STUDYING PUBLIC SPACE AND PUBLIC LIFE IN THE CASE OF MAPUTO, MOZAMBIQUE
Showcasing the disconnection between cultural identity and colonially designed public spaces in Maputo Historical remark: cementing the colonial and informal
High rise development
Creation of first urban structure. Directed by Joaquin de Araújo.
- attacts to the periphery > peri-urban population move to free inward safe urban areas
Municipal assemblies to keep guidelines of Freelimo 3rd congress. South Africa reneged on labour and transport related agreements
- cutting off energy and rail-road transport -undermine city economy -people flocking to city for refuge. REFUGEE CRISIS
Maputo province Problematic floods
2008
2000
PEUMM . Urban structure Plan for the Municipal Administration of Maputo.
2002
1999
1990
2003
Eneas Comiche. Positive influence
PEM-Urban plan for the city
1985
1960
“Plano Aguiar” PGULM-Plano General de Urbanizaçao de Lourenço Marques. Arquitecto F. Mesquita
Close the trading company Lourenço Marques and Inhambe (responsible of slavery trade)
-war affects city directly
Matola incorporated to the city (3rd larger city after Lourenço Marques and Beira)
1952 1954
1940
1930
1925
1929
1912
1903
1915
1898
“suburbios” in between the industrial zones. -Government “laissez-faire” attitude -Houses non permanent-cheap
LATEST PART OF 1980
Lourenço Marques renamed Maputo by the Freelimo party. Period of turbulence with exodus of Portuguese population and inward migration from the surroundings
1987
Capital of the colony
1895 1892
1878
1868 1870
1857
1833 1835
1876 1877
Public constructions expedition by Joaquín José Nachado
Wars with Nguni people
1825
1799
Portuguese occupation by military force named Lourenço Marques
1782
1781
The Portuguese build a prison
1721
1540
1502
Delagoa Bay on Cantino map
The explorer Lourenço Marques find the potential for trade with Southern river stuaries
1970 1972
Schematic plan, Antonio Gonçalves
Guarantee labour recruitments rights City division bairros-quateiroes for South Africa in exchange of New masterplan proportion rail and port exports from - zooning control Mozambique (40%) - densities - open spaces - setbacks + proviLimited industrial sector processsions for low ing raw materials for local income areas consumption - occupation in the
INDEPENDANCE FROM PORTUGAL
1980
Starting the construction work for lowering the topography in The Baixa of Maxaquene and minoring the barriers along the slope of the city to integrate the Baixa with the higher plain
1959
Settlement elevated to Town status by Lisbon
Repeal of Native Law. African = rights than Portuguese. Independance war in Angola. Reference for Mozambican idependance war.
1975 1977 1979
Portuguese dictatorial system “Estado Novo”. Central control with dualism in the structure of the city: non Africans in the inner city and Africans in the belt.
Expansion to satellite urban areas like Matola. Close to the induatrial area of Machava.
1976
Railway construction to the Transvaal
1932
Lourenço Marques in district 7 (KaNyaka) with houses for 1094 inhabitants made of bricks/morter (56 houses) and wood (67 houses)
Start of economic colonial exploitation of the region with the trading company of Lourenço Marques and Inhambe
The Dutch build a front in Delagoa Bay (Maputo Bay) abandoned in 1730
BIG GROWTH
Preeconomic rehab programme. Capitalist economic reforms under International Monetary Fund and World Bank. MATOLA SEPARATED
PEAMM - Plano de estructura de Area Metropolitana de Maputo
Critical period for the urban area due to negative structural adjustments during civil war. Lourenço Marques + Matola + Machava. renamed Maputo (enlarged administrative border)
Extension project for Lourenço Marques city on “Plano Araujo” Major Antonio José de Araujo
Maputo city council. “Basic Urbanization Programme” belt of planned residential land around the city in an attempt to pre-empt spontaneous occupation. (Lack of national policies and strategic planning)
Native Law “Estatuto dos Indigenas”
Nationalisation programme pursued by Freelimo. [socialist government] Nationalisation of banks, key industries, land, abandoned and rented properties and other facilities like education or health. Intervention in the management of many abandoned enterprises.
Timeline of the urban development of the city of Maputo. Source: maps and plans facilitated from the faculty of Architecture and Planning, Eduardo Mondlane University of Maputo. Literature review and summary by author from the following authors: Jenkins, 2000; Boyd et al. , 2014 and Pestana Barros et al., 2014
Political status African Legal status Requirements to fulfil citizenship
Programmatic analysis
UT O
Public services AP LM MA INF OR
3
1
2
Commercial
Location map. Summary of parks in Maputo. Source: Open street maps GIS treated by author
Leisure
PDULM-Plano director de Urbanizaçao de Lourenço Marques. Eng. M. Azevedo
Formal - informal division in city. Source: author
RAPID URBANIZATION DEVELOPMENT
CIVIL WAR Between Freelimo & Renamo Parties
Study cases: the park phenomenon in the city of Maputo
INFORMALITY
ECONOMICAL CORE
WEEK DAY
SAFETY FIXED PROGRAMME BAIXA
CONTEXTUALIZATION
MAPUTO FORT
DIVERSITY
$
$
SOCIAL CLASS MARITIME PORT
AFRICAN IDENTITY
02. Jardim dos Cronistas
PARK 2-PROFILE SCALE
+ + +
INFORMALITY
EMBASSIES AREA COAST LINE
S M L
SAFETY FIXED PROGRAMME CONTEXTUALIZATION DIVERSITY
$
$
$
SOCIAL CLASS SOMMERSCHIELD
AFRICAN IDENTITY
03. Jardim dos Cronistas
PARK 3-PROFILE
S M L
SCALE
+ + +
INFORMALITY
WEEK DAY
FIXED PROGRAMME CONTEXTUALIZATION
$
SOCIAL CLASS AFRICAN IDENTITY
CEMENT CITY
CONCLUSIONS
COAST LINE
DIVERSITY
$
Craft market | Fixed programme | Touristic Maputo | Loss of publicness | Diversity: sellers - costumers
SOMMERSCHIELD
SAFETY
$
High class | Western design public space | Familiar neighbourhood | Colonialism | International organizations
WEEK DAY
$
WEEKEND DAY
+ + +
Lunch break | Informal sellers | Spheres of appropiation | Spontaneous city | African cultural identity
WEEKEND DAY
SCALE
Offices
WEEKEND DAY
S M L
Green spaces Health system
01. Praça 25 de Junho
PARK 1-PROFILE
Educational
Source: open street maps GIS treated by author
Strong cultural identity – To write over written text | Predominance of informal economies – Negotiation relations | Safety issues – Management and privatization ‘loss of publicness’
“There is not a generic public space in Africa, it is contextualised”