20/21 Syllabus: Circular Southern Holland by complexcities

QUARTER GUIDE Q3 2020-2021 MSc2 Urbanism Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment

Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis AR2U086 & AR2U088

MSc2 Urbanism Responsible Chairs: Quarter coordinators: Course instructors: Student Assistant:

Spatial Planning & Strategy dr. Lei Qu dr. Verena Balz dr. Alexander Wandl dr. Roberto Rocco Manon Speulman

Table of contents

Colophon 2

Quarter Guide 2020-2021 Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis Version 1.0 Date: 18 January 2021

1. General information 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Theme & Background 1.3. Quarter Program 1.4. Quarter Schedule 1.5. Additional information

04 05 06 08 10 12

2. Courses 2.0. Contact Information 2.1. R&D Studio 2.2. Research & Design Methodology for Urbanism

14 15 16 32

3. Literature 3.1. R&D Studio 3.2. Spatial Development Strategies and Capita Selecta 3.3. Research & Design Methodology for Urbanism

40 42 44 45

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

1.1. INTRODUCTION Urbanism is concerned with understanding the spatial organisation and dynamics of the built environment and with inventing new ways to maintain spatial quality and equality. The MSc Urbanism education develops core knowledge and skills as a basis for innovative practical and theoretical applications. It provides students with typological knowledge and insights into urbanism tools and techniques. Urbanism at the TU Delft is a scientific design education, characterized by interaction between thinking (analysis and reflection) and doing (the speculative/intuitive imagination of spatial interventions).

Rotterdam. Photography: Pedro Maia

Regional design is the core theme of the third quarter of the MSc Urbanism curriculum. This is urbanism at a high level of scale. The way global economic powers influence social, cultural and environmental development is best sensible at this level. Global influence results in the inability to fully control spatial development. Regional design is about steering development in the right direction. Regional design - as the exploration of plausible futures - promotes and debates solutions to problems in a given context. It is a reflection on prevailing spatial conditions, political agendas and planning regimes, meant to improve good (democratic) decision-making and to inform long-term strategic planning approaches to desirable spatial change.

The responsible chair of the quarter Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis is Spatial Planning & Strategy. The 20202021 edition of the studio is prepared in collaboration with the Province of South Holland (Provincie Zuid-Holland). Results will contribute to policy development concerning a fully circular economy in South Holland in 2050 (see Provincie Zuid-Holland, 2019a). The edition builds up upon expertise acquired during the Horizon 2020 research project Resource Management in Peri-urban Areas: Going Beyond Urban Metabolism (REPAiR), funded by the European Union under the Horizon 2020 framework, and investigations by PortCityFutures, an initiative of the Leiden-Delft-Erasmus (LDE) collaboration between universities in Southern Holland.

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

Theme Regional design is concerned about agglomerations of dependent places, often stretching across multiple administrative boundaries. It considers costly public works and policies whose effects diffuse across intricate spatial networks in ways that are difficult to foresee. Imagined regional design solutions are likely to cause conflict in societal and political domains. Any design step taken needs to consider an audience of critical observers who are ready to express their stakes and defend their interests forcefully; any step requires substantive societal support and verifiable political consent. Regional design is usually a collaborative effort: practices include intense negotiation among public, private and civil actors. The motivation of the third MSc Urbanism quarter is to teach students how to design in such an ‘arena of struggle’, constituted by multiple perceptions of the built environment as well as rules and procedures to resolve conflicting interests. The third quarter of the MSc Urbanism curriculum emphasizes on (1) a comprehensive, evidence-informed understanding of regional spatial structures and development trends, (2) an understanding of interrelations among design, planning and politics and (3) communication skills that are required in collaborative decisionmaking. During the studio Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis students use this knowledge and skills to conduct a regional design. The design process leads to two products, notably (1) a spatial vision and (2) a development strategy. Products are interrelated. The vision represents a desirable spatial future; it serves as a guiding normative principle for the development strategy. The strategy sets out a path towards spatial change, by means of spatial interventions that are ordered over time and associated with

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capacities of actors in development. The course Research & Design Methodology for Urbanism focuses on a theoretical understanding of design, planning and research. Students write a research plan on the grounds of this understanding. Important criteria in the assessment of both, design and research proposals are their critical consideration of spatial and institutional circumstances and the strength of their argument for change. Background The context of the Q3 quarter is a globalized world in which there is competition for investment into economic development. The importance of regions in this competition increased in the 1980s, due to paradigmatic technological change (e.g. internet and transport technology), increasing market liberalization and integration (e.g. the emergence of the European single market) and growing cooperation across the boundaries of nation states (e.g. UN and EU). Initially autonomous regionalization brought high welfare to some metropolitan areas. New planning approaches arose from an observation of these benefits; the early 2000s saw an intense increase of policies and direct investment to enhance the economic performance of regions. In recent years negative outcomes of these measures (e.g. social segregation, a loss of cultural heritage, environmental costs, shrinkage) gained more attention. New policy concepts to balance economic, social and environmental gains and losses were developed, among them the concept of ‘circular economy’. The concept emerged as a critique on the linear model of economic growtha ‘take-make-dispose’ model that neglects environmental costs specifically. It emphasizes on a conscious use and re-use of natural resources in production and consumption circles.

Dutch polder landscape. Source: Verena Balz

1.2. THEME & BACKGROUND

SPATIAL SP S P PAT AT IIA AT ATIA A AL L ST S STRATEGIES T RA R ATE RATE T E GIE GII ES ES F FOR OR RT THE HE G HE GLOBAL LO O BA BAL LM ME METROPOLIS E TR T OP O P OL O L IS S

1.3. QUARTER PROGRAM WK1

WK2

WK3

WK4

WK5

R&D Studio

Spatial Development Strategies (SDS) Capita Selecta

Research & Design Methodology for Urbanism

Presentation moments Figure 1. Simplified Schedule Q3

Components of the quarter The R&D studio Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis is the core activity of the Q3 quarter. Students conduct a regional design in groups of 4-5 students. The thematic exercises of Spatial Development Strategies (SDS) are an integral part of the studio. Knowledge about theories and methods of regional analysis and design will be provided during lectures and applied during workshops. SDS assists in and steers studio work. The series Capita Selecta also adds to the studio. It provides students with knowledge about spatial planning and discusses relations between planning, governance and design on these grounds. Parallel to the R&D studio runs the course Research & Design Methodology for Urbanism. The course focuses on a theoretical understanding of design, planning and research. Students learn to position their work in a theoretical debate and write a research plan (figure 1).

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WK6

WK7

WK8

WK9

WK10

R&D Studio Week 1: Analysing regional planning policies; identification of key issues; group formation; initial framing of the assignment Week 2: Analysing regional flows and spatial structures; developing first ideas for a more circular development in groups Week 3: Analysis, diagnosis, framing and defining the assignment Week 4: Research and design development Week 5: Finalizing the spatial vision; midterm presentation Week 6: Defining key interventions (projects/ policies) Week 7: Development strategies: actors and timeline Week 8: Finalizing the development strategy Week 9: Finalizing and production: submitting the final report; final presentation Week 10: Assessment and feedback Spatial Development Strategies (SDS) Week 1: Pre-recorded tutorials on advanced GIS tools for regional analysis Week 2: Urban Metabolism: Mapping regional flows Week 3: Understanding regional spatial structure and analytical tools for regional design development Week 4: Q&A session on advanced GIS tools for regional analysis Week 6: Planning tools and governance in support of sustainable regional development Week 7: The Great Planning Game

Capita Selecta Week 1: Lecture series on regional design, port development, urban metabolism and transition management Week 6: Peer-review on group work Research & Design Methodology for Urbanism Week 1: The earth is round. Introductions Week 2: The idea of justice. Starting up your research / Introduction to the theory of spatial justice; Week 3: Attention, please! From problem statement to objectives / Introduction to governance / How to make just sustainability transitions happen; Week 4: I have a dream. Basics of academic writing / Visioning and values in planning; Week 5: Seeing like a state. Communication and dissemination of your work / Theory of sociotechnical and policy change / Urban impacts of major structural shocks: discussing COVID-19 implications for planning and designing spatially just cities and communities; Week 6: It’s a deal! Sustainable Development Goals and the European Green Deal: discussing the role of planning and urban design/ From policy transfer to policy translation: pitfalls of learning from best practice from elsewhere/ Presentation skills ; Week 7: Do artefacts have politics? Ethics in urban planning and design / Tutorial on report structure

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

1.4. QUARTER SCHEDULE Spring Semester (2020-2021) WK 1 MO 08/02 1 2

TU 09/02

Introduction Lecture AR2U086:

WE 10/02

TH 11/02

FR 12/02

AR2U086:Capita Selecta

AR2U086:

Selft Study

R&D Studio

AR2U086: Self Study

AR2U088

AR2U086:

Optional for studio meeting

Methodology Lecture

R&D Studio

3 4

5 6 7 8

AR2U086: Capita Selecta

AR2U086: Hand-in Self as- R&D Studio sesment & personal interests

WK 2 MO 15/02 1 2 3 4

AR2U086:

WK 6 MO 15/03 2 4

6 8

TU 16/02

WE 17/02

TH 18/02

FR 19/02

AR2U086:

Excursion

R&D Studio

SDS Lecture/Workshop

Self Study

R&D Studio

AR2U086:

AR2U088:

AR2U086:

R&D Studio

Group Work Studio

Methodology Lecture

R&D Studio

TU 16/03

WE 17/03

TH 18/03

FR 19/03

AR2U086:

AR2U086:Capita Selecta

AR2U086:

SDS Lecture/Workshop

R&D Studio

Self Study

R&D Studio

AR2U086:

AR2U088:

AR2U086:

R&D Studio

Group Work Studio

Methodology Lecture

R&D Studio

SDS Lecture/Workshop

AR2U086: Self Study

WK 7 MO 22/03 2 4

TU 23/03

WE 24/03

TH 25/03

FR 26/03

AR2U086:

SDS Lecture/Workshop

R&D Studio

Group Work Studio

Self Study

R&D Studio

AR2U086:

AR2U088:

AR2U086:

R&D Studio

Group Work Studio

Methodology Lecture

R&D Studio

FR 02/04

(Online) 5 6 7 8

WK 3 MO 22/02 1 2 3 4

6 8

TU 23/02

WE 24/02

TH 25/02

FR 26/02

AR2U086:

SDS Lecture/Workshop

R&D Studio

Group Work Studio

Self Study

R&D Studio

AR2U086:

AR2U086:S

AR2U088:

AR2U086:

Self Study

R&D Studio

Group Work Studio

Methodology Lecture

R&D Studio

Self Stud

WK 8 MO 29/03 2 4

TU 30/03

WE 31/03

TH 01/04

AR2U086:

self study

R&D Studio

Group Work Studio

self study

AR2U086:

Group Work Studio

self study

TU 06/04

WE 07/04

TH 08/04

FR 09/04

AR2U086:

AR2U086: R&D Studio

Self Study

Group Work Studio

Self Study

Final Presentations

AR2U086:

AR2U086: R&D Studio

AR2U086:

Self Study

Hand in Booklet

Self Stud

TU 13/04

WE 14/04

TH 15/04

Good Friday 5 6 7 8

WK 4 MO 01/03 1 2 3 4

6 8

TU 02/03

WE 03/03

TH 04/03

FR 05/03

AR2U086:

Self Study

R&D Studio

Group Work Studio

Self Study

R&D Studio

AR2U086:

AR2U088:

AR2U086:

SDS Lecture/Workshop

R&D Studio

Group Work Studio

Methodology Lecture

R&D Studio

AR2U088: Methodology AR2U086: Hand in Assignment

WK 9 MO 05/04 2 4

R&D Studio

Easter Monday 5 6 7 8

WK 5 MO 08/03 1 2 3

6 8

TU 09/03

WE 10/03

TH 11/03

FR 12/03

AR2U088:

AR2U086:

AR2U086: R&D Studio

Methodology Lecture

R&D Studio

Group Work studio

Self Study

Midterm Presentation

WK 10 MO 12/04 2

Grading and Feedback

Prepare for Q4 5 6 7 8

AR2U086:

Self Study

R&D Studio

Group Work studio

Self Study

Please note: Any changes in schedule and location of rooms will be informed via Brightspace

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FR 16/04 AR2U086: R&D Studio

Prepare for Q4

5 6

AR2U086:Self Study

7 8

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

Student assistant When questions concerning the organization of this MSc Urbanism quarter arise, please contact the Student assistant. Name: Manon Speulman E-mail: M.J.A.Speulman@tudelft.nl Secretariat Urbanism If students have questions about how the department of Urbanism works (e.g. who is who, what are responsibilities of staff members, where can they be found), they contact the Urbanism secretariat. Name: Danielle Hellendoorn or Margo van der Helm Room: BG West 520 & 530 Phone: 015- 2784430 E-mail: Urbanism-bk@tudelft.nl D.Hellendoorn@tudelft.nl J.M.vanderHelm@tudelft.nl Open: daily from 8.30 till 17.00 (in regular circumstances) Academic counsellors In case students face problems that cannot be solved with staff members involved in Urbanism education, they address an academic counsellor. Problems may concern personal study and life circumstances (e.g. health conditions) or circumstances that are the result of unethical behaviour of staff. The academic counsellor is independent and works on a basis of confidentiality. In case problems arise, students are advised to consult the advisor in time.

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Contact and other information on the academic counsellor (including information on special arrangements due to COVID-19) can be found online: https://www.tudelft.nl/en/student/faculties/abe-student-portal/organisation/academic-counsellors/ International Office Especially for foreign students there is a service called the International Office. Room: BG Oost 240 E-mail: Internationaloffice-bk@tudelft.nl Open: Monday, Tuesday and Thursday 12.30 13.30 (in regular circumstances) Brightspace Brightspace (https://brightspace.tudelft.nl) is the most important means of communication among students and teachers in Urbanism education. Using the Brightspace enables students to: • Exchange digital documents/information with other students; • Get announcements about courses/hear about last minute changes in schedule; • Download documents you need for the course. Updates about Corona related measures Please visit the website https://www.tudelft.nl/ en/2021/tu-delft/coronavirus/ for information on Corona related measures. Please note that the website is updated regularly.

Sustainable development in the port of Rotterdam. Source: Provincie Zuid-Holland, 2019a.

1.5. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

SPATIAL S SP PAT AT IA I A L ST S STRATEGIES TR RA AT TE EG GII E ES SF FOR OR O RT THE HE H EG GLOBAL LO L O BAL BAL M BA ME METROPOLIS E TR T R OP O P OL O L IS OLIS IS

13 1 3

Courses

2.0. CONTACT INFORMATION Coordinators MSc2 Urbanism Q3 Name : dr. Lei Qu E-mail : L.Qu@tudelft.nl Name : dr. Verena Balz E-mail : V.E.Balz@tudelft.nl Course Instructors Name : dr. Alexander Wandl E mail : A.Wandl@tudelft.nl

Rotterdam. Photography: Pedro Maia

Name : dr. Roberto Rocco E-mail : R.C.Rocco@tudelft.nl

14 14

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

Havenindustrieel complex Glastuinbouwgebied Luchthaventerrein Stedelijk centrumgebied Overige bebouwing

Logistiek overslagpunt Science Park Kenniscentrum Mainport Rotterdam Greenport Westland Oostland Greenport Boskoop Greenport Bollenstreek Greenport Aalsmeer Stedelijke ontwikkelingsruimte van bovenreg. belang Luchthaven

Betuwelijn Goederenvervoer op (inter)nationaal HOV-net (Inter)nationaal wegennet Ontbrekende schakel (inter)nationaal wegennet (Boven)regionaal wegennet Ontbrekende schakel (boven)regionaal wegennet (Inter)nationaal vaarwegennet (Boven)regionaal vaarwegennet

Water Verkeersscheidingstelsel zeevaart

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Logistic-industrial system in South Holland, source: PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2020. Introductie Omgevingsbeleid Zuid-Holland. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland.

As Mainport Rotterdam (indicatief )

2.1. R&D STUDIO AR2U086 Coordinators Name: dr. Lei Qu E mail: L.Qu@tudelft.nl Name: dr. Verena Balz E-mail: V.E.Balz@tudelft.nl Spatial Development Strategies (SDS) Name: dr. Lei Qu E-mail: L.Qu@tudelft.nl Capita Selecta Name: dr. Verena Balz E-mail: V.E.Balz@tudelft.nl R&D Studio tutors dr. Alexander Wandl, A.Wandl@tudelft.nl dr. Caroline Newton, C.E.L.Newton-1@tudelft.nl dr. Daniele Cannatella, D.Cannatella@tudelft.nl dr. Diego Andres Sepulveda Carmona, D.A.SepulvedaCarmona@tudelft.nl dr. Lei Qu, L.Qu@tudelft.nl dr. Luisa Calabrese, L.M.Calabrese@tudelft.nl dr. Marcin Dabrowski, M.M.Dabrowski@tudelft.nl dr. Nikos Katsikis, N.Katsikis@tudelft.nl dr. Remon Rooij, R.M.Rooij@tudelft.nl Course load: 280 hours Contact hours: 100 hours Independent study: 180 hours

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

2.1.1 LOCATION The region at the focus of the 2020-2021 round of the Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis studio is the province of South Holland. The province is part of the Rhine, Meuse and Schelde delta, covers roughly 3,400 km2 (including 600 km2 of water), and has a population of about 3.7 million. It encompasses the large cities of The Hague and Rotterdam, several medium-sized cities, and a great number of small cities and villages. Students are asked to consider both, the highly urbanized and peri-urban parts of the region. Highly urbanized areas are densely popu-

lated, intensely built-up and used. Peri-urban areas lie in-between these cores and are characterized by a low population density, an intermingling of built and unbuilt features and not clearly articulated, not intense and/or obsolete uses. Students are also asked to pay particular attention to the port of Rotterdam. Its core industrial complex comprises roughly 125 km2, stretching from the historical centre of the city of Rotterdam to the shores of the North Sea. Via physical relations, everyday practices, and representations, it reaches much deeper into the adjacent region though.

30 km Indication of urbanized areas in 2005 in Southern Holland. Source: Atelier Zuidvleugel.

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2.1.2 CONTEXTUAL SPATIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRENDS The thematic focus of the 2020-2021 Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis studio is informed by an ambitious policy agenda that the Province of South Holland has set out: aligned with objectives of the Dutch national government (Ministerie van I&M, 2016), it intends to host a 100% circular economy by 2050 (Provincie ZuidHolland, 2019b, Provincie Zuid-Holland, 2019a). Students will formulate spatial visions and strategy proposals that support this intended transition towards circularity. They will engage in the redesign of material flows that produce grave negative environmental externalities and that have therefore been identified to be in particular need of reform (see section ‘Thematic focus: Spatial strategies for a circular economy’ below). In order to properly position their regional designs, students are encouraged to consider a range of contextual spatial and institutional development trends. These are briefly indicated below. The port of Rotterdam – The port of Rotterdam - with a freight throughput of about 470 million tonnes among the world’s largest ports - is currently specialised in the distribution, storage, and processing of fossil raw materials, including crude oil, coal and liquid gas (Port of Rotterdam, 2019a). As evidenced by national and international agreements concerning the mitigation of climate change eﬀects (United Nations, 2016, European Commission, 2019, Ministerie van EZK, 2019), a pressing need to transform such activities has become obvious over recent years. The port’s authority, a corporation between the municipality of Rotterdam and the Dutch national government, has developed a series of strategic approaches towards a carbon-neutral port consequently. Opportunities for change are seen to emerge from in particular synergetic eﬀects be-

tween the simultaneously ongoing transitions in the realms of digitalisation, logistics, energy, and circular economy (Port of Rotterdam et al., 2019). The port’s position at a crossroad of raw material and residual flows is associated with a future international position as a ‘waste-to-value port’ (Port of Rotterdam, 2019b). Measures to foster this position concern the treatment and distribution of bio-based raw materials, recycling, and the digitalisation of logistic infrastructures and services, for instance through the ‘internet of things’, material tracking and block chain technologies. The Port of Rotterdam Authority also envisions a staged approach towards a renewable energy system, drawing on hydrogen, solar, geothermal, and biomass sources. A more eﬃcient use of energy (e.g. residual heat) and carbon capturing and storage form early milestones in this strategy. At later stages, sustainable energy production and a circular use of materials are to enhance each other in order to form one symbiotic system. Makers industries - While the Port of Rotterdam Authority foresees the transitional change of economic sectors that operate from within its territory, national, regional, and local governments, including the Province of South Holland, employ a wider and more multi-layered imagination of a future circular economy. Building upon observations of how activities in niche markets trigger transitions, the province seeks to support not only large but also small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) that profit from linking and managing material flows in innovative and smart ways (Provincie Zuid-Holland, 2019a, Provincie Zuid-Holland, 2020b). These so-called ‘makers industries’ are productive in terms of material output while carefully considering emerging scarcities of material resources (triggered by in particular emerging renewable energy systems). They are not necessarily located within large in-

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

and cultures, for instance in the distribution of statutory power, financial flows, participation in governance and decision-making, and dominant political discourses. Scholars argue that strategies aiming at a transitional change of what they call ‘petroleumscapes’, require the consideration and re-design of all these dimensions (see also PortCityFures, https://www.portcityfutures.nl/ home). Urbanisation and the development of delta landscapes – The above described contextual spatial and institutional development trends are intimately related to the emergence of a circular economy in the province of South Holland. Other trends are more generic but require consideration nevertheless.

Rotterdam Source: Pedro Maia

dustrial complexes. Depending on a multitude of various criteria – such as the proximity to consumers, material flows, infrastructures, and social activity – they also settle in dense urban areas, underused peri-urban city fringes, or rural environments (for an analysis of businesses in South Holland, see Cities of Making, 2018). Their common denominator is in their contribution to environmental, economic, and social sustainability during transitions, and in their production of synergies between transitions in diﬀerent realms. They also commonly consider scarcity of land via an appreciation of spatial qualities, re-use strategies and combinations of land-uses. The port, the city, and the region – The above described development trends demonstrate the complexities of simultaneously ongoing transitions. Observations of these intricacies have led

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to the recognition that the port of Rotterdam is not an isolated global system but - via finegrained, decentral spatial and socio-economic relations - deeply linked to its surrounding cities and regions. Authorities and governments in Southern Holland call for approaches that enhance links within a ‘maritime region’, in particular through improved proximity, accessibility, and interconnectedness between relevant economic clusters and cities (Provincie Zuid-Holland, 2021, Gemeente Rotterdam, 2018). Scholars note that links are not just composed of economic and infrastructural relations, but have historicallygrown political, social, and cultural dimensions too (Hein, 2018). These latter dimensions find spatial expressions. They are reflected in traditionalized spatial practices, building and landscape typologies, and representational spaces. They are also reflected in planning systems

After a period of stagnation, urbanisation dynamics have picked up in the Netherlands recently again. The Dutch Ministry of Interior Affairs and Kingdom Relations assumes a demand for one million new homes until 2030 (Ministerie van BZK, 2018); the Province of South Holland estimates that 230,000 of these new homes will need to be built within its territory. To guarantee that related urbanisation evolves in a sustainable way, the province has formulated an urbanisation strategy (Provincie Zuid-Holland, 2020a). This aims at the strengthening of the province’s polycentric structure, an increased use of sustainable transport and energy, and the active preservation of the province’s natural delta landscapes. The province’s ambition to only build within existing urban areas causes dilemmas and conflicts. High housing demands present strong financial incentives for developers and cities to prioritize the implementation of high-standard housing programmes wherever possible; accessible and aﬀordable working and living environments are pushed out of cities in this way. Above it was noted that the province seeks to stimu-

late the emergence of a resilient economic ecosystem of SME’s in sustainable and future-proof businesses (Provincie Zuid-Holland, 2020c, Provincie Zuid-Holland, 2020b). Promising ‘breeding grounds’ for such a system are threatened by rushed housing development too. The natural green and blue landscapes of South Holland are shaped by their low altitude: the majority of the provincial territory consists of polder landscapes that lie up to 8m below sea level. To preserve biodiversity and at the same time maintain agricultural land uses under these conditions presents increasingly intricate dilemmas too. Water management has for instance led to the subsidence of peat meadows which exposes them to oxygen and leads to the release of vast amounts of CO2 (Stuurgroep Nationaal Landschap Groene Hart, 2017). While there is agreement that such natural processes – some of them accelerated by climate change – require counter-action urgently, there is debate on how action should touch upon the traditional outlook and use of the delta landscapes.

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

2.1.3. THEMATIC FOCUS: SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR A CIRCULAR ECONOMY Economic growth and the depletion of natural resources are interrelated developments, because the dominant process underlying growth is a linear one, that converts resources into waste. During this process, which stretches from mining, to producing and consuming, and then disposing, capital is removed from the natural environment and the value of natural resources is reduced. From the industrial revolution onward, depletion has been neglected. It is only since recently that the negative environmental eﬀects of uninhibited, linear economic growth have caught public attention. Awareness is fostered by emblematic development such as the pollution of oceans by plastic. Awareness is also fostered by the growing recognition that our linear way of producing, consuming and disposing is economically unfeasible. The world’s population will grow to nine billion people by 2050. There is agreement that an exponentially growing demand, combined with the finite supply of resources, will lead to scarcity, strong price fluctuations and, eventually, crisis. According to Geldermans et al. (2018), the concept ‘circular economy’ emphasizes on environmentally and economically sustainable ways of using natural capital and resources. A circular economy is an economy that accommodates resources to flow through human-made and natural systems in renewable ways, creating or retaining value through slowed, closed or narrowed loops, rather than rapidly destructing value through the creation of waste (cfr. linear economy). This value can manifest itself in monetary principles as well as social, ecological or economic principles, taking into account potential trade-oﬀs. Important in this notion is the establishment of productionconsumption-use systems built on restorative resources in optimal flows. Optimal flows imply that

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Locations of businesses in (from top to bottom) (1) construction- and demolition, (2) agri- and horticulture, and (3) production of plastics. Source: Drift and Metabolic, 2018.

cycles are closed or connected at spatially and temporally favourable conditions, i.e. where and when most appropriate (highest possible value, possibly via cascading loops). Moreover, changes in one part of the system should not incite negative externalities. Of particular interest for this studio are impacts on spatial quality. From that perspective we also takes the notion of wastescapes (open spaces as well as built form) into consideration. Experimentation with the concept in Southern Holland has led to the identification of issues that deserve particular attention in the transition of the region towards more circularity.

large-scale use of renewable bio-based raw materials (under consideration of ‘fair share’-principles for biomass), as well as the application of a variety of supportive organisational and business models (such as leasing). During a transition period, the province wants to align eﬀorts with in particular the energy transition. It also wants to focus on mitigating negative externalities of real estate development, through for instance supporting measures that extend the life of the built environment, avoid new construction, and enhance urban mining and circular demolition through coordinated area development.

Towards a circular construction- and demolition sector - The South-Holland construction sector generates approximately € 13 billion per year, and entails around 33,000 businesses and 105,000 jobs in the building of homes, commercial buildings and roads (Drift and Metabolic, 2018). It is estimated that around 40% of all raw material flows within the provincial territory are generated by the sector and that it produces with around four million tons the largest waste stream in the region. Waste materials – in particular stony rubble - are reused but usually thereby undergo a process of down-cycling. Less than 3% of concrete granulate is turned back into concrete, for an instance. The negative balance is expected to worsen due to the ongoing energy transition. The rapid building of solar fields and wind farms - the latter for a large part on the North Sea are expected to produce massive material return flows in the future. Aligned with a series of other policy agendas (Transitieteam Circulaire Bouweconomie, 2018, Ministerie van I&M, 2016), the Province of South Holland therefore strives for a fully circular construction economy in 2050. In a dedicated strategy, it seeks for a wider, diversified and more value-sustaining re-use of construction waste, a circular design of the entire construction chain, a

Towards a circular agri-food sector -The South Holland agri-food sector covers half of the province’s surface, produces six million tons of products with a value of € 5.5 billion annually, and entailed around 16,500 businesses and 103,000 jobs in 2016 (Drift and Metabolic, 2018). The sector is an important driver of prosperity and innovation in the region but produces vast negative environmental externalities. Around one million animals consume 1.3 million tons of cattle feed yearly, and produce immense amounts of manure. Inputs such as soy, fertilizer, antibiotics, and pesticides generate a variety of serious ecological disturbance. Greenhouse horticulture, a key agri-food sector in Zuid-Holland, consumes large amounts of water and energy from fossil sources to produce food, flowers and greenery. In alignment with a dedicated national agenda (Ministerie van I&M, 2016), the province of South Holland therefore seeks for the agri-food sector’s transition towards more circularity. Focus is on a reduced use of natural resources, the closure of nutrient cycles, and the recycling of residual flows. The transition is also strongly associated with more deliberate, wider and higher-quality applications of biomass. Because biomass plays an important role in many plausible production and consumption circles, its use implies great

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

potential for an integrated circular economy. Preconditions in this context are the integration of main and green port economies, the diversification of agricultural production across the region, and new respective urban-rural relations. However, while an increased reliance of economic sectors on biomass is desirable, it is also requires scrutiny. Simultaneous use of bio-based materials for e.g. construction, energy production, and packaging may, for instance, threat food security or lead to the depletion of natural habitats. Any strategy for a circular bio-based economy – one that rests on return flows of biomass residues, often classified as organic waste - therefore needs to incorporate principles that organize the multiple claims on the materials eﬃciently and fairly. Towards a bio-based chemical sector - Besides the large-scale production of raw material by the Shell petrochemical industries, the province of South Holland hosts a number of businesses that are involved in the production of plastics. Approximately 30 companies manufacture plastics in primary form and there are major producers of plastic resins and PVC. Inhabitants and businesses in the region consume around 360,000 tons of plastic every year. Minor amounts of this waste are deposited or recycled; the vast majority (77%) is burned (Drift and Metabolic, 2018). To reform plastic cycles is therefore an important aim of the province of South Holland; as a host to multiple production sites, it ambitions to become a leading region in the transition towards a circular plastics economy. One of its main objectives is to reduce the use of plastics through oﬀering substitutes that are made of organic, preferably locally produced, raw material. Question on how and where such materials can be generated arise and how their production and processing can be linked in ways that, for an instance, benefit the port industrial complex. Another main objective

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is an improved system for the collection of plastic waste. Such a system should stimulate a diversified, more intense and more innovative reand up-cycling of collected materials, should be aligned with other material flow systems - e.g. organic waste – and should not exceed provincial boundaries (‘no leakage’).

Socio-spatial justice To mitigate social inequality that stems from spatial conditions and development is one of the core propositions of spatial planning. A variety of theoretical concepts to explain and temper an unequal distribution of spatial resources and externalities are in use in academic, policy and planning circuits. The concept of ‘spatial justice’ emphasizes the need to understand and act upon the spatial dimension of justice, both in terms of procedures that allow citizens to have a ‘voice’ and in terms of the distribution of access to the public goods that cities and regions can oﬀer. The just city, in turn, reflects the idea of a ‘right to the city’ not only in terms of equal distribution of benefits of city life but also in terms of the right to participate in the creation of the built environment. According to scholars it comprises three complementary components: democracy, diversity and equity.

pate in decision-making. Students should in any case consider concepts at an early stage of the design process. Discussion during the course Research & Design Methodology for Urbanism will support their consideration.

The above sketched spatial and institutional development trends as well as the agendas concerning the reform of particular material flows in Southern Holland imply an immense amount of competing spatial claims on land whose very existence is – often due to climate change –under threat. Trends also imply increasing competition over scarce materials. Any spatial vision and development strategy has to therefore engage with diﬃcult political choices. While formulating a vision and development strategy students in the Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis studio are asked to consider concepts to explain and temper an unequal distribution of spatial resources during transitions. Areas of practical application are manifold. They may concern substantial matters, such as access to homes and jobs, the distribution of environmental externalities, and a fair sharing of material and land resources. They may also concern procedural matters, for instance the possibility of stakeholders to particiSPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

C. van Eesteren, Polen, 1956. Source: Collectie Het Nieuwe Instituut, EEST 10 1349-18

2.1.4 ASSIGNMENT AND ASSESSMENT

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Assignment and deliverables The core assignment of the Q3 quarter is to conduct a regional design. Design proposals are formulated by groups of 4-5 students. 6-7 groups of students are assisted by 3 tutors, who have a diﬀerent expertise in design, planning and circular economy. The regional design process has two products: 1. A spatial vision for the region and its vicinity. This vision builds up upon insights into current regional development trends and problems. Against this background it promotes a desirable future that serves as a normative frame and guiding principle for development strategies. 2. An associated development strategy. This strategy consists of a series of spatial interventions in the form of key projects and/or spatial policies, a time line that orders interventions chronologically and a description of actors and organisations that are involved in bringing spatial change about. Spatial vision A first product of the regional design process is a spatial vision. A spatial vision is a normative agenda that is set out in spatial terms. It describes a desirable spatial future. A vision is persuasive; it seeks to convince, enable and engage actors of action that is required to achieve the future. The scale of visions depends on the spatial scope and stretch of underlying development trends. A vision may cover a sub-region of Southern Holland or include the area as a part of a larger agglomeration (the southern/northern Randstad, the Randstad or the Amsterdam - Rotterdam – Antwerp harbour range, for instance). A vision may be a nuanced comprehensive planning framework that can be implemented in a relatively short time span (e.g. 20 years). A vi-

sion may also be extreme: a near utopia that positions desirable development in the far future. How, for example, would the region look and work like: If all water is contained in managed circles of use and re-use? If no waste at all is allowed for? If all wasted land is integrated to urban systems. In any case a vision incorporates notions on empirically observable development trends, a normative (political) agenda and core planning principles to achieve imagined futures. Through these components a vision informs a development strategy: concrete steps to be taken in the desired direction over time. Development strategy A second product of the regional design process is a development strategy. In outline a development strategy identifies concrete action to be taken in the light of a vision. This strategy is composed of three parts, notably (1) a definition of spatial interventions, (2) an ordering of interventions over a time line and (3) a critical inventory of actors and organisations that are involved in bringing spatial change about. • Spatial interventions are strategic projects (direct investment in spatial change) and/or policies (generally applicable rules for spatial development, concerning e.g. densities, land-uses, sustainability standards). Based on the knowledge that students gain during thematic exercises and lectures they decide upon the most appropriate spatial interventions for achieving a vision. • A time line orders spatial interventions over time. Ordering considers certainties and uncertainties during the implementation of a vision. It results in a resilient approach: one that is robust in respect to contextual changes that cannot be controlled, such as the unexpected pandemic of COVID-19. Scenario techniques are appropriate instruments to develop such an approach.

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•

An inventory of actors and organisations aims at a positioning of development strategies in an institutional context. Which actors agree and disagree on intended development? What are their resources and capacities to enhance or obstruct change? How does a design relate to their existing plans and policies?

Objectives This regional design quarter has a variety of educational objectives. Objectives are based on the final attainment levels of the MSc Urbanism programme at the Delft University of Technology. The following exit qualifications have been designated to the quarter: • Ability to convert a programme into a design. • Insight into the origin of location patterns. • Ability to relate the development of a concept to human relationship patterns and standards. • Skills in urban design and planning research in project preparation. • Ability in urban analysis, planning and design. • Ability to evaluate designs against norms and regulations with respect to form, function, implementation, development costs and the environment. • Knowledge of the organization, resources and tools of spatial planning. • Oral, written and graphic presentation skills. • Insight into decision-making procedures and processes. • Ability to define and formulate an assignment, based on a well-funded analysis and ambition. Assessment Students work in groups of 4-5 on a regional design. Their products (a vision and development strategy) demonstrate that students can:

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•

• •

•

Understand the complexity, multiscalarity and uncertainty of regional spatial development; can consider the limitations that these conditions set to regional planning and design. Explain the ethical issues involved in the activity of planning and designing for people. Formulate and argue for a comprehensive regional vision, drawing on commonly shared values and norms, evident regional spatial development and appropriate planning principles. Understand the basic roles and instruments of strategic spatial planning in delivering public good, spatial quality and equality and sustainable regional spatial development. Justify a vision and development strategy conceptually, making use of theoretical notions and an understanding of how theory and practice interact. Convert a vision into a regional development strategy that is relevant and feasible in a given institutional context and robust in respect to uncertainties of long-term regional development; can estimate a fair distribution of costs and benefits among stakeholders involved. Use communication media that are eﬀective in collaborative decision-making (visualize design proposals clearly, consistently and persuasively, using images and text); can engage in critical debate. Understand and critically reflect on roles and impacts of regional design in/on inclusive planning decision-making.

Formats The vision and development strategy are presented in various formats of deliverables: 1. Oral presentations: midterm and final presentation. 2. Final report: this is a shared product be-

tween the R&D studio and the course Research & Design Methodology for Urbanism, assessed with diﬀerent criteria. The final report will be used in online exhibition after the quarter finishes. An individual reflection (500 words): It is written by individual students. Writing describes and evaluates the regional design process by the group in the studio. The reflection makes use of knowledge gained during the SDS lecture/workshop series and the series Capita Selecta. This individual reflection will be placed in the appendix of the final report.

Assessment strategy for studio work* The assignment of the studio is based on group work. However, the assessment will also consider individual performance. The grade for studio work includes these parts: • Vision: group grade, counts for 40%, • Strategy: group grade, counts for 30%, • Group performance: debating and presentation skills, spatial visualisation, counts for 10%, • Individual performance: reflection on the regional design process and individual performance in team work (peer review will be used as a tool for assessing the performance of students in team work): 20%. * See the rubric on brightspace for assessment criteria

2.1.5 SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES (SDS) This course element provides theories and methods of regional analysis, planning and design, focusing on strategic spatial development strategies steering city regions towards sustainable future scenarios. It provides knowledge and skills for students to conduct regional design, and students are required to actively apply what they have learned from the SDS sessions to their studio work. Cities and regions are in complex processes of transformation, facing opportunities and challenges brought by on-going trends of economic globalization, migration, climate change, energy transition, and so on. In the light of sustainable development, visions and strategies are needed for regional planning and design, to promote positive changes to city regions involving the public sectors, the private sectors and the civil society, linking social, economic and environmental factors through scales. Coping with such complexity of a region in the R&D studio in one quarter’s time is a challenging task. The SDS sessions, in combination with studio tutorials, will help students overcome this challenge and understand strategic planning approaches. Besides, these sessions will guide the work flow in the R&D studio: What are the ongoing trends and issues at hand? How to analyse/interpret the regional spatial structure and the flows of people and materials? What are the more desirable future scenarios and how do they look like? What are the regional strategies that could direct transformation processes towards these scenarios, seeing the unintended outcome of deliberate actions by individuals and agencies? How to formulate spatial policies and strategic projects in line with such regional strategies?

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The course element includes 5 sessions. A more detailed program will become available on Brightspace prior to the sessions. Week 1: Pre-recorded tutorials on advanced GIS tools for regional analysis (no scheduled lectures/workshops) Week 2: Urban Metabolism: Mapping regional flows Week 3: Understanding regional spatial structure and analytical tools for regional design development Week 4: Q&A session on advanced GIS tools for regional analysis Week 6: Planning tools and governance in support of sustainable regional development Week 7: The Great Planning Game

2.1.6 CAPITA SELECTA The lecture series Capita Selecta introduces spatial planning as an approach that seeks to resolve pressing socio-spatial problems in regions while simultaneously considering the divergent concerns and voices that any intervention in the built environment will cause and raise. Experiences from in particular Dutch spatial planning, and territorial governance are used to demonstrate how spatial planning can succeed and what the roles of visions, strategies and designs are in the endeavour. The main aim of the series is to assist students in the formulation of critical regional design proposals. To use design-led approaches in the realm of planning is a well-established practice in the Netherlands. Design, as an exploration of desirable spatial futures, is expected to enhance the technical quality and comprehensiveness of plans, to clarify and mediate political agendas, to increase organisational capacities for desirable spatial change and to improve the eﬃciency and legitimacy of planning. However, interrelations between design and planning are diverse, change over time and place and in accordance to diﬀerent planning systems, cultures and traditions. To let designs perform in politics and planning requires a sophisticated understanding of existing planning regimes and a detailed anticipation of the relevance of designs in this context. By introducing exemplary design and planning approaches, the series enables students to foresee the kinds of agreements and controversies that their designs may cause as well as to invent design-led approaches to the resolution of conflict. The series includes 6 lectures and debates. These will be given during week 1 of the quarter, in order to prepare students for their assignment. Be-

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sides, one extra session in week 6 on group work is not content related, but will help students to reflect on the process of regional design development in the studio team. A more detailed program will become available on Brightspace prior to the sessions. Week 1: Planning and design challenges in Southern Holland The practices of regional design in Southern Holland Transition management towards a more circular economy in Southern Holland The port and the city-region Landscape-based Dutch regional design Urban Metabolism Rotterdam Week 6: Peer-review on group work

2.1.7 DIDACTICS The pedagogic model of this quarter is based on observations of how regional design is used in practice. Regional design is an explorative search for solutions to complex problems in the built environment. It is shaped by iterations of research/analysis, design and reflection. Regions are ‘fuzzy’ spatial constructs; they usually lack clear spatial boundaries and are composed of multiple dependencies that stretch over a variety of scales. Students are encouraged to deal with this nature of regions through a continuous engagement with multiple scales. Regional design proposals derive meaning from a spatial and institutional context. A recognition of spatial, social and societal development trends, prevailing planning and political systems and existing institutions is essential in the making and positioning of designs. Recognition is enhanced by frequent critical discussion. Regional design is a collaborative eﬀort. Students distribute roles and tasks throughout the design process. They share and discuss knowledge and ideas voluntarily. The regional design process is started by an analysis of regional spatial structure and planning policy in the Southern Holland region in week 1. Analysis is carried out by individual students who contribute to larger and shared knowledge base. In week 2 initial design ideas and concepts are developed on the ground of this knowledge base and by groups of students. In the weeks thereafter ideas and concepts are further developed into a vision, based on analysis and diagnosis of issues. After the mid-term presentation, from week 6 onward the making of a development strategy stands central. To achieve good end results a distribution of roles and tasks is specifically essential in this phase. Tutors encourage distribution actively.

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2.2. RESEARCH & DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR URBANISM AR2U088 Instructors Name: dr. Roberto Rocco E-mail: R.C.Rocco@tudelft.nl Name: dr. Marcin Dabrowski Email: M.M.Dabrowski@tudelft.nl

Student drawing from the course of Research & Design Methodology for Urbanism

Course Load: 140 hours Contact Hours: 32 hours Independent Study: 108 hours

32 3 2

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Objectives and guiding principles The course Methodology for Urbanism runs parallel to the Q3 studio. It is one of the central elements of the quarter. It prepares you to do academic research that will support and provide a solid theoretical foundation for your work in the studio. The course has two components: 1. It will give you an introduction on fundamental research skills, help you to build a conceptual framework, and teach you how to organise and write an academic report (this is fundamental knowledge also for your graduation project!). 2. Moreover, the course will introduce you to some of the key theoretical issues underpinning much of the current debates in urbanism, including topics of socio-spatial justice and transitions to sustainability. This course is diﬀerent to the studio because here you will focus on traditional academic research skills and methods, which complement the less traditional and designerly forms of research you will use in the studio. This connection between traditional and non-traditional (design-based) forms of research is one of the characteristics of education and research in the Department of Urbanism of the TU Delft. In connection with the first component (organisation of the report and conceptual framework), the methodology course will help you: • EXPLAIN what a conceptual framework is; • BUILD a conceptual framework that will sus¬tain your research and design in Q3; • IDENTIFY a community of authors and practitioners who write about the core ideas of your theoretical framework; • DESIGN, ORGANIZE and WRITE an academic report, in which you will describe what are the main questions you will seek to answer in Q3 and the best meth¬ods to answer them; • EXPLAIN the values connected to and the

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ethical issues involved in the activity of plan¬ning and designing for people and explain what public goods are created with your design and strategy. In connection with the second component (sociospatial justice and sustainability), the methodology course will help you: • EXPLAIN main issues of socio-spatial justice and sustainability in relation to issues of socio-technical transitions in urban and regional design and development; • BUILD upon those concepts to formulate your research questions, your conceptual framework, and your objectives; • CRITICALLY ASSESS issues of urban and regional planning and design using ideas connected to those concepts and to ethical concerns in planning and design. In other words, formulating a regional design that includes those concepts is a task you will carry out in the studio. The methodology course can help you clarify those concepts and make them operational. Being able to formulate your own problem state¬ment, research questions and methodology is one of the goals of the Urbanism Master. You should be able to design your research in a sound way. The conceptual framework is the foundation on which the whole research and design are based. Following Kurt Lewin’s maxim “There is nothing as practical as a good theory”, you will be able to build up your conceptual framework in order to be able to address practical spatial problems. This is because a theory is a “knowledge framework”, around which you can build your own ideas, be inventive and innovative, and add to existing knowledge (instead of reinventing the wheel).

Another issue we put a lot of emphasis on is COMMUNICATION. Today’s planning and design are about your ability to do research on the pressing societal issues of our time, and to co-create with stakeholders. Communication skills are central to planners and designers today. The guiding concepts underlying this course are: • Urbanism is a trans-disciplinary field of study and practice and there are different logics of enquiry involved belonging to the human sciences, to the physical sciences and to design. These logics of inquiry conceive questions and methods differently. It is necessary to clarify these different logics of inquiry, their different questions and methods, and how they can work together, in order to be able to do research in Urbanism. • The model of knowledge-building used in this course is communicative/inter-subjective. We assume that all knowledge is constructed inter-subjectively. Knowledge needs to be communicated, discussed, challenged in order to be validated, tested, and integrated in existing knowledge. Hence the emphasis on communication. • There are different ways to achieve knowledge and students and teachers need to discuss and clarify which ones are valid, relevant, ethical and effective for Urbanism. For instance, there are different ways to do research in design-based practice: how to connect design research with other (more academic) ways of doing research? Ultimately, the course operates as an introduction to several issues you will have to deal with in your academic and professional life, such as: • Issues of validity and relevance of knowledge; • Underpinning of claims in spatial planning and design;

• • •

Integration of research and practice; Integration of text and image (communication); Formulation and communication of original knowledge.

The normative theoretical dimension Apart from research skills, the methodology course introduces a set of theories that underpin the planning and design activity: sustainability and socio-spatial justice. These two areas of study are at the core of planning and designing for people today, and are connected to the current trends in planning theory and practice, especially the ‘communicative turn in planning’ described by scholars such as Patsy Healey and John Forester: a way of doing planning that relies heavily of ‘communicative rationality’. While theory is covered in other courses, in the methodology course we introduce the basic paradigms, so that you have a theoretical foundation to apply the academic research skills we wish to introduce to you in relation to the practical design assignment of the studio. In discussing theories of sustainability and spatial justice, we will also develop ideas about ethics and your role as a planner and designer in society. Mission Our mission is to help students develop a critical mind to be able to assess and act on spatial development and design issues in an increasingly complex world. We do this by: • Discussing the role of theories for design and planning practice; • Clarifying the ways in which theories are translated into practice in diﬀerent domains (notably in the social sciences, in the physical sciences and in the design and planning practices);

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•

Clarifying the role and the importance of design for planning practices and vice-versa and; Promoting active engagement of students in discussions, simulations and role-playing games.

Evidence-based Urbanism One of our claims is that planners and urban designers sometimes have an irrational belief in the eﬀectiveness of their own ideas, often without evidence or research that supports them. This often leads to false claims about the eﬀectiveness of plans and designs. By enabling you to reflect on the relationships between research, design and planning, we expect you will be more rigorous and responsible in your practice. We also expect you will reflect on your role in the society and the ethical dimensions of the profession. We want you to do “evidence-based” urbanism that is also creative and innovative.

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Course structure The course is organised in seven interactive sessions, each of them blending methodological and theoretical content, covered in lectures, debates, and groups exercises. The structure is as follows: WEEK 1 (11 FEB): THE EARTH IS ROUND. Introductions / Introduction to philosophy of science / Introduction to sustainability (environmental, economic and social) / sustainability transitions; WEEK 2 (18 FEB): THE IDEA OF JUSTICE. Starting up your research / Building up your methodology and choosing research methods / Conceptual framework/ Introduction to the theory of spatial justice; (guest: dr Caroline Newton) WEEK 3 (25 FEB): ATTENTION, PLEASE! From problem statement to research and design objectives / Introduction to governance / How to make just sustainability transitions happen; WEEK 4 (4 MAR): I HAVE A DREAM. Basics of academic writing / Visioning and values in planning; WEEK 5 (8 MAR): SEEING LIKE A STATE. Communication and dissemination of your work / Theory of socio-technical and policy change / Urban impacts of major structural shocks: discussing COVID-19 implications for planning and designing spatially just cities and communities; WEEK 6 (18 MAR): IT’S A DEAL! Sustainable Development Goals and the European Green Deal: discussing the role of planning and urban design/ From policy transfer to policy translation: pitfalls of learning from best practice from elsewhere/ Presentation skills ; WEEK 7 (25 MAR): DO ARTEFACTS HAVE POLITICS? Ethics in urban planning and design / Tutorial on report structure / (guest: Professor Filippo Santoni de Sio, TBM).

Assessment You will need to write a research and design report for the studio, comprising different elements that will be carefully explained to you. You will also be given a template to follow. This report is your final report for the whole Quarter 3, where you are going to explain the context in which your project happens, reveal what problems, issues or opportunities you have identified, the theories and concepts you are using, the methods you are employing and the relevance of your work, among other items. All the work will be done in the same group as the studio and you will be graded as a group. For this reason, it is important that you solve problems concerning potential “free riders” as soon as possible: the workload must be fairly shared among members of the group. Within the report, there are 3 different elements that will be assessed separately: • The academic structure and quality of the report as a whole, including academic writing skills, citations, references, sourcing, etc; • The group reflection on ethics, values and public goods (part of the report above); • The conceptual framework (also part of the report above). The conceptual framework is a chapter of the report you will write following academic conventions. These conventions will be explained to you. A conceptual framework refers to how you understand and apply several complementary / integrated theories in your work. In order to do any research and design on complex urban issues, you will need to read a bunch of different authors. These authors work with different theories. As we have already explained, theories are “systems of ideas” that explain something in

terms of general principles. What is important for you to know is that a ‘theory’ doesn’t come from thin air. It is based on a hypothesis about a certain observable phenomenon, the testing of that hypothesis and the formulation of generic principles that may or may not apply to other similar cases. In your work, you will probably work with several theories at the same time, and you will probably wish to integrate them and apply them to your work. The explanation of this process is called “conceptual framework”. Apart from the main product (the final Q3 report), you will also need to deliver one exercise per session of the Methodology course. The exercises are individual and have a double function: they serve as an incentive for you to be present in all seven methodology sessions and they prepare you to deliver elements of the final report. Deliverables • Report = 50% of the grade; [a rubric is provided to you separately] • Reflection on ethical issues, values and public goods addressed (part of the report): 10% of the grade; • Conceptual framework (part of the report): 30% of the grade; • Eight in-class exercises: 10% of the grade (the minimum number of exercises submitted to pass the course is 6). You need the grade of the Methodology Course to be able to go the graduation year.

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Methodology of Urbanism: Triangulation of input, output and assessment

Learning outcomes

Session

Output

Assessment

Learning outcomes EXPLAIN what a conceptual framework is;

Session SESSIONS 1, 2

Output Chapter in final report

BUILD a conceptual framework that will sustain your research and design in Q3; IDENTIFY a community of authors and practitioners who write about the core ideas of your theoretical framework; DESIGN, ORGANIZE and WRITE an academic report, in which you will describe what are the main questions you will seek to answer in Q3 and the best methods to answer them; EXPLAIN the values connected to and the ethical issues involved in the activity of planning and designing for people and explain what public goods are created with your design and strategy. EXPLAIN main issues of socio-spatial justice and sustainability in relation to issues of socio-technical transitions in urban and regional design and development; BUILD upon those concepts to formulate your research questions, your conceptual framework, and your objectives; CRITICALLY ASSESS issues of urban and regional planning and design using ideas connected to those concepts and to ethical concerns in planning and design.

SESSIONS 1, 2, 7

Chapter in final report

Assessment 30% of the grade evaluated in report. Rubric is available. same as above

ALL SESSIONS

Whole Report

50% of the grade

ALL SESSIONS

Whole Report

Same as above

SESSIONS 1, 2, 5, 6

Section in report with 10 % of the grade ethical and values reflection

SESSIONS 1, 2, 4, 6

Same as above

SESSION 2, 3, 7

Whole Report

50% of the report

ALL SESSIONS

Whole Report

same as above

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The research plan detailed The research plan leads to a final report for Q3 [group work]. The research plan and final report must contain the following elements: • a. Title and explanatory subtitle; • b. 300-word abstract; • c. 5 relevant keywords; • d. An in-depth introduction to the problem (issue/ challenge/ opportunity) you are tackling and to the context where this problem occurs; • e. A problem statement summarising the issue tackled (this is a summartu of the issues at hand); • f. Objectives of the research (what does you want to know?) and objectives of the design task (how do you think you can respond to the issue at hand?); • g. A main research question and sub research questions derived from the problem statement and objectives. The research questions must be concise, well formulated and answerable; • h. A conceptual framework (or an explanation of the field of ideas and theories pertaining to the issue at hand, how you integrate them and how you USE them) [30% of the final grade]; • i. A set of scientific and design methods connected to the questions raised and that help you answer those questions; • j. The values, ethical issues, the societal contribution of the work at hand and a reflection on democracy and the implementation of your project [10% of the final grade]; • k. The scientific contribution of the work; • l. Recommendations for further research/ reflection on gaps in your own research; • m. A time frame for the work at hand (planning);

•

n. A bibliography (references used and references needed to complete the work);

Eight in-class exercises that must be completed during the sessions in Q3 [individual] [10% of the final grade].

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Rotterdam. Photography: Pedro Maia

Literature 40 40

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3.1 R&D STUDIO Students are required to position their design in the Southern Holland policy context. The below listed selection of policy documents includes the most important current visions of national and provincial governments in the Southern Holland region, and documents concerning the intended use of the concept ‘circular economy’ by planning actors. Obligatory literature DRIFT & METABOLIC 2018. Zuid-Holland Circulair: Verkenning van Grondstofstromen en Handelingsopties voor de Provincie. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. METABOLIC 2018. Circulaire Indicatoren: Een Verkenning voor de Provincie Zuid-Holland. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. PORT OF ROTTERDAM 2019. International position as Waste-to-Value Port: Rotterdam circular hub for raw materials transition. Position paper. Rotterdam: Havenbedrijf Rotterdam N.V. PORT OF ROTTERDAM, RIJKSOVERHEID, PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND, GEMEENTE ROTTERDAM & DELTALINGS 2019. Havenvisie Rotterdam. Rotterdam: Port of Rotterdam. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2020. Introductie Omgevingsbeleid Zuid-Holland. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2019. Strategie om te Komen tot een Circulair Zuid-Holland. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2019. Circulair ZuidHolland - Samen Versnellen. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland.

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Recommended reading CITIES OF MAKING 2018. Cities of Making. Cities Report. Brussels: Cities of Making (CoM). ECORYS 2019. Zuid-Holland Circulair in 2050: Een verkennende Studie naar de sociale Gevolgen. Rotterdam: ECORYS. ERASMUS CENTRE FOR URBAN PORT AND TRANSPORT ECONOMICS 2018. Circulaire Macro Economische Scenario’s voor de provincie ZuidHolland. Rotterdam: Erasmus Centre for Urban, Port and Transport Economics (UPT). GEMEENTE ROTTERDAM 2018. Verkenning Omgevingsvisie Rotterdam. Rotterdam: Gemeente Rotterdam. MINISTERIE VAN BZK 2020. National Strategy on Spatial Planning and the Environment. A sustainable perspective for our living environment The Hague: Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (BZK). MINISTERIE VAN I&M 2016. Nederland Circulair in 2050. Rijksbreed programma Circulaire Economie. Den Haag: Ministerie van I&M. MINISTERIE VAN I&W 2019. Uitvoeringsprogramma Circulaire Economie 2019-2023. The Hague: Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat (I&W). PORT OF ROTTERDAM 2019. Feiten & Cijfers. Een Schat aan Informatie. Make it Happen. Rotterdam: Havenbedrijf Rotterdam N.V. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2020. Contouren Verstedelijkingsstrategie Zuid-Holland. Conceptversie 0.6 – 12 november 2020. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland.

PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2020. Groeiagenda Samen investeren in duurzaam verdienvermogen en werkgelegenheid. The Hague: Provincie ZuidHolland. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2020. Impact coronacrisis Zuid-Holland - een scenario analyse. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. TNO 2019. De Gevolgen van de Transitie naar een circulaire Economie op de Werkgelegenheid in de Provincie Zuid-Holland. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland (PZH). TRANSITIETEAM CIRCULAIRE BOUWECONOMIE 2018. Transitieagenda Circulaire Bouweconomie. The Hague: Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO). TRANSITIETEAM MAAKINDUSTRIE 2018. De Transitie naar een Circulaire Economie voor de Maakindustrie. The Hague: Ministerie van Infrastructuur & Waterstaat (I&W).

Websites The below listed websites give access to important general information concerning the Southern Holland region and applications the concept of ‘circular economy’. Additional maps and links to online mapping resources are available via Brightspace. TU Delft Maps: https://www.tudelft.nl/en/library/collections/ map-room/ National Geo-register (Nationaal Georegister, PDOK): https://geodata.nationaalgeoregister.nl/ Spatial plans in NL: http://www.ruimtelijkeplannen.nl/web-roo/roo/ index Planning in the province of South Holland: https://www.zuid-holland.nl/onderwerpen/ Nationale Omgevingsvisie (NOVI): https://www.denationaleomgevingsvisie.nl/ home/default.aspx Historical information NL: http://www.topotijdreis.nl/ Statisic data NL: https://www.cbs.nl/ Employment and economy facts & figures NL: https://www.lisa.nl/home Dutch environmental assessment agency (Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving) https://www.pbl.nl/ PortCityFutures: https://www.portcityfutures.nl/home History of ports: https://www.portcityfutures.nl/news/port-cityhistory-lectures EU regulation concerning waste: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

3.2 SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES (SDS) AND CAPITA SELECTA The below listed literature supports an understanding of content discussed during the SDS workshops and the Capita Selecta lecture series. All students are required to read the literature as it informs their ‘individual reflection’. Obligatory literature BOSMAN, R., LOORBACH, D., ROTMANS, J. & VAN RAAK, R. 2018. Carbon lock-out: Leading the fossil port of Rotterdam into transition. Sustainability, 10, 2558. HEIN, C. 2018. Oil spaces: The global petroleumscape in the Rotterdam/The Hague Area. Journal of Urban History, 44, 887-929. NIJHUIS, S. 2017. Cultivating urban regions through design. In: CATTANEO, E. & ROCCA, A. (eds.) Future landscapes. European experiences in landscape design and urbanism. Milano: Politechnico Milano, Dipartimento di Architettura e Studi Urbani / Regione Lombardia. TILLIE, N., KLIJN, O., FRIJTERS, E., BORSBOOM, J. & LOOIJE, M. (eds.) 2014. Urban Metabolism. Sustainable Development of Rotterdam, Rotterdam: International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam. VAN DER LEER, J., VAN TIMMEREN, A. & WANDL, A. 2018. Social-ecological-technical systems in urban planning for a circular economy: An opportunity for horizontal integration. Architectural Science Review, 61, 298-304.

Recommended reading AMENTA, L. & VAN TIMMEREN, A. 2018. Beyond Wastescapes: Towards Circular Landscapes. Addressing the Spatial Dimension of Circularity through the Regeneration of Wastescapes. Sustainability, 10, 4740.

3.3 RESEARCH & DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR URBANISM

BALZ, V. E. & ZONNEVELD, W. A. M. 2015. Regional design in the context of fragmented territorial governance: South Wing Studio. European Planning Studies, 23, 871-891.

CAMPBELL, S. D. 2013. Sustainable development and social justice: Conflicting urgencies and the search for common ground in urban and regional planning. Michigan Journal of Sustainability, 1, 75–91.

MANG, P. & REED, B. 2012. Regenerative Development and Design. In: MEYERS, R. A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. New York, NY: Springer New York. VAN DER BRUGGE, R. & VAN RAAK, R. 2007. Facing the adaptive management challenge: insights from transition management. Ecology and Society, 12, 1-15. WILLIAMS, J. 2019. Circular cities. Urban Studies, 0042098018806133.

Obligatory literature These texts that are essential reading for the Methodology component.

European Commission 2019. European Green Deal: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic & Social Committe and the Committee of the Regions. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/ info/files/european-green-deal-communication_ en.pdf

ban Normal: Urban Sustainability and Resilience Post COVID-19. Delft: Delft University of Technology. Available at: https://indd.adobe.com/ view/14a0d453-d53e-4b76-9748-d0c885cd78ea ROCCO, R., NEWTON, C., D’ALENÇON, L. M. V., WATT, A. v. d., BABU, G., CARADONNA, G., PESSOA, I. T. 2021. A Manifesto for the Just City. Delft: Delft University of Technology. Available at: https://indd.adobe.com/view/ec0216cc7510-45b7-8e02-359223e76c8c UN 2020. SDGs Global Dashboard: Explore, Monitor and Visualise SDGs Data. Available at:http:// www.sdgsdashboard.org UN-Habitat 2019. SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and human settelements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/goal-11/

FORESTER, J. 1987. Planning in the face of conflict: Negotiation and mediation strategies in local land use regulation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(3), 303–314. HEALEY, P. 1996. The communicative turn in planning theory and its implications for spatial strategy formation. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 23, 217-234. DIETZ, T., OSTROM, E., & STERN, P. C. 2003. The Struggle to Govern the Commons. Science, 302(5652), 1907-1912. PLØGER, J. 2001. Public participation and the art of governance, Environment and Planning B; Planning and Design, 28(1996), 219–241. ROCCO, R., NEWTON, C., D’ALENCON, L. M. V., PESSOA, I. T., & WATT, A. v. d. 2021. The New Ur-

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References CITIES OF MAKING 2018. Cities of Making. Cities Report. Brussels: Cities of Making (CoM). DRIFT & METABOLIC 2018. Zuid-Holland Circulair: Verkenning van Grondstofstromen en Handelingsopties voor de Provincie. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2019. The European Green Deal. COM(2019) 640 final. Brussels: European Commission. GELDERMANS, R. J., WANDL, A., STEENMEIJER, M. A., FURLAN, C., STREEFLAND, T., FORMATO, E., ..... & IODICE, S. 2018. REPAiR: REsource Management in Peri-urban AReas: Going Beyond Urban Metabolism: D3.3 Process model for the two pilot cases: Amsterdam, the Netherlands & Naples, Italy. xxxx: xxxx. GEMEENTE ROTTERDAM 2018. Verkenning Omgevingsvisie Rotterdam. Rotterdam: Gemeente Rotterdam. HEIN, C. 2018. Oil spaces: The global petroleumscape in the Rotterdam/The Hague Area. Journal of Urban History, 44, 887-929. MINISTERIE VAN BZK 2018. Nationale woonagenda. Den Haag: Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties (BZK). MINISTERIE VAN EZK 2019. Klimaatakkoord. The Hague: Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat (EZK). MINISTERIE VAN I&M 2016. Nederland Circulair in 2050. Rijksbreed programma Circulaire Economie. Den Haag: Ministerie van I&M. PORT OF ROTTERDAM 2019a. Feiten & Cijfers. Een Schat aan Informatie. Make it Happen. Rotterdam: Havenbedrijf Rotterdam N.V. PORT OF ROTTERDAM 2019b. International position as Waste-to-Value Port: Rotterdam circular hub for raw materials transition. Position paper. Rotterdam: Havenbedrijf Rotterdam N.V. PORT OF ROTTERDAM, RIJKSOVERHEID, PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND, GEMEENTE ROTTERDAM

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& DELTALINGS 2019. Havenvisie Rotterdam. Rotterdam: Port of Rotterdam. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2019a. Circulair Zuid-Holland - Samen Versnellen. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2019b. Strategie Om Te Komen Tot Een Circulair Zuid-Holland. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2020a. Contouren Verstedelijkingsstrategie Zuid-Holland. Conceptversie 0.6 – 12 november 2020. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2020b. Groeiagenda - Samen investeren in duurzaam verdienvermogen en werkgelegenheid. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2020c. Impact coronacrisis Zuid-Holland - een scenario analyse. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. PROVINCIE ZUID-HOLLAND 2021. Ontwerp Omgevingsvisie Zuid-Holland Deel 1. Gewijzigd ontwerp GS 11 januari 2021. The Hague: Provincie Zuid-Holland. STUURGROEP NATIONAAL LANDSCHAP GROENE HART 2017. Perspectief Groene Hart 2040. Utrecht: Programmabureau Groene Hart. TRANSITIETEAM CIRCULAIRE BOUWECONOMIE 2018. Transitieagenda Circulaire Bouweconomie. The Hague: Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO). UNITED NATIONS 2016. Paris Agreement. Paris: United Nations.

Acknowledgements The 2020 - 2021 edition of the studio Spatial Strategies for a the Global Metropolis is prepared in collaboration with the Province of South Holland. The edition builds up upon expertise acquired during the Horizon 2020 research project Resource Management in Peri-urban Areas: Going Beyond Urban Metabolism (REPAiR), funded by the European Union under the Horizon 2020 framework, and investigations by PortCityFutures, an initiative of the Leiden-Delft-Erasmus (LDE) collaboration between universities in Southern Holland.

SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR THE GLOBAL METROPOLIS

48 URBANISM Source image cover page: Ramaiah Perumalsamy, G.B., Górz, M. & Aerts, M. 2020. Energy Commons. Report ‘R&D Studio Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis’. TU Delft.

20/21 Syllabus: Circular Southern Holland

Articles inside

1. General information

2. Courses

2.0. Contact Information

1.4. Quarter Schedule

2.1. R&D Studio

1.5. Additional information