Compass Magazine Vancouver Island Issue #25 December 2019 / January 2020

ISSUE 25 | DECEMBER 2019/JANUARY 2020 SHARING THE DIRECTION OF VANCOUVER ISLAND COMMUNITIES

F E AT U R E A RT IST

TOTEM DESIGN HOUSE & KWIGWATSI STUDIO

O C E A N C H R O N IC L E S

Pelagic Ecosystems: Life in the Blue

F O O D F O R T H O U G HT

The Death Cap Mushroom S H I FT H A P P E NS

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Healing Our Inner Child

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Kwa’lilas—a traditional word meaning ‘a place to sleep’—was chosen by the Gwa’sala ‘Nakwaxda’xw elders for this hotel, in hopes that travelers and guests would find peaceful rest here after a day of exploration in the North Island. After exploring, refresh with lunch or dinner from our Aboriginal-inspired west coast menu in Ha’me’, our restaurant. Relax with an Island brew, glass of fine wine and tasty snacks in Nax’id’, our comfy, nautical-themed pub.

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8

14

SHARING THE DIRECTION OF VANCOUVER ISLAND COMMUNITIES

The First Time I saw Campbell River

8

The Salmon Brewster Horse Trail

24

Bud Logan

OFF THE BEATEN PATH Bud Logan

10

OCEAN CHRONICLES

14

ARTIST FEATURE

22 24

22

WALKING IN THEIR FOOTSTEPS

6

Pelagic Ecosystems: Life in the Blue Josh McInnes

Erin Brillon | Totem Design House Kealy Donaldson

WELLNESS ARTIST

The Beaded Dolls of Georgina Ann Logan Bud Logan

CREATURES OF THE NORTHWEST COAST Pacific Mole Crabs Bud Logan

NATUROPATHIC INSPIRATIONS

26

Starting the Year off Right

28

Healing Our Inner Child

Ingrid Pincott, ND

SHIFT HAPPENS

Andrea Wagemaker

www.CompassMagazine.ca

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COMPASS MAGAZINE | ISSUE 25 |DECEMBER 2019/JANUARY 2020

PUBLISHER'S NOTE A Time to Move Ahead

Kevin & the s taff at CR Granite Works would like to thank everyone who has helped contribute to our success over 2019

It's that time of year when the days are short and the air is crisp. Snow is upon the mountains and the land is getting ready for the long winter. The holiday season is just ahead and families will come together with joy and happiness.

We are at the end of this year and can reflect back on the wonders we were part of. I am sure we all had ups and downs, sadness and joy. Now the new year is just ahead and it's a new beginning; a time where we can make changes, a time to move ahead. In the coming year, we have the chance to change what we can, to make our lives better and to share our love and hopes with family and friends.

So Happy Holidays to all, and may this coming year be as wondrous as this year has been.

Gilakasla – Marsii!

THE NOR TH ISLAND’ S LE ADIN G SUPPL IER OF HIGH QUALITY, BEAUTIFUL AND AFFORDAB LE GRAN ITE FOR YOUR NEXT HOME PROJE CT

Cheers

Bud Logan I N T E R I M P U B L I S H I N G E D I TO R

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MAGAZINE PUBLISHER Kealy Donaldson INTERIM PUBLISHING EDITOR Bud Logan CREATIVE DIRECTOR Jessie Stones Compass Magazine is produced by: Kiki's Communications Inc. ISSN# 2369-8063 2100 Park Road Campbell River, BC V9W 4P7 250.203.1880 compassmagazine@ourmail.com www.compassmagazine.ca

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COVER Erin Brillon in Black Hills, South Dakota © Melody Charlie CONTRIBUTORS Josh McInnes Bud Logan Taunya Holland Andrea Wagemaker Ingrid Pincott, ND James L. Anderson Nick Bowman Joseph McLean Kealy Donaldson Melody Charlie Jason Gowen CONNECT WITH US Facebook | LinkedIn Kealy Donaldson Bud Logan Josh McInnes We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada.

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I s s u e 2 5 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | 5

WALKING IN THEIR FOOTSTEPS Bud Logan

THE FIRST TIME I SAW

C ampbell River

Photos Public Domain; Bud Logan

I spent the first six years of my life living

such excitement in his eyes that you could just imag-

on various military bases. You see, my dad was a mil-

ine the beauty of this little island village, and now we

itary man and we moved around a lot. We were living

were there. We were all very excited. It was everything

in Ontario when my dad retired in 1961. Dad packed

my dad had said it was and more.

up our house and we headed out West, headed for a small Vancouver Island community called Campbell River.

My dad had first set his eyes on Campbell River back in 1946 when he had traveled to Victoria, BC on official military

It was not like today, traveling across Canada; there were no freeways. Dad had an old '37

business. My dad was travelling with Mr. Armstrong, who would become my godfather

Plymouth that was stuffed

when I was born nine years

with all seven of us kids,

later. After they had con-

and our gear, and on top,

cluded their business in

we had a big army bell

Victoria, they decided to

tent that we set up each

locate a vehicle and trav-

night. All our household

el a bit. They had some

belongings

time off coming and the

shipped

were

by a

being

transport

company. It was a long trip and going over the Rockies was very exciting for a young man of six years of age. The wildlife was incredible; I can still see the elk and grizzlies that seemed to be around every corner and the incredible mountain views that were reflected in the emerald green lakes.

Island had always looked enticing to my dad, so he bought

the

'37

Plymouth

and off they went. When they reached Campbell River, my dad was so taken with the little village that he declared that when he retired from the army, he was moving his family here.

Growing up in Campbell River meant lots of fishing,

Eventually we arrived on Vancouver Island and were fi-

hunting, hiking and canoeing. All us kids had boats, or

nally at our destination. My dad had always talked about

at least access to one, and we spent as much time out

Campbell River with such wonder, such amazement,

on the chuck as we did on land. The salmon fishing

6 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

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ORIGINAL ARTWORK ∞ JEWELLERY CLOTHING ∞ HOME ACCESSORIES

was great back then and nothing beat fighting a big spring on light tackle. Most of us were accomplished fishermen (boys) by the time we were 12 or 13—we were very much at home on the water. I spent days on end canoeing our lakes and rivers where trout were huge and steelhead fishing in our rivers was the best in the world.

Not long after arriving in town, my dad met an old couple who had first started fishing here at the turn of the century. I remember his name was Paddy but I can't remember his wife's name. I do remember her cooking and her incredible smile. Paddy took a shine to us all and began to take us to all his hidden fishing holes.

Paddy was the first environmentalist that I had met although I don't think he knew he was one—he just had some radical ideas about respecting the land that created in me a new understanding of proper forest etiquette that has stuck with me throughout my life.

Paddy was the gatekeeper up at the Upper Campbell

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Lake trestle when we met him. Paddy and his wife had a sweet cabin over on Paterson Lake. They would stay all week in a small trailer at the bridge and then spend the weekends at their cabin on the lake. We quite often would visit them in their cabin to spend a few days fishing the lake.

After a day of fishing, Paddy would spend the evening telling us stories of his pioneering days on Vancouver Island. He was a railroad man for the logging companies during his younger years and his stories reflected this. At times you would wonder where the truth stopped and the imagination of the storyteller took over. It mattered not to me, I could sit for hours listening to his tales; quite often I would fall asleep in front of the fireplace as I imagined living through the times of his stories. Even though this was some 60 years ago, these memories are still fresh in my mind and live on through my passion for local adventure on Vancouver Island. The magic I felt at age six seeing Campbell

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Welc ome t o Hous e of Treas ures , a mag n i fic en t c on t emp or ar y i n t er p ret at i on of a F i r s t N at i on s Bi g Hous e. W i t h 18 y ear s ’ exp er i en c e i n off er i n g b eaut i f ul t h i n g s , w e h ave s omet h i n g f or ever yo n e an d f or ever y b udg et . We p roudly f eat ure or i g i n a l ar t w or k b y F i r s t N at i on s ar t i s t s of t h e N or t h w e s t C oas t , w i t h a f oc us on Van c ouver Is lan d.

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River for the first time lives on in me still.

P HOTO GR A P HS

Bud Logan has lived on Vancouver Island since 1961 and has a deep love of the Island’s wild places.

Visit Bud at www.gohiking.ca

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HOUSE OF TREASURES 1 3 7 0 I S L A N D H I G H WAY CAMPBELL RIVER, BC V9W 8C9 250.286.1440 NWCART@TELUS.NET

© ISLAND LIFE PHOTOGRAPHY HALF M O O N M AS K G REG HEN D ERS ON R ACCOON M AS K B ERT S M I T H GH OS T M AS K COL E S P EC K OWL M A S K JU N I OR HEN D ERS ON & G REG HEN D ERS ON

I s s u e 2 5 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | 7

Photo © Bud Logan

OFF THE BEATEN PATH

Bud Logan

THE

SALMON BREWSTER HORSE TRAIL

The Memekay Horse Camp is located in the

river crossings where it will be difficult getting across

Sayward Valley, along the Memekay River. This site was

without a horse. The trail that leaves the Memekay site

created to serve as the north end campsite for the Salm-

goes for about 5km before running into a crossing on

on-Brewster Horse Trail.

the Memekay River; it’s a very nice trail to hike.

To reach it, head north from Campbell River toward

There are plenty of awesome vistas as you ride along

Sayward. Keep your eyes open after you cross the

the trail with a variety of bird-life to see along the way.

Amour De Cos Creek highway bridge, and watch for the

You have a great chance of seeing herds of elk or some

Big Tree Main on your left. It’s a gravel logging road and

blacktail deer. Black bears frequent the area and you al-

there will probably be a pick-up or machine parked at

ways need to watch for cougars. Bring a camera so you

the highway junction. Turn left and follow this road go-

can take home some incredible memories.

ing across the Salmon River bridge about five km down, then cross a couple of little bridges. Further on you will see another logging road on your right, and this is the Salmon River Mainline. Turn right here and you will immediately see a logging bridge that goes over the Me-

The southern horse camp is located at Brewster Lake, right at the narrows on the west end of the lake. This is the location of the old camp 5 location. The 1.5 acre Brewster Horse Camp has more open camping and

mekay River. Just past this bridge on the right you will

larger horse corrals. There is also a wilderness campsite

see a metal gate, which should be unlocked, at a second-

located halfway between Brewster and Memekay.

ary road. This is the entrance to the campsite.

This trail is the first equine-friendly trail and camp-

The 2-hectare rec site has a total of 11 campsites that are

ground formally established on Vancouver Island. Trail

about 25 meters in length, big enough for all the horse

riding enthusiasts on the Island have ridden the route,

trailers, trucks and recreational vehicles you bring. Each

now officially designated the Salmon Brewster Horse

campsite has two horse corrals. There are outhouses,

Trail, for many years. Built on a historic logging grade,

non-potable water for horses and manure containment

the trail had never been properly mapped and did not

bins, picnic tables and a big covered shelter with a wood

have any amenities. As a result, it was used primarily by

stove to cook on.

locals.

The Salmon Brewster Trail Corridor runs between

To encourage equestrian tourism on the Island, the

Brewster Lake and the Memekay River. It is 40 km

Salmon Brewster Horse Trail and Campsites project

long and runs through a working forest and follows old

completed a 40km multi-use trail linking equestrian

railway grades. There is another camp at the Brewster

campsites at each end. The trail travels through crown

Lake Horse Camp Rec Site. The trails are mostly well-

land, running from the junction of the Salmon and Me-

groomed by volunteers and the camps are awesome.

mekay Rivers to south Brewster Lake. It is just what was

You can hike this trail by foot, but be warned, there are

needed for the horse riders of Vancouver Island.

8 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

H E A LT H920 & W E L L N EHWY SS ISLAND

CAMPBELL RIVER

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Ocean Chronicles

Photo Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) & Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) traveling in the open Pacific Š Josh McInnes

PELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS:

LIFE IN THE BLUE Josh McInnes

It was July 2011, and I was departing

also scan the horizon for birds, which can provide

the sleepy town of Ucluelet, BC on an offshore expedi-

details on where to find fish. For instance, tuna fisher-

tion to collect data on open ocean fish populations, and

man often look for sooty shearwaters (Ardenna grisea)

how they might be affected from bottom trawl fishing.

and black footed-albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) on the

This was my fourth two week trip to the pelagic waters

horizon, as these birds are commonly associated with

off Vancouver Island. For days on end I would scan the

tuna feeding on pelagic baitfish.

horizon without seeing a spec of land, or life for that matter. In comparison to the ecologically productive

The open ocean is also a major highway, crisscrossed

nearshore waters, the open ocean often felt like a blue

with surface currents like the California Current which

void of endless waves. Studying the pelagic ecosystem

transports oxygen, nutrients, and organisms over

also presented our team with numerous challenges in

enormous distances. Many of these organisms are

the form of unpredictable weather, locating marine

planktonic, and rely on ocean currents for transport.

life, funding and time.

Plankton are classified as either phytoplankton or zooplankton. Phytoplankton are algae like organisms that

To many this may seem unexciting, but the open ocean

rely on nutrients and sunlight to obtain energy. They

conceals an extraordinary and ever changing environ-

are the basis of all marine food webs and provide the

ment. When locating marine life, oceanographers and

majority of oxygen to our atmosphere. Zooplankton

marine biologists look for key physical and biological

are animals and rely on phytoplankton for energy.

signs. For instance, oceanographic fronts where warm

Many species like copepods (small crustaceans) are

water and cold water meet are important areas where

highly abundant and important food items for other

birds, fish, and marine mammals congregate. Benthic

pelagic animals like jellyfish. Plankton can also be dif-

complexity in the form of deep water canyons, shal-

ferentiated based on size from ultraplankton, chiefly

low sea banks, ridges, and sea mounts are also produc-

bacteria, to megaplankton like jellyfish.

tive areas supplied with nutrients that are upwelled to the surface from bottom currents. Oceanographers 1 0 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

Animals that utilize ocean currents, but have their own W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

Photos Ocean Sunfish (Mola mola) ; Leatherback Sea Turtle; Albacore Tuna Š Josh McInnes

form of locomotion are known as nekton. Nekton can

to maintain a higher body temperature then the

resemble anything from squid to dolphins.

surrounding water, and are capable of reaching swimming speeds of 75km/hr.

The open ocean is split vertically into multiple zones that differ in depth. The Sunlit Zone, within the first

While looking for prey in the open ocean, tuna often

200m of water, is the most productive as sunlight pen-

are associated with dolphins. Tuna will often follow

etrates below the surface fueling photosynthesis. Be-

dolphins to find food, or will travel with them for pro-

low the sunlit zone is the Twilight Zone that extends

tection against sharks. Other fish species like the ocean

to 1000m, where little to no photosynthesis occurs.

sunfish (Mola mola) follow ocean currents feeding on

Many of the marine organisms inhabiting this zone

jellyfish. Sunfish can often be encountered resting mo-

migrate daily to the surface to feed on phytoplankton

tionless at the surface where marine birds will pick pe-

with the retreat of the sun. The Dark Zone extends

lagic parasites and barnacles from their skin.

from 1000m to 4000m, where no light penetrates.

Many of the animals inhabiting this area rely on biolu-

Open ocean ecosystems cover the majority of our

minescence to find prey and mates.

planet, but our poorly understood. Most of our knowledge regarding them comes from extensive surveys

Once you leave the coastal waters and cross the conti-

made through technological advancements in the last

nental shelf, deep water abyssal plains extend over vast

few decades. We now know that humans are having a

distances. The abyssal plains can reach depths of up to

major impact on open ocean habitats. Overfishing has

6000m. The deepest ocean habitat is the Hadal zone,

decimated many fish populations, including tuna, an-

where the sea floor plunges into deep water canyons

chovy, and sardine. Giant current driven gyres of plas-

and trenches. Animals inhabiting the Hadal Zone are

tic and garbage like the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

adapted to dealing with extensive pressure, as depths

threaten the lives of sea turtles and marine birds. By

may reach 11000m.

consuming plastic many of these species starve to death, as plastic blocks the digestive tract. Climate

Many species in the open ocean are streamlined and

change and warm water anomalies like the “warm

built for swimming long distances in search of food.

blob� that appeared in the Northeastern Pacific in

Tuna are a spectacular family of fish species that cover

2014 have changed the movements and distribution of

entire ocean basins. Fifteen species have been identi-

marine organisms.

fied, with the best known being the Albacore (Thunnus alalunga), Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellow-

The open ocean is an amazing dynamic ecosystem.

fin (Thunnus albacares), and Bluefin tuna (Thunnus

Unless we limit our impact on it, many of the incredi-

thynnus). They are one of a few species that are able

ble species that are found there may disappear.

Josh McInnes is a cetacean ecologist and research coordinator at MarineLife Studies in Monterey Bay, CA. He taught ocean sciences at the Bamfield Marine Science Centre from 2014-2016. He lives in Victoria, BC.

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

I s s u e 2 5 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | 1 1

Photo © Vladyslav Siaber / AdobeStock

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

DEATH CAP MUSHROOM Bud Logan

Recently I wrote about mushrooms—more

This mushroom is of European descent. It is believed to

specifically, the lobster mushroom—in my Eat Local col-

have come here as mycelium on a host tree. Although

umn. I find that I need to once again write about a spe-

it has been found growing on the roots of Cork Oaks,

cific mushroom: The Death Cap Mushroom, Amanita

its origin is still unknown. The best we can do is under-

phalloides. You see, during the last five mushroom walks

stand that it came here as a dangerous invasive species,

that I have given, I have been asked about the Death

and is first recorded in Monterey. What we do know for

Cap Mushroom. People have read about two puppies

sure is that the Death Cap found on the Island is genet-

who died this year from eating these mushrooms in the

ically identical to the European one.

Victoria area and a child who died in 2016, and this has raised concerns. With misinformation being presented

Since the reports on social media and various news out-

online and in news publications, one can hardly blame

lets about finding this mushroom, people are reporting

them. So I would like to present some facts about this

seeing them all over the Island. The majority of the time

mushroom in regards to North America in general and

the reported mushrooms are leucoagaricus leucothites or,

Vancouver Island specifically.

more commonly, the White Dapperling Mushroom.

The very first recorded sighting of a Death Cap Mush-

There have also been statements that you should never

room in North America was at the Del Monte Hotel

handle these mushrooms, or any mushroom for that

in Monterey, California, in 1938. In 1945 another was

matter, as you can be dermally poisoned. According to

spotted growing on the lawn of the Berkeley Univer-

mycologists worldwide there is no danger in handling

sity Grounds. The Death Cap then worked its way up

essentially any mushroom under any normal circum-

the coast, and in 1997 it was spotted in the Fraser Valley,

stance.

where it is now common. It is currently showing up on southern Vancouver Island, some Gulf Islands and on

Jason Gowen, from the Vancouver Island Mushroom Group

the Sanich Peninsula.

on Facebook, and I recently had a conversation about

1 2 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

COMMUNITY IN ACTION Taunya Holland

Photos © Jason Gowen Photo © edb3_16 / AdobeStock

CAMPBELL RIVER COMMUNITY FOUNDATION AND RBC FOUNDATION CELEBRATE PROJECT BRINGING YOUTH AND SENIORS TOGETHER WITH $15,000 Campbell River Community Foundation

and

the

RBC

Foundation are providing a grant of $15,000 to support Brighter Day, a youth-led project bringing young people and seniors together to promote understanding and a sense of belonging.

“It is very exciting to have support from the Campbell River Community Foundation and RBC Foundation for this

this mushroom. Gowen told me that he spoke with mycologist Dr. Berch who, along with several other mycologists, is involved in tracking these mushrooms.

Dr. Berch states there have been no confirmed sightings of the Death Cap (Amanita phalloides) on the North Island at this time.

The fact is that the North Island does not have the required host trees at sufficient maturity or quantity. Primarily, in Europe, we see them with Hornbeam, Oak, Hazelnut and occasionally Chestnut. Most common of those are the Oak and the Hornbeam trees. They are

project,” says Chloe Valentine, Youth Leader. “The idea for Brighter Day came from our passion for improving mental health in our community. I can’t think of a better way to build resilience and belonging than by bringing youth and seniors together to share positive experiences and connections.”

As a part of the RBC Future Launch Community Challenge, grants like this one are awarded to youth-led projects in 150 small and medium-sized communities across Canada. The goal of the program is to shift the power to young leaders making positive social or environmental change in their communities, while gaining valuable skills and experience.

predisposed to European hardwoods, some of which

“Young people are not future leaders— they are leading

has been planted around the South Island.

social and environmental change right now. We are honoured to play a role in the bold change that youth are

This mushroom has only been shown to form my-

leading across the country through this national initia-

corrhizae with the Gary Oak, as it appears to be our

tive with RBC,” says Andrew Chunilall, CEO of Community

only indigenous tree that they are readily adapting to,

Foundations of Canada.

which is why, for now, their distribution is relatively contained to the South Island.

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

www.crfoundation.ca I s s u e 2 5 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | 1 3

ARTIST FE ATURE

Being a close family friend and distant relative to Haida artist Bill Reid has profoundly influenced her life. Art show openings, urban feasts, and Indigenous gatherings were a regular part of her life.

Erin has always held a deep sense of pride and reverence for her culture. As a young adult, Erin moved into the area of developing and coordinating healing programs on First Nations reserves throughout B.C. These programs addressed the intergenerational effects of colonization and the traumas of the Indian residential school system. This provided her with an in-depth experiential understanding of the issues that are at the heart of the disempowerment of Indigenous people.

For nearly a decade, Erin worked for an Aboriginal non-profit organization, which provides a variety of social programs in Courtenay, Vancouver Island.

Erin’s work focused on the development, administration, and facilitation of a variety of Indigenous youth and family-based empowerment programs. Three years into this work Erin realized that her ability to create a positive impact was limited due to her lack of higher education.

So she spent the next 3.5 years completing a Liberal Arts Degree with a minor in psychology. Erin completed her

ERIN BRILLON is of Haida and Cree ancestry. Her

studies while working part-time at Wachiay, and parenting her three active kids. Erin went on to create an art program and social enterprise called OneTribe, a youth artist collective, where she taught both the making and the marketing of art based products.

Since 2015, Erin has focused all her energy into growing her business, Totem Design House. This has allowed her to collaborate on a clothing line with her brother,

work experience has been in deep

Haida Artist Jesse Brillon. Totem Design House has

connection to her people. From the

stretched her skills and abilities on countless levels. She

age of 14, Erin assisted her mother,

been an all-consuming labor of love for Erin and has has single-handedly designed, produced, marketed and administrated every aspect of the business, from mak-

Edna Brillon, in promoting,

ing one of a kind traditional regalia, hemp and organic

marketing, and selling Northwest

women’s apparel, to t-shirts and hoodies, and seal fur

linen home decor textiles, uniquely designed bamboo

Coast Native art. Growing up

and dentalia shell jewelry.

in the field of a thriving and

Totem Design is founded on Indigenous values and is

internationally revered art form

careful to not “trinketize” or devalue the art form. Erin

has had a lifelong impact.

products and clothing is flooded by mass-produced,

1 4 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

explains that the market for northwest coast giftware

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

Photos L-R Courtesy of Erin Brillon Erin Brillon; Totem Design House shawl, tshirt & necklace; Dogfish Motif Regalia, modeled by Erin's daughter Marlo; Dentrillium shell earrings.

mostly made overseas goods, where native artists are

communities

through

developing

programs

and

paid only nominal royalties.

projects that focus on cultural and language revitalization, NWC art development, healing/health/wellness,

"We are the antidote to the ongoing commodification

and environment/food sustainability," she says. "Totem

of our culture, by what has largely been dominated by

Design House donates a percentage of profits to Copper

non-Indigenous business owners,” she says.

Legacy, to expand programs. As our business grows, so too does our ability to create a larger positive impact."

Totem Design House is the culmination of a successful family effort: the clothing and accessories are featured

Erin believes we are facing a pivotal time in human his-

in Smithsonian Museum Gift Stores, and other mu-

tory—and now is the time to work creatively outside the

seums such as McCord Museum in Montreal and the

status-quo culture to support and develop innovative

Haida Gwaii Museum.

solutions to empower Indigenous people to strengthen communities and protect the environment. “I believe

In 2015, Andy Everson, acclaimed Northwest Coast

that change begins in small movements that catch on,

artist, joined forces with Erin. All aspects of their lives

then grow to eventually change the cultural norms that

melded: personally, professionally, and culturally. The

have previously disempowered or limited us," she says.

fruition of this creative connection is the expansion into a brand new studio. Erin designed every square inch of

"I am convinced that now is the time for the wisdom of In-

the space from the ground up, from the working studio

digenous peoples to influence the mainstream towards a

and showroom to their living space above the water-

truly natural sustainable way of life that involves ecolog-

front studio on Comox Avenue on K’omoks First Nation.

ical harmony, greater food security, local economies and so on. If I, through my small business, can be a model

Erin has been driven to expand on the work she has

for local, sustainable development—one that gives back

done in nonprofit empowerment work by establishing

to my culture and my people—then we’ve created a win-

the Copper Legacy Indigenous Empowerment Society. Erin

win, and that is really what it's all about."

has always donated to Indigenous youth projects, from supporting local girls empowerment workshops to aid

In December 2019, Erin and Andy will be opening their

in the suicide crisis facing Cree youth in Attawapiskat.

newly built home and production studio and show-

“With an equal passion to what I have for the art and

room, named Kwigwatsi Studio, on the K’omoks First

culture, so too is my passion for uplifting Indigenous

Nation. The showroom will be open by appointment via

people from the aftermath of genocide, colonial op-

their website.

pression, and loss of culture. Through Copper Legacy, we plan to have a broader impact in Indigenous

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

Connect with Erin at totemdesignhouse.ca

I s s u e 2 5 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | 1 5

ARTIST FE ATURE

1 6 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

Eco-friendly, earth loving, ultra-soft, ultra-long wearing tops that fit real bodies.

totemdesignhouse.ca

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

I s s u e 2 5 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | 1 7

H E A LT H & W E L L N E S S

BEING HUMAN James L. Anderson

THE

TRUTH

The truth is simply this.

Each of us spend our lives in a primal prison we never escape all our lonely, separate lives. You and I spend

What we all need to do now. And what is needed to be

the sublime mystery of “life” in a private, unspoken

said is: “Why?”

prison that we can never truly share with anyone else.

No one can ever truly LIVE, experience and feel the

Why? Is our world now disintegrating all around us

world that we separately and in tragic isolation really

into terror and hate, savage inhumanity, murder and

“know.” And to survive now, we desperately need

chaos with all hope and faith for a better, more Human

something more.

world slipping away from us all?

The enemy that is tearing our world and our biosphere And if we as the walking legends of our Human Life

apart is not “out there” in the world at large. The truth

Force on this planet can finally see what the deadly

is the enemy is inside us. Every one of us. Each of us

problem is...the only thing that matters is- do we have

spend the magnificent wonder of “life” in a forever

the faith and the dream still inside us to evolve and

discrete lonely sanctuary we can never reach out of to

transform once again...

really try to share. Though God knows we try.

To evolve another New Way to be Human on Earth?

And what has kept us in that primitive private prison of I, “me”, ego and self is fear. It is simply the Primal

Can we step through that door and survive once more

Fear that lurks secretly deep within us all. The threat to

into the future by becoming a New Human Species on

survival that drove us deep inside ourselves long and

this planet, and allow our children’s children to sur-

long ago in a primitive, savage and prehistoric dark

vive and walk upon this earth in a new golden age for

age of monstrous peril.

all Humankind...into the future?

But we are living today in another age of terrifying

This is the Problem that is threatening us with black

peril and savage threat to the survival of our Human

oblivion and Dark extinction for all eternity:

Life Force on earth for all eternity. To survive we can

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H E A LT H & W E L L N E S S

no longer rage to hide ourselves behind the walls we

prehistoric fear and learn to evolve the unbelievable

surround ourselves with. Somehow we must dare to

ability to experience, live, truly know and perfectly

transform and somehow reach outside of our “Solitary

“share” another Human life- and ultimately all life. For

One” lives to try to begin to evolve the care and the

the very first time, ever. And from that moment on,

empathy to form a United Human Life force we will

this earth will transform and change almost beyond

need to face the catastrophic crisis thundering down

imagination and Human Beings will never be the same

upon us all. We must now truly comprehend that to

again. And our Life Force will survive.

save ourselves we can no longer save ourselves by hiding from each other. We can no longer be afraid to

Beneath the surface now for centuries we have been

reach out to each other...to discover that we are all the

secretly transforming towards this metamorphic

same...which we really are.

evolution. We just haven’t realized it yet.

We must somehow gather together to find the way to

But when we do- nothing will ever be the same again.

begin to see and know each other for who we really

We will have escaped and have left this hateful,

are. To truly live and “share” the incomparable wonder

savagely inhuman and wretched primitive world

of life, itself.

behind us forever.

And all of the agony, tragedy, ruthless inhumanity and

What if meeting and enjoining another Human Being

desperate ignorance now raging all over this earth to-

in the future would be like coming Home?

day are only because the time has come to now escape, or none of us will survive.

When we finally evolve the metamorphic ability to share another Human life, and then all life, we will have

We try to escape, but we cannot. Not yet. But it is now,

evolved into a New Human Species on this Earth. And

or never.

our children will evolve onward and survive...for us all.

So what we now need to do, as a Human Life Force,

It is up to us. You and me.

and as the whispering, living legends that still carry the Human Dream is this:

We must survive, and evolve...and at last truly CARE for each other.

The simple answer, and the only way out of this hopeless, monstrous world today is that we must learn and

And make it so.

finally evolve the ultimate form of Communication.

We must stand together and conquer our primitive,

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

www.james-l-anderson.com

I s s u e 2 5 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | 1 9

H E A LT H & W E L L N E S S

FITNESS, ETC.

Nick Bowman, BSC BIOCHEM, PN2

Vitamin D: Essentials for WINTER IN CANADA Photo © ExQuisine / Adobe Stock

I’d like you to remember not too long ago:

Most of us also can’t go on a tropical vacation for 8 months

You’re outside, its 26 degrees out, you’re considering an

of the year, and if you can you’re probably not reading this

iced drink to help combat the heat. I’m willing to bet you

right now. So as beautiful as our country is and as much as

were in a good mood, you had plenty of energy and had no

I love living here, soaking up that sweet sunshine is against

issues getting outside. So what can we thank for such a “feel

us most of the year.

good” feeling all summer that gets people so excited for it to show up? The answer is pretty simple, it’s the sun.

So what can we do about it? I’m also glad you asked! Two good questions in a row! Good for you.

Once the sun comes out all of a sudden we get excited about being out in it. “I’m so stoked to go to the lake in this cold

Conveniently, you don’t have to settle for a sub par running

rainstorm,” said no one ever. But alas, December is here,

system all winter. You also don’t have to force yourself out

and it's getting cold. You’re bundled up one way or another

into what little sunshine we get in a tank top in 4 degree

to try and stay warm. The sun goes down a lot earlier than

weather for several hours a day just to try and get what little

it did before. And how much of that sun touches your skin

sun is available. Although you can do that if you want. I’m

has been drastically reduced.

going to stick to supplementation.

So what does that have to do with vitamin D? I’m glad you

Thanks to science and humans being as smart as we are, we

asked!

have the ability to take parts of our lives where things aren’t quite how we want them to be, and we can fix it at will! As

Vitamin D is synthesized and absorbed through our skin

little as 2000IU’s of vitamin D3 in the morning can have all

from the sun. Vitamin D is also absolutely essential for hor-

your systems running as if its mid summer, and you can

mone regulation, sleep regulation, maintaining bone health,

maintain that all winter.

Immune system support, mood regulation and stable energy levels. Therefore without that “D” all of those processes

Vitamin D supplementation should be taken with food since

run sub par at best. I’m willing to bet that you don’t want

nutritional sources of the “D” bond to fatty acids. If you’re

all of those processes to be compromised for 6-8 straight

going to do it lets make sure you get the most out of it! You

months.

have the ability to stave off the winter blues, having your body and mind running optimally every day of the year!

Sadly when you live this far north of the border there’s a huge chunk of the year where the sun isn’t in our favour.

No better day than today to live a happier, healthier life.

Nick Bowman is the Manager of Fitness Etc. in Parksville, with locations in Campbell River & Courtenay. www.fitness-etc.ca

2 0 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

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H E A LT H & W E L L N E S S

WELLNESS ARTIST

songs, the dances. She loved to dance, and danced every chance she got. She was also very inter-

Born in Prince Rupert in the early '60s to an English mother and an Indigenous father, as a newborn Georgina became part of the Sixties Scoop. She was adopted by George and Elsie Prevost, who lived in Alert Bay.

ested in art, and as a teen she loved to draw with a pencil, creating life-like drawings. She still loves creating

pencil

crayon

drawings so fine and detailed they resemble photographs.

When Georgina was 20, she met and married Bud Logan, a Cree artist. At this time Georgina began to bead —and her

Elsie was a Moody from Waglisla

creativity began to flow.

and George was a Namgis man

She loved working with the

who had been raised as a son

by Sam Henderson. George was a fisherman, and Geor-

loom but also felt very creative with free beading. She began to design birds and

gina grew up a fisherman's

native doll necklaces along

daughter. She instantly

with loomed panels. She

took to the water and

would join Bud at art shows,

loved being out on the

and would usually sell out during the show.

fishing grounds with her mom and dad, as

In the early '90s, Georgina

well as both her older

joined, along with Bud, the

brothers.

Box Of Treasures Dance Troupe. Bud was the lead

From a very early

drummer and Georgina

age Georgina loved her

culture:

art,

the

the

was one of the dancers.

masks,

This was an incredible

the regalia, the

experience for Georgina,

THE BEADED DOLLS OF

GEORGINA ANN LOGAN 2 2 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

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who still carried her childhood love of dance—now she had the chance to dance at venues up and down the

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VANCOUVER ISLAND, BC

Island.

In 1993, Georgina and Bud, along with Max Chickite, came together for a show at the Aboriginal Journey Art Gallery in Victoria, where Georgina was a big hit. Georgina began to work out of her home concentrating on private orders—but she still loves to dance every chance she gets.

Georgina beads daily, filling orders from across Canada.

She enjoys creating custom pieces for her clients. Her first nations doll necklaces are very popular, and she builds many of them in red dresses in honour of the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Children of Canada.

Georgina loves going to First Nations gatherings to bead with the elders and youth. She offers help to all who ask, she enjoys sharing her skills and seeing the joy on the faces of those who learn a new beading trick from her.

Georgina and her family have resided in Sayward BC for the past three years. It’s a small community and it suits her love of the outdoors. When she is not beading, she loves to get out and go hiking with Bud. W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

I s s u e 2 5 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | 2 3

H E A LT H & W E L L N E S S

CREATURES OF

THE NORTHWEST COAST Bud Logan

Top Photo © cascoly2 / Adobe Stock

PACIFIC MOLE CRABS

One afternoon, my wife Georgina and I were walking along the sandy beach in San Joseph Bay when I noticed a pair of antenna sticking out of the sand just at the water's edge. As a wave rolled over them, it uncovered a cool little creature called a mole crab.

Photos © Bud Logan 2 4 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

Make it a West Coast Christmas with I was fascinated by these crustaceans as I had never seen them before. But there were many of them on our beaches that year—you could run your hand through the sand at the water's edge and find them in your hand. Those were the little ones; there were also some fairly large females with eggs, some as big as the palm of my hand.

Pacific Mole Crabs, (Emerita analoga) live along sandy beaches on the west coast of North America, usually buried in the sand with only the breathing antennae sticking out. They are common along the California Coast but do show up on our Westcoast Vancouver Island sandy beaches occasionally, usually arriving as larvae by riding the north-

Built for West Coasters

by West Coasters

ern currents. There is the distinct possibility that the water has warmed up enough that local populations have begun to procreate, and we are now seeing the end result of this. I have seen several females with eggs and this seems to support the theory of local procreation.

Mole crabs are herbivores, and they feed on dinoflagellates and diatoms. They bury themselves in the sand at the ocean edge, and when a wave goes out, the crab curls its large, feathery second antennae backward and uses them as nets to capture the phytoplankton. The food is scraped from the antennae by specialized appendages and delivered to the mouth. They can bury themselves in less than two seconds—they use the waves to move up or down the

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beach by letting go just as a wave rolls over them, and then the crab will quickly bury itself again in the surf zone.

On our beaches here on Vancouver Island, there are years where you will see none, and other years where they are everywhere. From 1958 to 1960, west coast beaches were awash with them, but since then they have only shown up in large invasions occasionally. In 2016, at San Joseph Bay, we observed many and some were quite large—one must have been close to 10cm long. It was my first time seeing them, and now I am always on the look out. Once in a while, I might find one or two specimens.

There are many predators that feed on these little crabs.

Seabirds are quick to grab one if it becomes unburied, and fish will feed on them at the water's edge. Fishermen will use them as bait when they are surf fishing.

Mole crabs can carry the parasite known as the spiny-headed worm, and these parasites are passed on to their predators. Sea otters and birds can eat large quantities of crabs per day, and sometimes they will consume enough of the spiny headed worms that it kills them.

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

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I s s u e 2 5 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | 2 5

H E A LT H & W E L L N E S S

NATUROPATHIC INSPIRATIONS Ingrid Pincott N.D.

Photo Š Halfpoint / Adobe Stock

Starting the Year off RIGHT

What better way to start the New Year

your body detoxify which is important for good vitality

than by putting your health first! You are the best per-

and prevention of many chronic diseases of aging.

son to keep track of your complete health history. Certainly if you are 50 years or older this article is for you.

When was the last time you had a really good physical check-up from your health care provider?

General Fatigue: over the years in my practice I found that fatigue can relate to simple things such as anemia.

A serum ferritin blood test gives more information regarding iron deficiency anemia and if below 50 may contribute to fatigue. Taking an iron supplement such as ferrous fumurate is an easy fix. So in addition to a CBC ask for a serum ferritin. If your ferritin is too high that is a problem too! Low thyroid function can also contribute to fatigue so naturopathic physicians look for a TSH in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 along with checking T3 and T4. Ask for all three of these tests to

Heart Health: Measuring blood sugar, Hemoglobin A1C, CRP, homocysteine, lipids, height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure will provide useful indicators of insulin resistance which is a precursor to diabetes and cardiovascular problems.

Men: Have prostates examined and PSAs measured. If there is a fast changing PSA you want to know about it!

Women: The monthly breast exam is still best but a regular mammogram can pick up pathological breast changes such as calcifications that nothing else can.

PAP smears every three years and a yearly pelvic exam assesses the health of your uterus and ovaries. If an ovary is enlarging you want to know as early as possible.

determine your thyroid function. Your MD may only

Bowel Health: A FIT stool test done every two years

order TSH but your ND will order all three.

picks up blood in the stool that you cannot see. If de-

Liver Health: Did you know that Vancouver Island has one of the highest rates of Hepatitis C with over 985 people in the North Island living with it. You can ask

tected a colonoscopy is recommended and if there is a polyp in your colon, removing it before it is cancerous is always ideal.

for Hepatitis C screening at clinics, health units and

Cancer and heart disease are the two highest causes

hospitals. Many people are living with the virus and

of mortality in Canada. Making sure these tests are

don’t know it. Treatment with antivirals is very ef-

included in your regular check -ups helps you make

fective and if treated early prevents irreversible liver

decisions on how to change your lifestyle to improve

damage. Also ask for liver enzymes such as AST, GGT,

these parameters. Your greatest investment is your

ALT, bilirubin and LDH. Optimal liver function helps

health!

Dr. Ingrid Pincott N.D. (Retired) 778-560-4444 or drpincott@drpincott.com.

Find an ND near you at www.bcna.ca

2 6 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

H E A LT H & W E L L N E S S

GROWING UP COASTAL

Joseph McLean

This article is dedicated to my mother in law Anne Celila, a kind and generous woman who was like a second mom for our kids. Anne passed away recently, and we all miss her very much. Here is a treasured memory from our family, the story of the Surprising Anne Adventure.

his plan was approved, Kevin set off determinedly, dragging

I am a democratic dad. When we go on

“BOO!” yelled the children, and with that announcement they

our outings, I offer my sons a world of choice: the bubbling

flung open Anne’s door and marched in like they owned the

creeks of Lemony Park, the climbable relics of Willing-Beach

place. Their grandmother stared at them in wonder, well and

Trail, the legendary swing that hangs beyond the Seawalk’s

truly surprised. “It’s the Surprising Anne Adventuuuuure!”

end. I made a spreadsheet with walking & biking times to every

the children howled, drowning out the gentle music she was

known playground in Powell River, and some of the unknown

playing.

Ryan and me along with him like a maniac. We followed a perfect zigzag course, charging up hills and zooming along sidewalks, barely pausing for adventure treats. In record time we were there, tiptoeing across Anne’s yard.

ones too. More than anything, variety is the stuff of adventure.

“Well come in, come in!” Anne cried. In an instant the kids One day it was Kevin’s

were gathered round the table, eating crunchy crackers and

turn to choose. Would

regaling her with stories of their daring escapades. Soon they

it be the beaches or the

brought out binders of their artwork to show me, then their

forests, the creeks or the

favourite toys and books. It was a great tour of Anne’s House,

mountains?

adventure style.

“I choose Anne’s house!”

“I wanted to surprise you, Anne,” Kevin said softly, looking up at her with shining eyes.

But,

you

were

just

there—

“Well Kevin, you did. And you know what? You can surprise me ANY TIME.”

“It’s my turn to choose, and I choose Anne!”

She meant it too. And Kevin never forgot. He continued to demand Surprising Anne Adventures at every opportunity:

But it’s not exciting—

while going for a supposedly brief stroll, or when asked what life goals he had, or (my favourite) while returning home

“Surprising Anne is very exciting!”

from a previous Surprising Anne Adventure.

Ok, let me just check if we can drop in—

To my great regret, I did not approve every request. I should have known that no adventure destination lasts forever, and

“NO! If you tell her it won’t be a surprise!”

that seasons can change quickly, without cause or warning.

Now the thing was, Anne didn’t much care for surprises.

Still, we packed in quite a few. By bike, by scooter, by gum-

Anne liked to know what was going on. And Anne was often

boot shuffle: most of Kevin’s speed and distance records

tired in the evening, for some reason, having watched over

were set on a Surprising Anne Adventure. His first time bik-

my boys all day.

ing unassisted was down Anne’s back lane as we snuck in. He was undaunted by wind and weather, and true to his word

But Kevin was adamant. And so we set out, covertly, on the

he never asked for help. Kevin was motivated by the high-

Surprising Anne Adventure.

est ideals of adventure: the adventure of striving to share joy with the ones you care for.

It is more than 5 kilometres return to Anne’s house, and the deal was that Kevin had to get there on his own power. No

And the light in her eyes as she welcomed us in — really,

Daddy shoulders, no whining, no demands. Whatever: once

that’s no surprise at all.

Joseph McLean lives in Powell River, spending his days with two young kids, a laid-back cat, and a fantastic wife named Katie.

He has repaired a lot of computers; seen a number of mountain tops. Facebook.com/GrowingUpCoastal Photo © Joseph McLean W W W. C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E . C A

I s s u e 2 5 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | 2 7

H E A LT H & W E L L N E S S

SHIFT HAPPENS

Andrea Wagemaker

HEALING OUR

Inner Child Image © Good Studio / Adobe Stock

We all have secrets. And most of us have

It is through healing our inner child, by grieving the

some wounding tied to our inner child. There are many

wounds that we suffered, that we can change our behav-

reasons for our wounding; but regardless of whether it

ior patterns and clear our emotional baggage. We can re-

is physical or psychological abuse, a broken family, or

lease the grief with its pent-up rage, shame, terror, and

another trauma, the deepest, nagging pain will live with

pain from those feeling places which exist within us.

us for the rest of our lives. We may be reminded of the pain unexpectedly and triggered without really under-

Inner wounds that need to be healed can come from being

standing why. The subconscious mind remembers ev-

raised in a shame-based, emotionally dishonest and a hos-

erything—chances are you are playing out your past

tile environment by parents or relatives stemming back

events and feelings every day in your adult life without

from generational disease that is the human condition as

consciously being aware of it.

we have inherited it. If your parents did not know how to be emotionally honest or how to truly love themselves,

Often, the baggage we carry from our childhoods can be

there is no way that you could have learned from them.

very difficult to shake, especially when we’ve been exposed to feelings of never being good enough, or con-

Lucia Light No 3 coupled with Hypnosis shuts down the

stant judgment. This ultimately leads to attracting poor

mind chatter of your past and invites the mind to devel-

codependent relationships, feelings of sadness, and nev-

op a new positive program so that you are no longer your

er fulfilling our dreams. When we decide to look at our

worst enemy. This is when external and internal man-

inner-child work by connecting to the little boy or girl

ifestation begins and you begin to start setting bound-

within us, we can reconnect and understand some of the

aries, seeing life and other people more clearly, letting

reasons for our adult triggers, fears, and life patterns. Lis-

go of trying to control and the worrying that accompa-

tening to and communicating with the inner child is also

nies those attempts, and stopping the legacy of your past

crucial for transformation to occur. This is the magic of

with your own children. It is possible to feel your feelings

inner healing and forgiveness.

without being the victim of them or victimizing others with them once you set your mind to it.

The subconscious mind serves as a massive underground mental library, layers of permanently stored memories,

Life can be an exciting, enjoyable adventure if you stop

habits, behaviors, programming, deep-seated emotions,

reacting to it out of your childhood emotional wounds

and really everything that you have learned and experi-

and attitudes.

enced up to this point in your life.

Interested in having a session with the Lucia No. 3? Visit www.ShiftHypnotherapy.ca | 250-338-3401 Andrea Wagemaker is a Licensed Clinical Hypnotherapist and Certified Life Coach. Call now for your inner journey visit.

2 8 | C O M PA S S M A G A Z I N E | I s s u e 2 5

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H E A LT H & W E L L N E S S

EAT LOCAL

Photos Š Bud Logan

Crowberry Bud Logan

The further north you go, the lower in

picking, they sweeten up after a good chill. Up north

elevation the crowberry can be found. In Alaska, you

there are crowberries that ripen in the summer.

will find them at sea level. On Vancouver Island, you have to get up above 1000 meters to source them.

With that said, I can say that they are quite abundant and easy to find on our island mountains. The black huckleberry grows in the same area, and they are pret-

A lot of folks will say that you should cook them for a better taste and that they are not so good fresh, but I totally disagree with this. I love the taste of fresh crowberry and will stop to devour them when I find them.

ty awesome to eat as well. I hike up in Strathcona Park

The crowberry fruit can be eaten raw, and I find that

to find crowberries as its easy-going on well-main-

the flavor improves after a frost or being frozen. The

tained paths and the berries are in abundance. Crow-

Inuit and Cree believe that fruit that had spent the

berries are usually found in bogs, heaths, barrens and

winter under the snow was incredibly delicious. The

on rocky outcrops that can be found along the board-

fruit can also be used to dye furs and to make a vi-

walks on the plateau.

tamin-rich beverage. You can use the stems to make

The crowberry grows like groundcover and barely gets

braided rope, and this rope is surprisingly strong.

taller than 20cm. They form mats and are a heather

An interesting fact about the crowberry is that it pro-

like plant, prickly to the touch and the stems are cov-

duces a toxin that fights the growth of other plants.

ered by needle-like spines. The berries are black when

The leaves of the crowberry have small glands that

ripe and each has a prominent dimple on the bottom.

produce Batatasin III. When the leaves die and fall to

The berries start out red at first but ripen to a nice

the ground, they slowly break down, releasing the tox-

black color. They ripen late fall and can be found un-

in. This toxin has the power to stop other species from

der the snow, you can pick them right through the fall

growing, this is why when you find them they form

and winter, but wait for the first frost before the first

dense mats of growth.

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