city clk and treas
clk
jeweler and watchmaker 1418 Main
Occupation
Notes
Year
W C
Ernest Malloy Mattie Sanders
*2032 Sumter St
C
Ruth C Watson
rear 2029 Marion St
2029 Marion St
2025 Marion St
rear 2021 Marion St
C
Rev Paul P Watson
2021 Marion St
C C
Edw Brunson Elizabeth Geiger
C
C
Julia Earle Annie S Johnson
C
Donia Bradley C
C
Delphine Bradley
Rev James H Johnson
C
C
Mattie Smith Halcott W Bradley
C
James Rosenborough
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
2019 Marion St
W
Earnest E Fellers
2015 Marion St
C
Walter Young
2028 Sumter St
C
C
Walter J Simons Butler W Nance
C
Adelaide G Palmer
2024 Sumter St
C
C
Thos Nixon Robt J Palmer
C
Isaac Kelly
2020 Sumter St
C
Jacob Burton
C
Rev Jacob J Durham
rear 2016 Sumter St
C
Benj Cross
2016 Sumter St
C
Maggie Wells
2012 Sumter St
C
Dowie Bradley
2010 Sumter St
Delia
Sarah L
Mamie
Cornelia
Nancy
Eunice
May
Charlotte
Belle
Leila
Lizzie
Ella
Emma
E-28
Ethnicity* Spouse C Cornelia
Vacant
Head of Household Walter Fields
2006 Sumter St
Address
not listed
painter
tchr Howard Sch
not listed
nurse State Hospital
not listed
tchr Howard Sch
clk J W Bailey
not listed
emp So Ry
tchr Benedict College
not listed
not listed
desk oper police sta
not listed
grocer 2032 Sumter, r 1127 Bryan
lab
ry postal clk
tailor 1110 Washington
tchr
tailor
lab
driver So Ex Co
lab
pastor First Calvary Bap Ch
lab
not listed
driver
Occupation
not listed in directory index
Notes
1914
Year
C
G Flavie Cooper Artimus Mitchell
1315 Calhoun St
W W
Robt C McCants
Silas D Cromer R Andrew Feagan Thos K Feagan
1329 Calhoun St
*1331 Calhoun St
C C C
Wm H Thomas Wm E Thomas Emma E Toland
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm Bell
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Joseph W Morris C
C
Maggie Lane Eugenia Robinson
C
C
Julia Taylor Louisa Mead
C
Rev James T Baker
W
W
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Peter G Buchan
1323 Calhoun St
W
Geo B Bundrick
1321 Calhoun St
W
W
J Benj Swearingen Thos A Cobb
W
John R Swearingen
W
1319 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
W
Bernard H Berkman
1311 Calhoun St
W
Edw K McQuatters
1307 Calhoun St
W
Ethnicity*
J Wesley Riser
Head of Household
1301 Calhoun St
Address
Gertrude
Ella
Mary
Alice
Katie
Minnie
Mary
Nancy
Victoria
Sallie
Mattie
Mary H
Dora
Sallie
E-29
Spouse
r 2008 Marion, tel 420
(Cromer & Sutton), and grocer 1331 Calhoun, tel 847
tel 2249
tel 2249
clk P O and Pool room, 1003 Washington not listed
tel 2249
barber and pool 1129 Washington
sexton
not listed
emp C A Ferguson
cook
not listed
not listed
not listed
confy 1727 Main, tel 581
bkkpr P D Kohn
tel 2768
tel 1518
Notes
retired
bkkpr Perry Mann Elec Co
trav sales
cond So Ry
clk Consd Auto Co
sergt police
lab
city clerk and treasurer
jeweler and watchmaker 1418 Main
grocer 1931 Main, tel 840
chf clk Cola Ry G & E Co tel 1293
Occupation
Year
C C
Susan Scott Essie Taylor
2012 Sumter St
C
Isaac Kelly
C C C
Wm M Benjamin Essie Sanders Mattie Sanders
*2032 Sumter St
2025 Marion St
C
Della Lomax
C
Ruth C Watson
C
C
Mildred Watson James C Lomax
C
Rev Paul P Watson
C
Wright Rutherford
2021 Marion St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
2019 Marion St
W
E E Fellers
2015 Marion St
C
Geo Richmond
2028 Sumter St
W
C
Walter J Simons Butler W Nance
C
Robt J Palmer
2024 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
C
Peter Carolina
rear 2016 Sumter St
C
Rev Jacob J Durham
2016 Sumter St
C
Benj Cross
rear 2012 Sumter St
C
Rev H D McGill
2010 Sumter St
W
C
Edw Robinson F E Probst
C
C
Jere Miles Walter Fields
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Wm Coulter
John P Vaughn
Head of Household Harry P Toland
2006 Sumter St
1326 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
Address
Jennie
Nancy
Eunice
Jennie
Eliza
Sarah
Leila
Emma
Julia
Emma
Carrie
Cornelia
Lizzie
E-30
Spouse tel 2249
tel 2249
not listed
huckster
tchr
tchr
not listed
lab
missionary
not listed
not listed
grocer 2032 Sumter, r same
lab So Ry
ry postal clk
tailor 1110 Washington
tailor 1228 Washington
lab
carp
Notes
tel 2185
tel 2185
listed as white in 1911 although colored in other yrs
pastor Second Calvary Bap Ch tel 2393
lab
not listed
not listed
not listed
barber J W C Weeks
driver Cola I & F Co
not listed
letter carrier
Occupation tailor I S Leevy
1915
Year
W
G Flavie Cooper Patience Cooper
1315 Calhoun St
W W
Geo B Bundrick Peter G Buchan R C McCants Minnie McCants
1321 Calhoun St
1323 Calhoun St
1329 Calhoun St
C C
Casper Anderson
C
Wilder Baker Louisa Mead
C
James Baker
1308 Elmwood Ave
C
Rev James T Baker
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Silas D Cromer
*1331 Calhoun St
W
W
W
Thos A Cobb
1319 Calhoun St
C
W
J Benj Swearingen Georgie Morrison
W
John R Swearingen
W
rear 1317 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
W
Bernard H Berkman
1311 Calhoun St
W
Edw K McQuatters
1307 Calhoun St
W
J Wesey Riser
C
Wm Geiger
1301 Calhoun St
C
C
Lilla L Stevens C
C
Rev James H John
Elizabeth Geiger
C
Denetra Johnson
Edw Brunther
C
Annie S Johnson
rear 2029 Marion St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
Ethnicity*
Head of Household
Address
Lizzie
Emma
Alice
wid R C
Mary
Norma
Victoria
Sallie
wid G F
Mary H
Dora
Sallie
Sallie C
Sarah
Sarah
E-31
Spouse
tel 2768 tel 420
grocer 1331 Calhoun, tel 847, r 1208 same
driver
not listed
porter
restr 1211 Rice
not listed
Notes
not listed in directory index
tel 2387
tel 1518
tel 1518
tel 1293
tel 2638
tel 2638
tel 2638
tel 2638
tel 2638
not listed
bkkpr Perry-Mann Elec Co
trav sales
cond So Ry
not listed
mach Consd Auto Co
sergt police
not listed
city clerk and treasurer
jeweler, optician, etc, 1418 Main
grocer 1931 Main, tel 840
bkkpr Cola Ry, G & E Co
porter
not listed
painter
tchr
not listed
not listed
tchr Howard Sch
prest Palmetto Kaolin Co
Occupation
Year
Taylor Bowen Robt J Palmer Thos Smith Butler W Nance
2020 Sumter St
rear 2020 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
C
David Parks
rear 2016 Sumter St
C
Rev Jacob J Durham
2016 Sumter St
C
C
C
C
W
J Walter Matthews
2014 Sumter St
C
Rev Danl M McGill W
C
Vermell Champion
Dr Duncan N Matthews
C
Hugh Champion
2012 Sumter St
C
W
Louis L Propst Mary C Champion
W
John H Propst
2010 Sumter St
W
Floyd E Propst
2006 Sumter St
C
C
Marie Morris Edw Robinson
C
C
Harry P Toland Jesse Lorick
C
Wm E Thomas
1326 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
C
John P Vaughn Wm H Thomas
C
John Barnes
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm Bell
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Sarah
Charlotte
Mattie
Emma
Ida
Lucile
Carrie
Hattie A
Carrie
Jennie
Essie G
Alice
Ella
Julia
E-32
Ethnicity* Spouse C Mamie
Eugenia Robinson
John Taylor
Head of Household Joseph H W Morris
1310 Elmwood Ave
Address
tel 791
tel 2393
ry postal clk
lab
tailor 1228 Washington, tel 95J tel 2393
porter
lab
pastor Second Calvary Bap Ch tel 2393
propr Edwards Grocery Co
physician 1522 Main, tel 648
not listed
lab
emp A T B Coasey
not listed
clk A C L
clk
clk
emp State Hosp
tchr
lab
tel 2249
tel 2249
clk P O and pool room, 1003 Washington tailor H H McGill
tel 2249
pool and barber 1129 Washington
letter carrier
butler
sexton
not listed
not listed
Occupation emp C A Ferguson
Notes
Year
C
Rev Geo T Dillard Wright Rutherford
2019 Marion St
W
Miss Ray Berkman
1317 Calhoun St
W W
John R Swearingen J Benj Swearingen
W
W
Meyer Berkman
Patience Cooper
W
Miss Frances Berkman
W
W
Miss Flora Berkman
G Flavie Cooper
W
Aaron Berkman
1315 Calhoun St
W
Bernard H Berkman
1311 Calhoun St
W
W
James W Riser Edw K McQuatters
W
J Wesley Riser
C
C
Delphine A Bradley
Annie S Johnson
C
Smythe Lomax
C
C
Dickson Lomax
Rev James H Johnson
C
C
Mildred Watson James C Lomax
C
Rev Paul P Watson
W
1307 Calhoun St
1301 Calhoun St
2029 Marion St
2025 Marion St
2021 Marion St
C
Ernest E Fellers
2015 Marion St
C
Wm M Benjamin
*2032 Sumter St
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Geo Richmond
Wm Johnson
Head of Household Wm Nance
2028 Sumter St
Address
Sallie
wid Green
Mary H
Dora
Sallie
Sallie C
Sarah L
Jennie C
Nancy
Dora
Mae
Jennie
Liza
Sarah
E-33
Spouse
mach Consd Auto Co
sergt police
not listed
city treas, tel 18
clk
emp B H Berkman
clk
stngpr The State
sales John Fitzmaurice
jeweler 1418 Main
grocer 1931 Main, tel 840
student
paymstr st ry
tchr Howard Sch
prest Palmetto Kaolin Co
tchr Howard Sch
huckster
lab
chauffeur
tchr
not listed
lab
evangelist
oper police station
grocer 2032 Sumter, r same
not listed
not listed
driver
Occupation
tel 1518J
tel 1518J
tel 1293J
tel 1293J
tel 2638
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 2185
tel 2185
tel 2885J
Notes
1916
Year
W W
Peter G Bucham Robt A Feagan Silas D Cromer Miss Nell Feagan Thos K Feagan
1323 Calhoun St
1329 Calhoun St
*1331 Calhoun St
W W
Floyd E Propst John H Propst Louis L Propst
2006 Sumter St
rear 2010 Sumter St
2010 Sumter St
W
Edw Robinson
1326 Elmwood Ave
C
Alfred Switzer
C
C
Major H Evans Jacob Jones
C
Rev Danl M McGill
C
C
Casper Anderson
1322 Elmwood Ave
C
Eugenia Robinson
C
Wm E Thomas
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm H Thomas
C
John P Vaughn
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm Bell
C
Maggie Wells
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Joseph H W Morris
C
Julia Taylor C
C
James Baker Louisa Mead
C
Rev James T Baker
W
W
W
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Geo B Bundrick
1321 Calhoun St
W
Thos A Cobb
1319 Calhoun St
Ethnicity* C
Head of Household Lottie McDuffy
Address rear 1317 Calhoun St
Ellen
Elizabeth
Carrie E
Hattie A
Carrie
Lizzie
Essie G
Alice
Ella
Mamie E
Alice
Kate
Minnie
Mary
Norma
Victoria
E-34
Spouse
lab
shoemkr W W Martin
shoemkr W W Martin
not listed
clk A C L
clk A C L
sales Globe D G Co
lab
driver
not listed
clk P O
barber 1127 Washington
letter carrier
sexton
(Johnson, Bradley & Morris)
not listed
not listed
janitor
not listed
confy 1727 Main, tel 581
clk T K Feagan
grocer 1331 Calhoun, tel 847, r 1324 same
sales T K Feagan
bkkpr Perry-Mann Elec Co
clk
cond So Ry
Occupation not listed
tel 2249J
tel 2249J
not listed in directory index
tel 2769
tel 2387
Notes
Year
C
Edw Ford Walter Redmond
rear 2016 Sumter St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard Wright Rutherford
2019 Marion St
W W
Edw K McQuatters Bernard H Berkman Aaron Berkman
1307 Calhoun St
1311 Calhoun St
W
W
Geo S Morrison
1305 Calhoun St
C W
Annie S Johnson James W Blease
C
Rev James H Johnson
C
C
Ruth Watson W Smythe Lomax
C
Mildred Watson C
C
Julia Watson
James Lomax
C
Rev Paul P Watson
W
1301 Calhoun St
2029 Marion St
2025 Marion St
2021 Marion St
C
Ernest E Fellers
2015 Marion St
C
Mattie Sanders
2032 Sumter St
C
Geo Richmond
C
Sarah Johnson
2028 Sumter St
C
Butler W Nance
2024 Sumter St
C
C
Arthur Pelot Thos Smith
C
Robt J Palmer
C
rear 2020 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
C
Rev Jacob J Durham
2016 Sumter St
W
Mrs Lillie W McComb
2014 Sumter St
W
Ethnicity*
Dr Duncan N Matthews
Head of Household
2012 Sumter St
Address
Dora
Sallie E
Christine
Sophie
Sarah L
Jennie C
Nancy
Dora
Mae
Eliza
Sarah
Charlotte
Minnie
Leila
Florence
Phyllis
Emma
wid S G F
Lucille
E-35
Spouse
sales T D Hook
jeweler 1418 Main
not listed
cashier S A L
electn So Ry
tchr
not listed
with W M Nash
huckster
tchr
tchr
missionary
not listed
not listed
evangelist
oper police station
not listed
emp So Ry
not listed
ry postal clk
lab
bricklyr
tailor
driver
lab
Notes
"McCourb" in Street Directory
tel 791
also listed at "1305 Richland" in address directory
tel 2638
tel 2638
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 2185
tel 2185
tel 2885J
pastor Second Calvary Bap Ch tel 2393J
not listed
physician 1522 Main, tel 648
Occupation
1917
Year
W W W
R E Feagan Silas D Cromer Robt A Feagan Thos K Feagan Miss Nell L Feagan
1329 Calhoun St
*1331 Calhoun St
1312 Elmwood Ave
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Peter G Buchan
1323 Calhoun St
C C
John P Vaughn
C
Harold Wells Wm Bell
C
C
Judy Taylor Maggie Wells
C
C
Wilder Baker Joseph Morris
C
James T Baker C
C
Hiram Baker
Louisa Mead
C
Alice V Baker
W
W
W
Geo B Bundrick
1321 Calhoun St
W
Thos A Cobb
W
J Benj Swearingen
1319 Calhoun St
W
John R Swearingen
1317 Calhoun St
C
C
Belle Farrar Mattie Mitchell
W
Patience Cooper
W
Meyer Berkman W
W
Miss Frances Berkman G Flavie Cooper
Ethnicity* W
Head of Household Miss Flora Berkman
rear 1315 Calhoun St
1315 Calhoun St
Address
Alice
Ella
Mary
Kate
Minnie
Mary
Norma
Victoria
Sallie
wid Green
Mary H
E-36
Spouse
letter carrier
sexton First Bapt Ch
emp J A Alsobrook
not listed
not listed
bricklyr
not listed
USA
janitor P O
porter Lipscomb D Store
not listed
clk T K Feagan
confectioner 1727 Main, tel 581J
clk County Auditor
grocer 1331 Calhoun, tel 847, r 1324 same
bkkpr Perry-Mann Elec Co
clk
cond So Ry
mach C C Garage
sergt police
not listed
not listed
not listed
city clerk and treasurer
clk B H Berkman
clk U S Dept of Agr
Occupation stngpr The State
not listed in directory index
tel 1518J
tel 1518J
Notes
Year
W W
John H Propst Louis L Propst
C
Rev Jacob J Durham Edw Ford Isaac Kelly
2016 Sumter St
rear 2016 Sumter St
Howard Franklin
2028 Sumter St
C
Philip White
C
C
C
Thos Smith Butler W Nance
C
C
Sallie Crawford
C
Arthur Pelot
C
W
Robt J Palmer
2024 Sumter St
rear 2020 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
C
Mrs Lillie W McComb
2014 Sumter St
C W
Thos L L Webb
C
Wm O McGill Jacobs Jones
C
Carrie McGill
2012 Sumter St
C
Rev Danl M McGill
rear 2010 Sumter St
2010 Sumter St
W
Floyd E Propst
2006 Sumter St
C
Edw Robinson
1326 Elmwood Ave
C
Casper Anderson
C
Samuel Taylor
C
Emma Toland C
C
Joseph H Morris Eugenia Robinson
C
Ethnicity*
Wm H Thomas
Head of Household
1322 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
1316 Elmwood Ave
Address
Lila
Sarah
Charlotte
Minnie
Leila
Emma
Phyllis
Emma M
wid S G F
Emily J
Ellen
Carrie
Hattie
Carrie
Lizzie
Ellen
Essie G
E-37
Spouse
tel 3153J
tel 2249
tel 2249J
driver
ry postal clk
emp So Ry
emp So Ry
not listed
bricklyr
not listed
painter
carp
pastor Second Calvary Bap Ch tel 2393J
not listed
clk H Muller & Sons
emp City
student
grocer 2032 Sumter, 2010 same
pastor Mt Pisgah A M E Church, Brookland
clk A C L
clk A C L
clk Globe D G Co
plumber
emp So Ry
cook
not listed
not listed
(Johnson, Bradley & Morris)
barber 1127 Washington
Occupation
Notes
Year
C C C C
Rev Geo T Dillard Rev Paul P Watson Julia Watson Mildred Watson Ruth C Watson
2019 Marion St
2021 Marion St
W W W W
Miss Flora Berkman Miss Frances Berkman Meyer Berkman Miss Ray Berkman
rear 1315 Calhoun St
1315 Calhoun St
W
Bernard H Berkman
1311 Calhoun St
C C C C
Alberta Farrow Josephine Graddick Walter Young
W
Patience Cooper James Bright
W
G Flavie Cooper
W
Edw K McQuatters
1307 Calhoun St
W
C
Demetra G Johnson James W Blease
C
Annie S Johnson
1301 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
C
Ray Davis Thos Williams
C
W Smythe Lomax
rear 2025 Marion St
C
James Lomax
2025 Marion St
C
Isaac Drafts
rear 2021 Marion St
C
W
Ernest E Fellers
2015 Marion St
C
Ethnicity*
Carrie McGill
Head of Household
*2032 Sumter St
Address
Nancy
E-38
wid Greene
Mary H
Dora
Sallie E
Sophie
Sarah L
Jennie
Lillie
Nancy
Eunice
May
Spouse
lab
not listed
not listed
lab
not listed
city clerk and treasurer
not listed
optician
clk
stngpr Gibbes' Machy Co
jeweler 1418 Main
mngr Cola Loan & Inv Co
electn
dressmaker
tchr Howard Sch
not listed
emp So Ry
porter G W Jordan
embalmer
porter
em S A L
tchr Benedict Col
tchr
city missionary
tchr Benedict Col
not listed
oper police hdqrs
grocer 2032 Sumter, 2010 same
Occupation
tel 1518J
tel 1518J
tel 2152
tel 2152
tel 2152
tel 2152
tel 2152
tel 2675
tel 1456
tel 1456
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
Notes
1918
Year
W W
Robt A Feagan Silas D Cromer Miss Nelle Feagan Thos K Feagan
1329 Calhoun St
*1331 Calhoun St
1322 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
C C
Beulah Anderson
C
Eugenia Robinson Casper Anderson
C
C
Emma E Toland Annie Robinson
C
Wm E Thomas C
C
Veda Thomas
Samuel Taylor
C
Wm H Thomas
C
John P Vaughn
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Judith Taylor Wm Bell
C
Louisa Mead
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Elsie Harris
C
C
May Wells
C
Tobias Dillard
C
Bessie V Baker Joseph H W Morris
C
Alice V Baker
W
W
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Heber S Shealy
1323 Calhoun St
W
Henry W Young
1321 Calhoun St
W
W
Lizzie
Ellen
Essie
Alice
Ella
Rena
Mamie D
Katie E
Minnie
Bessie
Grace
Victoria
E-39
Ethnicity* Spouse W Sallie E
Thos A Cobb
J Benj Swearingen
Head of Household John R Swearingen
1319 Calhoun St
Address 1317 Calhoun St
tel 2768J
tel 2768W
not listed
helper So Ry
not listed
not listed
chef
not listed
clk P O
not listed
ph 2249-J
ph 2249-J
ph 2249-J
(W H Thomas & Co), barber 1127 Washington ph 2249-J
carrier P O
janitor First Bapt Ch
not listed
not listed
not listed
not listed
emp Elmwood Cemetery
(Johnson, Bradley & Morris)
not listed
not listed
confectioner 1727 Main, tel 581J
clk T K Feagan
grocer 1331 Calhoun, tel 847; r 1324 same
clk County Auditor
flagman C, N & L R R
clk P O
cond So Ry
clk So Ry
Occupation sergt police
Notes
Year
C C C C
Emma Bright Laura Bright Lucinda Broom Edw Ford Iday Haynes
rear 2016 Sumter St
2021 Marion St
C C C
Julia A Watson Mildred Watson
C
Eugene Boyd Rev Paul P Watson
C
Miss Arline L Fellers Rev Geo T Dillard
W
Ernest E Fellers
2015 Marion St
2019 Marion St
W
Vacant
2030 Sumter St
C
C
Sarah Johnson Howard Franklin
C
C
Willie B Nance Butler W Nance
C
Robt J Palmer
C
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
C
Rev Jacob J Durham
2016 Sumter St
W
Mrs Lillie W McComb
2014 Sumter St
W
Thos L L Webb
C
Lula Young
2012 Sumter St
C
Jacob Jones
rear 2010 Sumter St
C
W
Louis L Propst Rev Danl M McGill
W
J Henry Propst
2010 Sumter St
W
Floyd E Propst
2006 Sumter St
Nancy
Eunice
May
Lola
Sarah
Leila P
Phyllis
Emma
wid S G F
Emily J
Ellen
Carrie E
E-40
Hattie Belle
Ethnicity* Spouse C Carrie
Head of Household Edw Robinson
Address 1326 Elmwood Ave
ph 3153-J
ph 2976-J
tchr
ph 3208-J
ph 3208-J
ph 3208-J
and corsecy State Missionary Bapt Conv City Missionary
ph 2185-J
ph 2185-J student
not listed
oper So Bell T & T Co
oper Police Hdqts
lab
not listed
atty-at-law 1107 1/2 Washington
tchr Allen Univer
farmer
not listed
not listed
not listed
not listed
not listed
pastor Second Calvary Bap Ch ph 2396-J
not listed
slsmn H Muller & Sons, h 1220 Sumter
not listed
emp city
not listed
claim agt A C L
clk A C L
clk Globe Dry Gds Co
Occupation emp State Hosp
Notes
Year
W W W W W
Aaron M Berkman Miss Flora Berkman Miss Frances Berkman Myer Berkman Miss Ray Berkman
1317 Calhoun St
rear 1315 Calhoun St
1315 Calhoun St
W
Bernard H Berkman
1311 Calhoun St
W
C
Bertie Simons J Benj Swearingen
C
Lewis Murphy
W
C
Lena Murphy
John R Swearingen
C
Daisy Gilmore
C
Birdie Small C
W
Saml C Blease Josephine Brevard
W
G Flavie Cooper
W
Edw K McQuatters
1307 Calhoun St
W
C
Demetra G Johnson James W Blease
C
Annie S Johnson
1301 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
C
Rafe Davis
2029 Marion St
C
Smythe Lomax
rear 2025 Marion St
C
James Lomax
2025 Marion St
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Jno Fitzsimmons
Ruth C Watson
Head of Household Pauline L Watson
rear 2021 Marion St
Address
Sallie
Leila
May
Dora
Sallie E
Sophie
Sarah L
Jennie
Dora
E-41
Spouse
ph 2152
clk U S Food Administration
clk So Ry
Sergt of Police
not listed
emp So Ry
not listed
not listed
not listed
not listed
ph 1518-J
ph 1518-J
City Clerk and Treasurer, office City Hall, ph 18 flagman So Ry
ph 2152
not listed
ph 2152
ph 2152
stenog Chamber of Commerce
USA
ph 2152
ph 2152
ph 2675
ph 1456-J
ph 1456-J
ph 1456-J
ph 3208-J
ph 3208-J
(Berkman Sign Service)
jeweler 1418 Main
mgr Cola Loan & Inv Co
electn
not listed
tchr Howard Sch
not listed
elev oper Jerome Hotel
embalmer Hardy-Pinckney Undr Co
emp D A Sandifer
porter J D Perry
tchr Benedict College
Occupation not listed
Notes
1919
Year
W W
Silas D Cromer Mrs Katie Feagan Miss Nell F Feagan
1331 Calhoun St
1326 Elmwood Ave
1322 Elmwood Ave
C
C
James P Vaughn
C
C
Eugenia Robinson Jennie Ashford
C
Daisy Robinson Chas Walker
C
Luther Carsten
C
Emma E Toland C
C
Wm E Thomas Saml L Taylor
C
Lillian V Thomas
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm H Thomas
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm Bell
C
Charlotte Robinson
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Thos Goodwin Vacant
C
C
James T Baker Eliza Anderson
C
Alice V Baker
W
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Robt A Feagan
1329 Calhoun St
W
Heber S Shealy
1323 Calhoun St
W
Jewel Cobb W
W
Patience Cooper Henry W Young
W
W
Miss Rebecca Swearingen Thos A Cobb
Ethnicity*
Head of Household
1321 Calhoun St
1319 Calhoun St
Address
Alice C
Easter
Annie
Ellen B
Essie
Ella
Ella
E-42
Wilhelmina
Minnie
Bessie
Grace E
wid G F
Victoria
Spouse
letter carrier
not listed
lab
not listed
not listed
USA
cook
not listed
clk P O
not listed
barber 1127 Washington
sexton First Bapt Ch
not listed
lab
not listed
lieut U S A
not listed
(Feagan Candy Co)
(Feagan Candy Co)
grocer 1331 Calhoun, h 1324 same
depty auditor Richland County
flagman C N & L
clk P O
student
not listed
condr So Ry
not listed
Occupation
tel 2249J
tel 2249J
tel 2249J
tel 2249J
ph 2768-J
ph 2768-W
ph 2768-W
ph 2768-W
Notes
Year
C C
Elsie Fair James Foster
rear 2010 Sumter St
C C
Teresa G Lew Lula A Norris
2024 Sumter St
rear 2020 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
rear 2016 Sumter St
C
Rev Jacob J Durham
2016 Sumter St
C C
Chanton Perry Paris Rennick
C C C C C
James Baker James F Baker Esau Brown Moses Brown James Kinloch
C
Tina Starks C
C
Marie Starks
Butler W Nance
C
John Davis
C
C
Sammie Mickler
Jasper T Duncan
C
David Jones
C
C
Rosalie Griffen
Myrtle M Palmer
C
Edw Ford
C
C
Lucinda Broom
Robt J Palmer
C
Laura Bright
W
Mrs Lily W McComb
2014 Sumter St
W
T Lawton Webb
2012 Sumter St
C
Rev Danl M McGill
2010 Sumter St
Julia
E-43
Wilhelmina
Christine
Agnes
Leila
Ethel
Josephine
Emma
wid S F
Emily
Mima
Carrie
Ethnicity* Spouse W Hattie
Head of Household Floyd E Propst
Address 2006 Sumter St
tel 3153J
tel 2976J
barber J B Washington
baker Hendrix (Inc)
chauffeur
letter carrier
janitor
atty-at-law 1107 1/2 Washington
not listed
not listed
driver
sec W C C S
tchr Howard Sch
farmer
lab
painter
not listed
lab
not listed
carp
not listed
not listed
exec sec Y W C A Wheatley Club
girls wk sec Y W C A
pastor 2nd Calvary Bapt Ch tel 2393J
not listed
bkkpr
emp So Ry
not listed
not listed
Occupation clk Globe D G Co
Notes
Year
Edw K McQuatters Saml V McDonald G Flavie Cooper John R Swearingen
1307 Calhoun St
1311 Calhoun St
1315 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
W
W
W
W
W
C
Demetra G Johnson James W Blease
C
Annie S Johnson
C
Eva Wallace C
C
David Wallace Rev James H Johnson
C
Annie Barnwell
1301 Calhoun St
2029 Marion St
rear 2025 Marion St
C
Leon Lomax
C
Clarence Hopkins C
C
John Fitzsimmons
James Lomax
C
Ruth C Watson
2025 Marion St
C
Pauline L Watson
C
C
Nancy M Watson
Chas Broom
C
Julia A Watson
rear 2021 Marion St
C
C
Rev Paul P Watson
Inez Raiford
2021 Marion St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
W
Earnest E Fellers
2019 Marion St
C
Wm T Oglesby
2015 Marion St
C
Mattie Sanders
2032 Sumter St
Ethnicity* C
Head of Household Howard Franklin
Address 2028 Sumter St
Sallie
Mary H
Maggie
Sallie
Sophie
Sarah L
Jennie
Mary
Nancy J
Eunice
May
E-44
Spouse
tel 1456J
tel 1456J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 2185J
tel 1518J
City clk and treas City Hall, tel 18 sergt police
tel 2551J
tel 2675
boilermkr So Ry
mngr Cola Loan & Inv Co
electn
dressmaker 2029 Marion, r same tel 1456J
tchr Howard Sch
not listed
not listed
lab
not listed
emp Feagan Candy Co
porter D A Sandifer
driver
porter Lipscomb's Drug Store
chauffeur W T Martin & Sons
tchr Benedict College
not listed
missionary
missionary
missionary
pharmacist Regal Drug Store
evangelist
policeman
carp
not listed
driver
Occupation
Notes
1920
Year
C
R Andrew Feagan Silas D Cromer Alice V Baker J Wesley Baker
1329 Calhoun St
*1331 Calhoun St
1306 Elmwood Ave
1322 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm Robinson
C
C
Eugenia Robinson
Casper Anderson
C
Daisy Robinson
C
C
Luther R Carsten
Charles Walker
C
C
Wm E Thomas Saml L Taylor
C
Wm H Thomas
C
John P Vaughn
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
William Bell
C
Charlotte Robinson
C
C
Lena Richardson
Ella Bell
C
Ellen Nary
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Julia Horton
C
C
Thomas Goodwin
George Lyles
C
Casper Anderson
W
W
W
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
C
Heber S Shealy
1323 Calhoun St
W
Henry W Young
1321 Calhoun St
Lizzie
Easter
Annie
Ellen
Essie
Alice
Ella
Evree
Ella
Lizzie
Minnie
Bessie
Grace
E-45
Ethnicity* Spouse W Victoria
Head of Household Thos A Cobb
Address 1319 Calhoun St
boilermkr
lab
USA
maid Drs Barron, Schayer, Barron & Barron
not listed
student
cook
pharmacist Regal Drug Store
barber 1127 Washington
letter carrier
emp Burns Motor Co
not listed
porter Young & Germany
not listed
not listed
not listed
not listed
carp
boilermkr
baker Bake-Rite Bkry
not listed
Notes
tel 2249J
corner lot (Marion Intersects); tel 847, r 1324 same
tel 2768J
depty auditor Richland County grocer 1331 Calhoun
tel 1518W
tel 2768W
cond C N & L Ry
clk P O
Occupation cond So Ry
Year
W W W
Mrs M E Moore Alex E Ayoub Gussen Ayoub Izes J Ayoub
2006 Sumter St
*
rear 2020 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
rear 2016 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
2014 Sumter St
C C C C
Fostina Starks Marie Starks Mary Starks
C
Adelaide B Smith Lovett Smith
C
Myrtle M Palmer C
C
Edmund P Palmer
John Davis
C
C
Fannie Mickler Robt J Palmer
C
Edw Ford
C
Frank Reese C
C
Lula A Norris Laura Bright
C
W
Hamilton McComb Rev Jacob J Durham
W
W
James S Goldman Mrs Lily W McComb
W
T Lawton Webb
C
Lucille Williams
2012 Sumter St
C
Nora Jeter
rear 2010 Sumter St
C
Rev Danl M McGill
2010 Sumter St
W
C
Perry Davault
2000 Sumter St
C
Ethnicity* C
Isaac Clark
Head of Household Eugenia Ashford
1326 Elmwood Ave
Address
Sadie
Christine
Lela P
Hattie
Emma
wid S F
Vera S
Emily
Carrie
wid B T
Lavinia
E-46
Spouse
not listed
not listed
not listed
carp
lab
asst sec Y W C A Club
tchr Howard Sch
farmer
farmer
not listed
carp
not listed
cook
sec Y W C A Club
pastor 2nd Calvary Bapt Ch
student
not listed
bkkpr Moe Finkelstein
mngr paint dept Webb's Art Store
not listed
not listed
not listed
with A F Ayoub
retired
handkerchief mnfr 2006 Sumter, r same
not listed
porter Haverty's
clk C H Simons
Occupation not listed
tel 3153J
tel 3153J
tel 2124J
not listed in street/avenue department
Notes
Year
2029 Marion St
2025 Marion St
2021 Marion St
2019 Marion St
Rev James H Johnson
C
C
C
Annie S Johnson
P M Bowling
C
John Fitzsimmons
C
C
Ruth C Watson
Leon Lomax
C
Pauline L Watson
C
C
Julia A Watson
James Lomax
C
Rev Paul P Watson
C
Jennie V Jones
W
Walter B Blanks C
W
Miss Frances Fellers Rev Jacob R Jones
W
Miss Arline L Fellers
C W
Earnest E Fellers
Mattie Sanders
2015 Marion St
C
C
David Reeves
James Marshall
C
Sarah B Henderson
*2032 Sumter St
C
Esau Brown
C
C
Elbert Nance
Ossie Boyles
C
Ethnicity*
Butler W Nance
Head of Household
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
Address
Sarah
Jennie
Jennie
Claudie
May
Marie
E-47
Spouse
tel 3727
Annie S Johnson moved from 2029 Marion to 2021 Marion St tel 1456J
prin State Ind Sch for Negro Boys
tel 1456J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 3208J
tel 2185J
tel 2964J
Notes
clk I S Levy
oper Royal Theater
porter D A Sandifer
tchr Howard Sch
porter J D Perry
tchr Benedict College
not listed
missionary
not listed
tchr Mary's Epis Sch
not listed
baker State Hosp
tel 2964J
tel 2964J
service observer So Bell T & T Co saleslady Woolworth's
tel 2964J
policeman
not listed
shoemkr 2032 Sumter, r 504 same
emp Gregory-Conder Mule Co
emp So Ry
tchr Booker Washington Sch
(Brown & Penn), and mech Congaree Motor T Co tel 3727
emp Am Ry Ex
atty-at-law 1107 1/2 Washington, tel 972 tel 3720
Occupation
Year
W
Fred W Miller
W
Annie Shealy
Henry W Young Heber S Shealy Hebert E Young R Andrew Feagan
Silas D Cromer
1323 Calhoun St
1327 Calhoun St
1329 Calhoun St
*1331 Calhoun St
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
Miss Annie P Kirkland
Jewel Cobb
W
Miss Rebecca Swearingen
W
W
Miss Marie Swearingen
Thos A Cobb
W
J Benj Swearingen
W
John Bagnal W
W
Mrs Ida L Bagnal John R Swearingen
W
Wm G Glenn
1321 Calhoun St
1319 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
1311 Calhoun St
W
Edw K McQuatters
1307 Calhoun St
W
C
Wm Stevens Nelson S Kirby
C
Ethnicity*
Demetra G Johnson
Head of Household
1301 Calhoun St
Address
Minnie T
Bessie
Grace
Victoria
wid D I
Sallie
wid J M
Edith
wid W Y
Sallie
Virginia
E-48
Spouse
grocer 1331 Calhoun, tel 847, r 1324 same, tel 1659
depty auditor Richland County
met Life Ins Co
cond C N & L R R
clk P O
Notes
tel 2768W
tel 3319W
tel 3319W
tel 3319W
tel 3319W
tel 3319W
tel 3319W
tel 1518J
tel 1518J
tel 1518J
tel 3319J
tel 3319J
Tel 4129. Tyler H B, barber W J Sumter, r 1908 Henderson
Tobias Harper (Beatrice), barber W J Sumter, r 918 Harden
tel 1456J. Lindsay Monroe B, barber W J Sumter, r 433 Taylor, tel 1684J
tel 2768J
tel 1518W
asst agt Consd Ticket office tel 2768W
cond So Ry
not listed
mlnr The Enterprise Co
not listed
not listed
auto mech
sergt police
auto mech
not listed
sales Tom Hook
(Auto Service Co)
not listed
mngr Cola Loan & Inv Co
clk L & L
clk I S Levy
social worker
Occupation
1921
Year
Mrs Lily W McComb
2014 Sumter St
W
W
C
Rev Robt H Riddick Thos Lawton Webb
C
Rev Danl M McGill
W
Izes J Ayoub
2012 Sumter St
2010 Sumter St
W
W
Miss Maggie Gibson Alex E Ayoub
W
Miss Daisy L Gibson
*
W
James H Gibson
2006 Sumter St
C
C
Eugenia Robinson Isaac Clark
C
C
Wm E Thomas Samuel Taylor
C
Henry Thomas
1326 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm H Thomas
C
John P Vaughn
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Ella Bell
C
James Robinson George Lyles
C
Saml Reeves
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Ezekiel Anderson
C
Victoria Adams C
C
Jesse Baker Casper Anderson
C
W
Ethnicity*
Bessie V Baker
Homer C Lyle
Head of Household
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
1306 Elmwood Ave
Address
Emily
Mamie
Carrie E
Bobbie
Lavinia
Ellen B
Alice
Evree
Lizzie
Louise
E-49
Spouse
boarding
mngr paint dept Webb's Art Store
not listed
lab
with A F Ayoub
handerchief mnfr, 2006 Sumter, r same
oper So Bell T & T Co
sales Efird's
fireman C F D, r 825 4th (E P)
clk C H Simons
maid Drs Barron & Schayer
cook
mngr Regal Drug Store
porter J M Van Metre
barber 1127 Washington
letter carrier
not listed
emp Germany-Roy-Brown Co
emp J R Cornwell
emp So Ry
janitor
painter
not listed
porter
clk Regal Drug Store
gas mkr Cola Ry G & E Co
Occupation
tel 2124J
tel 2124W
tel 2249L
presence of "rear" disappearing
Notes
Year
W W
Miss Frances E Fellers W N Banks
1301 Calhoun St
2029 Marion St
2025 Marion St
2021 Marion St
2019 Marion St
W
Ernest E Fellers
2015 Marion St
W W
Harry L Kirby
C
Virgil S Johnson Nelson S Kirby
C
Rev James H Johnson
C
C
John Fitzsimmons C
C
Chas Broom
David Wallace
C
Ruth C Watson
James Lomax
C
C
Inez E Raiford Rev Paul P Watson
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
C
James Marshall
*2032 Sumter St
C
C
Perry Ford Ossie Boyles
C
Elbert E Nance
C
Tina Starks C
C
Lovett Smith
Butler W Nance
C
Edmund P Palmer
C
Adelaide B Smith C
C
Lula A Norris Robt J Palmer
C
Virginia
Sarah L
Jennie
Dora
Mary
Nancy J
Rosa
May
Marie
Sarah
Sadie
Leila P
E-50
Ethnicity* Spouse W wid P H
Emma Durham
Head of Household Annie V Webb
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
Address tel 2393J
tel 3153J
mech P O
clk L & L
not listed
not listed
lab
peddler
porter J D Perry
driver
tchr Benedict College
not listed
pharmacist Regal Drug Store
not listed
asst cshr Woolworth's
policeman
grocer 2032 Sumter, r same
porter
auto mech
porter
Notes
tel 2149
tel 2149
tel 1456J
tel 1456J
tel 3208J
tel 2185J
not listed in "name department"
tel 2964J
tel 2964J
atty-at-law, 1107 1/2 Washington, tel 972 tel 3720
not listed
lab
farmer
farmer
asst sec Y W C A
sec Y W C A
not listed
Occupation not listed
1922
Year
W
Robt A Feagan Silas D Cromer Homer C Lyle
1329 Calhoun St
*1331 Calhoun St
1308 Elmwood Ave
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Hebert E Young
1327 Calhoun St
C C C
Ezekiel Anderson Lucinda Broom
C
Victoria Adams Casper Anderson
C
Jesse Baker C
C
Blanche Baker
Saml Read
C
Bessie V Baker
W
W
W
Heber S Shealy
1323 Calhoun St
W
Henry W Young
W
Miss Mary Cobb
1321 Calhoun St
W
Miss Nannie Swearinger
Jewel T Cobb
W
Miss Marie Swearingen
W
W
J Benj Swearingen
Thos A Cobb
W
John R Swearingen
1317 Calhoun St
1319 Calhoun St
W
Vacant
W
Fred W Miller
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
1311 Calhoun St
W
Ethnicity*
Edw K McQuatters
Head of Household
1307 Calhoun St
Address
Rosa
Lizzie
Louise
Inez
Minnie T
Bessie
Grace
Victoria
Sallie
wid W Y
Sallie
E-51
Spouse
tel 3319W
tel 3319W
tel 3319J
tel 3319J
tel 2768W
tel 3319W
tel 847
grocer 1331 Calhoun, r same
not listed
lab
cook
blksmith Sou Ry
not listed
lab
not listed
elev opr J L Tapp Co
asst foreman Cola Ry G & E Co
tel 2768
not listed in "st & av department"
agt Metropolitan Life Ins Co county auditor
tel 1518W
tel 2768W
Notes
cond C N & L R R
clk P O
not listed
v-prest-sec Becker Elec Service and asst agt Consol Ticket Office tel 2768W
cond So Ry
not listed
bkkpr Marshall-Tatum Co tel 3319W
auto mech
lieut police
mech Foreman-King Co
not listed
mngr Cola Loan & Ins Co
Occupation
Year
W
E J Ayoub
C
Edw Ford Laura Ford Robt J Palmer
C
Samie Mickler
2016 1/2 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
C
Emma Durham
2016 Sumter St
C
C
Vacant
2014 Sumter St
C
R Hilton Riddick Jr W
C
Rev Robt Hilton Riddick
Thos Lawton Webb
C
Rev Danl M McGill
2012 Sumter St
2010 Sumter St
W
Alex E Ayoub
2006 Sumter St
C
Isaac M Clark
C
Eugenia Robinson
1326 Elmwood Ave
C
Daisy Robinson
C
C
Elise Adams
Chas Walker
C
C
Jno Snipes Saml L Taylor
C
Henry Snipes
1322 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm H Thomas
C
Ella Bell
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
John P Vaughn
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Ethnicity* C
George Lyles
Head of Household Julia Horton
1310 Elmwood Ave
Address
Leila P
Emily
Mamie
Carrie
Lavinia
Caster
Ellen
Alice
Everee
E-52
Spouse
farmer
not listed
carp
not listed
not listed
clk Webb's Art Store, h 1418 Richland
student
presiding elder A M E Zion Church
not listed
waiter N Y CafĂŠ
gro 2006 Sumter, h same
gro 2801 Gervais, h same
lab
maid Drs W R Barron and J Schayer
not listed
not listed
cook
porter R C Williams & Son (Inc)
porter R C Williams & Son (Inc)
barber 1127 Washington
not listed
carrier P O
driver
Occupation not listed
"Saml" in name department
listed at 2012 Sumter in "st and av department"
listed at 1326 Elm in "st and av department"
Notes
Year
W W
Henry Aiken A E Fellers Ernest E Fellers Miss Frances E Fellers
2005 Marion St
2015 Marion St
C C C
Annie S Johnson Demetra G Johnson Rev Virgil S Johnson
Mrs Susan P Miller
1311 Calhoun St
W
W
W
Miss J Miriam Holland Edw K McQuatters
W
Wm D Holland
1307 Calhoun St
1301 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
Jas Lomax
2025 Marion St
C
C
Maggie Palmer Rev Paul P Watson
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
C
C
2021 Marion St
2019 Marion St
W
Jas Marshall
C
2032 Sumter St
C
Adelaide B Smith Ossie Boyles
C
Lula A Norris
2028 Sumter St
C
Milligan M Nance
C
C
Elbert Nance
Howard Glover
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Butler W Nance
Wm Dendy
Head of Household Edmund P Palmer
2026 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
Address
Sallie
Mable
Sarah
Jennie
Nancy J
Rosa
May
Elizabeth
Dina
Marie
Sarah
Lillian
E-53
Spouse
registrar Nurse's Registry
mngr Cola Loan & Inv Co
not listed
em S C O Co
not listed
city playground director
tchr Howard Sch
not listed
peddler
not listed
not listed
pastor Presbyterian Mission
cashr Woolworth's
police
porter United Cigar Store Co
shoemkr, shoe repr 2032 Sumter, h same
lab
emp Elmwood Phar
asst sec Y W C A
sec Y W C A
chauf P O
lab
atty 1107 1/2 Washington
tchr
farmer
Occupation
not listed in "name department"
not listed in "st & av department"
not listed in "st & av department"
Notes
W W
Robt A Feagan Silas B Cromer Homer C Lyle
1329 Calhoun St
1331 Calhoun St
C C C
Emma E Toland Gertrude Thomas Jennie B Thomas
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
C
C
Saml Reid Jno P Vaughn
C
Jno H Morgan George Lyles
C
Julia Harden
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Marie Odom Ezekiel Anderson
C
Jennie Martin
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
C
Jno Dorrah
W
W
Heber S Shealy
1323 Calhoun St
W
Henry W Young
W
Jewel T Cobb
W
Miss Nancy L Swearingen W
W
J Benj Swearingen
Thos A Cobb
W
C
Max Glover John R Swearingen
W
W
Mrs Sudie Miller Hebert B Rollings
W
Ethnicity*
Fred W Miller
Head of Household
1321 Calhoun St
1319 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
1315 Calhoun St
Address
1923-4 1306 Elmwood Ave
Year
Alice
Elvira
Morgan
Rosa
Carrie
Louise
Inez
Minnie
Bessie
Grace
Victoria
Sallie
Janie
E-54
Spouse
not listed
dom
not listed
carrier P O
driver
lab
painter
cook
not listed
cook
not listed
porter
foreman Cola Ry G & E Co
gro 1331 Calhoun, h same
county auditor Court House--phone 6130
condr C N & L Ry
clk P O
asst city tkt agt Consol Tkt Offices
condr Sou Ry
not listed
bkkpr Whitton Auto Wrecking Co
lieut police
porter E F Hudgins
slsmn Tom D Hook
tr nurse
auto mech Foreman King Auto Co
Occupation
phone 7336
Notes
Year
C
Eva Ellawood
2020 Sumter St
(r) 2016 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
W
Sawyer S Reed
2014 Sumter St
C C C C
Marie Bright Carrie Devoe Edwd Ford Sallie Mickler
C
C
Robt J Palmer
C
Laura Bright
C
Jas T Hodges Catherine Bright
C
Perry Devolt C
C
Wm P Denley
Alberta Bright
C
Emma M Durham
W
Fay L Denny
2012 Sumter St
W
Miss Izelia Ayoub C
W
E J Ayoub Rev Danl M McGill
W
C
Wm Denley Alex E Ayoub
C
David Jones
C
C
Saml L Taylor Chas Walker
C
Ellen B Taylor C
C
Daisy Robinson
Zena Ashford
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Eugenia Robinson
Wm H Thomas
Head of Household L Veda Thomas
2010 Sumter St
2006 Sumter St
1326 Elmwood Ave
1322 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
Address
Leila P
Carrie
Idella
Harriett
Carrie E
Josephine
Esther
E-55
Spouse
farmer
laund
carp
cook
nurse
cook
laund
laund
porter Y W C A
porter Palmetto Petroleum Co
tchr
not listed
cook
clk Haverty-Rustin Furn Co
slsmn Ruff Hdw Co
not listed
not listed
waiter Sanitary CafĂŠ
groc 2006 Sumter, h same
cook
butler
lab
cook
cook
not listed
cook
dom
barber A V Mosby
Occupation clk Mutual Rel Ben Assn
listed as "W" in "st and av department"
not listed in "st and av department"
not listed in "st and av department"
Notes
Year
W W W
Miss Julia Lee Holland Miss Julia M Holland Jno D Reese
C
Jas Q Stevens W
C
Demetra G Johnson Wm D Holland
C
Annie S Johnson
1301 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
C
Ruth C Watson Jas Lomax
C
Pauline L Watson
2025 Marion St
C
Rev Paul P Watson
2021 Marion St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
W
C
Alma White Miss Frances E Fellers
C
Mozell Johnson W
C
Alma Johnson
Ernest E Fellers
C
C
Oscar Boyles Jas A Marshall
C
C
Vivian Nance Maria Boyles
C
Milligan M Nance
C
Tina Starks C
C
Walter Hart Sarah F Nance
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Delia Davis
Jas Starks
Head of Household Lucy Hart
2019 Marion St
2015 Marion St
2032 Sumter St
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
(r) 2020 Sumter St
Address
Luona
Mable
Sarah
Jennie C
Nancy J
Eunice
May
Dinah
E-56
Spouse
attdt State Hosp
stengr
not listed
tchr
tchr
city playground director
tchr Howard Schl
asst cashr Victory Savings Bk
fish clk D A Sandifer
tchr Benedict College
not listed
not listed
not listed
cashr Woolworth's
police
cook
not listed
not listed
shoe repr, h 2032 Sumter, h same
farmer
not listed
student
chauf P O
not listed
not listed
cook
cook
porter M Citron
Occupation
Notes not listed in "name directory"
1925
Year
C
Alex Moore Jos M Moore
1306 Elmwood Ave
1312 Elmwood Ave
1310 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
C
Silas D Cromer
1331 Calhoun St
C C
Leila Richardson Felix Washington
C C
Ezekiel Anderson Ella Jones
C
C
Lee Outen
Cleveland McCochran
C
Jno Morgan
C
C
Martha Brown
Cleveland McCrocker
C
Saml Reed
W
W
Robt A Feagan
1329 Calhoun St
W
W
Jewel T Cobb Heber A Shealy
W
W
Miss Nannie L Swearingen Thos A Cobb
W
W
Mrs Janie Rollings John R Swearingen
W
Jas C Rollings
1323 Calhoun St
1319 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
W
Hebert B Rollings
W
Fred W Miller
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
1311 Calhoun St
W
Ethnicity*
Mrs Edw K McQuatters
Head of Household
1307 Calhoun St
Address
Rosa
Frances
Francis
Columbus
Louise
Lula
Millie
Inez
Minnie
Bessie
Victoria
Sallie
wid W Y
wid E K
E-57
Spouse
cook
lab
janitor Liberty Natl Bk Bldg
lab
lab
cook
emp Epes-Fitzgerald P Co
painter
cook
emp Sou Ry
driver
lab
grocer 1331 Calhoun, h same
county auditor Court House--phone 6130
condr C N & L Ry
asst city tkt agt Sou Ry
condr Sou Ry
student
lieut police
tchr
agt Metropolitan Life Ins Co
slsmn T D Hook
mech Caro Reo Motor Co
not listed
not listed
Occupation
phone 7336
Notes
Year
W
Thos L Ward
(r) 2020 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
(r) 2016 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
W
Mrs Jane Ward
2014 Sumter St
C C C
Julia Gray Lucy Hart Hester Kennedy
C
C
Sallie Mickler Edmund P Palmer
C
Edwd Ford C
C
Carrie Davault
Robt J Palmer
C
Marie Bright
C
Jas T Hodges C
C
Wm P Dendy Katherine Bright
C
Emma Durham
W
Sumter F Blanton
2012 Sumter St
C
Edwd Jeffcoat
C
Edw H McGill
(r) 2010 Sumter
C
Rev Danl M McGill
2010 Sumter St
C
C
Mary Brown David Jones
C
Jas Brown
1326 Elmwood Ave
C
Anna Brown
1322 Elmwood Ave
C
Jas Q Stevens C
C
Mancebo A Lewis Eugenia Robinson
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Wm H Thomas
Sarah Poindexter
Head of Household Sarah Jones
1320 Elmwood Ave
1316 Elmwood Ave
Address
Leila P
Emma
wid T J
Elizabeth
Alene
Cary
Josephine
Gertrude
Veda
E-58
Spouse
laund
laund
laund
farmer
farmer
maid
carp
cook
maid
cook
emp Y M C A
porter Postal Tel-Cable Co
dressmaker, 2016 Sumter, ph 4712, h same
slsmn
not listed
emp Sou Ry
painter
prof Allen Univ
not listed
butler
laund
driver Rolling Red Stores
cook
laund
tchr
tailor J W Goodwin
barber I S Leevy
laund
cook
Occupation
ph 4712
ph 6075
ph 6675
not listed in "st and av department"
ph 9553
Notes
Year
W W W
Ernest E Fellers Miss Frances E Fellers Miss Lucile V Fellers
2015 Marion St
W W W
John R Swearingen Miss Dora Swearingen Miss Nannie Swearinger
1317 Calhoun St
Fred W Miller W
W
Fred W Miller
Wm G Glenn
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
1311 Calhoun St
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Sallie E McQuatters
1307 Calhoun St
W
Vacant
C
Demetra G Johnson
1301 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
Grant Myers C
C
Clarence Hopkins Jas Lomax
C
Clarence Broom
2025 Marion St
C
Chas Broom
C
Ruth C Watson
(r) 2021 Marion St
C
Rev Paul P Watson
2021 Marion St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
2019 Marion St
C
Jas Marshall
2032 Sumter St
C
C
Ethnicity* C
Ossie D Boyles
Vivian Nance
Head of Household Sarah F Nance
2028 Sumter St
Address 2024 Sumter St
Sallie
Edith
wid W Y
wid E K
Sarah L
Jennie
Delen
Mary
Nancy J
Eunice
May
Diana
Marie
E-59
Spouse
student
clk McCrorys
lieut police
clk T D Hook
garage 1709 (r) Main, h 1311 Calhoun
mech Caro Reo Motor Co
not listed
not listed
not listed
asst cshr Victory Savingns Bank
clk
lab
emp Sou Service Sta
driver
driver Reamer Fuel Co
tchr Benedict College
not listed
not listed
slsldy F W Woolworth
cashr F W Woolworth
opr police dept
shoe repr 2032 Sumter, h same
mill opr
not listed
tchr
Occupation
ph 3322
ph 3322
ph 3322
ph 5747
ph 3319
ph 3319
ph 3208
ph 3208
ph 7185
ph 9546
ph 3727
ph 3727
Notes
1926
Year
C C C C
Silas D Cromer Jackson Ford Saml Reed Mary Howell Lee Outen Feeley Washington
1331 Calhoun St
1306 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
C C C
Wm H Thomas Jas Q Stevens Jennie B Thomas
1316 Elmwood Ave
C C
Frank Lewis Lulu Dunbar
1326 Elmwood Ave
W W W
Pinckney S Cook Miss Sarah Cook Miss Elizabeth Cook
2012 Sumter St
C
Perry Devault
C
Edw H McGill
(r) 2010 Sumter St
C
Rev Danl M McGill
2010 Sumter St
W
Alex E Ayoub
2006 Sumter St
C
Ernest Frazier
1322 Elmwood Ave
C
Eugenia Robinson
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Ezekiel Anderson
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Claudie Thompson
1310 Elmwood Ave
C
W
W
Robt A Feagan
1329 Calhoun St
W
W
Mrs Grace E Young Heber S Shealy
W
W
Bertha
Carrie
Carrie
Teresa
Gertrude
Rosa
Columbus
Louise
Rosa
Inez
Minnie
Bessie
Grace
E-60
Ethnicity* Spouse W Mary
Henry W Young
Jewel T Cobb
Head of Household Thos A Cobb
1323 Calhoun St
1321 Calhoun St
Address 1319 Calhoun St
cashier Silver's
phone opr Cola Hosp
electrn
auto-mech
prof Allen Univ
pastor Kendaltown AME ch
gro 2006 Sumter, h same
not listed
driver Phonix Nov Co
lab State Hosp
nurse
not listed
carrier P O
clk
lab, State Hosp
laund
lab
driver Epes Fitzgerald Paper Co
cook
emp Sou Ry
carp
gro 1331 Calhoun, h same
county auditor
cond C N & L Ry
clk Efirds
Notes
not listed in "st and av department"
ph 9553
ph 5847
ph 7336
ph 6518
ph 4222
city ticket agt Sou Ry System clk P O
ph 4222
Occupation condr Sou Ry
Year
C
Isaac Kennedy
W W
Jesse M Miles Miss Aileen Miles
2015 Marion St
C
Grant Myers
C
Julia W Talley
C
C
Ruth C Watson Chas Broom
C
Pauline L Watson
(r) 2021 Marion St
C
Rev Paul P Watson
2021 Marion St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
2019 Marion St
C
Jas Marshall
2032 Sumter St
C
Henry Clayton
C
C
Hester Kennedy
Jay Smith
C
Walter Hart
C
C
Lucy Hart
Benj Sanders
C
Danl Hart
C
C
Julia Gray
Sarah Nance
C
C
Rev Virgil S Johnson Delia Davis
C
Mamie Johnson
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
(r) 2020 Sumter St
C
C
Sallie Mitchell Robt J Palmer
C
Edw Ford
2020 Sumter St
C
Alberta Bright
W
A W Simkins
W
Miss Marion Lyle
(r) 2016 Sumter St
W
Delia
Mary
Nancy J
Eunice
Ella
Diana
Marie
Rosa
Leila P
E-61
Ethnicity* Spouse W Louise
Miss Claire Lyle
Head of Household Homer C Lyle
2016 Sumter St
Address 2014 Sumter St
emp Cola Clay Co
lab Reamer Fuel Co
not listed
tchr Benedict College
tchr
missionary
not listed
not listed
emp S A L
shoe repr 2032 Sumter, h same
emp Cola Clay Co
driver State Co
auto mech
tchr
lab
laund
cook
laund
waiter
nurse
cook
tchr
tchr
not listed
laund
carp
cook
not listed
clk
not listed
Occupation not listed
ph 8083
ph 8083
ph 7487
ph 7487
ph 7487
Notes
1927
Year
C C
Silas D Cromer Jackson Ford Saml Reed Felix Washington
1331 Calhoun St
1306 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
C
W
W
Robt A Feagan
1329 Calhoun St
W
Heber S Shealy
W
Mrs Grace E Young
1323 Calhoun St
W
Henry W Young
1321 Calhoun St
W
Miss Nannie Swearinger W
W
Miss Dora Swearingen
Thos A Cobb
W
John R Swearingen
1319 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
W
Jno A Bagnal
Mrs Menefer Bagnal W
W
Fred W Miller Mrs Ida I Bagnal
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
1311 Calhoun St
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Sallie E McQuatters
1307 Calhoun St
W
Vacant
C
Demetra G Johnson
1301 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
C
Jasper Wells
2029 Marion St
C
Susie Scott
(r) 2025 Marion St
Columbus
Rosa
Inez
Minnie
Bessie
Grace
Victoria
Sallie
Minnie B
wid J M
wid Wm Y
wid E K
Sarah L
Iona
E-62
Ethnicity* Spouse C Jennie
Head of Household Jas Lomax
Address 2025 Marion St
ph 3319
emp filling sta.
emp Sou Ry
Notes
Sarah Palmer moved from Sumter St to Elmwood Av
ph 5847
grocer 1331 Calhoun, h same carp
ph 7336
ph 4222
ph 3322
ph 3322
ph 3322
ph 21197
ph 21197
ph 3319
County Auditor, 1st fl Court House, ph 6130
condr C N & L Ry
clk Efirds
clk P O
yard mstr Sou Ry
not listed
stenfr Efirds
lieut police
(Bagnal Service Station)
not listed
auto opr W U T Co
service mngr Caro Reo Motor Co ph 3319
not listed
not listed
play ground director
asst cashr Victory Savings Bk
janitor Blossom St School
cook
clk
Occupation
Year
C
Rev Eugene H McGill Carrie E McGill
2010 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
2014 Sumter St
2012 Sumter St
C
James W Carpenter
2006 1/2 Sumter St
W W W
John Adams Jno B Adams Oliver S Adams
C
W
Andrew W Simkins
W
Miss H May Adams
W
Miss Sarah Cook
Miss E Belle Adams
W
Pinckney S Cook W
W
Miss Elizabeth Cook
James B Adams
W
Bertha Cook
W
Alexander C Ayoub
2006 Sumter St
W
Sumter St Service Station
C
Lula Dunbar
2000 Sumter St
C
Frank Lewis
C
William Palmer
1326 Elmwood Ave
C
Sarah Palmer
1322 Elmwood Ave
C
James Q Stevens C
C
Olive Thomas Eugenia Robinson
C
Jennie Thomas
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
Wm H Thomas
C
Matilda Scott
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Ezekiel Anderson
1312 Elmwood Ave
Emma
Etta
Bertha
E-63
wid Pinckney
wid D M
Carrie
Daisy
wid William
Theresa
Gertrude
Rosa
Ethnicity* Spouse C Claudia
Head of Household Henry Lorick
Address 1310 Elmwood Ave
ph 3325
ph 7409
ph 9553
ph 3325
ph 3325
ph 3325
mech
ph 4712
with J T Wade Sheet Metal Wks ph 3325
linemn B R Power Co
with B R Power Co
opr Tel Office
Central Office Inst Tel Co ph 3325
night wtchman Shand
tel opr Cola Hosp
electrn
cash Silver's
not listed
not listed
prof Allen Univ
cabinet mkr
garage, grocer
not listed
trk drvr Phoenix Nov Co
emp A C Wingle
not listed
not listed
mail carrier U S P O
dom
not listed
clk
not listed
painter
gardner
Occupation
Notes
Year
W W W W
John A Summer Jr Miss Cornelia Summer Miss Helen Summer Miss Minnie Lee Summer
C
Demetra G Johnson
1301 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
Grant Myers C
C
Ruth C Watson James Lomax
C
Pauline L Watson
2025 Marion St
C
Rev Paul P Watson
2021 Marion St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
W
Hyrum A House, apt 2
2019 Marion St
W
Richard C Johnston, apt 1
C
Jay Smith
2015 Marion St
C
Benj Sanders
Vacant
C
Vivian Nance
2032 Sumter St
C
Sybil Nance
Vacant
C
Sarah Nance
C
Walter Hart
C
Hester Kennedy C
C
Mamie Johnson Anna Brown
C
Ethnicity* C
Robt J Palmer
Head of Household Sallie Mitchell
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
(r) 2020 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
Address
Laura
Sarah
Jenny
Delia
Nancy J
Eunice
Sue E
Ida S
Josie L
wid Butler
Leila P
E-64
Spouse
tchr
stngr The State Co
tchr
emp Sou Ry
playground director
asst cashr Victory Savings Bk, pastor country church
fish slsmn
emp Cola Clay Co
tchr Benedict College
tchr
Baptist Mission
Pres. Ch.
bkkpr
State Hosp
trk drvr The State Co
mech garage
student
student
not listed
cook Confederate Home
cook
lndry emp State Hosp
tchr
not listed
laund
Occupation
ph 3208
ph 7185
ph 3955
ph 3955
Notes
1928
Year
W W
Heber S Shealy Robt A Feagan, apt 1 Mrs Winnie Jennings, apt 2
1323 Calhoun St
1329 Calhoun St
C C C C
Lee Outen Mary Howard Mable Reed Saml Reed
1308 Elmwood Ave
C C C
Wm H Thomas Jennie Thomas James Q Stevens
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Ezekiel Anderson
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
William Henry Lorick
1310 Elmwood Ave
C
Jackson Ford
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
Silas D Cromer
1331 Calhoun St
W
W
Henry W Young
1321 Calhoun St
W
Miss Nannie Swearinger W
W
Miss Dora Swearingen
Thos A Cobb
W
John R Swearingen
1319 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Ida I Bagnal, apt 2
W
John Bagnal W
W
Fred W Miller Mike W Mack, apt 1
W
Fred E Miller
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
1311 Calhoun St
W
Ethnicity* W
Mrs Sallie E McQuatters
Head of Household W Graham Summer
1307 Calhoun St
Address
Gertrude
Rosa
Clara
Louise
Rosa
Inez
wid W J
Minnie
Bessie
Grace
Victoria
Sallie
wid J M
Ophelia
Menefe
wid N Y
E-65
Spouse
ph 3322
ph 21197
ph 6551
ph 3319
ph 3319
mail carrier U S P O
not listed
clk
lab
gardener
emp Sou Ry
nurse
not listed
wks Paper Factory
carp
grocer 1331 Calhoun, h same
not listed
county auditor
condr C N & L Ry
emp U S P O
condr Sou Ry
not listed
Notes
ph 9553
ph 9553
listed at 1408 in "name directory"
ph 7336
ph 7336
ph 6518
ph 4222
ph 3322
stengr, Seibels-Bruce & Co ph 3322
Lt Police C P D
not listed
emp Sou Bell T & T
Bagnal Service Sta
mngr Reo Serv Sta
mach Sou Ry Shops
not listed
not listed
student
Occupation
Year
C
Lula Dunbar
C C C C C C
Julius Ferguson Marie Ferguson Myrta Ferguson Odell Ferguson Reuben Ferguson Belle Kennedy
C
C
Annie Bell Ferguson
Ellen Edmunds
W
Rudolf Davis
C
W
Miss Arline Davis
Andrew W Simkins
W
Albert W Davis Jr
2016 Sumter St
W
Albert W Davis
2014 Sumter St
W
M Stacey Williams
C
Carrie E McGill
2012 Sumter St
C
Rev Eugene H McGill
2010 Sumter St
W
Hibbie Ayoub W
W
Miss Inez Ayoub James W Carpenter
W
Alexander C Ayoub
Robt Minor
C
C
Theresa Lewis Sumter St Service Station
C
C
Frank Lewis
C
William Palmer
C
Daisy Robinson Sarah Palmer
C
Ethnicity* C
Eugenia Robinson
Head of Household John M Stevens
2006 1/2 Sumter St
2006 Sumter St
2000 Sumter St
1326 Elmwood Ave
1322 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
Address
Emma
Irene
Maude
Grace
wid D M
Carrie
Daisy
Theresa
E-66
Spouse
laund
mech
not listed
fireman
tailor
student
nurse
fireman
not listed
emp W H Plyler Inc
student
Union Sta News Stand
emp B R Power Co
clk Am Ry Ex Co
not listed
prof Allen Univ
cabinet mkr
student
clk Ayoub Gro
garage, grocer
porter C W Rice
not listed
not listed
trk drvr Phoenix Nov Co
emp Pal Rock Quarry
not listed
maid
not listed
student
Occupation
ph 4712
ph 7409
ph 7409
ph 7409
Notes
Year
W W W
Jas E Ford Jas B Ford Jas P Hutchinson
W W
Miss Helen Summer
C
Steven Harold John A Summer Jr
C
Demetra G Johnson
1301 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
C
James Lomax
Ruth C Watson
2025 Marion St
C
Rev Paul P Watson
2021 Marion St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
2019 Marion St
C
2015 Marion St
C
Jay Smith Agnes Sercy
C
Benj Sanders
2032 Sumter St
C
Vivian Nance
C
C
Sybil Nance
Jesse Danston
C
Sarah Nance
W
Ernest Davis C
W
David C Sharpe
Jessie Brown
W
Geo W Sharpe
C
Ed Brown
C
Frank Reese C
C
Nicholas E Lewis Elder Bethel
C
Ethnicity* C
Thomas Jeffcoat
Head of Household Prudent Jeffcoat
2028 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
(r) 2016 Sumter St
Address
Laura
Sallie
Jenny
Nancy
Eunice
Mamie
Margaret
Nannie
Josie L
wid Butler
Lizzie
Clara Bell
Lillian
Hattie
Lydia
E-67
Spouse
stngr The State Co
emp Sou Ry
student
playground director
pastor country church
fish slsmn
tchr Benedict College
Baptist Mission
Pres. Ch.
mach Sou Ry Shops
auto mech
detective C P D
laund
lab
trk drvr The State Co
emp Morris Motor Co
student
student
not listed
Notes
ph 4083
ph 4083
ph 3208
ph 3208
ph 7185
ph 9674
ph 9674
ph 9674
not listed in "st and av department"
listed at 2028 Sumter St in "name department"
ph 3325
yd mstr Andrews yard Sou Ry lab
ph 3325
ph 3325
mgr golf links Forest Lake
not listed
emp Sou Ry
vulcanizer
cook
carrier U S P O
shoe repr
Occupation not listed
1929
Year
Thos C Hartin Lee Outen Ezekiel Anderson Wm H Thomas
1306 Elmwood Ave
1308 Elmwood Ave
1310 Elmwood Ave
1316 Elmwood Ave
W
Mrs Winnie Jennings, apt 2
1329 Calhoun St
Silas D Cromer
W
Miss Kate V Greylish, apt 1
1331 Calhoun St
W
Heber S Shealy
1323 Calhoun St
C
C
C
W
W
W
Henry W Young
1321 Calhoun St
W
Thos A Cobb
W
John Swearingen
C
Annie Walker
W
C
Ada Roof
Miss Dora Swearingen
W
Freeman Sharp
W
W
Clarence B Stewart, apt 3
John R Swearingen
W
J W Scharpf, apt 2
1319 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
W
Mike W Mack, apt 1
W
Fred W Miller
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
1311 Calhoun St
W
W Graham Summer W
W
Miss Minnie Lee Summer
Mrs Sallie E McQuatters
Ethnicity* W
Head of Household Mrs J A Summer
1307 Calhoun St
Address
Rosa
Louise
Inez
wid W J
Bessie
Grace
Victoria
Sallie
Margaret
Alma
Ophelia
wid N Y
E-68
Spouse
not listed
lab
emp Epes-Fitzgerald Paper Co Inc
auto radiator repr
gro store
not listed
reg nurse
condr C N & L Ry
emp U S P O
condr Sou Ry
student
stengr Seibels-Bruce Co
Lt Police C P D
laund
ph 5847
ph 8725
ph 8725
ph 6518
ph 4222
ph 3322
ph 3322
ph 3322
ph 6551
serv man Barnett Tire & Bat Co emp Cola Laundry
ph 6551
ph 8201
ph 6551
ph 3319
ph 3319
ph 4083
ph 4083
ph 4083
not listed
emp Sou Bell T & T
emp Sou Bell T & T
mngr Reo Serv Sta
not listed
not listed
clk
tchr
Occupation gro 2301 Richland
Notes
Year
Linna Ayoub
W W
Albert W Davis Jr Aline Davis
Sinclair Refining Co
W
Maggie L Sharpe
2032 Sumter St
W
Jas Sharpe
C
W
C David Sharpe
Sarah F Nance
W
C
N Eug Lewis Geo W Sharpe
C
Emma Simpkins
2024 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
W
Albert W Davis
2014 Sumter St
W
Lucian L Hicks
2012 Sumter St
C
Carrie E McGill
2010 Sumter St
W
W
Inez Ayoub
W
W
Hibbie Ayoub
Theresa Cavallone
W
E J Ayoub
John Cavallone
W
Alexander C Ayoub
2006 Sumter St
2006 1/2 Sumter St
W
Sumter St Service Station
C
Wm Palmer
2000 Sumter St
C
Thos Palmer
C
C
Maggie Palmer
Frank Lewis
C
Amos Palmer
1326 Elmwood Ave
C
Sarah Palmer
1322 Elmwood Ave
Ethnicity* C
Head of Household Eugenia Robinson
Address 1320 Elmwood Ave
Sallie
Eliz R
Lydia
Maude
Julia H
Mary
Linna
Theresa
E-69
Spouse
filling sta
not listed
pntr
greenskpr
not listed
carrier
smstrs
not listed
slsmn
carp
clk Cunningham Lbr
sch tchr
student
chef Clarence Saunders Co Inc
waitress Imperial CafĂŠ
not listed
student
waiter
grocer
driver Phenix Novelty Co
porter Habenicht-McDougall Co
lab
student
student
dom
maid
Occupation
Notes
Year
C C C C
Rev Paul P Watson Julia T Watson Pauline L Watson Ruth C Watson
2021 Marion St
W W
Henry W Young Henry W Young Jr
1321 Calhoun St
W
W
Nan L Swearingen Thos A Cobb
W
Dora E Swearingen
W
C Maurice Long W
W
Mrs Ophelia Mack John R Swearingen
W
Elias S Mack
1319 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
W
W
Sudie Brooks Mike W Mack
W
Fredk W Miller
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
W
W Graham Summer
1311 Calhoun St
W
Minnie Lee Summer
W
W
Mrs Laura S Summer
Mrs Sallie E McQuatters
W
Helen A Summer
1307 Calhoun St
W
John A Summer Jr
C
Demetra G Johnson
1301 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
Jas C Lomax
2025 Marion St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
2019 Marion St
Ethnicity*
Head of Household Vacant
Address 2015 Marion St
Grace E
Victoria
Sallie
Della P
Ophelia
wid Wm Y
wid Edw K
Laura S
Sarah L
Jennie
Nancy
Eunice
E-70
Spouse
not listed
clk P O
cond
tchr Wardlaw Jr High Sch
sten Seibels Bruce & Co
Chief Police
emp Sou Bell T & T Co
tel opr Gibbes Machy
genl mdse
emp Sou Bell T & T Co
nurse
auto mech
not listed
not listed
elec eng
sch tchr
gro 2301 Richland
not listed
flgmn
not listed
(J H Johnson & Co) 2d vres-mgr Palmetto Realty Corp
slsmn
instructress Benedict College
sch tchr
not listed
not listed
not listed
Occupation
tel 3322
Notes
1930
Year
C C C C C
Lee Outen Mary H Howard Lena Reeves Mabel Reeves Saml Reeves
1308 Elmwood Ave
W W W
Alexander C Ayoub Hibbie Ayoub Inez Ayoub
2006 Sumter St
C
Adeline Barney Sumter St Service Station
C
Aaron Barney
C
Wm Palmer C
C
Thos Palmer
Emma Kelly
C
C
Robt L Dorrah Sarah Palmer
C
Eugenia Robinson
C
Emma Kelly
2000 Sumter St
1326 Elmwood Ave
1322 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Ernest Frazier Jas Q Stevens
C
Jos Anderson
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Ezekiel Anderson
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Edw Brown
1310 Elmwood Ave
W
Jas H Haithcock
1306 Elmwood Ave
W
W
Mrs Winnie Jennings Silas D Cromer
Ethnicity* W
Head of Household Kate V Greylish
1331 Calhoun St
Address 1329 Calhoun St
Daisy
Gertrude
Amanda
Rosa
Clara
Louise
Julia H
Inez
wid Wm J
E-71
Spouse
not listed in "st and av department"
porter Habenicht-McDougall Co
not listed
student
groc 2006 Sumter
lndrs
lab
dom
not listed in "st and av department"
not listed in "st and av department"
Notes
porter
lndrs
porter Cadillac Co of Cola
dom
dom
emp P O
plmbr S C State Hosp
driver P B Hendrix Hdw
agt
lab Sou Ry System
lab Sou Ry System
maid
doomo
cook
porter Epes-Fitzgerald Paper Co Inc
auto repr 1306 Elmwood av h 1315 Calhoun
groc 1331 Calhoun
not listed
nurse
Occupation
Year
2024 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
2014 Sumter St
2012 Sumter St
2010 Sumter St
Address 2006 1/2 Sumter St
C
W
Jas Watts
Robt Adams
W
Ernest E Davis
C
W
Sarah F Nance
W
Maggie L Sharpe
C
Jas McCloud David C Sharpe
C
Thos Jeffcoat W
C
Prudence Jeffcoat
Geo W Sharpe
C
Ellen Edmond
W
Rudolf Davis C
W
Robert S Davis
Ethel Simpkins
W
Alline M Davis
C
W
Albert W Davis Jr
Emma Simpkins
W
Albert W Davis
W
Mrs Sallie M Sharp
C
Arth Greer W
C
Eug H McGill
Barron C Craps
C
W
Dona S
Eliz R
Ida
Maude S
Ruth C
Mary
E-72
Ethnicity* Spouse W Mary
Carrie E McGill
Theresa Cavallone
Head of Household John Cavallone
porter Marion Hotel
tchr Booker T Washington Sch
carp
clk Sou Ry System (frt depot)
not listed
greenkpr
not listed
porter Knox Motor Co
shoe repr North Main Shoe Repair Shop
cook
lndrs
not listed
smstrs
slsmn Blue Bird Ice Cream Co
student
sten Dr Wm A Boyd
ship clk Columbia Babers Supply Co
carp Broad River Power Co
slswn Cohen's Chain Store
ship clk J H Miner Saw mfg Co Inc
porter Jefferson Hotel
tchr
sch tchr
student
Occupation not listed
Notes
Year
W W
Jacob W Scharpf
W
Sudie Brooks
Jas H Haithcock
W
Fred W Miller
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
W
W Graham Summer
1311 Calhoun St
W
Minnie Lee Summer
W
W
Mrs Laura S Summer
Mrs Sallie E McQuatters
W
Helen A Summer
1307 Calhoun St
W
C
John Stevens John A Summer Jr
C
Jos Morris
1301 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
Julia W Talley C
C
Ruth C Watson Jas C Lomax
C
Pauline L Watson
2025 Marion St
C
Rev Paul P Watson
2021 Marion St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
W
Arthur C Watts
2019 Marion St
W
Dennis M Watts
2015 Marion St
C
Clementine Turner Sinclair Refining Co
C
Ethnicity*
Olive Jenkins
Head of Household
2032 Sumter St
Address
Alma L
Julia H
wid Wm Y
wid Edw K
Laura S
Sarah
Jennie C
Nancy J
Eunice
Jaunita
Jennie K
E-73
Spouse
supvr Sou Bell Tel & Teleg Co
auto repr 1306 Elmwood av h 1315 Calhoun
nurse
auto repr
not listed
not listed
elec eng
sch tchr
gro 2301 Richland
clk The State Co
emp Sou Ry System
student
student
(J H Johnson & Co) mgr Palmetto Realty Co
slsmn Louis Fabrizio
not listed
tchr Howard Schl
sch tchr
not listed
not listed
pntr
firemn Cola City Fire Dept
filling sta
not listed
tchr Booker T Washington Sch
Occupation
Notes
1931
Year
C C C C
Ernest Frazer Mabel Reeves Rena Reeves Saml Reeves
C
C
Amanda Frazer
Saml Brown
C
Frank Entzminger
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Ezekiel Anderson
C
Edw Brown
C
Mary Howard
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
Rena Reeves
1310 Elmwood Ave
C
Mabel Reeves
1308 Elmwood Ave
W
Robt Y Cromer Vacant
W
W
Mrs Winnie Jennings Silas D Cromer
W
Kate V Greylish
W
W
Lyly E Young Bonnie R Shealy
W
Henry W Young Jr W
W
Mrs Grace E Young
Heber S Shealy
W
Henry W Young
W
Mary L Cobb
W
Nannie Swearingen W
W
Dora E Swearingen
Thos A Cobb
W
Ethnicity*
John R Swearingen
Head of Household
1306 Elmwood Ave
1331 Calhoun St
1329 Calhoun St
1323 Calhoun St
1321 Calhoun St
1319 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
Address
Susie E
Cora
Rosa
Clara M
Inez
E-74
wid Wm M
Bessie
Grace E
Victoria
Sallie E
Spouse
janitor
not listed
nurse 1308 Elmwood av h do
nurse 1308 Elmwood av h do
plmbr
lndrs
presser
lab
lab
cook
nurse
nurse
slsmn Silas D Cromer
groc 1331 Calhoun
not listed
nurse
student
cond C N & L Ry
student
emp P O
slswn mangels's Inc
emp P O
student
cond Sou Ry System
tchr Heathwood Jr High Sch
sten Seibels Bruce & Co
Columbia City Chief Police tel 3322
Occupation
Notes
Year
Mrs Ada J Newman Mrs Willie I Treece
2014 Sumter St
W
C
C
Melba L Lawrence
2012 Sumter St
C
W
Inez Ayoub G Leonard Lawrence
W
Hibbie Ayoub C
W
E J Ayoub
Rev Robt S Lawrence
W
Berta Ayoub
2010 Sumter St
W
Alexander C Ayoub
2006 1/2 Sumter St
W
Alexander C Ayoub
C
Josephine Moore
2006 Sumter St
C
Adeline Barnett Sumter St Service Station
C
C
John H Dinkins C
C
Willie Palmer
Aaron Barnett
C
Thos Palmer
Emma Kelly
C
C
Robt Durham Sarah Palmer
C
Robt L Dorrah
C
Esther Johnson C
C
Pearl Dixon Eugenia Robinson
C
Ethnicity* C
John Dixon
Head of Household Esther M Dixon
2000 Sumter St
1326 Elmwood Ave
1322 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
Address
E-75
wid David S
Cath S
Maggie
Daisy
Daisy
Spouse
not listed
nurse
student
student
pastor Bethel A M E Ch
not listed
student
waiter
student
gro 2006 Sumter h 2006 1/2 do
gro 2006 Sumter h 2006 1/2 do
filling sta
lndrs
not listed
lab
cook
lab
porter Habenicht & McDougall
porter Gervais St Pharmacy
lndrs
lab
porter Cadillac Co of Cola
maid
lndrs
lndrs
porter Sinclair Refg Co
cook
Occupation
Notes
Year
C C C
Rev Paul P Watson Pauline L Watson Ruth C Watson
2021 Marion St
W W W W W W
Rev James H Johnson John A Summer Jr Helen A Summer Mrs Laura S Summer Minnie Lee Summer W Graham Summer Eug F McCrady
2029 Marion St
1301 Calhoun St
C
C
Carrie Haynes
rear 2025 Marion St
C
Jas C Lomax
2025 Marion St
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
2019 Marion St
W
Rob F Mizell
C
Vivian E Nance
2015 Marion St
C
Butler Nance Sinclair Refining Co
C
W
Margt Sharpe Dorothy Nance
W
C David Sharpe C
W
Sarah F Nance
W
C
Jas McClyde Mrs Eliz Sharpe
W
Marvin B Chitwood
Geo W Sharpe
W
W
Mrs Bobbie T Gibson Abr B Chitwood
Ethnicity* W
Head of Household Thelma E Treece
2032 Sumter St
2024 Sumter St
2020 Sumter St
2016 Sumter St
Address
Laura S
Sarah
Jennie
Nancy
Eunice
Lillie
Ida
Mae
E-76
Spouse
elec eng
tchr
gro 2301 Richland
sten
flgmn
(J H Johnson & Co) v-presgenl mgr Palmetto Realty Corp
maid Jefferson Hotel
slsmn
tchr Howard Schl
not listed
not listed
pastor Ladson Presby Ch
not listed
filling sta
tchr Waverly Sch
not listed
student
sch tchr
not listed
gdnr
bdg 2020 Sumter h do
not listed
car washer Oliver Motor Co
bridgewkr
bridgewkr
drsmkr
tel opr
Occupation
not listed in "name department"
Notes
Year
W W W
Kate V Greylish Jas P Blair Cole T Blair
1329 Calhoun St
W
W
L Eloise Young Heber S Shealy
W
Henry W Young Jr
1323 Calhoun St
W
Henry W Young
1321 Calhoun St
W
W
Nan L Swearingen Thos A Cobb
W
Dora E Swearingen
C
Rosanna Williams W
C
Wm Green
John R Swearingen
C
Jessie Brown
C
Fannie Palmer C
W
Wm Jeffcoat Steve Palmer
W
Grover A Jeffcoat
1319 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
rear 1315 Calhoun St
W
Clarence W Hollerung
W
Bettie F Brooks W
W
Sudie M Brooks
Jacob W Scharpf
W
Fred W Miller
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
1311 Calhoun St
W
Ethnicity*
Mrs Sallie E McQuatters
Head of Household
1307 Calhoun St
Address
Ella P
Bessie L
Grace E
M Victoria
Sallie E
Hutlene
Fannie
Beatrice D
Ethel M
Alma L
wid Wm Y
wid Edw K
E-77
Spouse
clk S C State Hosp
not listed
nurse 1329 Calhoun h do
cond
student
carrier P O
clk P O
cond
tchr Hand Jr High Sch
sten Seibels, Bruce & Co
Columbia City Chief Police
cook
hlpr Buck's Garage
cook
lab
cook
student
cash Loose-Wiles Biscuit Co
slsmn
installer formn
social wkr Columbia Junior League Community Center
nurse 1311 Calhoun r do
auto mech
not listed
not listed
Occupation
Notes
1932
Year
2000 Sumter St
C
Melzetta Gowdy
C
C
Jos Gowdy
Sumter St Service Station
C
Alberta Gowdy
Emma Kelly
C
C
Hattie Wright Albert Frazier
C
Jas Robinson C
C
Daisy Dora
Coralette Blake
C
C
Delia Myers Eugenia Robinson
C
Mary Broom
1326 Elmwood Ave
1322 Elmwood Ave
1320 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Ted Brown Ester M Dixon
C
Jessie Brown C
C
Clara Brown
Pearl Dixon
C
Frances Frazier
1316 Elmwood Ave
C
Ernest Frazier
1312 Elmwood Ave
C
C
Saml Reeves Frank Barber
C
Rena Reeves
1310 Elmwood Ave
C
Mabel Reeves
1308 Elmwood Ave
W
Yoder R Cromer Elmwood Garage
W
Ethnicity*
Silas D Cromer
Head of Household
1306 Elmwood Ave
1331 Calhoun St
Address
Amanda
Julia
E-78
Spouse
dom
not listed
lab
not listed
not listed
lndrs
emp Hotel Cola
barber John R Cornwell
dom
lndrs
lndry wkr S C State Hosp
not listed
maid Hotel Cola
not listed
lab
maid
dom
cook
plmbr
porter Jas L McCrorev
hlpr
nurse 1308 Elmwood av h do
nurse 1308 Elmwood av h do
reprs
slsmn Silas D Cromer
grocer 1331 Calhoun h do
Occupation
Notes
Year
2021 Marion St
C C
Pauline L Watson
C
Thad Kelly Rev Paul P Watson
C
Rev Geo T Dillard
W
2019 Marion St
Onie L Henderson
C
Rev Virgil S Johnson W
C
Mamie N Johnson
Jesse R Henderson Jr
C
Vivian E Nance
2015 Marion St
C
Sybil E Nance
East Side Service Sta
C
Dorothy E Nance
2032 Sumter St
C
Sarah F Nance
2024 Sumter St
C
Chas Crosslin
W
Tiden T Williamson
2022 Sumter St
W
Mrs Lina R Williamson
2020 Sumter St
W
W
Mrs Bobbie T Gibson Mrs Eva Wiles
W
Thelma E Treece
2016 Sumter St
W
Mrs Willie I Treece
W
Evelyn M Cunningham
2014 Sumter St
W
Albert Cunningham
2012 Sumter St
C
Carrie E McGill
W
E J Ayoub
2010 Sumter St
W
Alexander C Ayoub
2006 1/2 Sumter St
W
Ethnicity*
Alexander C Ayoub
Head of Household
2006 Sumter St
Address
Anne J
Arrie
Eunice
E-79
wid Romie D
wid Wm
wid J Hilliard
wid David S
Spouse
sch tchr
missionary
chf bellmn Hotel Cola
not listed
cash Imperial Theatre
police
not listed
sch tchr
tchr Waverly Sch
student
student
tchr Benedict Sch
hlpr
truck driver
not listed
bkpr Cola Welding
drsmkr 2014 Sumter r do
tel opr Genl Motors Acceptance Corp
not listed
not listed
inspr
sch tchr
gro 2901 N Columbia av
grocer 2006 Sumter h 2006 1/2 do
grocer 2006 Sumter h 2006 1/2 do
Occupation
not listed in "st and av department"
Notes
Year
W W W W W
John A Summer Jr Helen A Summer Mrs Laura S Summer W Graham Summer Eugene F McCrady
1301 Calhoun St
1321 Calhoun St
1319 Calhoun St
rear 1317 Calhoun St
1317 Calhoun St
Clifton W Warr
W
W
Mary L Cobb
C
Steve Palmer
W
C
Fannie Cook Thos A Cobb
C
C
Pauline Thomas Rosa A Williams
W
Nan L Swearingen
W
Frances Suber W
W
Mrs Mary E Suber John R Swearingen
W
W
Sudie M Brooks Clarence W Hollerung
W
Fred W Miller
1315 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Susan P Miller
1311 Calhoun St
W
Mrs Sallie E McQuatters
1307 Calhoun St
C
Rev James H Johnson
2029 Marion St
C
C
Wm H Carrie Carrie Haynes
C
Ethnicity* C
Jas C Lomax
Head of Household Ruth C Watson
rear 2025 Marion St
2025 Marion St
Address
Blanch J
Victoria
Sallie
Ethel
wid Yancey
wid Edw K
Laura S
Sarah L
Jennie C
E-80
Spouse
supply officer U S Veterans Adminsitration
student
cond Sou Ry System
lab
cook
dom
dom
tchr Hand Jr High Sch
not listed
not listed
sten
not listed
nurse 1331 Calhoun r do
not listed
not listed
not listed
not listed
gro 2301 Richland
sten The State Co
not listed
(J H Johnson & Co) v-presgenl mgr Palmetto Realty Corp
maid Jefferson Hotel
shoe shiner Lonsford's Barber Shop
not listed
Occupation tchr Howard Schl
not listed in "name department"
Notes
W W
Silas D Cromer Roby Y Cromer
1331 Calhoun St
W
W
Bonnie R Shealy Kate V Greylish
W
Ethnicity* W
Heber S Shealy
Head of Household Mrs Blanche J Warr
1329 Calhoun St
1323 Calhoun St
Address
Inez
Bessie
Spouse
clk Silas D Cromer
grocer 1331 Calhoun h do
nurse 1329 Calhoun h do
student
cond
Occupation waitress Cola Cafeteria
E-81
* 'Ethnicity' is listed as either Black ('C') or White ('W'), as per the categories used in the Columbia City Directory.
Year
Notes