Families,
Vreewijk is yours again!
ConcepciĂłn del RocĂo Aranda Iglesias
4624122
AR1U100. Socio-spatial processes in the city Studio Ceren Sezer Master Architecture, Urbanism & Building Sciences Urbanism track TUDelft January, 2017
Families, Vreewijk is your again! The project presented in the following booklet is a claim to adapt the city to families and children, a shout to keep our designer’s minds alive, understanding the relevance to preserve the sociel diversity and to create neighbourhoods inside the urban tissue where people from all groups can feel the comfort of being at home. Lately, because of security and health reasons, families are leaving the city centers to find a better atmosphere to raise their children. In order to come near natural environments and quiet neighbourhoods, the city centers are losing the childlike spirit and becoming functional and repetitive. This project, located in South Rotterdam, is an exploration of strategies and patterns to implement safety, control, health and legibility in urban environments. How to create a dynamic city where both parents and children can interact with it and find an enjoyable and pleasant place to grow up.
Reflection of Studio 2: Socio-spatial processes in the city After taking all the seminars and studio lessons, I tried to make a connection between all the theoretical content received and how to apply it to my own project. In this case, I start by the human dimension and try to convert it to design by the use of patterns. This patterns are related with the Sustainability framework and the main objectives of the project that are decided after the primary analysis. At the end, the project is described in terms of socio-economic feasiblity and compare with other projects in the same area and municipality guidelines. Despite the short time to develop the project and after a global vision about it, I understood how the course was designed and how the project has been not only developed but evaluated and compared to other visions of the same area, which I think is a proper way to create a complete project.
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INDEX page. 9
01.00
WHAT is this project about?
01.01. 01.02. 01.03. 01.04.
Where?-Location.
Main objectives of the project
page.10 page.12 page.14 page.16
02.00
WHY is this project necessary in the area?
page.19
02.01. 02.02. 02.03. 02.04. 02.05. 02.06
Demographic facts and figures
Climate conditions
page.20 page.21 page.22 page.23 page.24 page.25
03.00
HOW is this project developed?
page. 27
03.01. 03.02. 03.03. 03.04. 03.05. 03.06. 03.07. 03.08. 03.09. 03.10.
Family life in the city
04.00.
Vision-Main opportunities and lacks of the area Target group. HUMAN DIMENSION
Families are leaving the city center The density needs to be increased Lack of non-residential activities in the area The area is not being used
Masterplan street views
page.28 page.30 page.32 page.33 page.39 page.40 page.42 page.44 page.46 page.48
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING OF TERRITORY
page. 51
Design process General plan of the proposal Pattern matrix Masterplan with pattern location Masterplan section with pattern location Program strategy Street transformation Building typology
04.01. 04.02. 04.03. 04.04.
Sustainability framework
Personal Reflection
page.52 page.55 page.64 page.73
05.00
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
page. 75
05.01
Socio-economic feasibility of the project (with Esmee
page.76
Translation of GisData SUET Patterns
Stalenberg)
APPENDIX A. MASTERPLAN scale 1:1500
page.79 -7
WHAT is this project about?
WHAT? - 9
0 1 . 0 1 . .
L O C AT I O N . . T H E . C I T Y. O F. R O T T E R D A M
Rotterdam centraal
The project is located in the dutch city of Rotterdam. Part of the South Holland region, within the Rhine– Meuse–Scheldt river delta at the North Sea. The city was born around a dam constructed in the Rotte river where numerous settlements started to appear for safety reasons. Step by step, Rotterdam was granted city rights by the Count of Holland and slowly grew into a major logistic and economic centre. Nowadays it is home to Europe’s largest port and has a population of 633,471, ranking second in the Netherlands. The city of Rotterdam is known for the Erasmus University, riverside setting, lively cultural life and its maritime heritage. The near-complete destruction of Rotterdam’s city centre during World War II has resulted in a varied architectural landscape different from other Dutch cities.
10 - WHAT?
Zui d
Plei n
0 1 . 0 1 . . L O C A T I O N . . A R E A . O F . S T U D Y
Project location
Ahoy
Zuider Park
Project location atmospheres The area of study is located in South Rotterdam, a diverse and residential area defined by the ZuidPlein shopping mall with metro connection and the Zuider park where the concerts building Ahoy is located. This two hubs create a north-south axis in the area.
Zuid Plein shopping mall
Zuider Park
“Families, Vreewijk is yours again!� is located in the right side of this axis, in the east extension of the Zuider Park. With a strong connection with the shopping mall, the location of the old hospital Zuiderziekenhuis is an area full of opportunities. Because of its situation in the core of Vreewijk neighbourhood, the area is under municipal project, to implement the functions and activities of the old building and to create new facilities for the district of Vreewijk, currently heavily tied to ZuidPlein.
WHAT? - 11
01 . 0 2 . .
VIS ION.MAI N.OPP ORT UN IT IES &LACK S .
The selection of the area is based on the opportunities found on it. Not only the direct opportunities but also the lacks and needs that the area presents and that can be additions to the project. Currently, the area presents the structure analyzed in the axonometric view, there are three buildings on it apart from the hospital. The municipality of Rotterdam proposed a plan for the area where all these buildings were demolished. Following this proposal, the project is going to be developed in the area, only maintaining the hospital factory building. The main opportunities are presented in the connection with the shopping mall and the public transport infrastructures located there. Also, the empty group of building with a strong identity for the neighbourhood. The lacks are related with the neccesity of daily facilities closer to the neighbourhood of Vreewijk and the unused park next to the canal, isolated and lacking of activities.
12 - WHAT?
01 . 0 2 . .
VIS ION.MAIN.OPP ORT UN IT IES &LACK S .
The proposal in the area is a NEW FAMILY ORIENTED NEIGHBOURHOOD to supply Vreewijk with safety strategies, daily needs commerces and interactive actions to approach the city to children and parents. This neighbourhood is a high-density building typology to be able to make the project as socio-economical feasible as possible. In order to make the approach to the lack of activities in the area as objective as possible, I do an analysis of the current activities in the ground floors or in general uses in the buildings. Also, the project changes the current park in the area to create new connections between the surrounding neighbourhoods and it, and include the park in the hospital by creating a new topography and paths. The hospital is part of the main strategies by changing its interior and creating an arts center. The building is proposed as part of the park and an open public space just by leaving windows and doors opened.
WHAT? - 13
0 1 . 0 3 . . T A R G E T . G R O U P . . H U M A N . D I M E N S I O N S
target group > CHILDREN Special considerations for this group The current urban world is adapted to adults. The height of the common and daily use things are planned to grown-up people and the city that children live every day is not the same as ours. In the health lecture with Luc Willelens from Health@BK, we discussed some points to take care when designing for this specific group: The children need to have a clear design in the urban environment to recognise clearly their way and understand where they can access without danger and when not. Their point of view and area of living is different from us and need to be design specially for them as citizens.
what is a child friendly city? “It is a city, or more generally a system of local governance, committed to fulfilling children’s rights, including their right to: - Influence decisions about their city - Express their opinion on the city they want - Participate in family, community and social life - Receive basic services such as health care and education - Drink safe water and have access to proper sanitation - Be protected from exploitation, violence and abuse - Walk safely in the streets on their own - Meet friends and play - Have green spaces for plants and animals - Live in an unpolluted environment - Participate in cultural and social events - Be an equal citizen of their city with access to every service, regardless of ethnic origin, religion, income, gender or disability A child friendly city is the embodiment of the Convention on the Rights of the Child at the local level, which in practice means that children’s rights are reflected in policies, laws, programmes and budgets. In a child friendly city, children are active agents; their voices and opinions are taken into consideration and influence decision making processes.” (Unicef, 2015)
14 - WHAT?
“A child friendly city is a city where children and young people can grow up in a dynamic, pleasant and safe environment. Children need to have space to: - be young - maximize their opportunities for selfdevelopment - be able to contribute to the city.” (Rotterdam Gemeente, 2015)
0 1 . 0 3 . . T A R G E T . G R O U P . . H U M A N . D I M E N S I O N S Children as target group are main objective for most of the big organizations, the relation between them and the city is essential to consolidate the prosperity of urban landscapes. The main concern is the lack of healthy environments inside the urban tissue and the safety measurements. Usually the relation between children and big roads is the key factor for parents to move out of the city.
This project proposes a family oriented neighbourhood inside the city urban tissue. Is a claim of a city reconquered by children and parents with the necessary conditions for coexistence
The Child Friendly City Initiative aims to guide cities and other systems of local governance in the inclusion of children’s rights as a key component of their goals, policies, programmes and structures.
http://childfriendlycities.org/
We are dedicated to promoting the rights and wellbeing of children throughout Europe and beyond, by providing high quality platforms – news, blogs, interviews, papers, opinions, conferences and events – for the communities of interest working to develop good practice in the creation of genuinely child-friendly cities.
http://www.childinthecity.eu/
In 2007, a special programme was set up in Rotterdam to turn abstract goals into tangible results: Child Friendly Rotterdam. Within three years, an urban planning method, Building Blocks for a Child Friendly Rotterdam, was developed to scan neighbourhoods on their degree of, and potential for, childfriendliness. Also, a tool was developed to measure the effects of the city’s speci c efforts towards becoming a Child Friendly City.
http://www.rotterdam.nl/JOS/kindvriendelijk/Presentation%20Child%20in%20the%20City%20october%202010.pdf
WHAT? - 15
0 1 . 0 4 . . M A I N . O B J E C T I V E S . O F . T H E . P R O J E C T
CHILDREN ORIENTED Attraction of families and urbanism oriented to children and families.
16 - WHAT?
HIGH-DENSITY NEW URBAN D E V E L O P M E N T .
Several theories express the lack of connection between the family neighbourhoods and the high density areas in the inner city. This project is a reflection about the possibility of this two elements to work together
RELATION WITH THE CURRENT CANAL-PARK
The canal park is a green urban area that works as an extension of the main park of the area. One of the main purposes of this projects is to create a close relation to it. Currently, the buildings are a barrier between de park and the neighbourhood
REANIMATION OF THE CANAL-PARK
Currently the canal park is not being use for long time activities; just to walk with the dog or walk through it. The aim of this project is to introduce new activities in the space to reanimate it and corelate it with the surrounding neighbourood.
USE OF AN OLD BUILDING The zuiderziekenhuis is an old monument from 1929 that was abandoned in 2011. Its style is industrial and it is proposed to be used as an under-roof open space where the park is included with new func-
0 1 . 0 4 . . M A I N . O B J E C T I V E S . O F . T H E . P R O J E C T This 9 objects are going to be maintained and related with all the patterns proposed in the project. As part of the diagnosis resulted in the first part of the investigation, the objetives are base to develop the complete project with the same guidelines and clear final aims. In order to get to achieve them, the project is a proposal to improve the situation presented in the vision by following this 9 recommendations.
NEIGHBOURS ASSOCIATIONS SPACE
The neighbourhood of Vreewijk is pretty active in terms of neighbours activities and organizations. A good way to improve the relations between them is creating a common space to meet and know each other.
S A F E T Y Regarding the relation with children that the new approach is going to have, it is essential to improve the safety in the area by different techniques.
ECOLOGICAL APPROACH In orgen to align the area with the guidance of the Rotterdam Resilient Cities project, there are several propositions to increase the sustainability in the area.
LOCATION VA R I A B L E S
Taking into account the current location of the project and in relation with the current natural variables, one of the main points is the adaptation of the project designed to the location.
WHAT? - 17
WHY is this project necessary in the area?
WHY? - 19
0 2 . 0 1 . . D E M O G R A P H I C . F A C T S & F I G U R E S
This is Wouter, A STANDARD PERSON in the area of study:
Vreewijk. He is 50 UNMARRIED Lives ALONE in a RENTED one family dwelling of 70 m2 His average income per year is LOWER than the average in Rotterdam Surface
Household
institutions
Owned-Rented
90-119 m2
single parent
owned
45-59 m2 75-89 m2
couple children
oneperson
couple nochildren
60-74 m2
House type
rented
Marital status
Age >65
divorced
<15
widower
15-25
ground level dwelling
unmarried married
one family dwelling
Remarks of the neighbourhood in relation to Rotterdam statics
45-65
3XDensity 6750 inhab/km2 Rott:2986 inhab/km2
25-45
>unemployment (14,7%) Rott: 10,2%
<disposal
25000 e/year Rott: 29300 e/year
incoming > movingout x2 deaths 2,13 % 1165 - 917 than biths of the total crime in the city
per year
source: https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb
20 - WHY?
02.02..FAMILIES.ARE.LEAVING.THE.CITY.CENTER In Rotterdam, like in some other big cities, the families are leaving the high-density city to move on to the outskirts, to low density areas. There are several strategies to create a children friendly city, so the sprawl and low density new developments are not the better option for the parents.
URGENCY!!! FAMILIES ARE LEAVING THE CITY
Absolute balances per year >40 families settling down 10-40 families settling down 0-10 families settling down 0-10 families leaving 10-40 families leaving >40 families leaving
source: http://www.rotterdam.nl/JOS/kindvriendelijk/Presentation%20Child%20in%20the%20City%20october%202010.pdf
WHY? - 21
0 2 . 0 3 . .T H E . D E N S I T Y. N E E D S .T O . B E . I N C R E A S E D
C U R R E N T LY THE CITY IS DEMANDING AND INCREASE IN THE DENSITY
Building by year of construction 1900-1930
1975-1985
1930-1945
1985-1995
1945-1960
1995-2005
1960-1975
<2005
source: http://code.waag.org/buildings/#51.8638,4.5039,16
22 - WHY?
We can see in the map attached that the newer buildings are those in the north-western part of the area. Those buildings are the closest ones to the shopping mall and, as it can be seen in the axonometric view of the vision, the heights of them are more than 6 storeys. Therefore, in current trends, the city is increasing the density and, following the report of the municipality for the area, it NEED to be increased.
0 2 . 0 4 . . L AC K .O F. N O N - R E S I D E N T I A L . AC T I V I T I E S . I N .T H E . A R E A After a whole research of the activities in the area, not only the main uses but also those in the ground floors of some buildings, it is clearly demonstrated the lack of non residential activities in the area. The project need to propose not only daily shopping facilities like supermarkets, but also some different activities to attract people in a city scale so the area can improve and develop new visitors.
U R G E N C Y ! LACK OF ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST IN THE AREA.
Floor main uses secondary uses
main uses Administration
Health
Services-bar/cafe/restaurant
Children park
Offices
Services-commercial
Educative
Religious
Services-hotel
Empty
Residential
Sportive source: google maps-own observation
WHY? - 23
0 2 . 0 5 . . T H E . A R E A . I S . N O T . B E I N G . U S E D As we can appreciate in the map, the area of study is not being used properly. The activity is focused on the Zuid-Plein mall and the rest of the area is losing the interest of the citizens. This project wants to change this situation by proposing new activities of attraction and a new visibility for the eastern part of the area.
W
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THE ARE IS NOT BEING USED FOR LONG TIME ACTIVITIES
Time spent in the area Relatively little time spent Relatively much time spent source: GisWeb > layer: â&#x20AC;&#x153;naar leeftijd: (4) groene leefstijlâ&#x20AC;?
24 - WHY?
0 2 . 0 6 . . C L I M A T E . C O N D I T I O N S . O F . T H E . A R E A
U S E F U L THE NEW PROPOSAL NEEDS TO BE ADAPTED TO THE CLIMATE CONDITIONS
WIND. DISTRIBUTION IN THE WIND DIRECTION (%)
source: windfinder.com
SOLAR CONDITIONS. Solar map and elevation.
source: sunearthtools.com
WHY? - 25
HOW is this project developed?
HOW? - 27
0 3 . 0 1 . . F A M I L Y . L I F E . I N . T H E . C I T Y
ADVANTAGES OF LIVING INSIDE THE CITY FOR A FAMILY More family time Less car, less space inside the house
Access to urban amenities The value of experiences Experiences vs. owning a lot of stuff
Reduced energy consumption Smaller house=less cost in energy
Reduced goods consumption More excersice and time outdoors More exposure to people building connections opinions taken from posts and comments in the blog: thiscitylife, by Jillian Glover
28 - HOW?
Better family connections Closer contact
0 3 . 0 1 . . F A M I L Y . L I F E . I N . T H E . C I T Y
HOW? - 29
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ENHANCEMENT OF THE HOSPITAL FACTORY TYPOLOGY BUILDING From the analysis, it is noticed the strong identity that the current hospital has for the neighbours of Vreewijk. That is why, the first approach was to understand its importance and try to improve the connections to it and its use. Currently the building is unused, so the proposal introduces new activities on it to serve the surrounding neighbourhoods.
30 - HOW?
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CHANGE OF THE CURRENT BARRIERS TO THE AREA.
INTRODUCTION OF NEW ACTIVITIES.
We find that the surrounding roads are strong barriers to the area of intervention. The location of a trainrail in the right one makes the section of the street wider and the connection with the area more difficult. The project wants to change the character of these streets to create an easy access to the area from the surrounding neighbourhoods.
The main intention of the project is creating a new second center for Vreewijk in a smaller scale than the shopping mall. It is projected as a daily needs and activities hub where the people can create social and economic exchanges and improve the relation between the neighbouhood and the economic productitvity of it. Also, in a city scale, it is proposed the introduction of new different activities to attract people from other parts of the city.
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The design process is not related with the time of the project development.The design process is based on how the new plan for the area took place in my mind and the approach to the new alternative of urban planning from the current location variables. This diagram wants to explain the main interventions of the area and the origin of them.
CREATION OF NEW CONNECTIONS
CREATION OF NEW URBAN MASTERPLAN
CREATION OF NEW PARK DISTRIBUTION
Currently, the park has only one direction which is related with the big SouthPark, but there is a strong lack of connection of this park with the surrounding neighbourhoods. In order to stablish a new accesibility to the area, the project proposes new lines of connections that are going to create the new paths in the park and the new urban masterplan for the area.
Following the connections proposed, it is projected new blocks and streets distribution. With this new urban masterplan, the building is maintained as central point of the area but the space available for new buildings is limitated.
One of the main problems of the current park is the lack of relation with the surrounding streets what makes it unrelated with the main routes followed by the pedestrians. So, the park is only a place to be and not a place to pass by. But, with the design it wants to be a place to pass by where you can find interesting activities in the route to stay there. Also, as the project is designed for children, when they go through the park with their parents they have spaces to play and stay in the different paths.
HOW? - 31
0 3 . 0 3 . . G E N E R A L . P L A N . O F . T H E . A R E A
CURRENT SITUATION
green areas water system current buildings building transformed new buildings strategies location
PROPOSAL
scale 1:7500
32 - HOW?
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The design process is based on different strategies or patterns proposed in the area that are related to the main objectives of the project presented in the WHAT? part and connected with what is happening in the subsurface of the area. These patterns are located in the masterplan and in relation with the local conditions of the area. We find three different scales for them in relation to the real influence of them to the area.
HOW? - 33
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0 3 . 0 5 . . M A S T E R P L A N.W I T H . PAT T E R N. L O C AT I O N Reduction of the Appendix.A (A2 size, at the end of the booklet)*
HOW? - 39
0 3 . 0 6 . . M A S T E R PL A N. S E C T ION. .W I T H . PAT T E R N. LO C AT ION
40 - HOW?
0 3 . 0 6 . . M A S T E R PL A N. S E C T ION. .W I T H . PAT T E R N. LO C AT ION
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Study of the assembage of uses to get to never have lonely areas
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9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 market park health
park health
educative
sports
leisure
library
leisure
commercial housing
housing cafe
Relation between program and time frame of the activities
42 - HOW?
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Leisure, sport and social activities in the old hospital building. New center of activities in neighbourhood scale
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New big space for a differ- Relocation of the current ent activity related with health facility for children children and education. with disabilities of the area Such as a children oriented city (Pattern m5)
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Two lines of commercial activities to introduce the citizen into the project area
health
New uses proposed on ground floor market
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leisure new act
leisure art gallery
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HOW? - 43
0 3 . 0 8 . . S T R E E T . T R A N S F O R M A T I O N current section of the street
Road
proposed section of the street
Parking lane Bikelane Pedestrian sidewalk Railway Green
44 - HOW?
proposed street plan
0 3 . 0 8 . . S T R E E T . T R A N S F O R M A T I O N current section of the street
proposed section of the street
Road Parking lane Bikelane proposed street plan
Pedestrian sidewalk
HOW? - 45
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Housing TYPE 2
Housing TYPE 3
Housing TYPE 2
Housing Housing TYPE 2 TYPE 3
Housing TYPE 2
Housing Housing TYPE 2 TYPE 3
Housing TYPE 2
Floor type
Ground floor
Faรงade to the inner private-public space Family oriented housing characteristics Entryway 3 bedrooms Natural light 2 bathrooms Sound proofing Outdoor space Flexible/Adaptable living space
46 - HOW?
Housing TYPE 1
Housing TYPE 1
shop/bar social space
Housing Housing TYPE 1 TYPE 1
shop/bar social space
Housing TYPE 1
shop/bar social space
Access from the inner space
Housing TYPE 1
Access from the street
The typology chosen proposes 3 types of housing. The standard size is 100 m2 to allow families to have enough space to live on them. 5 storeys high to make good profit of the area.
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The disposition of the blocks allows to change the control in the inner space. This improves safety during night but it is not a barrier during day, when the circulation is free.
public space private space
The blocks are adapted to the morphology of the street, result of the connections. It is 5 storeys high to obtain profitability from the area while creating a compact inner space in the blocks
The interior access to the housing in ground floor increase the safety and control of the area to the housing type 1. In the same way, the commercial use of the locals in the ground floor need public access and visibility, that is why the location is on the exterior
HOW? - 47
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Introduction the nature into the new blocks and project
Strong connection with the zuiderziekenhuis from the park
Comparison between the project and the surrounding
48 - HOW?
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View of the inside of the zuiderziekenhuis blocks
HOW? - 49
Sustainable engineering of territory
SUET - 51
0 4 . 0 1 . . S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y . F R A M E W O R K 1.SYNERGIE BETWEEN NATURAL AND HUMAN SYSTEMS ON THE SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE LEVEL IN THE CONTEXT OF YOUR PROJECT. Following the theoretical basis of this course, the human dimension and sustainable framework of an urban project are now more related than ever. While for an urban designer or architect, because of our previous education, it is easier to understand the human variables of a project, we usually forget the relevance of the impact of our projects in the environmental conditions of an area and how the original landscape of the urban atmospheres has been so transformed that is currently unrecognizable. From my point of view, a sustainable framework should be the strongest basis of a project in our field of work and the natural resources of the locations need to be respected and used properly. In the same way, by taking into consideration these variables, our project can improve in terms of adaptation and approach to the natural environment, something that is nowadays highly estimated by an urban citizen. But, what is a sustainable framework? From my point of view, a project that understand the different elements that take place in the area and the relation between them can be understood as sustainable. These different elements are not just the natural processes of the surface and subsurface and how they affect the project, but also the different metabolisms within the area and the way the citizens make a daily use of the environment. Regenerating the networks of social, environmental, and physical elements plants the seed for flourishing, liveable urban communities. In order to reference what is for me a well-planned project in terms of sustainable framework, I would like to introduce “Ecosistema urbano”, a Madrid based group of architects and urban designers operating within the fields of urbanism, architecture, engineering and sociology who prioritize in their projects the relation between the human scale and the environment. In order to achieve this relation, in most of their project there is a strong phase of citizen participation to understand the neighbour’s opinion and based on it, a deep investigation about the environmental possibilities of the area. Among some of their projects, the main reference for me is the one located in Philadelphia, “Ecological reconfiguration of an urban centre”. It is a proposal of revitalization of urban life not only by architecture but also by focusing on solutions which encompass all aspects of the city system. The project is described as “using the city’s strong history of citizen participation to develop a sustainable and economically-viable landscape. The proposal intends to generate the strategical mechanisms as a starting point for the self reparation of the urban tissue” (ecosistema urbano, 2006)
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0 4 . 0 1 . . S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y . F R A M E W O R K In order to achieve this goal, there are different strategies developed such as: Ecological-corridors: Intervention strategy based on the concentration of budget and effort on a structural-line of program and activity. New-ecological-mobility: A new-generation of ecological-vehicles (technologized-velo-taxis, bicyclesâ&#x20AC;Ś) will be used through the ecological-corridors. Urban-catalysts: Light and dismountable structure works as a invigorating focus. Strategically placed in areas with high percentage of urban-voids, at time-distance linked to the new-ecological-mobility-plan.
In the same way of this project in Philadelphia, I tried to create an environmental framework for my project in Rotterdam South by understanding the social, economic and environmental dimensions of the location and developing a study of them in different scales. Based on this study, I propose different strategies or patterns to solve current problems or situations that affect the diverse elements and metabolism included in the project area. In order to settle a sustainable framework within my project, I find essential to understand what is happening in the subsurface and relate to it the strategies proposed in the surface to create a realistic approach to the location and not only solve the possible problems that are currently affecting the environment, but also use the strengths of it to fortify my project and achieve a closer relation between the citizens and the natural resources of the location.
2.ROLE AND POSSIBLE IMPACT AS AN URBAN DESIGNER IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. I believe on our strong position as urban designers not only to create sustainable projects by using the current strategies and references, but also to develop the way we can approach the sustainable environment and get closer to the natural resources inside the urban tissue. Currently, we are solving problems created in old constructions. We can solve them because of the knowledge improvement along time in terms of subsurface and sustainability. Now we understand that if we have wood foundations in a wet area there is a problem, and also we have other and newer strategies to address the problem with the same result, such as concrete foundations. This means that our knowledge in this field is the basis of prosperity and it is born of experience and trial and error processes. Following this, we will continue knowing more and more about what is happening as consequence of the human being urban tissues in natural resources and I hope that as far as we should try to improve in reducing the impact of our actions to the natural environment, we can learn of our errors and use them to gain knowledge and create new alternatives.
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In the archive, we could see how in 1850 the ideas were ahead of the technical strategies developed at that time and how, when the ideas were worth pursuing, the urban designers developed new technical methods. In this case, in order to cross a river with a new water proposal in an urban project, the urban designer developed a method to bury the new water line and cross the river below. From this picture and initiative, we can learn that we don´t only have a strong role in the sustainable development, but a commitment to our own planet in developing our relation with it; because in the same way that we are who can change the urban tissue to improve its relation with the natural resources and the subsurface, in case we don´t do it, we are guilty of destroying the natural environment and making an irresponsible use of our ability to design.
3.ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS. After the new urban agenda presented by united nations last year with 17 sustainable development goals, we can no longer avoid to design our projects taking into account the necessity of sustainability and environmentally friendly initiatives. This is an essential point of the current concerns worldwide and, as citizens of the world, we should commit with it and understand its relevance. Described by United Nations, sustainable development is: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development calls for concerted efforts towards building an inclusive, sustainable and resilient future for people and planet. For sustainable development to be achieved, it is crucial to harmonize three core elements: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. These elements are interconnected and all are crucial for the well-being of individuals and societies.” When thinking about sustainability we should focus on the consequences of our projects, something that is usually forgotten in our profession. The project doesn’t finish when the construction process is done, but when the long-term consequences of the design come into account. We need to be able to prevent what is going to happen in the future and the long-term impact of our projects in the natural environment and the social health and economy. We, as urban designers, need to accept our responsibilities and understand the impact of our field of work. By impact I mean the social, environmental and economic dimension of our projects and not only anticipate de consequences of them, but design our projects to lead the consequences to an improvement and change for the better of the urban environment.
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0 4 . 0 2 . . T R A N S L A T I O N . O F . G I S D A T A DRILL SAMPLE PROFILE AND INTERPRETATION GeoTop v1.3 Identification: B37H0683 Coordinates: 4074, 433249 Ground: 0,50m Depth t.o.v. ground: 0,00m -223.00m
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0 4 . 0 2 . . T R A N S L A T I O N . O F . G I S D A T A DRILL SAMPLE PROFILE AND INTERPRETATION REGIS II v2.1 and DGM v 2.2 Identification: B37H0100 Coordinates: 4074, 433249 Ground: -1.21m Depth t.o.v. ground: 0,00m -19.5m
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* Kh; Kv section; page 61
Attraction of more people to visit the archeological discoveries (in case there are). Possible new archeological site New attraction of people to visit it.
New excavations could lead to new discoveries. No construction on arch. area Possible new archeological site as part of the public green space.
Currently on top of the possible archeological zone. CAREFUL!
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New people Need to in the area: m a i n t a i n people safe t h o u g h noises and proper iluvibrations. m i n a t i o n and water access
Change in the current metabolism by new access to the parking spaces.
Proper accesibility to pipes and cables to their maintenance.
More people expected in the area= b i g g e r weight PATTERN B
New paths in the patk. Improvement in soil carrying capacity.
PATTERN F Connection with the building in- Foundation stallations to 12,5m for but indesafety. New park- pendent in ing spaces space. u n d e r - Careful with ground parking PATTERN A New park The public New wight t y p o g r a - space need in public phy = more new illumispaces. weight. nation and r e i n fo r ce - water ac- New test of ment of the cess. soil capacsoil. ity in the area Refurbishment of wood foundations.
Creation of parking under the buildings connected with the main infrastructures.
Change street sections & new paths need illumination. Keep them away from train or river
* new species and trees; page 67
* soil layers section; page 61
Green spaces more focused on filtering by new natural soil and species than in serving to the people.
Possible use of the canal in summer if there is a proper cleaning system of the water.
Open green spaces good for water infiltration and storage
Open green spaces good for water infiltration and storage
Keep the water filtration away from the building foundation and construction.
Related with the public spaces and green areas to answer people vital needs.
Clean soil m e a n s health environment. PATTERN A Cleaning strategies for most of the area
PATTERN C New paths and park means new drinking water resources related to them
The contamination is dangerous to the clean zones in the sourrounding areas.
Connection of the new buildings in the area to the general water source
Recommendation of excavation in case of new construction in the area. THIS CASE
Filtering of the water through some new plant species in the area as macrofites.
Water body as part of the new public green space main identity.
Improvement of the fountains networks and new public toilets in the park.
Proper filtering installations next to the main infrastructures to avoid flooding.
Use of the water body as main element for storage and as guideline to create new paths.
Relation between pedestrian new paths and fountaing along them.
Dangerous public space over unclean soil. In the park, it is essential the cleaning of the soil
Soil suitable Better land- Fruits and for garder- scape qual- vegetables ing or crop. ity. species to improve the Real inter- People at- connection esting ac- traction between tivities for neighbours people. by collecting them. PATTERN D A c t i v i t i e s I m p r o v e - Plants in in realtion ment of the green zones. with the soil. green public New imspace cre- provement Sense of ating a new of it. community morphology by changes Ecology as in section attraction and plan to people. Building typology with gardering space inside the private space and in the public one.
New urban landscape by the construction of new building typologies and street sections.
PATTERN H New natu- I m p r o v e ral resourc- ment of the es in the green public new park of space crethe area. ating a new morphology Allow the by changes addition of in section new species. and plan PATTERN G Pedestrian Change of paths close street secto gardens tions adn and crops bike and to make pedestrian them more infrastrucinteresting. tures
Good soil materials. Healthy landscape quality.
Changes in the soil type being identified in the different metabolism of the area.
PATTERN F Respect of F o u n d a inner illu- tions in m i n a t i o n good mateand shal- rial layer. low to both buildings and trees.
New green spaces with new quality improved vegetation. Addition of ecological diversity in the area PATTERN E S h a l l ow e d or well illuminated streets.
New soil layers by the addition of new topography in the park made by the excavated soil.
Good relation between the different paths and Infrastruc- the undertures as ground soil. part of the landscape.
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J. Control of seepage & infiltration
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High trees. Dangerous to the surrounding
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Area that needs a change in landscape morphology to attract animals
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The method followed during my design process have been deeply related to the sustainability framework. While doing design patterns that introduce human dimensions into the project, the impact on the natural environment was a strong part of them. Analysing the subsurface and ecological variables of the area has been a decisive step forward for the project in terms of design decisions and alternatives. The characteristics of the subsurface are cause or consequence of some of my design patterns. That is why most of my sustainability patterns are related to them, while other donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a translation in the surface and they are apart from my design patterns. For example, the first meter of the soil in my area was contaminated and it was essential to address the problem. In order to do that, part of the design is the excavation of this first meter to create a new topography in the park that enhances its character and also to improve the legibility of the limit of the area to increase the safety conditions for children. During the whole process of design, I have understood the relevance of relating the subsurface with the strategies on the ground. This has been a shift in my way of understanding the urban planning from now on in terms of including this relation in my whole vision of the urban environment. Because of my previous lack of knowledge in this field, my projects were uncompleted and the subsurface was not taken into account. This could have been, in terms of economic feasibility, a huge impact in costs and budget in my future real projects. I do believe that the method proposed in the seminar is analytical and effective, which I understand as: What is sustainability? Reflection Information compilation from the area Interpretation and application of this information to design strategies to address the problems of the area and be able to relate our design strategies with their impact in the natural environment of the subsurface. The most difficult step in my case was the information interpretation. Because of my lack of knowledge in this field, I didn´t have the basis necessary to be able to understand the information that I needed to extract from the different GisWeb maps and that made my process a lot harder to follow. From the lectures in the seminar, I get to improve my knowledge in the area but not the understanding of the maps. I think that, to be able to commit with our project we need to extend our knowledge in terms of soil characteristics and project impacts. By doing that, our role as urban designers can be implemented and the projects completed properly.
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Socio-economic feasibility of the project
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05.01..SOCIO-ECONOMIC.FEASIBILITY.OF.THE.PROJECT with Esmee Stalenberg
1.Introduction The main objective of a socio-economic analysis is to anticipate the outcomes of the project and explain how it is going to improve the qualities of the location and the life conditions of those living in the area. We, as urban planners, need to be concerned since the first step of our design about the consequences of the economic market and the social atmosphere. Following the theories presented by French and Gabrielli in “Uncertainty and feasibility studies: an Italian case study” (French & Gabrielli, 2005), it is essential to understand the impact of our plans in the feasibility analysis of the project and the improvement that a well projected proposal with a socio-economical analysis and plan can add to a neighbourhood. This analysis is only possible with the understanding of the current market and the main guidelines of the local municipality. The main purpose of this essay is to compare our two very different projects: a neighbourhood ex-novo in an unused area of Rotterdam and the refurbishment of a shopping mall in a different area but in the same part of Rotterdam. With the aim of understanding how both projects address current problems in the area, we analyse which characteristics of our projects have an impact on the socio-economic cost and benefits and how they are aligned with municipal strategies. Furthermore, to understand the most reliable aspects of planning under a socio-economic feasibility framework, we compare our projects and distinguish the best qualities of them and how they change the current situation, addressing the problems and enhancing the good aspects of the area. Introducing our projects in a bigger framework to align the proposal with the strategies that are taking place in the country, in a wider scale; it is essential in the analysis of our areas to relate both projects with the current main guidelines of the municipality of Rotterdam. While having a lot of economical and natural interests, the area of study is recognized by the municipality as an area of priority for new strategies and changes to improve the quality of life and the inhabitants’ diversity.
2.Proposals description 2.1.Families, Vreewijk is yours again. Ex-novo children oriented neighbourhood in an unused old factory area. The area of the project is a block located in Feijenoord, between the neighbourhoods of Zuidplein and Vreewijk. It is the block of the old Hospital of South-Rotterdam (Zuiderziekenhuis), where there is currently an old factory group of buildings, two housing buildings, a healthcare facility for children with difficulties and the Erasmus MC hospital. 200.000 m2 big and part of the western Zuider park extension, the area has a strong connection with the Zuidplein shopping mall because of its closeness and the lack of other sources of economical activities to address the daily needs of either Vreewijk or Zuiderpark. Surrounded by middle sized infrastructures, the block is currently unused because of the lack of activities or attractions in the area. The project’s main objective is to address the current situation of urgency in some cities as Rotterdam, where the families are moving out to better places outside the city centre, looking for family oriented neighbourhoods. Also, in order to create as much new housing opportunities as possible, it is proposed a high density urban area with strong relationships with the landscape improvement of the park and the green infrastructure. The project’s aim is to regain the forgotten Zuiderziekenhuis area to the neighbours, only keeping the old factory building and introducing new housing and activities to reactivate the zone and address the daily needs of the surrounding inhabitants. Also, as part of the communication improvement among neighbourhoods, the park connections are changed, its morphology is enhanced to make it more attractive with the addition of new natural species and the creation of a new topography.
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05.01..SOCIO-ECONOMIC.FEASIBILITY.OF.THE.PROJECT .with Esmee Stalenberg
The plan definition is oriented to create new opportunities in the area, not only to improve the economical aspects of the neighbourhood but also the social ones. The main purpose is to achieve a safe, children oriented neighbourhood where families can find all their needs covered in the same space but enough public space to enjoy their city. Also, the proposal will attract new visitors to the area to enjoy the new facilities and activity diversity. That is why the housing is related with the business in the ground floor and the old factory buildings are proposed as centre of leisure, sport and social activities. In the same way, the health programme is maintained in the northern part of the block directed to reallocate the children with difficulties care centre that was in the area before the plan. Also, new parking underground replace the street parking eliminated in order to gain space for sidewalks. As part of the subsurface study, the area suffers from soil contamination in the first meter of it so one of the main strategies is to excavate the soil 1 meter in the whole area and create with it the new topography in the park. So, summarizing the characteristics of the area that will have an impact on the socio-economic costs and benefits, we find a big cost in the demolishing of the current buildings, the environmental measurements (soil clean-up by excavation), the creation of a new topography in the park with the excavated soil and the construction of the whole new area buildings and infrastructures. While the change of the current infrastructures is not a big scale strategy and the cost should not be high. On the other side, the benefits are focused on the economical new opportunities of the approach and the improvement in the health and environmentally friendly atmosphere. Also, the maintenance of the families inside the city centre as part of the improvement of the city diversity and quality. The revenues are also implied in the use of an old empty building to create leisure and sport activities that are also a source of economic production. The alignment of this project with municipal strategies resides in the aim of creating a more balanced society inside the city as main goal of Rotterdam Resilience Strategy (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2015). The project is inside the new urban green housing developments proposed by the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Nationaal Programma Rotterdam Zuidâ&#x20AC;? (Rotterdam Gemeente, 2014)where it is recommended the creation of houses to attract families with middle-high income. The neighbourhoods should be well connected by pedestrians and bike lanes and oriented to the education, sport and children care facilities. Also, the public space counts on health and safety strategies. In order to convincing external parties, the project is highly interested to the private enterprises that can spread their commerce on the area, the neighbours that can take advantage of the new facilities and social spaces and, mostly, for the families that can life inside the city centre while feeling safe about their childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health and adapted atmosphere.
2.2.Centre Zuid. Refurbishment of an isolated shopping area. The shopping centre of the South of Rotterdam, called Zuidplein, is located in Charlois. It is in between of four neighborhoods called Carnisse, Tarwewijk, Vreewijk, which are all living areas and Zuiderpark, a big park in the south of the area. Zuidplein is one of the economical nodes named in the strategy of the municipality and it consists of all kinds of different buildings. It is visited by different groups of people because of the big diversity of activities that it offers: the shopping mall, theatre, offices, swimming pool, parking garages, metro station, bus station, hospital, dwellings and some main car infrastructures working on city scale. It covers an area of 277.000 m2. Because of the public transport and main roads, the area is very well connected on a regional scale. On the other hand these roads cause barriers which degrade the connection to the immediate surroundings; it becomes an island. Secondly, the busses drive and park in the middle of the area resulting in a dangerous and very wide, grey public space, where the pedestrian scale is completely lost. It is not a place to stay but to pass by. Because of this reason, people will not spend more time here than necessary, while it could be used more often as a social meeting point. To improve the quality of life, which is one of the main strategies of the municipality, the area around the shopping mall needs to be a more healthy, green, human scaled, zoned, connected and an active public space, where all kinds of groups feel invited to stay and spend their time.
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05.01..SOCIO-ECONOMIC.FEASIBILITY.OF.THE.PROJECT .with Esmee Stalenberg
One of the strategies of the municipality in the economical nodes of the South is to keep and enhance the identity of the specific area to have a recognizable identification towards a bigger context. To keep this identity, the spatial structure of the mall will be preserved, but reorganized. That is why, to add activity on the ground floor, part of the shopping mall will be moved to the plinth, so the entrances and windows of the shops will be facing the public space. Also, nowadays there is a lot of vacancy because of the changing society and way of shopping: it is shifting to online shopping. Reducing the amount of surface of shopping area in the mall and selling this surface to other forms of entrepreneurship and small businesses will create opportunities for diverse activities, resulting in a lively area. Next to this, there will be a total redesign of the public space, more focussed on the pedestrian; a small dimensioned route starting from the hospital through the area to AHOY, connecting to the public transport, the mall, theatre and all the other main public buildings. This will improve the connectivity to the different neighbourhoods and functions around the mall. Using the unused big open areas for new dwellings will add to the activity and at the same time create a human scale by reducing the public space. For a healthier and liveable environment there will be green and water surfaces to handle the increasing rainfalls and to reduce the stress of people living and working here. From the description before there will be a few big impacts on the socio-economic costs like the total redesign of the public space and bus station, building new dwellings and the reorganization of the mall. While on the other hand the restructuring of the mall is sometimes more affordable than demolishing and building something completely new. The plan will have big benefits on the socio-economics by adding activity in a “dead” area where people flee inside, new opportunities for small businesses, better connectivity to the surroundings which will attract people to the centre and improve the health of the people and create a sustainable plan by adding water and green surfaces for the future. Looking at the “Nationaal Programma Rotterdam Zuid” (Rotterdam Gemeente, 2014) the project is referring to a lot of aspects of the main strategies of the municipality by keeping identity, improving the quality of live, improving connections and giving chances to small businesses and new entrepreneurships. By changing the public space financed by the municipality the quality of the area will increase a lot. When this has happened a lot more people want to spent time here, that will attract new small or big companies and businesses. Private developers will be interested to invest and built the new dwellings and reconstructing of the shopping mall to add shops on the ground floor.
3.Conclusions-evaluation and comparison. The ethical dimension of urbanism found in the completely different way to approach a situation of the two projects, leads us to a very difficult point where the personal interpretation makes them contrasting and divergent. Furthermore, starting with the same goal, there are different methods to achieve it. One of them is a big scale initiative that solves all the main problems at once; while the other one consists of little initiatives that together give a solution to the concrete situation too. We understand that maybe the big scale development proposed in both of our projects could be interpreted as top-down planning strategies without the inhabitant’s point of view. It is therefore recommended to encourage the citizens to express their opinions by bottom-up initiatives and workshops and also in both situations there are spaces located inside the proposals that could be filled in by social movements and activities. Because of their scale, both projects have big costs but also bigger revenues. One of the most important is the health improvement by the addition and enhancing of the green areas. The strategies are focused on pedestrians and bike communications in order to develop a sustainable city with a human scale either for children or families in the case of the first one or for visitors of all ages in the second one.
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05.01..SOCIO-ECONOMIC.FEASIBILITY.OF.THE.PROJECT .with Esmee Stalenberg
By the addition of dwellings, commerce and new activities, both projects are addressing current problems of the areas and boosting the interest of investors and promoters. In any case, in order to be able to attract any investor to the area, the first phase of both projects is the change and adaptation of the public infrastructure and green spaces, to improve the atmosphere of the area and the living qualities of it. Also, these projects follow the main guidelines of the municipality of Rotterdam, which give them support and identity inside a strategy. Following the municipal main interests since the beginning brings the projects closer to a more realistic alternative. However, the first approach of the projects is completely different, “Families, Vreewijk is yours again” starts from the demolishing of the current area and rebuild it after a soil clean up by excavation; while the project “Centre Zuid” analyses the current situation and how by the refurbishment of some aspects it can be improved. It is well known that sometimes it is more expensive to transform than building something new, but the identity of the place is sometimes socially too important to destroy it. That is also why in the first project the old factory building is maintained. The bigger difference of both projects is the current use of them, while the shopping mall is daily used and the main activity of the area is being kept in the new proposal, the old hospital has lost his function as health facility and the whole area needs to be transformed. “Development of economic and social values is regarded as a key factor in urban development and urban regeneration.” (Mak & Stouten, 2014) But, how can we be sure about the best alternative as urbanists? When is the social feasibility more important than the economical one? Or should be make a balance between both of them? Sometimes even the main guidelines of the municipality may not connect with the main needs of the area. The socio-economic feasibility of the project is essential to understand the viability of it, but also creates a framework that closes the vision and ideas applicable to each situation.
References French, N., & Gabrielli, L. (2005). Uncertainty and feasibility studies: an Italian case study. Journal of Property Investment and Finance , 24(I), págs. 49-67. Gemeente Rotterdam. (2015). Rotterdam Resilience Strategy. Rockefeller foundation. Mak, A., & Stouten, P. (2014). Urban regeneration in Rotterdam: economic and social values. European Spatial Research and Policy , 21 (1). Rotterdam Gemeente. (2014). Ruimtelijk perspectief Rotterdam Zuid. Nationaal Programma Rotterdam Zuid. Rotterdam.
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