Faster,higher,stronger - booklet by Concha Aranda Iglesias

USE OF A MEGAEVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL

Faster, Higher, Stronger. The use of a megaevent as an urban tool. International Edition April, 2017 Master Architecture, Urbanism & Building Sciences Specialisation Urbanism Delft University of Technology, Delft. Netherlands. AR2U085 R&D Studio - Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis (2016-2017 Q3) ConcepciĂłn del RocĂo Aranda Iglesias, student ID 4624122 Marieke de Bode, student ID4140842 Weizhen Luo, 4623754 Esmee Stalenberg, 4542584 Ardian Wiratama, 4626133 All the illustrations and references are described in the end of both parts: booklet and methodology, We based our proposal in several theories and methods that are citated at the end.

Amsterdam is killing itself by its own success “Amsterdam slachtoffer van eigen succes?” Sleurink, M. (2013).

USE OF A MEGAEVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL

Y G O L O

D O H F

NI A RB

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INDEX METHODOLOGY FOR URBANISM 1. Abstract

page 9

2. Introduction. page 10 Context; problem, challenge or opportunity to tackle and the context where this problem occurs 3. Poblem Statement

page 11

4. Objectives compared with the sustainability indicators.

page 12

5. Research question and subresearch questions 6. Theoretical framework

page 15

7. Scientific and design methods

page 23

8. Values and ethics

page 25

9. Scientific contribution of the work

page 26

10. Recommendations for further research

page 27

11. Timeframe

page 28

12. Bibliography

page 31

13. Booklet- project definition.

page 33

page 17

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1. Abstract

Abstract - The third quarter of the Master Urbanism at the TU Delft is about Spatial strategies for a Global Metropolis. The Metropolis is the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA) located in the Netherlands. Cities and populations are growing and the AMA is one of them. There is a high demand for an increase of the housing stock in the area: till 2040 there is a need for 250.000 new dwellings. At the same time sources are getting scarce. The goal of the government of the Netherlands is to change from a linear economy to a more circular management of limited resources to be less polluting and dependent on exporting countries. The region has to have a plan of how to deal with these changes. That is why this report will try to answer the question: how to achieve a sustainable management of limited resources in the development of AMA? and propose a vision and strategy to increase the housing stock of the region working with a sustainable framework. Using a mega event as catalyser to propose initiatives and sustainable principles in the built environment will be a game changer for the region, because of the many investors, stakeholders, businesses, popularity and publicity adjunct to the event. The main change will be in the construction cycle, which is on the user and technological side of the Braungart & McDonough diagram. The development is proposed to be designed with the method of modular construction: new materials, flexible building with elements, waste separation and reuse, which is very flexible. This cycle comes back into three other flows of the region: water, waste and energy. While decreasing the use of materials in the construction cycle, these flows will also decrease in demand. This will lead to a better management of (limited) resources in the AMA. Keywords: Circular economy, construction cycle, development, Amsterdam Metropolitan Area, mega event.

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2. Introduction The AMA is situated in the North of the Randstad region of the Netherlands, across the boundaries of two provinces North Holland and Flevoland. It consists out of the city of Amsterdam and 32 smaller municipalities working together since 2007 in a voluntary basis with no official status. With a population of 2,4 million, 1/7 of the total population of the Netherlands is currently living in this metropolitan area. (2.410.960 people). (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016) The City of Amsterdam is the centre of this region which is over three times its size. The Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA) is often referred to as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the economic powerhouse of the Netherlandsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Janssen-Jansen, 2011).

Illustration 1. Map connections in AMA. Own illustration

The main economic nodes of the region are internationally oriented; the airport of Schiphol, the greenport of Aalsmeer and the port of Amsterdam are its most important gates to the world. There are some office hubs as Zuidas in Amsterdam and new sustainable initiatives that are including new strategies to improve the office areas as Park 20/20.

Illustration 2. Map of main points of AMA. Own illustration

Illustration 3. Schiphol airport. Illustration 4. Greenport Aalsmeer. Illustration 5. Port of Amsterdam. Source:http://velvetescape.com/plane-views-am- Source: http://www.bloemenkrant.nl/nieuws/ Source: http://www.portofamsterdaminternationsterdam-airport-schiphol/ algemeen/15090/eu-subsidie-voor-greenport- al.com/poai/Our-expertise aalsmeer-

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3. Problem statement However, in order to be able to compete on a global scale and keep up with the changing economics of the world, the AMA needs to be innovative and a dynamic region in development. At the same time, as in the rest of the world, the population of the Netherlands is growing. This is translated in this region in a high pressure on the housing stock in and around Amsterdam and Haarlem; which leads to increasing demands on the metropolitan area, specifically in Amstelveen, Zaanstad and Almere. (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016). The main policies from the municipality are orientated to the densification of the city of Amsterdam, the dwelling size is being reduced to improve the market competition and achieve affordable prices in the city center. While the square meters per inhabitant are decreasing, the amount of visitors is even higher. The attraction of the city reflected in the inhabitants and tourism is the biggest danger for the city itself. Amsterdam is killing itself by its success. It is becoming an overcrowded city, which leads to air pollution and noise increase. If the population growth follow the trends proposed from the municipality, the city is going to become unhealthy and unliveable (Sleurink, M 2013). Nonetheless, there are some current trends that are claiming for new methods of preservation of resources and new ways of living. The inhabitant mentality is changing in some parts of the population. Within these new developments there are some bottom-up initiatives that are using experimental sustainable strategies as a response to the growing demand for more flexible forms of urban development in high-density areas, such is the case of Buiksloterham (DELVA Landscape Architects, 2016). There is no doubt that, if the growth continues with the same approaches, it is going to be insostenible and dangerously affect the environment in the country; for a long time, the Dutch economy has been â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;linearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. This means that raw materials are thrown away after their utilization and the daily use of finite resources is leading the country to an irreversible situation. This is now one of the main problems to tackle by the national government on the Government-wide programme for the Circular Economy, which has the objective of achieving a Dutch circular economy by 2050 (Government of the Netherlands). The AMA association needs to articulate the shared destiny of the different municipalities and frame the mutual interest of the region as a whole. Thus, it will be important for the AMA to search for effective policy complements to promote both sustainable development and resiliency in order to prioritize the internationalization of the region (Janssen-Jansen, 2011).

Illustration 6. Section of AMA related with the density, infrastructures and protected areas. Source:http://kaart. edugis.nl

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4. Objectives

Sustainability indicators

PLACES

FLOWS

TRENDS

PEOPLE

PROSPERITY

PLANET TOP-DOWN

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PROFFESIONAL STERRED

4. Objectives

M A I N . O B J E C T I V E Design a new sustainable framework for new developments in AMA based on circular economy. LEGACY

SOCIAL ECONOMIC SPATIAL

1 2 3 4 5

identity belonging

Alignment with sustainability indicators Answer to a growing demand of housing in AMA and more flexible forms of urban development.

Promote new relations among top-down and bottom-up initiatives in AMA

Achieve a sustainable legacy from the proposal of a mega event as catalyser of new . development. Achieve sustainable management of limited resources and flows in a new big development. TEMPORARY SOLUTIONS (for the megaevent overpopulation) PERMANENT SOLUTIONS (for the legacy: a new development)

Thinking metropolitan:

close collaboration of different municipalities . for a common interest. Project methodology - 13

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5. Research Question and sub-questions. In order to be able to carry out the project we need to understand the ideas and theory of circular economy and how to achieve a sustainable management of limited resources to accomplish a sustainable development in the AMA. This mainly focusses on a development, which needs a lot of new buildings and the proposal of a better managed cycle for this development. Because of the magnitude of this proposal, the opportunity was seen to use a mega event as catalyser for the development. Therefore we will try to answer the question: How can a mega event improve the management of resources in the construction cycle in the AMA? The answers will help us to propose a strategy for the development in the AMA.

Research question

How can a mega event improve the management of resources in the construction cycle in the AMA? The research question gets followed by three sub questions. They are the questions which will lead us to the conclusions we will need to answer the main research question.

Sub questions -What is the current situation in the AMA that deals with management of limited resources? -What strategies can be implemented in the construction cycle to change to a more circular management of limited resources? -What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a mega-event as an urban tool?

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6. Theoretical framework.

Smart strategies for a sustainable development Use of a mega-event as an urban tool to implement the principles of circular economy in AMA. Course Methodology for Urbanism MSc Urbanism, Delft University of Technology

Concepción del Rocío Aranda Iglesias, 4624122 Marieke de Bode, 4140842 Weizhen Luo, 4623754 Esmee Stalenberg, 4542584 Ardian Wiratama, 4626133 Abstract – Currently, the AMA region is in continuous development. In order to improve the sustainable qualities of it, this paper proposed a shift towards a circular economy for the region, starting by the implementation of the construction methods. This paper proposes the use of a mega-event as a strategic urban planning tool to catalyse the timeframe of the projects and attract new investors from outside the region. The mega-event will be used as a game changer to implement the image of forgotten areas of AMA and internationalize the area and the process of construction. With this the construction chain will be strengthened with a focus on the developments projected by the municipality. Thus, this paper argues towards the question: How can a mega event improve the management of resources in the construction cycle in AMA? To answer this question, we will discuss some questions to introduce the whole framework to deal with, the strategies that can be implemented in the construction cycle and the advantages and disadvantages of using a mega-event as an urban tool. Key words – circular economy, construction cycle, mega-event, strategic urban planning

1 Introduction. Answering questions: Where, why, what and how.

Following data from the world bank, since 2008, more than half of the population lives in cities. In 2050, it is expected that this number will be increased up to 75% (World Bank, 2017). The rapid growth puts an enormous pressure on urban resources, carrying capacities, and quality of life. “City leaders are being challenged to rethink the way our current urban systems operate, to explore new ways of value creation and optimisation, while ensuring long-term prosperity, resource sufficiency, economic viability, and wellbeing in urban centres worldwide” (Ellen McArthur foundation, 2015). The urban planning goals are changing towards a sustainable strategy to frame the new developments and shifting the current material and organic flows. The Amsterdam Metropolitan Area is situated in the North of the Randstad region in the Netherlands. The AMA is situated in the provinces of North Holland and Flevoland and consists of the city of Amsterdam and 32 smaller municipalities working together since 2007 in a voluntary basis (Janssen-Jansen, 2011). Since 2012, the population growth in AMA has been 3.4%, in comparison with 1,5% in the Netherlands (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016). AMA is leading the growing trends in the country thus, it can be selected as starting point to improve the management of resources in the Netherlands. In order to propose this shift, it is essential to understand the current state of the economy and change the sustainability basis of the area. Currently, the region is following a linear management of resources that end up in landfills or incinerators: a linear economy (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016). The area’s shift to a circular economy is high on the Amsterdam municipality’s agenda (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016). A circular economy is “a global economic model that decouples economic growth and development from the consumption of finite resources. It is restorative by design, and aims to keep products, components and materials at their highest utility and value, at all times” (Ellen McArthur foundation, 2015). This is a good starting position, as concerned in the national Green Deal, ‘The Netherlands as circular hotspot’ The circular economy is studied in different cycles and flows based on limited sources. These flows are based on the effective use of raw materials and are distinguished into food, phosphate, waste, water, electricity and heat (Gemeente Project methodology - 17

Amsterdam, 2012). The municipality of Amsterdam together with local stakeholders stated the necessity of focusing in construction and waste cycle. These cycles have the biggest ecological and economic impact and potentials (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016). After analysing the different cycles, we realized that the construction flow is present in all of them. In the proposal of a new development, the way of constructing and maintaining the dwellings and facilities suppose the biggest difference to all of the cycles. In relation with the theory for circular economy proposed by the Ellen McArthur Foundation (Figure 1), the construction cycle is focused in the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flow, related with the management of the material flows and raw materialâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reuse. From the spatial planning approach, there is a better opportunity in introducing circular economy in the new developments since the step of their ex-novo construction. However, one of the main disadvantages of this cycle is the slow speed in which it can be improved, based on the high dimension of the projects and investments needed to propose construction innovations in a region. In this way, the impact of this cycle is characterized by its long term factor. To accelerate the speed of the construction chain, we propose to introduce a mega-event strategy as a tool for fast urban transformation; a game changer for the AMA. Focusing on the big improvement that the legacy of this strategy can imply for the region and how the circular economy approach can enhance it. Considering the urgency that the shift to circular economy strategies suppose in the current urban theories, the mega-event strategy increases the opportunity of this change by the attraction of a huge amount of investors due to its global character and the imposition of new deadlines to the different municipalities.

Figure 1. Our vision of Circular Economy based on Ellen McArthur Foundation theory.

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Illustration 7. Scheme of what Circular Economy means for us. Own illustration following the principles of Braungart & McDonough

In this paper, we will reflect towards the question: how can a mega event improve the management of resources in the construction cycle in the AMA? We will argue through the different strategies and theories to develop a shift in the management of resources related to the construction cycle in the proposition of new developments that are happening in the AMA and the opportunity of proposing a mega event as catalyser for this to happen.

2 The circular economy in the construction cycle in AMA.

As argued in the introduction, our main focus lies on the construction chain. It is the most important economic engine; the construction industry is one of the largest consumers of resources and energy, exactly, it is responsible for 40% of the total waste streams of Amsterdam (CBS, 2015). In 2010, the primary energy use for the Dutch construction was accounted for 4.5% of the total primary energy use in the Netherlands (Sanderine van Odijk,Floor van Bovene, 2014). The current situation is based on the recycle of 90% of the construction waste but in a down-cycling way. This means that the recycled materials are used to fill the infrastructures as gravel (ABN AMRO, 2014). This situation needs to be improved in terms of efficiency and minimisation of the climate impact by the use of the principles of circular economy. In order to transform the current linear construction and demolition chain to a circular chain, the sectors involved need to update their methods and materials for the new projects. In addition, the design companies should consider how to transform the building methods into a more flexible and adaptable way. Therefore, the construction sector can enlarge the lifespan of the buildings which can increase the value of raw materials by reusing them and changing their functions and layout. In order to reach this transition in the construction and demolition sector, there are three major strategies. Starting by reducing the impact during the usage phase, for both new construction and existing supply after renovation. The second one is based on the optimization and reuse of the existing supply of buildings and infrastructure; one of the biggest inefficiencies of this sector is the current vacancy. The last strategy is designing and constructing future buildings according to circular principles and with a base of circular materials. In our project we are facing the trend of the expansions of Almere and Amsterdam, and the ambition to realise 70 thousand new homes by 2040, so the third strategy has been prioritised in our research. In order to seize this, we propose to use ‘Four smarts’ as the principle for the construction sector. The ‘four smarts’ proposed by our group are based on the knowledge of the report conducted by ‘Circle economy’ and Fabric TNO to the municipality of Amsterdam. These are: ‘smart design’, ‘smart constructing methods’, ’smart materials’ and ‘smart information network’ (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016) ‘Smart design’ is a starting point for the transition from linear construction to a circular chain. It is developed by the use of flexible and modular design; the new building could be regularly adapted to meet future requirements. In the design phase, the architect should form a database to record all the materials they will use in the construction and label high-value materials with a passport to manage the material flows. Besides this, the structural components should be designed in standard sizes which provide re-usability and a higher residual value for new constructions. Finally, architects and engineers should collaborate closely to choose better construction methods and materials for new projects which can improve the quality and extend the lifespan both for buildings and materials. In our project, the ‘smart constructing methods’ lies on two major approaches; modular construction and 3D-printing. The modular construction method is a mature technology based on an off-site construction in which the major components are manufactured in a factory. All the pre-fabricated components are transported to the construction site and assembled together easily. Compare to the conventional method of construction, the modular building has multiple advantages such as higher quality, safer construction environment, less construction disturbance to surroundings and simultaneous processes that leads to a 50% reduction of construction process time. (Lawson, Ogden, & Goodier, 2014). The modular construction allows to a reduction of raw material consumption and wastage which will lead to cost saving, easily dismantling and renovation and increasing the adaptability and the lifespan of materials. Based on this construction method, approximate 81% of the materials in the building can be recycled (Ngo, Crawford, Mendis, Grammampila, & Aye, 2012) which will significantly change the current situation in the linear construction sector. 3D-printing is a new technology which is still in the experimental phase in terms of using for construction. The current technology limits the size and quality of the products which has great potential for development. However, 3D-printing is a promising method for future projects because of the maximization of the use of waste streams. ‘Smart material’ is about the management of the raw material flow and construction waste streams. After the deconstruction, all the waste should be separated. Construction sectors can retrieve high-value materials from separated waste for reusing. There are some new technologies, such as the Smart breaker of SmartCrusher BV (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016) who makes it possible to retrieve concrete, sand, gravel and cement. At the same time, creating new material for construction is a current trend within the sustainability strategies that are happening within the companies. Project methodology - 19

For example, a sustainable cooperation between Waternet and NPSP use residual water plants to produce bio-composite material for construction and AEB has developed a new technology to produce bricks by using ash from waste incineration. The final principle is ‘smart information network’. In order to develop this new construction method, a close and synchronize communication between the different stakeholders is essential. Supported by the IT support, using and reusing the material will be more efficient. Software platforms, such as BIM, could connect the design and construction process and record all the materials needed. A documentation of the materials within a common passport will allow the monitoring and recycling of the raw material. Apart from the online market platform, it is essential to create new lands for storing the construction material and improve the transportation methods with a reverse logistic to increase the efficiency and reduce the climate impact. Combining the GIS data with BIM information (Zhu, 2014) will make the relationship between demand and supply clearer and more efficient in the spatial dimension. The key strategy to improve the construction chain into a circular process requires a cooperation between all the stakeholders involved. The current fragmented chain of design, construction and demolition should be integrated within a real-time information network and logistic system. This whole circular chain should think, operate and collaborate systematically under the ‘smart’ principles exposed above.

3 The use of a mega-event as a strategy urban planning tool.

Following the enforcement of the coordination between the stakeholders involved in the construction cycle, it is essential to catalyse in time the different strategies that need to take place. Thus, the system can be implemented in every new development in AMA as soon as possible, maintaining the attention of the investors and ensuring the success of the investments. The use of a mega-event is a shift in the approach of spatial planning and urban governance, in the way of proposing short-term spatial interventions to achieve a long-term urban development (Chen & Spaans, 2009). This game changer method is approached with a social, economic and environmental sustainable basis focusing on creating a landmark for global investments and promotion of the image of the AMA by the realization of a local development. (Qu & Spaans, 2009) Establishing the Olympic Games as the main example of mega-event strategies, the long history of them allow us to analyse the different factors that need to be improved in future proposals. The main aspects to be considered includes the management of investments and the social groups to include as targets. There are several theories arguing about the possibility of establishing the Olympic Games in Netherlands to create an urban plan. Following “Realizing Olympic Games in the Netherlands” (Chen, Lei, & Rooij, 2008) the investments in the Olympic Games used to be translate in a cut in the social welfare which leads to a decrease of social subsidise for some parts of the community. Also the large gentrification problems in host cities need to be improved. In the past cities, mostly in post-industrial cities, the existing working class population was replaced with middle class and commercial functions (Hiller, 2000). The lack of analytical tools to assess the big demand of evaluating the long term effects in the host cities needs to be solved. Finally, the main problem identified in last events is the remain of the so called “White Elephants” (Mangan, 2008). Big facilities built for the Olympics remain unused or under used after the end of the event. Thus, one of the main strategies to improve is the project of a solid legacy for the whole group of facilities. These different approaches, applied to the Dutch context, can be translated into the creation of an international profile by the enhancement of the way the city is perceived. Netherlands is known worldwide due to its polder and water landscape, something that should be characteristic of this event location. In addition to this, there are several requirements imposed from the International Olympic Committee based on the distance between the different facilities and the spatial implications involved in the proposal of a mega event of this magnitude. It is essential for the country to consider the economic impact in a long-term perspective and settle the guidelines of the urban development in terms of economic principles and location. Furthermore, other business such as the sports, health, cultural and entertainment sectors may be spurred on by the event. One of the essential characteristics of the use of a mega-event as spatial planning strategy is the adjustment of the proposal to the current spatial trends and agenda of the region. As explained by Yawei, Qu and Rooij “From earlier Olympic experiences it is concluded that the Olympic legacy has more market potential when the Games function as a catalyst (speeding up already existing processes) instead of an impulse (starting up processes of change)” (Chen, Lei, & Rooij, 2008)

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4 Conclusions

After analysing the construction cycle in the region and the urban strategy of a mega event to catalyse both urban planning projects and new methods of construction, it is essential to come back to the question: How can a mega event improve the management of resources in the construction cycle in AMA? The strategy of a mega-event as an urban tool can be essential to implement principles of circular economy in the AMA. The current urban developments for the region proposed by the different municipalities are catalysed. Emphasizing a methodology asset to attract investors and create a new sense of identity in forgotten areas of the AMA. This will result in increased value in terms of internationalization of the region, sustainability improvement and economic growth. Different strategies are examined to introduce the concept of circular economy in the region of AMA and the positive factors that this shift in methodology can add to the current management of limited resources. Within this, the new development of the construction cycle needs to be guided towards an adaptation to a circular reuse and recycle of raw materials. The strategy of a mega-event as an urban tool can be essential to implement principles of circular economy in the AMA. The current urban developments for the region proposed by the different municipalities are catalysed. Emphasizing a methodology asset to attract investors and create a new sense of identity in forgotten areas of the AMA. This will result in increased value in terms of internationalization of the region, sustainability improvement and economic growth.

5 References

ABN AMRO. (14 de 12 de 2014). Circular construction: new income models for construction industry. Obtained from https://www.abnamro.com/en/newsroom/newsarticles/2014/circular-construction-new-income-models-for-construction-industry.html CBS. (2015). Centraal bureau voor de statistiek. Recovered on 31th March 2017, de CBS: http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=7467&LA=NL Chen, Y., & Spaans, M. (2009). Mega-event strategy as a tool for urban transformation: Sydney’s Experience. The 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism, (págs. 99-109). Delft. Chen, Y., Lei, Q., & Rooij, R. (2008). Realizing Olympic Games in the Netherlands. (0. P. Rotterdam., Ed.) The Architecture Annual 2007-2008. Delft University of Technology , 60-65. Ellen McArthur foundation. (2015). Circularity Indicators. An approach to measuring circularity. Foundation, T. E. (2013). TOWARDS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Gemeente Amsterdam. (2016). Circular Amsterdam. A vision and action agenda for the city and metropolitan area. Gemeente Amsterdam. (2016). Metropoolregio Amsterdam in cijfers 2016. Amsterdam. Gemeente Amsterdam. (2012). Towards the Amsterdam Circular Economy. Physical Planning Department, Amsterdam. Hiller, H. (2000). Mega-events, urban boosterism and growth strategies: an analysis of the objectives and legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic bid. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 439-458. Janssen-Jansen, L. B. (2011). From Amsterdam to Amsterdam Metropolitan Area: A Paradigm Shift. International Planning Studies , 16 (3), 257-272. Lawson, M., Ogden, R., & Goodier, C. (2014). Design in Modular Construction. CRC Press 2014. Mangan, J. A. (2008). Prologue: Guarantees of Global Goodwill: Post-Olympic Legacies – Too Many Limping White Elephants? . The International Journal of the History of Sports , 25. Ngo, T., Crawford, R., Mendis, P., Grammampila, R., & Aye, L. (2012). Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy analysis of prefabricated reusable building modules. Energy and Buildings , 47, 159-168. Qu, L., & Spaans, M. (2009). The mega-event as a strategy in spatial planning: starting from the Olympic city of Barcelona. The 4th Internation Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism, (págs. 1291-1300). Delft. Project methodology - 21

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7. Scientific and design methods that help you answer those questions. While doing the project a lot of questions are raised that need to be answered to be able to make a vision and strategy for the region. - What are the current linear processes of flows in the AMA? Waste, water, energy, construction. Understanding the current flows by mapping companies and factories that facilitate the flows in the region. Together with numbers from CBS (bureau of statistics) of the amount of every element and how they transport them through the area. Drawing the inputs and outputs of every flow to understand where the leakages are, so we understand where changes can happen. - Which flow do we need to change to have the biggest positive impact on the management of resources? Construction cycle. After drawing the inputs and outputs of each cycle, reading documents about circular economy in the AMA and researching the requirements of the AMA, a choice can be made to focus on one of the flows; the construction cycle, since it is coming back in all of the other flows, there is still a lot of possibilities to change the way we manage building and one of the AMA requirements is adding a lot of dwellings to the housing stock. Main research question of the theoretical framework: - How can a mega event improve the management of resources in the construction cycle in the AMA? Answered by the sub questions following here. Sub questions: - What is the current situation in the AMA that deals with management of limited resources? - What strategies can be implemented in the construction cycle to change to a more circular management of limited resources? - What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a mega-event as an urban tool? Using the information gained from the questions answered before, combined with information about the current situation of the AMA in terms of statistics, documents of the municipality of Amsterdam, the AMA and Ellen McArthur foundation, new initiatives to change this cycle and researches about Olympics will help us to understand how this event can be the catalyser for sustainable development in the AMA. The conclusions we made for this questions are formed by our own perspective on the subject, but are evidence based. - What is the best possible location to hold such a mega event? Almere and the water Olympics. We used scenario mapping to find all the possible locations of the AMA to hold this event. Concluding the pros and cons for each location and comparing them to each other by using a comparing method of the degree of adding value to the location in four aspects: public transport, roads, following vision of the AMA and the degree of positive impact after the Olympic Games on the four cycles. The scenarioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s that have the highest score on the resulting diagram of each location were chosen to combine in a final scenario: Almere and the water Olympics. - How can this mega event add to the quality/legacy of the place? Research about former Olympic games: what are the successes and failures that happened there? Using papers and researches done to gain information about the economic, spatial, environmental and societal problems and successes these Olympic Games had, to be able to avoid the problems and try to gain the successes for the AMA: the legacy. We did calculations to see the impact of the Olympics on the area by using the four flows: the peaks that the Olympic games form in waste production, energy consumption, water consumption and how the construction is part of all of them. The main goal is to research where the peaks can be used to gain a legacy after the Olympics in form of production, reuse and recycling, shown in diagrams with amounts of the unit.

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8. Values and ethics

Ethics. Societal contribution.

Use of a mega-event as an urban tool to implement the principles of circular economy in AMA. Course Methodology for Urbanism MSc Urbanism, Delft University of Technology

Concepción del Rocío Aranda Iglesias, 4624122 Marieke de Bode, 4140842 Weizhen Luo, 4623754 Esmee Stalenberg, 4542584 Ardian Wiratama, 4626133 According to Basta (2013) Ethics in design can take the form of ethics of aesthetics and ethics of responsibility. The ethics of responsibility can be sorted into two forms: the responsibility to the users/ the public interest, and the principle of appropriateness which has a lot to do with embracing the human and natural environment, leading to the adoption of environmental ethics and sustainability as a design principle. “The identification and operationalisation of the public interest in a particular case or issue is an important way of introducing values into the process of forming the lived-in environment” (Basta, 2013, p. 16). This can be connected to our project of Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis, where the sustainability concept is implemented in the form of circular economy and managing limited resources. In our project the values of the public interest and environment are embedded into facilitating the possibility of housing in the metropolis, where the demand on the housing stock is high. Still, there is a need of balance between the prices and social houses to provide a diverse society and to prevent inequality and excluding social economic minorities. The strategy of the mega event Olympic Games as a catalyser will care for the public interest of a higher housing stock, better connections between cities in the region and a more sustainable management of limited resources. These goals will be achieved by introducing a new method to improve the construction chain in the new development. At the same time, the games can be the way to create more popularity and a stronger identity for the city Almere. Currently people don’t feel attached to the place (reference). The city doesn’t have a history since Almere is a relatively new city. The Olympics are proved to be the way of adding identity and a feeling of belonging. Following, Basta stated: “the current challenge of architecture and planning is … that of ensuring that the ethical considerations that safeguard the shared values of today are embedded in the conception of the built environment and recognizable during all processes of its realization”. This also means participation of all effected parties and stakeholders in the process such as municipalities, Olympic related companies, public transport companies and the new and current citizens. If involved early in the process, the needs and wishes of each stakeholder can be mapped and connected to each other to create an inclusive plan for the AMA. Holding the Olympic games will have some ethical discussion as well. People will have the feeling that this event will cause a lot of changes to the area, maybe even negatively, based on past examples. One of the main problems of the proposal of the Olympic Games is based on the legacy of past experiences. The infrastructure has been overloaded (NOC*NSF, 2009), there were white elephants after the games (Chen, 2012), the public investments were focused on the Olympic Games and the public wealth suffered the consequences (Chen & Lei & Rooij, 2008). Is this event really in the interest of the public? By using this mega-event as a catalyser for innovation, new ways of building and emphasize urban development based on the circular economy will create a positive impact on the region on the short and long term. It is necessary to involve the people in the process to make sure that they understand the positive impacts and that they will have a sense of belonging with the place. This will create a successful celebrating area for during the games and a good living environment for the long term legacy of the region. However, it is essential to learn from past mistakes and realize the proposal focusing on the long term strategies attached to the legacy of the mega event.

References Basta, C. (2013). Ethics, Design and Planning of the Built Environment. Urban and Landscape Perspectives, 12, 15-19. Chen, Y., (2012) Urban strategies and post-event legacy: the cases of summer Olympic cities, AESOP 26th Annual Congress. Chen, Y., Lei, Q., & Rooij, R. (2008). Realizing Olympic Games in the Netherlands. (0. P. Rotterdam., Ed.) The Architecture Annual 2007-2008. Delft University of Technology , 60-65. NOC*NSF. (2009). Expertrapport Nederlandse Sport naar Olympisch Niveau. Deventer: daM. Project methodology - 25

9. The scientific contribution of the work at hand Next to the theoretical framework paper Smart strategies for a sustainable development there are a lot of contributions by scientific research on different fields we needed to understand for the vision and strategy of the AMA. The overall structure of the strategy consists out of two aspects: the spatial plan and the industrial changes (to create a more circular management of resources in the construction cycle). These aspects are brought together by the tool of the mega event as a catalyser for urban development. Concluding, this results in three different elements that creates our strategy for the AMA, which we will now explain more. The spatial plan is built up from a series of analyses on various aspects of the AMA that are argued in a SWOT. After the decision we took for the location of Amsterdam and Almere as the main focus to create a development for the AMA and add quality to the Markermeer area, we did research to understand the existing situation of the cities. Almere has a bad reputation in the eye of many non-Almere people. At the same time Amsterdam is still growing and a lot of people cannot find an affordable home anymore. This results in families that move out of the city, while Almere still has a lot of space and is close to Amsterdam. To develop new areas in these municipalities it was necessary to understand the identity and principles the places were built on. This resulted into a plan of three “islands” and one existing plot of land that will be built on by using a huge number of stakeholders brought together by using all three of the elements: the Olympics, the local stakeholders and stakeholders from the construction cycle. The industrial changes consist out of an understanding of circular economy, what flows are present and what changes can be made in these cycles. The present flows are divided into steps and elements, calculated with peaks and what the impact on the area will be when using a mega event as catalyser. After the diagramming of the peaks by using data from reports, books and the bureau for statistics, we could built up a basic knowledge of what effect the new situation will have on the flows in the future. We found the huge impact of the construction cycle on all of the other flows: water, energy and waste. That is why we focus on how to change the construction cycle in the AMA. This change is mainly described in the theoretical framework, where the new principles for the construction of developments are introduced. These principles need to be placed into the area in a spatial plan, where flows of materials, development, storages and companies are located (where the industrial and spatial plan come together). The mega event will be the catalyser for the development and connecting element for the spatial and industrial changes. We needed scientific understanding of how a mega event works. This will contribute to the positive effect (legacy) the event will have on the region and country. We did research and readings on “bad and good” legacies of former Olympic Games, to understand where the threats and opportunities lay in organizing the games in the AMA. We also needed to know what sports facilities we already have, which needs to be permanent, which ones are temporary and which needed to change and how to avoid building white elephants. All of the researches and analysis we did are connected to one of these subjects, and together form the scientific contribution of the project.

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10. Recommendations for further research. The impact of a mega-event on a region is very high, a lot of research is needed to be able to understand all of the aspects that come with it. This connected to circularity and flows, is a very complicated story, which can go wrong on various elements. After nine weeks of research and strategic planning, a lot of new questions come up, which can be recommendations for further research. The newly introduced construction flow is one to manage the waste, materials and processes of building and constructing new and existing areas. The impact of this new cycle is mainly on the long term basis, where we are not sure yet what these impacts will be. Further research can be to find out what the changes are on the spatial, societal and technical level of the region. The main focus of this project was the construction cycle, while the flows of water, waste and energy are introduced on the smaller scale of the island, neighborhood or building block. If these flows would be researched more in the bigger systems and how the mega-event can contribute to these cycles, the changes for the circular economy in the region can be catalysed more in all of the different aspects. The biggest impact of the Olympics and the new development will be on the cities Almere and Amsterdam, since there will be built 3 new islands and 100.000 new dwellings, combined with sports facilities and a new connection. What impact will this have on a middle-sized city like Almere? Is this event as trigger to change the idea of the city enough to attract people to life here? There will be an amount of visitors coming to the region of 375.000 people each day and a part of them will need a place to stay. Is there enough capacity of hotels and Air BNB in the surrounding areas to make sure this is possible? One of the solutions of having a large amount of people staying over in the region is the temporary facilities like Pierland with movable boats and piers that can be placed at every Olympic game. But the question is if this island is safe and if it is possible to be regulated. One of the strategies is to spread the sports facilities over the whole country, so we will manage a use of maximum amount of existing facilities. This will prevent building white elephants and it will spread the legacy over several cities. But a consequence of this strategy is that there will be more transport of flows of people through the country. There is a need of information about these flows of people and if the public transport network needs to be adjusted. Also the Olympic village spread across three different islands in the IJmeer will need an investigation about capacity, regulation and safety and if this separation is possible. Since the beginning of the project the goal was to combine top-down planning of the region and bottom-up initiatives to create an inclusive and liveable area based on circular economy. But looking back, the top-down planning was already such a complex aspect that the bottom-up initiatives are less present in the strategy. This could be a next step to include smaller stakeholders and inhabitants to the project. A lot of the calculations on the cycles (waste, water, energy and construction) are based on numbers in books of demand nowadays, while society and technologies are changing all the time. We can guestimate how these changes will be and how society will be in 2040, but they stay guestimations. The plan needs to be flexible to be able to follow these changes. One of the additions of the project to the knowledge about circular economy is the autonomous island introduced in the near future. This island will not be connected to the already existing system of the AMA for water and energy. Every building will be heated and provided in electricity by renewable sources as solar panels and windmills. The required amount of heat and electricity will be reduced by systems like heat recovery and heat exchange. The water will be cleaned by phytoremediation and rainwater will be catched to use for flushing the toilet. These are all assumptions that will need to be reviewed after a few years, to see if it really is possible to make an autonomous island. This means it is a test area for possible new interventions to make a more circular future, but there is also the possibility it goes wrong and there is a need of adjustments to the development. The possibility of changes in the phasing of the project is a huge risk. There are a few key projects that are essential for the plan to work: the metro line, the bid and building the land and sport facilities before the Olympic games in 2028. If one of these projects are not happening, there is a need for a different solution like another way of transportation or location for the Olympic village. Research about other sports or cultural events is needed to be able to catalyse this development if the AMA doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get the bid of the Olympic games. If not, the development will take a lot more time and less stakeholders will be involved.

Project methodology - 27

11. Planning - Timeframe - Phasing - Stakeholders

Illustration 115. Timeline of the spatial strategy. Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

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11. Planning - Timeframe - Phasing - Stakeholders The planning of the mega event in the AMA consist out of three phases with very clear deadlines; the outcome of the Olympic bid in 2021; the Olympic Games in 2028; and the time after the Olympic games for reaching the spatial and sustainable goals of municipality of Amsterdam and Almere. From today on we can already work towards the Olympic Games in 2028 independent of the outcome of the bid in 2021. In 2018, the municipality of Amsterdam starts with built the land of Middeneiland and from 2021 the buildings will be built by ‘Boskalis’ (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2017). With this an extension of metro line M55 is necessary for the accessibility of people living in Ijburg and the future Middeneiland. From now on these plans can be finished and the construction of this underground metro line starts as soon as possible by ‘GVB’ and ‘BAM’. The metroline will connect Amsterdam Ijburg with Middeneiland all the way to Almere Olympus, Almere Pampus and Almere Stad. The masterplans for Olympus and Ijland needs to be completed before 2021 by ‘VolkerWessels’ and ‘Kroonenberg’ and also the building blocks start being designed In 2021, NOC*NSF will receive a positive or a negative outcome of the Olympic bid. If the bid is negative, the construction of Middeneiland and the metroline will slowly continue. Till the outcome, no unnecessary actions specifically for the Olympics are made. The AMA region can think about inviting another big sport/ cultural event in the region or they can decide to rewrite and rethink the proposal for the Olympic Games in 2034, 2040 or later. If the outcome of the bid is positive a lot of processes and projects needs to start immediately with a very strict and tight schedule. The land of Olympus and Ijland will be built in one year by ‘Boskalis’ and ‘Ingenieursbureau Amsterdam’ and needs to rest for another two years. In this time of rest the modular construction elements can already be made off-site. In the maintime the construction of buildingblocks on Middeneiland will start by ‘BeingDevelopment’ in collaboration with ‘Waternet’, ‘NUON’ and housing ‘association Ymere‘. After the land of Olympus and Ijland is completed, VolkerWessels’ and ‘Kroonenberg’ can start with assembling the modular building blocks. The Olympic village is devided on the three sites of Middeneiland, Ijland and Olympus. The construction of as well the sport venues (Olympic stadium, IBM, Olympic swim venue, multi purpose hall and tennis court) and the Olympic villages will start from 2015 till 2028. These Olympic corner per island needs to be finished on time by ‘DuraVermeer’, ‘BeingDevelopment’ and ‘Kroonenberg’. From 2026, temporary sport facilities and tourist facilities will be design and constructed, in order to deconstruct them after the Olympic game to minimalize the legacy in the AMA. Pierland (a fully temporary island) will be combined out of a wooden pier with sustainable off-site constructed boats and houseboats. The absolutely deadline for all these projects is the summer of 2028! After the Olympic games some temporary venues such as Pierland, the orange bridge and the Olympic village will be deconstructed in the modular way. Extension of Almere city will continue with designing and constructing Almere Pampus by ‘DuraVermeer’ in collaboration with ‘Ymere’, ‘NUON’, ‘Vitens’ and ‘Sunport Energy’. In 2040 the AMA region will reach a growth of almost 150.000 new dwellings on the sites of Middeneiland, Ijland, Almere Olympus and Almere Pampus Reference Gemeente Amsterdam, (2017), Amsterdam start met aanleg Middeneiland met 3000 woningen op Ijburg; https://www. amsterdam.nl/bestuur-organisatie/college/individuele-paginas/eric-van-der-burg/persberichten/amsterdam-start/ (consulted april 7th 2017)

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12. Bibliography ABN AMRO. (14 of 12 of 2014). Circular construction: new income models for construction industry. Obtained from https://www.abnamro.com/en/newsroom/ newsarticles/2014/circular-construction-new-income-models-for-construction-industry.html Basta, C. (2013). Ethics, Design and Planning of the Built Environment. Urban and Landscape Perspectives, 12, 15-19. CBS. (2015). Centraal bureau voor de statistiek. Recovered on 31th March 2017, de CBS: http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=7467&LA=NL Chen, Y., & Spaans, M. (2009). Mega-event strategy as a tool for urban transformation: Sydney’s Experience. The 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism, (págs. 99-109). Delft. Chen, Y., Lei, Q., & Rooij, R. (2008). Realizing Olympic Games in the Netherlands. (0. P. Rotterdam., Ed.) The Architecture Annual 2007-2008. Delft University of Technology , 60-65. Ellen McArthur foundation. (2015). Circularity Indicators. An approach to measuring circularity. Foundation, T. E. (2013). TOWARDS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Gemeente Almere. (2015). Het IMAGO van Almere. Retrieved from: https://www.almere.nl/over-almere/ feiten-en-cijfers/ Gemeente Amsterdam. (2016). Circular Amsterdam. A vision and action agenda for the city and metropolitan area.

Lawson, M., Ogden, R., & Goodier, C. (2014). Design in Modular Construction. CRC Press 2014. Mangan, J. A. (2008). Prologue: Guarantees of Global Goodwill: Post-Olympic Legacies – Too Many Limping White Elephants? . The International Journal of the History of Sports , 25. Ngo, T., Crawford, R., Mendis, P., Grammampila, R., & Aye, L. (2012). Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy analysis of prefabricated reusable building modules. Energy and Buildings , 47, 159168. NOC*NSF. (2009). Expertrapport Nederlandse Sport naar Olympisch Niveau. Deventer: daM. Qu, L., & Spaans, M. (2009). The mega-event as a strategy in spatial planning: starting from the Olympic city of Barcelona. The 4th Internation Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism, (págs. 12911300). Delft. Sanderine van Odijk,Floor van Bovene. (2014). CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION. ABN AMRO. World Bank. (2017). World Bank Database. Recovered on 30th March de 2017, de http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS Sleurink, M. (2013). Amsterdam slachtoffer van eigen succes? Rooilijn, 6 (2), 404-411 Zhu, X. (March de 2014). GIS and Urban Mining. MDPI

Gemeente Amsterdam. (2016). Metropoolregio Amsterdam in cijfers 2016. Amsterdam. Gemeente Amsterdam. (2012). Towards the Amsterdam Circular Economy. Physical Planning Department, Amsterdam. Gemeente Netherlands. (s.f.). Government of the Netherlands. Recovered on February 28th 2017, from Circular economie: https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/contents/from-a-linear-to-a-circular-economy Hiller, H. (2000). Mega-events, urban boosterism and growth strategies: an analysis of the objectives and legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic bid. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 439-458. Janssen-Jansen, L. B. (2011). From Amsterdam to Amsterdam Metropolitan Area: A Paradigm Shift. International Planning Studies , 16 (3), 257-272. Project methodology - 31

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USE OF A MEGAEVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL

T E L

K O O

Project definition - 33

INDEX 1. Analysis 1.1. Analysis of the location - Netherlands scale 1.2. Analysis of the location - Randstad scale 1.3. Analysis of key factors in section 1.4. Analysis of land opportunities 1.5. Analysis of new opportunities 2. Circular economy 2.1. Definition of Circular Economy for us 2.2. Definition of the systems in AMA 2.3. Analysis of the systems and Inputs-outputs 3. Diagnosis 3.1. SWOT analysis 3.2. Analysis summery 3.3. AMA requirements 3.4. Faster - Higher - Stronger 4. Application of a megaevent as urban planning tool. 4.1. Cycles change in time 4.1.1. Social facts 4.1.2. Energy facts 4.1.3. Water facts 4.1.4. Waste facts 4.2. Location study 4.2.1. Scenarios. Study case. 4.2.1.a. General map 4.2.1.b. Scenario 1: Hotelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategy 4.2.1.c. Scenario 2: Almere 4.2.1.d. Scenario 3: North of Amsterdam 4.2.1.e. Scenario 4: Amsterdam city 4.2.1.f. Scenario 5: Water focused 4.2.1.g. Scenario 6: Green heart 4.2.1.h. Scenario 7: North sea 4.2.1.i. Scenario 8: Almere + Amsterdam city 4.2.1.j. Scenario 9: Harbour 4.2.2. Selection process 4.2.3. Final scenario. Almere+water focused 4.3. Location of the current sport facilities. 5. Future vision 5.1. Vision of the megaevent 5.2. Vision of the legacy 34 - Project definition

page 36 page 38 page 40 page 42 page 43 page 44 page 45 page 46 page 54 page 56 page 57 page 58 page 59 page 62 page 64 page 68 page 72 page 76 page 77 page 79 page 80 page 81 page 82 page 83 page 84 page 85 page 86 page 87 page 88 page 91 page 92

page 96 page 97

INDEX 6. Strategy 6.1. Statregy explanation 6.2. Projected lifestyle in 2040

page 103 page 104

6.3. Industrial strategy 6.3.1. Scheme of the new method 6.3.2. Principle 1: Smart design 6.3.3. Principle 2: Smart construction methods 6.3.4. Principle 3: Smart materials 6.3.5. Principle 4: Smart information network 6.3.6. Current situation of the construction chain in AMA. 6.3.7. New construction circular flow in AMA 6.3.8. Timeline of industrial strategy 6.3.9. Stakeholders of industrial strategy

page 106 page 107 page 108 page 109 page 110 page 113 page 114 page 125 page 127

6.4. Spatial strategy 6.4.1. Almere analysis 6.4.2. General map of the spatial strategy 6.4.3. Timeline 6.4.4. Phases of the strategy a. Phase 1: Middeneiland b. Phase 2: IJland & Olympus c. Phase 3: Pierland d. Phase 4: Pampus 6.4.5. Olympus masterplan - Example for one of the islands 6.4.6. Stakeholders of spatial strategy

page 128 page 130 page 132 page 134 page 136 page 140 page 142 page 144 page 146

6.5. Final strategy - synergy of spatial and industrial strategy 6.5.1. Phases final strategy (spatial development-industrial flows) a. Phase 1: Middeneiland b. Phase 2: IJland & Olympus c. Phase 3: Pierland d. Phase 4: Pampus 6.5.2. Systematic sections 6.5.3. Olympus air view - general image of the strategy 6.5.4. Sections of the systems in Olympus 6.5.5. Sustainable principles in detail - strategies description 6.5.6. Autonomy of the new developments 6.5.7. Summery of stakeholders of the projects 6.5.8. Final image of the project: Faster, Higher, Stronger.

page 150 page 153 page 155 page 157 page 159 page 162 page 165 page 166 page 169 page 170 page 173

Anex A. What if the olympic games never happen - Plan B. A1. Manifesto A2. Timeline comparison A3. Added value because of the olympic games

page 175 page 176 page 178

Anex B. Group and Individual reflections of the team. Anex C. References list. Anex D. Illustration credits.

page 181 page 189 page 193

Project definition - 35

1. ANALYSIS

1.1. Analysis of the location - Infrastructures and connections The AMA is situated in the North of the Randstad region of the Netherlands, across the boundaries of two provinces North Holland and Flevoland. The City of Amsterdam is the centre of this region which is over three times its size. The Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA) is often referred to as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the economic powerhouse of the Netherlandsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Janssen-Jansen, 2011).

Illustration 8. Map of infrastructures and connections in Netherlands in relation with AMA location. Own illustration based on GIS data.

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1. ANALYSIS

1.1. Analysis of the location - Population AMA consists out of the city of Amsterdam and 32 smaller municipalities working together since 2007 in a voluntary basis with no official status. With a population of 2,4 million, 1/7 of the total population of the Netherlands is currently living in this metropolitan area. (2.410.960 people). (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016)

Illustration 9. Map of population in Netherlands in relation with AMA location. Own illustration based on GIS data.

Project definition - 37

1. ANALYSIS

1.2. Analysis of the location - Infrastructures and connections

AMA is strongly connected with the city of Leiden, The Hague, Rotterdam and Utrecht. Right on the northern border of the green heart, the connections with the south are more difficult because of the preservation of the green heart natural values. One of the main influences is the location of Schiphol airport in the south-western part of the AMA, strongly connected with Amsterdam

Illustration 10. Map of infrastructures and connections in AMA in relation with surroundings and ditances. Own illustration based on GIS data.

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1. ANALYSIS

1.2. Analysis of the location - Population

In a closer scale, the AMA is part of the so called Randstad, formed for the four big cities sourrounding the green heart: Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam and Utrecht. The Randstad has an overall population of 7,1 million of inhabitants, being the one of AMA 2 million inhabitants, with a density of 4939 inhabitants/km2. (source: http://www.wastecosmart.eu)

Illustration 11. Map of population in AMA in relation with green heart and Randstad cities. Own illustration based on GIS data.

Project definition - 39

1. ANALYSIS

1.3. Analysis of the key factors in section

AMA SECTION REFERENCE

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Sources: - density: http://kaart.edugis.nl - accessibility: http://www.iamsterdam.com/en/visiting/plan-your-trip/getting-around/ public-transport AND http://www.projectmapping.co.uk/Europe%20World/hollanddutchtrai.html - opportunity:https://maps.noord-holland.nl/kaarten/ - restrction: whc.unesco.org/en/list/1349

1. ANALYSIS

1.3. Analysis of key factors in section

AMA SECTION REFERENCE

Using a section of AMA and as part of our analysis, we argument the density, accesibility, opportunity and restrictions of the region. Related with the municipality restriction of protected areas and uses of the land. Also, an important part is the accesibility that the current infrastructures provide.

Illustration 12. Section of AMA with indicators measurement. Own illustration. Sources specified above.

Project definition - 41

1. ANALYSIS

1.4. Analysis of land opportunities

In order to identify the land opportunities that AMA can offer inside the city of Amsterdam, which is the biggest urban aglomeration of the region, we analyse the vacant buildings and the future housing and hotel plans to understand the direction of the municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interests.

Illustration 13. Map of land opportunities in AMA. Own illustration based on GIS data.

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The new developments are oriented to the western part of the AMA and there are several opportunities in the vacant buildings of the area

1. ANALYSIS

1.5. Analysis of new opportunities

There is a trend in the use of new building strategies oriented into a more sustainable basis and specialization of the houses in each inhabitant neccessities.

One of the main trends identify in the analysis of the area is the huge amount of new sustainable strategies that are taking place. In this case, the map represent the amount of auto-constructed houses alredy used (orange) in comparison with those that are still available in terms of regulations. This leads us to create a new approach of building methods for the new developments in AMA.

Illustration 14. Map of Do-it-yourself opportunities in the area in comparison with those already usedOwn illustration based on amsterdam.nl data.

Project definition - 43

2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2.1. Definition of Circular Economy for us Following the theory proposed by the Ellen McArhtur foundation, circular economy is defined under three principles. After analysing all the cycles (section 2.3), we identify the construction process presented in all of them. That is why we will focus on it to proposed a shift on its chain. This cycle is mainly focused on the right part of the butterfly: REUSE, RECYCLE and REDISTRIBUTE related with raw materials and users.

Illustration 15. Scheme of what Circular Economy means for us. Own illustration following the principles of Braungart & McDonough

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2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2.2. Definition of the systems in AMA

The flows of each cycle are divided into several steps where a process is happening like water treatment or construction. As shown in the system each cycle is connected to each other, they are interrelated because of the ones output is the others input. They cannot exist without each other. In the current situation there are still a lot of inputs from outside the cycles like fossil energy and minerals. These sources are getting scarcer, therefore more expensive and eventually run out. To become less dependent on limited resources the cycles need to change from linear to circular by reuse, recycle, remanufacture, maintain and prolonging of materials and minimalize the leakage at the energy and waste cycle. If we can keep the materials longer in the cycle and produce more renewable energy, we will need less limited resources, which will create a more sustainable feature.

Illustration 16. Scheme of the relations between cycles Own illustration based on GIS data.

Project definition - 45

2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2.3. Analysis of the systems and inputs-outputs. ENERGY In the comparison of these two maps we can understand the consumption of electricity and gas that Amsterdam city has per year. Also, is important to outline that the gas consumption is higher than the electricity consumption. We are selecting Amsterdam city as case study to understand the use of the different resources in the area for being the biggest city.

N Illustration 17. Map of gas consumption in Amsterdam city. Data extracted from https:// maps.amsterdam.nl/

N Illustration 18. Map of electricity consumption in Amsterdam city. Data extracted from https:// maps.amsterdam.nl/

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2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2.3. Analysis of the systems and inputs-outputs. ENERGY

There are currently several renewable sources in AMA. The use of solar pannels is extended in the inner city of Amsterdam and around it different locations for windmills. Illustration 19. Map of renewable sources location. Data extracted from https:// maps.amsterdam.nl/

In this map there is a representation of the energy that can be extracted from soil and water. We find a big source of energy in a geothermal source, being the highest potential in the northern part of the AMA. In the same way, there are several energy storage points within the city of Amsterdam. Illustration 20. Map of energy extraction from soil and water. Data extracted from https:// maps.amsterdam.nl/

This map represents the city heating system of Amsterdam that connects the ringzone, the south and south-east of Amsterdam and IJburg. The connection between the system on the west side is not yet extended to the east side, but they are both owned by NUON. The west is in collaboraton with AEB and ENECO owners of the system in Amstelveen. The heat sources are AEB, biocel Lelystad, Floricultura Geothermie, biomassa Purmerent and Diemer centrale (Grand design warmte, 2016). Illustration 21. Map of energy from waste incineration and waste heat. Data extracted from https:// maps.amsterdam.nl/

N Project definition - 47

2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2.3. Analysis of the systems and inputs-outputs. ENERGY The energy system is based on flows between different facilities producing and locations that use the energy, connected to each other by networks of electricity and city heating. There are a few electricity and heat producers to provide the whole AMA with energy. There are also still a lot of facilities that produce heat, that now gets lost because the potentials are not used. As shown in the map there is a city heating system in a part of Amsterdam and Almere, which are owned by NUON, Eneco and AEB (Voskuilen & Bremer, 2016). The potentials of the heat produced by facilities are seen by the municipality; they are planning on extending the existing city heating system to Aalsmeer, Ijmuiden and Amstelveen and their facilities and connecting the two systems with each other. But as shown in the steps of the cycles there are still a lot of inputs like oil and gas, which are the limited resources we need to use less.

Energy system in AMA. Steps of the cycle.

Illustration 22. Map of the energy system and cycle in AMA Own illustration. Data source: Grand Design Warmte Metropoolregio Amsterdam Voskuilen, T & Bremer, R.

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2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2.3. Analysis of the systems and inputs-outputs. ENERGY

The biggest users of energy are houses, offices and industry and the highest amount of limited resources as input are oil and gas.

The biggest users of energy are houses, offices and industry and the highest amount of limited resources as input are oil and gas. Oil is mainly used for transportation and non-energy use. (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials in the different sectors and are not consumed as a fuel or transformed into another fuel.â&#x20AC;? (OECD/IEA)). Gas is still one of the sources for Amsterdam to cook on and heat houses. The amount of renewable energy the region uses is very little, the municipality aims to increase this number in the coming years (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016). The losses at the end at the output are very big, because of the way energy is used. The heat from houses gets lost by bad insulation and no heat recovery systems. The electricity is used for lighting and products, but after usage it is lost as well. If this is reduced, and there is more production of renewable energy, the usage of limited recourses can be reduced a lot in the future. This askes for a change in the way be built, our consumption and using the maximum potential of each facility. The possibility of producing more energy than using in neighborhoods can be an additional quality of a new development.

Illustration 23. Diagram of inputs and outputs of the energy system in AMA Own illustration based on Slimme Staden book.

Project definition - 49

2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2.3. Analysis of the systems and inputs-outputs. WATER Water systems in AMA. Steps of the cycle.

Water systems in AMA. Steps of the cycle.

N Illustration 24. Map of water systems in AMA Own illustration based on https://www.watersector.nl/rwzi/41/rwzi andWaterbeheerplan 2016-2021; waterbewust en waterrobuust and Amsterdam waterbestendig. Drinkwaterplan 2010-2015

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2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2.3. Analysis of the systems and inputs-outputs. WATER The watersystem of regional rivers, canals and lakes are connected with the system of local rivers, canals and lakes. The drinkingwater of the AMA is produced on two different locations with their own filter process: Leiduin (70%) and Weesperkarspel (30%)

Thanks to the large amount of polders and the many river deltaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in the Netherlands there is enough inflow of water. This water can be filtered in a smart way by using the dunes and the protected landscapes. New land extension can be linked to exisiting drinkingwater systems or a new system can be added.

Both systems starting at the river the Rijn. The drinkingwater for system 1 will be extracted from the Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal to the dunes in Leiduin. By natura land artificial process the drinking water will be filtered and transported to the Western part of Amsterdam. For the drinkingwater of system 2, the Bethunepolder near Maarsen is a very important source. The water from surrounding polders is automaticly natural collected in this polder. Togheter with water from the Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal the water is transported to the waterleidingplas for natural filtering and to Weesperkarspe for artificial filtering. The two important main watersystems of the AMA are the Amsterdam Rijnkanaal/Noordzeekanaal and the area of the Ijsselmeer. These local, regional and national watersystems in the Netherlands are managed by waterschappen, Hoogheemraadschappen en Rijkswaterstaat. They have their own responsibilities and task to manage the quality and safety of the watersystem in the Netherlands. 50% of this clean water will be used in households for showering, 30% for flushing the toilet and another 20% for the washing machine and consumption.

Illustration 25. Diagram of inputs and outputs of the water system in AMA Own illustration based on Slimme Staden book.

Project definition - 51

2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2.3. Analysis of the systems and inputs-outputs. WASTE In general, Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA) is dealing with huge amount of waste per year. The amount of waste is contributed largely by household waste and industrial waste. It grows together with the number of housing and companies in Amsterdam.

Waste system in AMA. Steps of the cycle.

At this moment, waste treatment are mostly managed by Afval Energie Bedrijf (AEB) which plays important role on processing the waste to produce energy, heat and raw material. AEB collects the waste from several collection points within the city of Amsterdam.These collection points are spread among neighborhood. There is also certain amount of waste which is coming from abroad, especially from United Kingdom. However, the flow of waste cycle can be seen as unclosed-cycle. Within the flow, there are several points which are indicated as leakage. Transporting waste still be main issue which carries problem on environment, such as noise pollution and CO2 emission. There is also an issue of output quality which is considered as downgrade form of material which will reduce its value.

Illustration 26. Map of current waste system in AMA. Own illustration based on - maps.amsterdam.nl and Energy from Waste â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Amsterdam. Gementee of Amsterdam-Afval Energie Bedrijf document

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2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2.3. Analysis of the systems and inputs-outputs. WASTE There are several sectors which produce waste in prominent amount, which are: households, industry, offices, and retails. Each sector is dealing with different type of waste and also followed by different treatment. For example, household waste contains any type of plastic, paper, disposed waste (tissue, diapers, etc) and organic waste. Those household waste are usually processed by further treatment, mainly: incineration, reusing, composting, separation and disposal.

By the introduction of waste-processing technology, output of waste flow can be altered into more useful material.

Household waste are relatively small in scale and easier to manage than the other sector. Therefore, there are possibilities to engage society to involve on upgrading waste management quality. For example, waste separation system can be initiated from the beginning phase of flow which will make the process more efficient by making community waste management. On the other hand, industry sector, which contributes biggest proportion of total waste is dealing with different waste and even sometimes hazardous waste. Large amount of industrial waste is processed specifically to make reuse material. Other output of industrial waste can be produced through other treatment, such as: disposal, incineration and separation. However, due to limited method and technology, the reuse material which are produced are only in low-value condition. Generally, this flow of waste still contains many possibilities for improvement. By the introduction of waste-processing technology, output of waste flow can be altered into more useful material. Some Waste to Energy (WtE) companies are currently working on producing bio-composite material by processing the bio-waste. Moreover, by producing new material, there will be higher chance to link the flow and close the cycle.

Illustration 27. Diagram of inputs and outputs of the water system in AMA Own illustration based on Energyfromwaste-Amsterdam.

Project definition - 53

3. DIAGNOSIS 3.1. SWOT analysis

WEAKNESS - Less developed sub-region : Almere, Zaanstad - Spatial vacancy : vacant building - Over-crowded city center - Dumpster area - Restrictive landscape of Groene Hart - Water as physical boundary - Genrification in city-center - Noise pollution from Schiphol - Scarcity of land - Sprawling population : people want to get closer to nature - Fragmented sustainable management

THREAT - Limited-finite resources - International exposure : economic competency - Growing population - Migration (people) : into the city-center & out of the city-center - Flood threat - Outside pressure of determining the identity of the region

Illustration 28. Map of weakness and threats in AMA. Own illustration based on: https://maps.noord-holland.nl/kaarten; http://spotzi.com/en/maps/environment/noise-and-air-quality/noise-netherlands// http://maps.amsterdam.nl/

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3. DIAGNOSIS

3.1. SWOT analysis

STRENGHT - Strong international hub : Schiphol, Port of Amsterdam - Strong-based companies around Amsterdam - Close proximity and highly reachable region - Existing creative industries - There is already an initiative among the municipalities to work and make collaboration together - International mentality and capability - Strong economic background - Prominently high experienced on water - Existing resource generator, such as windmill, water treatment, water storage Due to the limited space for large-scale development and certain spatial restriction, the chance of city extension is going to the northern sub-region, such as Zaanstad and Almere. This is also strengthened by strong existing connection and future connection, especially to Almere. Furthermore many existing resource generator has been developed on the north part, for example windmill installation in Almere. Anyway, the existing network, plan and development in the South part should be a base-point to integrate the development of the region. Last but not least, we have to deal with the current condition of fragmented management of cycle and flows while also dealing with the finite resources which are getting more limited.

OPPORTUNITY - Future hub proposal: Lelystad airport - Future development : Almere - Lelystad - District heating network expansion : northward - High demand of housing stock - Future connection to Almere - Future hotel development around Amsterdam - Demand of planning strategies from citizen and municipalities - Position in the global economy - big player in the global market

Illustration 29. Map of strenghts and opportunities in AMA. Own illustration based on: https://www.noord-holland.nl/ and http://www.windenergie-nieuws.nl/kaart-met-windparken/

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3. DIAGNOSIS

3.2. Analysis summery

There is a lack of connection between the different cycles in AMA. All of them are centralized in Amsterdam Illustration 30. Map of analysis summery - systems in AMA and land opportunities Own illustration based on the different maps defined before.

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3. DIAGNOSIS

3.3. AMA requirements

As it was already explained in the theoretical framework attached to this report, one of the essential characteristics of a good project is to be able to answer to the neccessities of the location. Thus, we realized a whole investigation towards the neccessities of the region and the future projects that the different municipalities are including in their agendas for the period until 2040.

250.000 ADDITION TO THE HOUSING STOCK

- IN EXISTING URBAN AREAS - ALMERE, IJBURG AND HAARLEMMERMEER

IMPROVE JOB MARKET

- ATTRACT START-UPS, KNOWLEDGE WORKERS AND STUDENTS

VITAL CULTURAL LIFE AND ATTRACTIVE LANDSCAPES

- TOURISTIC ATTRACTIONS: AMSTERDAM BEACH, MUIDERSLOT AND BEEMSTER

BETTER CONNECTIONS

- HIGH QUALITY PUBLIC TRANSPORT BETWEEN AMSTERDAM AND ALMERE

LESS DEPENDENT ON EXTERNAL ENERGY RESOURCES

- THE CIRCULAR AND BIO-BASED ECONOMY - PRESERVING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT - EXPANSION AND INTERCONNECTION OF THERMAL NETWORKS - DEVELOPMENT AND SEALING UP OF SMART GRIDS

CLIMATE RESILIENT

Illustration 31. AMA requrements Own illustration based on the information of Agenda 2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2020, the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area

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3. DIAGNOSIS

3.4. Faster - Higher - Stronger After realizing the analysis of the location and the different systems proccess and inputs and outputs, we understood the neccessities identified by the different municipalities. We propose to tackle with our project three main different problems: the connections, the lack of housing and the gaps in the different systems to change the economy model in AMA from linear to circular. Thus, we project a Faster, Higher and Stronger AMA:

Illustration 32. Explanation of the title of the project and the problems to tackle. Own illustration

Illustration 33. Explanation of the title of the project and the problems to tackle. Own illustration

Illustration 34. Explanation of the title of the project and the problems to tackle. Own illustration

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time

The main goal of the project is to include the principles of circular economy in the new developments of AMA. In order to do this, we propose to use the strategy of a mega-event as an urban tool. The main characteristic of a mega event is the fast speed of the constructions until the date of it and the opportunities that the legacy leave to the region. One of the principal mega-event is the Olympic Games, known worldwide and inviting the biggest amount of visitors and investors to the host city. Including the principles of circular economy in the proposal of the Olympics in AMA we can achieve a legacy that reduce the consumption of limited resources and improve the management of them.

Illustration 35. Diagram of the project process without circular economy Own illustration

Illustration 36. Diagram of the project process with circular economy principles Own illustration.

NEGATIVE LEGACY

Illustration 37. Diagram legacy options Own illustration

POSITIVE LEGACY

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time

One example of Negative Legacy after the Olympic Games can be observed in Greece. The mega event left several unused or under used buildings that are called “white elephants”. The investments realized in the city, ended up not developing the areas where they were located. The Olympic Games were not used as a planning strategy and this attach a negative image to them.

NEGATIVE LEGACY

Illustration 38. Image of one stadium after the Greek Olympics. source: http://dennik.hnonline.sk/

On the other hand, the idea of using a mega event as an urban tool was born in Barcelona Olympic Games. With the reactivation of the coastline and the investments attached to the realization of the Olympics, the city reappeared in the global image and from that moment it became a focus for tourism and new enterprises, until ascending to the second important city of the country.

POSITIVE LEGACY

Illustration 39. Image of Barcelona’s coastline. Source: http://imagenesbonitas.bosquedefantasias.com/imagenes-barcelona

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time

The focus of the proposal in terms of inclusion of circular economy principles lies on the legacy of the Olympic Games in the region. The analysis of the different flows of each cycle in AMA and settling certain expectations to achieve after the olympic games. It is essential to be able to quantify the amount of sources that is required for the consecution of this proposal and how to change the sources of them in order to close the cycles and propose a shift for the region into a circular economy.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - SOCIAL FACTS

THESOCIALFACTS DATA

OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

6 million visitors to olympic games (source: Plan Amsterdam. De Olumpische Spelen van 2028. Gemeente Amsterdam. Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2009 ) 19.000 athletes and organization stuff per olympic games = Inhabitants of the olympic village (source: Plan Amsterdam. De Olympische Spelen van 2028. Gemeente Amsterdam. Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2009) The total number of inhabitants living in The Netherlands is 16.779.575 people in 2013 (source: Huishoudens; grootte, positie in het huishouden, 1 januari 1995-2013, CBS). There are 7.569.371 households in the Netherlands in 2013 (source: Huishoudens; grootte, positie in het huishouden, 1 januari 1995-2013, CBS). 16.779.575 people / 7.569.371 households = 2,2 people per household. At the moment 2,4 million people live in the AMA. The municipality aims a growth of 250.000 extra households in 2040. With an average of 2,2 people per households this population growth leads to a total of 3 million people living in the AMA. When introducing the Olympic Games in 2028 we suspect 6 milion visitors in total. These people stay for one or two of the 16 days. So per day 375.000 people will visit the Netherlands and the AMA. This amount, from one day to the other, will be even more than the natural growth of the population in 10 years. Which is a lot! The water, energy, waste and construction cycle need to manage this huge growth. Current: 2.400.000 people While (peek): An extra peek of 375.000 + 19.000 on top of the natural growth = 3.100.000 people After Olympic: 250.000 new households. 250.000 x 2,2 = 550.000 2.400.000 + 550.000 = 2.950.000 inhabitants in AMA

References - Metropoolregio Amsterdam in cijfers - Plan Amsterdam. De Olympische Spelen van 2028. Gemeente Amsterdam. Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2009 62 - Project definition

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - SOCIAL FACTS

THESOCIALFACTS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

There is a big amount of people attending an olympic games. It is essential to be able to have a measurement in the quantity of resources that are going to be demanded in the proposal. At the same time, we need this number to evaluate the capacity of current infrastructures and facilities.

Illustration 40. Diagram of the population changes regardind the megaeventOwn illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - ENERGY FACTS This first package of diagrams were our first attemp of analyzing each cyle. They expressed our doubts in the moment. The question marks of the diagrams are solved in the FACTS of each cycle that are following them, where we made a deeper analysis.

In order to start analyzing the energy flows in the region, we needed to understand the different in consumption between fossil and renewable energy and how we project this two different sources to develop in time. One of the main parts of our legacy was to be able to decrease the fossil energy consumption and use an increase in renewable energy production to supply the demand of energy instead of by fossil resources. RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Illustration 41. Diagram of expectations of renewable energy consumption Own illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

FOSSIL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Illustration 42. Diagram of expectations of fossil energy consumption Own illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - ENERGY FACTS

THEENERGYFACTS DATA

OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

3104 PJ (1015) = total energy usage per year in The Netherlands (source: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016) 466 GJ energy per household per year (medium amount in The Netherlands) (source: Slimme Steden) 6 million visitors to olympic games (source: Plan Amsterdam. De Olumpische Spelen van 2028. Gemeente Amsterdam. Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2009 ) 19.000 athletes and organization stuff per olympic games = Inhabitants of the olympic village (source: Plan Amsterdam. De Olympische Spelen van 2028. Gemeente Amsterdam. Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2009 ) The AMA has a population of 2.400.000 people. This is 14,2 % of the total population.They will also use 14,2 % of the total energy usage: 14,2 % of 3104 PJ = 440 PJ per year. 440 PJ per year / 365 days.year = 1,2 PJ = 1200 TJ (1012) (energy used by the whole AMA per day). 466GJ/2,2 people.household = 212 GJ per person per day. 212 GJ person.year / 365 days.year = 580 MJ per person per year. The Olympic Games will have huge effect on the energy consumption and production. Currently 4% of the total energy of 1200TJ per person per day is renewable energy from solar panels and wind mills. For the Netherlands a goal is set to have 14% renewable energy before 2020. Current: 1200 TJ (1012) While (peek): An extra peek of 375.000 + 19.000 on top of the natural growth = 394.000 x 580 MJ per person = 228 TJ per day extra in the AMA on top of the natural population and energy growth = 1628 TJ energy/day After Olympic: 250.000 x 2,2 = 550.000 new inhabitants 550.000 extra people in AMA x 580 MJ per person = 319 TJ per day extra in the AMA. 1200 TJ+ 319 TJ = 1519TJ energy used by the whole AMA per day in 2040

References - Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN - Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - ENERGY FACTS

THEENERGYFACTS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

The Olympic Games, the households and thus the city extension will be based on the use of renewable energy. The Olympic games will have a huge positive legacy on the city extensions of Almere and Amsterdam. The mega event will work as catalyzer for the use of renewable energy and make the city extensions as autonomic as possible.

1. CURRENT EXPECTATIONS

Illustration 43. Diagram of the current expectations of energy consumption Own illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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2. PROPOSED EXPECTATIONS

Illustration 44. Diagram of the proposed expectations of energy consumption Own illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

3. LEGACY PROPOSED

Illustration 45. Diagram of the legacy energy consumption Own illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - WATER FACTS The first step was to analyze both consumption and production of the water, the different changes that were going to happen because of the mega-event strategy and what was the expectations that we wanted to achieve with the proposal.

CLEAN WATER PRODUCTION

Illustration 46. Diagram of proposed water production. Own illustration based on Waterstromen in de Nederlandse economie, Verschuren, S & Staats, B.; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

CLEAN WATER CONSUMPTION

Illustration 47. Diagram of proposed water consumption. Own illustration based on Waterstromen in de Nederlandse economie, Verschuren, S & Staats, B.; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - WATER FACTS

THEWATERFACTS DATA

OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

6 million visitors to olympic games (source: Plan Amsterdam. De Olympische Spelen van 2028. Gemeente Amsterdam. Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2009 ) 19.000 athletes and organization stuff per olympic games = Inhabitants of the olympic village (source: Plan Amsterdam. De Olympische Spelen van 2028. Gemeente Amsterdam. Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2009 ) 15,1 billion m3 (total water usage per year in The Netherlands) (source: Waterstromen in de Nederlandse economie, 2016) 3266 liter water per person per day (medium amount in The Netherlands) (source: Slimme Steden) The AMA has a population of 2.400.000 people. This is 14,2 % of the total population.They will also use 14,2 % of the total water usage: 14,2 % of 15,1 billion m3 = 2,1 billion m3 per year. 2,1 billion m3 per year / 365 days.year = 5,8 million m3 = 5800000000 liter (used by the whole AMA per day). 19.000 atlethes x 3266 liter water.person.day = 62054000 liter water per day 6 mill px.olympics / 16 days = 375.000 px.day x 3266 liter.person.day = 1224750000 liter per day (water used by visitors of the olympics during the total period of 16 days). Before: 5.800.000.000 liter water per day While (peek): An extra peek on top of the natural growth The 375.000 visitor and the 19.000 athletes will use another (62054000+1224750000) = 1.286.804.000 liter water per day extra during the Olympic games. This on top of the natural growth of the population and thus an increase of drinking water use will lead to a peek of 7.200.000.000 liter water per day After Olympic: 250.000 new households. 250.000 x 3266 liter water per household per day = 816.500.000 5.800.000.000 + 816.500.000= 6.616.500.000 liter water per day in AMA

References

- Waterstromen in de Nederlandse economie, Verschuren, S & Staats, B. - Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - WATER FACTS

Nowadays the AMA uses almost 6 billion water per person per day. Just a small percentage of this water is reused or recycled. From the Olympic Games we will introduce a new way to implement the re-use of grey water for the households of the new city extension of the AMA. This is a legacy for the AMA region thanks to mega event.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - WATER FACTS

THEWATERFACTS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES scale:

1. CURRENT EXPECTATIONS

Illustration 48. Diagram of current expectations of water consumption Own illustration based on: Waterstromen in de Nederlandse economie, Verschuren, S & Staats, B.; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

2. PROPOSED EXPECTATIONS

Project definition - 71

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - WATE FACTS In terms of waste management, it is really essential to understand the source of it. In this case, we identifies that a big part of the waste comes from the construction and during new developments, this waste amount is going to increase. Thus, it is essential to propose a method to deal with this new amount of construction waste.

WASTE PRODUCTION

Illustration 50. Diagram of expectations of waste production Own illustration based on: Circular Amsterdam, Fabric, TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - WATE FACTS

THEWASTEFACTS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

DATA 6 million visitors to olympic games (source: Plan Amsterdam. De Olympische Spelen van 2028. Gemeente Amsterdam. Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2009 ) 19.000 athletes and organization stuff per olympic games = Inhabitants of the olympic village (source: Plan Amsterdam. De Olympische Spelen van 2028. Gemeente Amsterdam. Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2009 ) 530 kg waste per person per year (medium amount in NL) (source: Slimme Steden) 140.000T per year as waste measurement in AMA 140.000Tyear / 365 days.year = 812,5T (produced by the whole AMA per day) From this amount more than 37% is waste from construction material. 19.000 px x 530 kg.person.year / 365 days.year = 27T (produced by athletes) 6 mill px.olympics / 16 days = 375.000 px.day x 530 kg.person.year / 365 days.year = 544T Before: 2.400.000 x 530 kg.person.year / 365 days.year = 3.484T waste per day While (peek): An extra peek on top of the natural growth The 375.000 visitors and the 19.000 athletes will use another (544 +27) = 571T waste per day extra during the Olympic games. This on top of the natural growth of the population and thus an increase of waste will lead to a peek of 4.350 T waste per day After Olympic: 550.000 new inhabitants. 550.000 x 530/365 = 798T 3.484 + 798 = 4282T waste per day in AMA

References - Circular Amsterdam, Fabric, TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam - Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.1. Cycles change in time - WASTE FACTS

THEWASTEFACTS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

We will also get legacy out of the waste cycle. Little part of the current waste is already been re-used or recycled. The mega event can encourage this re-use and recycle of household waste but especially construction waste. Thanks to the Olympic games the municipalities are able to construct a lot of new dwellings and neighborhoods. This is a perfect moment to introduce a new way of constructing leading to less construction waste.

1. CURRENT EXPECTATIONS

Illustration 51. Diagram of expectations of waste production Own illustration based on: Circular Amsterdam, Fabric, TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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2. PROPOSED EXPECTATIONS

Illustration 52. Diagram of proposed expectations of waste production Own illustration based on: Circular Amsterdam, Fabric, TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

3. LEGACY PROPOSED

Illustration 53. Diagram of proposed legacy of waste production Own illustration based on: Circular Amsterdam, Fabric, TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.1. Location - Studycase

In order to guide the thinking in every different scenario, we realize a first stablishment of which factors are important for us and what is the intention of the project. We want to maximize the use of the existing in order to decrease the investment needed for the new proposal. At the same time, we want to enhance the image of the AMA region within the country, prioritizing the objectives that this region has in its agenda on the proposal. Thus, the next step is to analyze in different scenarios the use of the existing (land, water, green and infrastructure) and the pros and cons related to this, Also, for each scenario we present to guidelines of the concret legacy it is plan to achieve and the opportunities for development of the region.

Illustration 54. Diagram of the indicators chosen to classify the location. Own illustration.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.1. Location - Studycase

In order to understand the different opportunities that the region can provide, we develop 9 different scenarios. In this scale, we realize a common workshop to recognize pros and cons for each part of the area. After this, we design a common legend for them and a method to compare them and choose the one that is aligned to our vision for the future of the area.

N Illustration 55. Map of location of the different scenarios in AMA. Own illustration.

The 9 scenarios. Illustration56 Scenario 1. source: http:// maps.amsterdam.nl/ho-

Illustration57 Scenario 2. source: https://poort. almere.nl

Illustration58 Scenario 3. source: https:// www.vertaalbureau-tongo.nl/vertaalbureau-zaandam-zaanstad/

Illustration59 Scenario 4. source: http://

indischebuurtbalie. nl/locatie/839/ heel-amsterdam

Illustration60 Scenario 5. source: http:// www.scootertourclubnederland. com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3172

Illustration61 Scenario 6. source: https://

es.pinterest.com/ johnsantuccio/photos-of-the-neatherlands/

Illustration62 Scenario 7. source: https:// www.adac-motorsport.de/media/ index.php?ID_

Illustration63 Scenario 8. source: http://

www.keyword-suggestions.com/ YWxtZXJlIGNpdHkgY2VudHJl/

Illustration64 Scenario 9. source: http:// www.4allports. com/port-overview-amsterdam-netherlands-pid40.html

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.1. Location - Studycase

We realized a common workshop to identify the opportunities of every scenario. Based on the criteria that we proposed at the beginning: Use of the existing (land, infrastructures, water and green) and focus on AMA, we identify the different plans that can occur in each scenario and the relations between them and AMA. The next step is to change the different scenarios to propose a common legend. After that, we will compare the proposals with the main objectives of the project in order to select a final scenario.

Illustration 65. Hand-drawing Scenario 1. Hotelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategy. Own illustration. Illustration 66. Hand-drawing Scenario 2. Almere. Own illustration.

Illustration 67. Hand-drawing Scenario 3. Northern Amsterdam. Own illustration. Illustration 68. Hand-drawing Scenario 4. Amsterdam inner city. Own illustration.

Illustration 69. Hand-drawing Scenario 5. Water focused. Own illustration. Illustration 70. Hand-drawing Scenario 6. Green Heart. Own illustration.

Illustration 71. Hand-drawing Scenario 7. North Sea. Own illustration. Illustration 72. Hand-drawing Scenario 8. Almere + Amsterdam. Own illustration.

Illustration 73. Hand-drawing Scenario 9. Harbour. Own illustration.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.1. Location - Studycase SCENARIO 1: EXISTING HOTEL’S STRATEGY

PROS

USE OF EXISTING > INFRASTRUCTURE It will be using existing infrastructure between Haarlem, Leiden and Amsterdam. It is also very close to Schiphol, connecting visitors to the Olympics. USE OF EXISTING > WATER Connecting the Olympic area, the North sea and the dunes to each other. The north sea can be used as sports facility or leisure for visitors. Illustration 56. Scenario 1. Existing hotel’s strategy. source: http://maps. amsterdam.nl/hotels/?LANG=es

CONS

USE OF EXISTING > LAND The function of the land is now agriculture. This means a need of change of the function. The land in this area is scarce because of the protected nature areas. USE OF EXISTING > GREEN Exchange from a green surface to an urbanized area for the Olympics. Most of the land inside of the triangle is protected. The opportunities for development are only around the area protected.

LEGACY - BETTER CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CITIES OF AMSTERDAM, HAARLEM, LEIDEN AND SCHIPHOL. - A NEW TOURISTIC ATTRACTION SPREADING THE AMOUNT OF VISITORS TO OTHER PARTS OF THE AMA AND NOT JUST AMSTERDAM.

N Illustration 74. Map of Scenario 1. Hotel’s strategy Own illustration based on information of Amsterdam.nl map

Project definition - 79

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.1. Location - Studycase SCENARIO 2: ALMERE

PROS

USE OF EXISTING > WATER Almere and surrounding cities are all very well connected to the IJmeer and Markermeer. This can be used for sports and the project identity of the country. USE OF EXISTING > LAND There is still a lot of open spaces that can be developed. In the vision of the AMA, Almere is one of the cities than can be extended, so the demand for houses can be reduced. USE OF EXISTING > GREEN Flevoland has a very new ecosystem, with lots of green surfaces, trees and water. This land is a possibility to urbanize, since it is a extension area for developments.

CONS

USE OF EXISTING > INFRASTRUCTURES New infrastructure is needed to cross the IJmeer to get to Monnickendam and the other locations of sports and hotels. Also, the plan for the new connection from Almere to Amsterdam is crucial to make this scenario work.

LEGACY

- A NEW QUALITATIVE SHORE AT THE MARKEMEER AT LOCATIONS FOR THE WATER SPORTS AND TOURISTIC/INHABITANTS LEISURE. -REUSE OF A FORGOTTEN AREA REALLY CLOSE TO AMSTERDAM, WHICH LEADS TO A STRENGTHEN OF COMMUNICATIONS AND USE OF THE WATER ARE CLOSE TO ALMERE. - SUPPORT OF THE NEW PROJECT OF LELYSTAD AIRPORT, DEVELOPMENT OF THE AREA WITH NEW CONNECTIONS.

N Illustration 75. Map of Scenario 2. Almere. Own illustration.

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Illustration 57. Scenario 2. source: https://poort. almere.nl

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.1. Location - Studycase SCENARIO 3: NORTH OF AMSTERDAM

PROS

Illustration 58. Scenario 3. source: https://www. vertaalbureau-tongo.nl/vertaalbureau-zaandam-zaanstad/

USE OF EXISTING > INFRASTRUCTURE Exinting infrastructure need to be complimented with new roads to connect to the separated parts of the Olympics, but the situation now is alredy well connected to other parts of the country. USE OF EXISTING > WATER The North of Amsterdam has a big water shore at the Markermeer and the IJ. The IJ can be used as entrance for visitors travelling by cruises and the lake can be used for sports. USE OF EXISTING > GREEN There are a lot of green areas that can be used for temporary sports that can be held outside, like shooting and the marathon, but also for leisure and sports for visitors and inhabitants.

CONS

USE OF EXISTING > GREEN There is a lot of green open spaces, but these are natural areas which are bery well appreciated and some are protected. The idea of the Randstad become too dense is a threat.

LEGACY - NEW DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORTHERN PART OF AMSTERDAM. - IMPROVEMENT OF CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE CITY. - USE OF ONE OF THE COAST OF THE MARKERMEER TO INCLUDE THE WATER SPORTS.

N Illustration 76. Map of Scenario 3. North Amsterdam Own illustration

Project definition - 81

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.1. Location - Studycase SCENARIO 4: AMSTERDAM INNER CITY

PROS

USE OF EXISTING > INFRASTRUCTURE There is a lot of infrastructure in the city of Amsterdam in the form of roads, public transport and cycling lanes. It needs to be improved to cope with all the visitors coming to the Olympic Games. USE OF EXISTING > WATER The connection with the canals, the main identity of the city, can be a huge quality of the location, but it can’t be used for all the sports. These need a bigger surface at the North sea or the Markermeer

CONS

USE OF EXISTING > LAND The city is alredy very dense, there is almost no space left. It is needed to use the vacant buildings, parks and forests to be able to place all the facilities and hotels: limited development. USE OF EXISTING > GREEN The ‘green fingers’ principle used in the city of Amsterdam is a great quality for the region: when the Olumpics are held in Amsterdam, there is a great need of protection of these areas.

LEGACY

- USE OF THE VACANT BUILDINGS TO LOCATE THE NEW DEVELOPMENT INSIDE THE CITY - LOWER VACANCY IN AMSTERDAM BUT HIGHER DENSITY - HIGHER TOURISM AND VISITORS. - REACTIVATION OF OLD BUILDINGS WITH SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES AND IMPROVEMENT OF CONDITIONS - STRONGER CONNECTION BETWEEN THE INNER CITY, THE MARKERMEER AND THE GREEN HEART.

N Illustration 77. Map of Scenario 4. Amsterdam inner city. Own illustration.

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Illustration 59. Scenario 4. source: http:// indischebuurtbalie.nl/ locatie/839/heel-amsterdam

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL PROS

Illustration 60. Scenario 5. source: http://www. scootertourclubnederland.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3172

4.2.1. Location - Studycase SCENARIO 5: WATER FOCUSED

LEGACY - REACTIVATION OF THE MARKERMEER - FOCUS THE OLYMPIC GAMES IN THE IDENTITY OF NETHERLANDS AND THE HIGH CONTROL OF THE WATER. - CLEANING PROCESSES TO THE WATER IN MARKERMEER. - STRENGTHEN RELATION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MARGINS

N Illustration 78. Map of Scenario 5. Water focused. Own illustration.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.1. Location - Studycase SCENARIO 6: GREEN HEART

PROS

USE OF EXISTING > INFRASTRUCTURE The existing roads and public transport can be extended to make sure that the separate cities and green areas are well connected: Amsterdam forest, Uithoorn, Hilversum and the Markermeer. Existing connections to the city centre of Amsterdam and Almere. USE OF EXISTING > WATER The green heart connects to the IJmeer and Gooimeer on the North-east side. Here the connection can be made between the land sports and water sports. USE OF EXISTING > GREEN Diverse appearance and lots of different forms, where different sports can be held. The temporary facilities can be located here.

CONS

USE OF EXISTING > LAND The green heart is a protected area by municipalities, but there are still developments going on for extensions of the cities located in the area. The development and new urban tissue should be limited here.

LEGACY

- USE OF THE GREEN HEART TO HOLD THE MAIN SPORTS IN COMBINATION WITH THE NATURE. - IMPROVEMENT OF CONNECTIONS WITH THE CITIES SURROUNDING THE GREEN HEART. - REACTIVATION OF THE DIFFERENT LAKES INSIDE THE GREEN HEART. - NEW DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF AMSTERDAM WITH A STRONG CONNECTION WITH THE GREEN HEART.

N Illustration 79. Map of Scenario 6. Green heart. Own illustration.

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Illustration 61. Scenario 6. source: https:// es.pinterest.com/ johnsantuccio/photos-of-the-neatherlands/

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL PROS

Illustration 62. Scenario 7. source: https://www. adac-motorsport.de/ media/index.php?ID_ dir=2,9,20,22&fID=38

4.2.1. Location - Studycase SCENARIO 7: NORTH SEA

USE OF EXISTING > INFRASTRUCTURE The connection between Amsterdam, Almere, Schiphol and the coast of the North-Sea is not so well connected because of the dunes and protection dikes. USE OF EXISTING > WATER The big water surface of the Netherlands is the main focus and can be used for new (temporary) islands or places for cruises.

CONS

USE OF EXISTING > LAND The coast side needs to be opened up for a lot of visitors and facilities necessary in the Olympics. This land is now ised as protection against the water and for drinking water. If this scenario takes place, these sources need to be realocated. USE OF EXISTING > GREEN The Nationaal Park Zuidkennemerland can be a location for outside sport facilities. Furthermore there are little green areas along the coast. The new connection made to the green heart can be improving the area.

LEGACY

- COMPLIMENTARY TO THE HOTELâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF THE REGION - CONNECTION BETWEEN THE COAST CITIES - INCREASE OF RECREATIONAL AREAS IN THE NORTH SEA - VARIATION BETWEEN TEMPORARY STRATEGIES INSIDE THE SEA AND PERMANENT OUTSIDE.

N Illustration 80. Map of Scenario 7. North Sea Own illustration

Project definition - 85

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.1. Location - Studycase SCENARIO 8: ALMERE + AMSTERDAM CITY

PROS

USE OF EXISTING > WATER The water surface connected to Almere can be used as location for the watersports, and as leisure for visitors. This lake can also be used for new land or islands. USE OF EXISTING > LAND Using both the existing facilities of the city of Amsterda, (like the Olympic stadium of 1928) and the available open land of Flevoland can facilitate all needed stadiums and the Olympic village. USE OF EXISTING > GREEN Using the existing sport location like the Bosbaan for rowing in the Amsterdam forest and the green fingers reaching into Amsterdam as Olympic locations or leisure. This green heart is also really close.

CONS

USE OF EXISTING > INFRASTRUCTURES Using both Amsterdam and Almere will spread the amount of people using the infrastructure, but at the same time people would have to move more from one to another. The infrastructure can not cope with the amount of people now, so it needs to be improved.

LEGACY - REACTIVATION OF THE SPORTS AXE INSIDE AMSTERDAM CITY. - NEW CONNECTIONS WITH MARKERMEER FROM THE CITY - REACTIVATION OF MARKERMEER - INCREASE OF THE DENSITY INSIDE THE INNER CITY

N Illustration 81. Map of Scenario 8. Almere + Amsterdam city. Own illustration.

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Illustration 63. Scenario 8. source: http://www. keyword-suggestions.com/YWxtZXJlIGNpdHkgY2VudHJl/

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL PROS

4.2.1. Location - Studycase SCENARIO 9: HARBOUR

USE OF EXISTING > INFRASTRUCTURE The infrastructure of the cars is alredy very well connected with the city of Amsterdam and other parts of the AMA because of the many trucks that come and go to the harbour. The public transport on the other hand is lacking, there is only one trainstop and buses. Illustration 64. Scenario 9. source: http:// www.4allports.com/ port-overview-amsterdam-netherlands-pid40.html

CONS

USE OF EXISTING > WATER The water connecting to the North sea and the Markermeer is a very positive addition to the location. This water is often very contaminated because of the many industries. USE OF EXISTING > LAND The land is alredy almost fully built. The existing buildings and structures are very much focussinf on companies and businesses and are not suitable for hotels or an Olympic villafge. These buildings need to be demolished. USE OF EXISTING > GREEN There is no green present, except for the park on the northern side of the harbour. Some sports need to be located away from the harbour, for the space and healthiness of the area.

LEGACY

- CLEAN AREA OF THE HARBOUR INSIDE THE CITY (IT IS GOING TO BE CLEAN DURING THE NEW DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL) - NEW DEVELOPMENT INSIDE THE CITY. IN THE NORTHERN PART OF AMSTERDAM. - NEW CONNECTIONS WITH THE LAKE AND THE ISLANDS WHERE THE WATER SPORTS ARE GOING TO BE LOCATED.

N Illustration 82. Map of Scenario 9. Harbour Own illustration

Project definition - 87

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.2. Location - Selection process

In order to identify the scenario that is closer to the proposal we want to design and the opportunities of all of them, we realize a cross with the indicators that are essential for the proposal of a megaevent. These factors are: - Possibility of adding value to car network - Possibility of adding value to public transport network - Following the vision of AMA - Degree of positive impact on the area after the Olympic games on the four cycles. Our main objectives are related with the infrastructures that are already existing and how the scenario can help to improve the current situation. In the same way, focusing on the agenda presented by AMA, we understand that using this as a guideline is essential to propose a project useful for the region and in line with their own expansion perspectives. Finally, one of the main objectives is include the principles of circular economy in the area, thus, we evaluate the opportunities that the scenario presents in order to introduce new strategies to solve problems related with the cycles.

Illustration 83. Selection and comparison method between scenarios. Own illustration.

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The location can be based on the principle legacy where the outcome from the olympics is the most important. When an area has some certain problems or something is lacking (like the right infrastructure), the olympics can be the catalyzer to improve this in the future. The following aspects of the area can be graded by the necessity of a positive impact on the certain scenario. The spatial impacts like car and public transport infrastructure are very important to the olympics and a metropolitan area, so this can be a good legacy. The degree of positive impact of the new cycles that will be introduced in the new extension can be a great deal if thinking about polluted water and the cleaning of it for the new buildings and the sports. The AMA can be a cleaner area afterwards. This all can only be made possible if it helps the AMA to get a better future out of it. Following the vision of the AMA will help find the possibilities and threats of each location.

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.2. Location - Selection process

Illustration 84. Selection and comparison method in each scenario Own illustration.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.2.3. Location - Final scenario; Almere + Water focus.

LEGACY

-REACTIVATION OF THE MARKERMEER. A NEW QUALITATIVE SHORE AT THE MARKEMEER AT LOCATIONS FOR THE WATER SPORTS AND TOURISTIC/INHABITANTS LEISURE. - FOCUS THE OLYMPIC GAMES IN THE IDENTITY OF NETHERLANDS AND THE HIGH CONTROL OF THE WATER. - CLEANING PROCESSES TO THE WATER IN MARKERMEER. - STRENGTHEN RELATION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MARGINS OF MARKERMEER.

PROS

USE OF EXISTING > INFRASTRUCTURE The existing plan of creating a new connection from Amsterdam to Almere will have a great positive impact on the water Olympics around the Markermeer. New connections to the shore are needed. USE OF EXISTING > WATER - Water is the main focus in this scenario. All the facilities and sports will be located in or around the lake. This will improve the identity of the Netherlands since it is broadcasted over the entire world. - Almere and surrounding cities are all very well connected to the IJmeer and Markermeer. USE OF EXISTING > LAND - The land around the lake is very often free, specially around Almere. The quality can be increased a lot by developing touristic atractions around the shore for permanent purposes. This will spread the tourism from only the city center of Amsterdam. - There is still a lot of open spaces that can be developed. In the vision of the AMA, Almere is one of the cities than can be extended, so the demand for houses can be reduced. USE OF EXISTING > GREEN - It can make use of the green surfaces and landscapes of Flevoland and the North of Amsterdam to facilitate outside sports. Make sure not intervene in the protected green areas of the North. - Flevoland has a very new ecosystem, with lots of green surfaces, trees and water. This land is a possibility to urbanize, since it is a extension area for developments.

-REUSE OF A FORGOTTEN AREA REALLY CLOSE TO AMSTERDAM, WHICH LEADS TO A STRENGTHEN OF COMMUNICATIONS AND USE OF THE WATER ARE CLOSE TO ALMERE. USE OF EXISTING > INFRASTRUCTURES New infrastructure is needed to cross the IJmeer to get to Monnickendam and the - SUPPORT OF THE NEW PRO- other locations of sports and hotels. Also, the plan for the new connection from AlmJECT OF LELYSTAD AIRPORT, ere to Amsterdam is crucial to make this scenario work. DEVELOPMENT OF THE AREA

CONS

N Illustration 85. Final scenario: Almere + water focused Own illustration.

Project definition - 91

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.3. Location of the current sport facilities.

We want to maximize the use of the existing in order to decrease the investment needed for the new proposal. Majority of the required sport facilities is already existing in the Netherlands. Some sport venues, such as a multi purpose sport hall, tennis venue, Olympic swimming pool and Olympic stadium, need to be constructed in order fort he Olympic Games. These venues can partly be deconstructed or used for sport events after the Olympic. A lot of sites will have temporary function; RAI and Ziggodome in Amsterdam, AHOY in Rotterdam and the Jaarbeurs in Utrecht. Also outdoorsports will be situated on typical dutch landscapes or public area in and around Amsterdam.

Illustration 86. Sport venues located in Netherlands Own illustration based on the references explained above.

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4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.3. Location of the current sport facilities.

Illustration 87. Sport venues located in AMA Own illustration based on the references explained above.

Project definition - 93

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.3. Location of the current sport facilities. References

References

-De Olympische spelen van 2008

-NOC*NSF, (2009), expertrapport nederlandse sport naar olympische niveau, daM uitgererij; Den Haag

-Schetsboek ruimte voor olympische plannen -Boersma, J., Keijers, W., (2011) Sportlandkaart; verkenning ruimtelijke inrichting grootschalige topsport wedstrijdaccomodaties. Eindverslag ruimtelijke en programmatische verkenningen.

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-The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games, (2012) London 2012; Olympic Games Official Report

4. APPLICATION OF A MEGA-EVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL 4.3. Location of the current sport facilities.

References -Olympic Delivery Authority, (2012), guide

References Venues

-Roma candidate city olympic games 2024; candidature file- stage 1:Vision, Games concept and strategy

-Los Angeles candidate city olympic games 2024; candidature file- stage 1: Vision, Games concept and safety and strategy -Paris candidate city olympic games 2024; candidature file- stage 1: Vision, Games concept and safety and strategy

Illustration 88. Sport venues location and characteristics Own illustration based on the references explained above.

Project definition - 95

5. FUTURE VISION

5.1. Vision during the Olympic Games Megaevent as a catalyzer aims to activate development in the region. This drawing shows a lot about new development which is occured in Almere, Amsterdam and Markermeer. Those new development are trigerred by the proposal of megaevent. Considering the major need in holding the event, there are several interventions in the region which should be designated. Almere is currently an area with lack of identity and barely connected to Amsterdam. In order to tackle those issues, there are some priorities of intervention. One of the main priority of the development is strengthen the connection between Amsterdam, Almere and Markermeer coastline. On this vision, Almere and Amsterdam will be connected by new line of metro. This new line will provide better accessibility for people who from Amsterdam to Almere and vice versa. This can also be a basic infrastructure for further network development to Lelystad. The main intervention of this proposal is making spatial design which based on the need of megaevent. Therefore, this vision shows several man-made islands in Markermeer, which are Middeneiland, Ijland, Pierland and Olympus. These islands provide

Illustration 89. Future vision during the megaevent time. Own illustration.

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space for the megaevent, such as sport facilities, athlete villages, tourist accomodation, etc. This vision also consider the temporary usage of certain function. By the introduction of new construction method, for example modular construction, some buildings and infrastructure can be re-assembled after the event. Some examples of this temporary building and infrastructure are athlete village and Orange Bridge. Moreover, spaces for hotel development are also provided in some cities around Amsterdam. These development will be an opportunity to develop the region and sub-region while also provide new space for tourist accomodation.

5. FUTURE VISION

5.2. Vision of the legacy

There is always a period of time after major development taken place. This vision mainly focus on the legacy after megaevent, which set some permanent buildings and infrastructure while also deconstruct the temporary ones. This vision shows some buildings and infrastructure which remain settle after the megaevent. This permanent feature will be changed into another function which will be more suitable for future development. For example, the former athlete village can be used for housing and some sport facilities can also be public space for broader users. Furthermore, the hotel development after the megaevent will only focus in some significant locations. After all, the connection between Amsterdam and Almere will be stronger and the identity of Almere and Markermeer will be clearly prominent than before.

Illustration 90. Future vision after the megaevent. LEGACY Own illustration.

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USE OF A MEGAEVENT AS AN URBAN TOOL

E T RA

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I AT P S

TE A R

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6. STRATEGY

6.1. Definition of the strategy. The strategy proposed is divided in two different interscales factors: the change in the construction chain and the implications for the industry that this entails and the spatial strategy of the new developments that are going to take place in the AMA. In order to introduce the circular economy principles of the industrial strategy into the spartial development, we use the tool of a megaevent as catalyzer in time and gamechanger for forgotten areas of AMA (Almere).

Illustration 91. Strategy explanation. Industrial - Spatial connected by the Olympic Games. Own illustration.

Project definition - 103

6. STRATEGY

6.2. Projected lifestyle in 2040 The society is changing every day, like the changes that happened the last centuries. Nobody could imagine a few decades ago that every person would have a mobile phone or washing machine. So what will happen in the future? These questions we asked ourselves to image the future lifestyle of the people in the AMA: What kind of transport will we have? How old will elderly get? With how many people will we live in a house? Do we still use a car? Will every car be electrical? Do we still have an individual car or will we share it with others? Can the air-pressure train be adjusted in the Netherlands? What speed will public transport be able to travel? Do we even still work in our direct surrounding? Or do we work at home, like flexible working? Will the society exist out of 1 elderly on 3 people? Will we only produce renewable energy? Can everyone produce its own food by urban farming? Is it possible for such a big amount of people to life in the cities?

Illustration 92. General aspects of our proposed lifestyle for 2040. Own illustration.

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6. STRATEGY

6.2. Projected lifestyle in 2040

Illustration 93. Examples of our proposed lifestyle for 2040. Own illustration.

Project definition - 105

6. INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY 6.3.1. General definition of the strategy.

Our main focus lies on the construction chain. It is one of the largest consumers of resources and energy, responsible for 40% of the total waste streams of Amsterdam (CBS, 2015). In order to transform the current linear construction and demolition chain to a circular chain, the sectors involved need to update their methods and materials for the new projects. In addition, the design companies should consider how to transform the building methods into a more flexible and adaptable way. Therefore, the construction sector can enlarge the lifespan of the buildings which can increase the value of raw materials by reusing them and changing their functions and layout. In order to reach this transition in the construction and demolition sector, there are three major strategies. Starting by reducing the impact during the usage phase, for both new construction and existing supply after renovation.

The second one is based on the optimization and reuse of the existing supply of buildings and infrastructure; one of the biggest inefficiencies of this sector is the current vacancy. The last strategy is designing and constructing future buildings according to circular principles and with a base of circular materials. In our project we are facing the trend of the expansions of Almere and Amsterdam, and the ambition to realise 70 thousand new homes by 2040, so the third strategy has been prioritised in our research. In order to seize this, we propose to use ‘Four smarts’ as the principle for the construction sector. The ‘four smarts’ proposed by our group are based on the knowledge of the report conducted by ‘Circle economy’ and Fabric TNO to the municipality of Amsterdam. These are: ‘smart design’, ‘smart constructing methods’, ’smart materials’ and ‘smart information network’ (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016)

Illustration 94. General view of the construction circular method. Own illustration based on the theory of “Circular Amsterdam”, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016.

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6. INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

6.3.2. Definition of the strategy - Smart design

Smart design: flexible and modular; longer lifespan. ‘Smart design’ is a starting point for the transition from linear construction to a circular chain. It is developed by the use of flexible and modular design; the new building could be regularly adapted to meet future requirements. In the design phase, the architect should form a database to record all the materials they will use in the construction and label high-value materials with a passport to manage the material flows. Besides this, the structural components should be designed in standard sizes which provide re-usability and a higher residual value for new constructions. Finally, architects and engineers should collaborate closely to choose better construction methods and materials for new projects which can improve the quality and extend the lifespan both for buildings and materials.

Smart design to extend the lifespan of the building and of the materials by reusing them.

Illustration 95. Diagram of Smart Design principles Own illustration based on the theory of “Circular Amsterdam”, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016.

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6. INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

6.3.3. Definition of the strategy - Smart construction methods

Smart construction methods: modular construction The modular construction method is a mature technology based on an off-site construction in which the major components are manufactured in a factory. All the pre-fabricated components are transported to the construction site and assembled together easily. Compare to the conventional method of construction, the modular building has multiple advantages such as higher quality, safer construction environment, less construction disturbance to surroundings and simultaneous processes that leads to a 50% reduction of construction process time. (Lawson, Ogden, & Goodier, 2014). The modular construction allows to a reduction of raw material consumption and wastage which will lead to cost saving, easily dismantling and renovation and increasing the adaptability and the lifespan of materials.

Illustration 96. Diagram of Smart Construction methods - Modular construction. Own illustration based on the theory of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Circular Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;?, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016.

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Based on this construction method, approximate 81% of the materials in the building can be recycled (Ngo, Crawford, Mendis, Grammampila, & Aye, 2012) which will significantly change the current situation in the linear construction sector.

6. INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

6.3.3. Definition of the strategy - Smart construction methods

Smart construction methods: 3D printing 3D Printing in the Circular City explores the potential of large scale 3D-printing to offer a metropolitan solution for improving the recycling methods of plastics and upgrading materials. Based on this construction method, approximate 81% of the materials in the building can be recycled (Ngo, Crawford, Mendis, Grammampila, & Aye, 2012) which will significantly change the current situation in the linear construction sector.

Illustration 97. Diagram of Smart Construction methods - 3D printing for construction Own illustration based on the theory of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Circular Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;?, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016.

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6. INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

6.3.4. Definition of the strategy - Smart materials

Deconstruction in site The construction sectors can enable the reusing of high-value materials by doing efficient dismantling and separation of waste streams. In this new smart dismantling process, the high-value material can be retrieved from deconstruction waste without cross-contamination. Waste separation Companies like Icova and Waltec BV offer processes and technologies to separate construction and demolition waste. New technologies, such as the Smart breaker of SmartCrusher BV, make it possible to separate concrete in sand, gravel and cement.

Smart materials Resource management:waste separation

Illustration 98. Diagram of Smart materials - Resource management- waste separation. Own illustration based on the theory of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Circular Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;?, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016.

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6. INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

6.3.4. Definition of the strategy - Smart materials

The buildings of Amsterdam contain tonnes of steel, copper, aluminium, woods, concrete and glasses. Amsterdam can be seen as an urban mine. In a circular economy, under conditions, the material of Amsterdam can be mined. By using advanced technologies, most of the materials from construction waste and construction waste can be retrieved, reprocessed and finally reused as raw material for new construction projects. There are several companies in Netherlands are dedicating into this field.

Smart materials Resource management: retrieving material from waste

Illustration 99. Diagram of Smart materials - Resource management- retriwving material from waste Own illustration based on the theory of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Circular Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;?, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016.

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6. INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

6.3.4. Definition of the strategy - Smart materials

New material for construction is the key step in the circular construction chain. The high quality of insulation, strenghten and easy to be manufactured will significantly improve the sustainability in construction sectors. There are several companies possessing technologies to transform normal entity into raw material for building. The bio-based material is the most promising and possible alternative for construction in the future. At the end of the biocomposite, they can be used as the resource for incineration to produce energy. Another trend is to convert ash from burning residual waste into new bricks or slabs which can reduce the requirement of concrete need.

Smart materials Resource management:creating new material for construction

Illustration 100. Diagram of Smart materials - Resource management- creating new material for construction. Own illustration based on the theory of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Circular Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;?, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016.

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6.3.5. Definition of the strategy - Smart information nertwork

Smart supply network: Sharing information Big data has already dominated the core in various industries and it also can make a big different in construction sectors. By sharing and providing transparency information between market players and construction companies, can improve the efficiency in circular construction chain. The online marketplace can be seen as data infrastructure which has the same importance with physical infrastructure.

At the same time, the logistic system and commodity bank which is using to store raw materials and recyclable materials are playing the huge role in the whole process.

Illustration 101. Diagram of Smart information network - Supply network. Own illustration based on the theory of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Circular Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;?, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016.

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6.3.6. Current situation of the construction chain in AMA.

This map shows the area of agriculture and horticulture. Each year, those activities will produce large amount of biomass which can be used for producing bio-composite. This can change the current material flow in construction chain. The area in the yellow circle on the map and near the Schipol, there are a group famers planting elephant grass for mixuses.

N Illustration 102. Map of current agriculture and horticulture sources in AMA. Own illustration based on https://www.cbs.nl

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AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE SOURCES IN AMA (sources for new materials)

6. INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

6.3.6. Current situation of the construction chain in AMA.

Apart from the raw material providers, the storage area plays an important role in the circular construction chain. This map demonstrates the existing lands related to the industrial area, waste storage area and the construction sites (will be constructed). Because if we can deploy the storage both for waste and raw material near the construction site, we can reduce the loop of the supply chain.

EXISTING LANDS RELATED TO THE INDUSTRY (possible locations for the new method)

Based on all the consideration about landuse and physical distance, the square icon in the map shows all the potential area for storing the goods and raw material for construction.

N Illustration 103. Existing industrial land Own illustration based on https://www.cbs.nl and GIS data

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6.3.6. Current situation of the construction chain in AMA.

This map shows the most vibrant areas in the urban fabric, such as the shopping centres, city hall, museum, theatre and so on. To some extent, it represents the footprint of the urban expansion. As for choosing the storage area, all the areas highlight in this map should be the restraints.

N Illustration 104. Map of vibrant urban areas. Own illustration based on https://www.cbs.nl

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VIBRANT AREAS IN THE URBAN FABRIC (restraints to the new flows)

6. INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

6.3.6. Current situation of the construction chain in AMA.

MAIN LAND AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURES (to absorb the new flows)

All the material flows need the support from infrastructure. Given the circumstances that the priority of railway is for daily cummute, most of the goods have to use the roadways and waterways for transportation. This map shows the transportation network and residential blocks which can make it clear for choosing the proper roads for commodity transporting. Our criteria is to make the maximum use of existing infrastructure and cause of less disturbance to the neighbourhood.

N Illustration 105. Existing main land and water infrastructures Own illustration based on https://www.cbs.nl and GIS data

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6.3.6. Current situation of the construction chain in AMA - Stakeholders.

In this graph, we mapped out all the major stakeholders who provide the raw material in the construction chain such as steel, stone, concrete and so on. The size of the circle shows the importance of the companies.(Circular Amsterdam). Waternet is a company who dedicate for water management. Recently, they introduce a new project which is to produce biocomposite by using waste water plants. This new biomaterial can be used for construction and renewable energy as well at the end of the building life.

RAW MATERIALS PROVIDERS (main sources for the construction chain)

N Illustration 106. Map of stakeholders - raw materials providers. Own illustration based on source: CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com

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6.3.6. Current situation of the construction chain in AMA - Stakeholders.

CURRENT CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES (to absorb the new flows)

This map shows all the major construction companies in AMA.The size of the circle shows the importance of the companies(Circular Amsterdam). In this list, Royal HaskoningDHV has already started to seek the direction of transfering conventional construction method into circular construction way. In our projects, they can be the pioneer and implent their advanced approach in the experimental area.

N Illustration 107. Map of stakeholders - construction companies. Own illustration based on source: CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com

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6.3.6. Current situation of the construction chain in AMA - Stakeholders.

This map shows all the real estate in AMA. The size of the circle shows the importance of the companies(Circular Amsterdam).

REAL ESTATES

N Illustration 108. Map of stakeholders - real estates. Own illustration based on source: CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com

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6.3.6. Current situation of the construction chain in AMA - Stakeholders.

WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPANIES (essential in the new construction methods)

This map shows all the waste management companies in and near AMA. The size of the circle shows the importance of the companies(Circular Amsterdam).There are several companies are keep finding new ways of dealing with waste in order to achieve the goal of up-cycling waste reuse. Some newly established companies who pose advanced skills such as crushing bricks or retrieving concrete from waste are located quite far from AMA.

Illustration 109. Map of stakeholders - waste managements. Own illustration based on source: CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com

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6.3.6. Current situation of the construction chain in AMA - Summery. This analysis represents the opportunities that AMA entails in terms of change in the industrial world related with the construction chain. The proposal of a new construction method is going to influence the current stakeholders and flows and spread the location of the different lands involve with the construction material creation, manufacture and storage close to the new land developments and potential areas.

It is essential for the spatial strategy of our project to define the relation with the spaces available for implementing the new construction method (material sources, storage locations...)

Illustration 110. Map of summery of the current situation of the construction chain. Own illustration based on source: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/nederland-regionaal/geografische%20data/wijk-en-buurtkaart-2015 Toelichting Wijk- en Buurtkaart 2014, 2015 en 2016 (pdf document) CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects

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6.3.7. Flows and agents of the NEW construction chain in AMA.

This map shows the spatial structure and material flows if we implement the principle of circular construction in AMA. We made an assumption about potential surface for future development based on the current landuse. Then we visualised the material flows based on the location of the factory from different stakeholders.

CONCLUSIONS

1.Most of the important actors in the construction chain are locating in Westpoort Amsterdam, by taking the advantage of harbour, they can deliver the materials efficiently. 2.There are several companies who are playing the role as pioneers seeking new methods and technology to be more sustainable. 3.Companies who possess the advanced technologies for separating waste and retrieving material from the waste in a high-value manner are quite far from AMA. This situation may cause more expenditure in the logistic process. Illustration 111. Map of spatial implications of the new construction chain Own illustration based on source: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/nederland-regionaal/geografische%20data/wijk-en-buurtkaart-2015 Toelichting Wijk- en Buurtkaart 2014, 2015 en 2016 (pdf document) CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects

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6.3.9. Timeline of industrial strategy - Modular construction in terms of time saving One of the main advantages of the modular construction is the efficiency in terms of time. This is essential for our proposal in order to facilitate the use of a catalyzer and, furthermore, make it possible. This timeline explains why the modular construction is part of the change in the construction chain and why, because of to it, the following spatial proposal its possible. Without this system and due to the amount of new developments that the spatil atrategy entails, it would not be possible.

Illustration 111.2. Timeline of industrial strategy - modular construction in terms of time saving Own illustration based on source: Lawson, M., Ogden, R., & Goodier, C. Design in modular construction.

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6.3.9. Stakeholders of industrial strategy. For every separate project we will need to address specific stakeholders which are involved because of location, expertise or authority. Without them the strategy will not happen, because of lacking economic support, counterparties and missing support from ministries and municipalities. The stakeholder analysis is visualized by the circle with nodes in different colours to show the sector the stakeholder comes from. The degree of influence on the AMA is shown by the 3 circles; the one closest to the middle has the highest influence. This methodology is going to be repeated for all the projects.

Starting with the stakeholders for the changed construction cycle, there will be a lot of private market companies involved. All of these companies are dealing in the construction section: the providers of materials, the constructers, real estate agencies and waste managers. The only other stakeholders are ministries and municipalities, which need to provide the land and policies for them to be able to achieve their aim and let their company grow.

Illustration 112. Stakeholders of construction chain current and future. Own illustration based on source: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/nederland-regionaal/geografische%20data/wijk-en-buurtkaart-2015 Toelichting Wijk- en Buurtkaart 2014, 2015 en 2016 (pdf document) CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects

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6. SPATIAL STRATEGY 6.4.1. Analysis of Almere.

The strategy of this project is based on creating a FASTER, HIGHER and STRONGER AMA. Faster connections between the different municipalities involved in AMA, higher supply of housing in the region and stronger strategies to reuse and recycle limited resources. The stronger part is explained in the industrial strategy; the spatial stronger is based on creating a faster and higher AMA. Thus, we analyzed the current developments in AMA. Based on the main problems to solve and the scenarios comparison and selection that lead us to the vision, we propose an intervention in Almere + Markermeer to connect Amsterdam and Almere. Including an infrastructures improvement and an urban development in this direction. In order to start with the strategy, we analyze the area of Almere to identify the opportunities and the advantages to use in our proposal. Analysis of Almere. Almere is built after the WW2 to deal with the housing shortage and as extension area of Amsterdam. Almere is a top down planned city consisting out of different neighborhood. The neighborhood Almere Haven is constructed in 1976, just before the economic crisis. The neighborhood is built up by a radial grid with a focus on the harbor. The neighborhood Almere Stad is constructed in 1980, during the conomic crisis. The houses in this area are cheaper and more simple. There is also less green compared to Almere Haven. Almere Buiten is constructed in 1984, also during the economic crisis. This neighborhood has a clear grid of subneighborhoods separated by green lines. Thus the neighborhoods in Almere differ in density, the amount of green and public space and housing typology. These different neighborhoods have their own identity and are surrounded by green parks and areas. This makes Almere a multi core city, a suburban city with urban elements. For future extension the identity of multicore city must be respected together with the suburban characteristics of nature and water areas. Variety of density, amount of green and public space and housing typology is required. The next 20 to 30 years the city will double to 60.000 new homes and 100.000 extra jobs. For this growth the city needs to change and refresh its focus as an adolescent city: a city that is developing rapidly. The growth of Almere will strengthen the Northern part of the Randstad. The axis Amsterdam - Almere and Utrecht â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Almere are the bearers for the economy. Some city extension of Almere will emphasize the connection with Amsterdam. For example the metroline M55 Ijmeerlijn will bring Almere inhabitant faster to Amsterdam Zuidas and the city centre. The goal for this city extension is to become into an ecologically, socially and economically sustainable city. For the need of a flexible city, the city needs to grow in an organic way; more bottom up initiatives, focus on housing demand instead of housing supply, building in smaller scale and decrease of municipality influence. This growth of the city must be in line with the 7 principles of sustainable city extension which are drafted by the municipality in collaboration with the American architect and specialist in ciruclair economy; William McDonough. The 7 principles are: 1.Cherish diversity 2.Connect place and context 3.Combine city and nature 4.Anticipate change 5.Continue to innovate 6.Design healthy systems 7.People make the city Why to move out from Amsterdam to Almere? - Decentralization of AMA The Netherlands is aging. The baby boomers after World War || are getting older, in 2040 a quarter of the population will be older than 65 (PBL, 2013, p.3). From 16 % in 2012 to 22 % in 2025 and 25 % in 2040, and the most of the elderly will live in cities. But the need for new elderly housing cannot be solved by building new dwellings, because this will only lead to vacancy when the general age of the country goes down again, especially in regions with low pressure on the housing stock. This housing for the elderly should come from adjusted existing housing or new dwellings which are flexible, so it is possible to use it for other functions or groups of people afterwards. Cities like Almere and Houten have a relatively young population, the birth rate in these municipalities is high. That some municipalities have a higher amount of older people than other municipalities, does not in definition say something about the attractiveness of a particular community for the elderly. The residential area is often determined by choices made in earlier stages of the life. In the case of Almere this means that the base of the earlier stage of life is not made here. The most recent prognosis of regional population of the CBS / PBL show from 2011 till 2040 that all municipalities have a strong aging. This also applies to communities that are characterized traditionally with a relatively young population like 128 - Project definition

6. SPATIAL STRATEGY 6.4.1. Analysis of Almere.

Almere (8,2 %) and Amsterdam (11,3%). The average amount of people aged above 65 in the Netherlands is 16,2 % in 2012, and 26,0 % in 2040. From numbers of CBS and research of NVM 2014 a lot of people are moving out of Amsterdam. Especially young couples who just started their career and families with a child younger than 4 years old move out of the city of Amsterdam. They lived in a small apartment and because of the child they need more space and prefer to have a garden. They cannot find something bigger within the city that they can afford, so they move to other cities close by. 10 % of the young families leaves Amsterdam, especially the ones with high incomes. From the 5972 people that moved to Almere in 2014, 1830 came from Amsterdam. They also like to go to Amstelveen, Diemen, Landsmeer and Duivendrecht, because a lot of people feel like it is part of Amsterdam. It almost grew together with the city. References -Gemeente Almere, (2012), De stedelijke strategie van Almere, Almere: Gemeente Almere -Te Raa, B., D., (1989), Van gevaarlijke binnenzee tot almere, Den Haag: SDU uitgeverij -Gemeente Almere, (2008), De Almere principles; Voor een ecologisch, sociaal en economisch duurzame toekomst van Almere 2030, Almere: Gemeente Almere -Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu (2013), Rijksstructuurvisie Amsterdam-Almere-Markermeer, Den Haag: Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu -Mott MacDonald, (2011),M55-IJmeerlijn Vervoerconcept, ontwerp en business case

Illustration 113. Almere current spatial situation analysis. Own illustration based on sources of the text above.

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6.4.2. General map of spatial strategy.

The final strategy of the sustainable city extension in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area has three main projects The first one is that the AMA needs to enlarge the amount of houses in the area to deal with the housing shortage in Amsterdam. In total almost 100.000 houses will be constructed in 4 different places; 14.000 houses in Middeneiland Amsterdam; 13.000 houses in Ijland Amsterdam; 25.000 houses on the Almere extension Olympus and another 45.000 on Pampus Almere. This buildings will all be built in a modular construction way in order to be more efficient with time, transport and re-use/recycling. When taking a look at the timeline the Middeneiland will be first constructed followed by Ijland and Olympus at the same time. The temporary Pierland will be constructed in 2026 and from 2028 Almere extension Pampus will be constructed. Another main project is the improvement of the connection between Amsterdam and Almere. These two cities will be connected by lengthen the metroline M55 underground from Amsterdam Zuidas to Almere. By adding this connection and by expanding the housing market Almere will strengthen their identity and attractiveness. The circular economy is also a main project for the AMA. The construction of the 100.00 dwellings in a modular way will lead to more efficiency in time, transport and re-use/recycling. Also the principles of a more circular flow of water, energy and water will be inserted in the masterplans of the land extensions. Principles such as energy winning, separation of waste and water, recycle of grey water and urban farming will reduce the dependence on limited resources. The construction of this new land, new neighborhoods and new buildings is a great opportunity to build this new living area in a sustainable way.

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6.4.2. General map of spatial strategy.

Illustration 114. General map of the spatial strategy. Own illustration

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6. SPATIAL STRATEGY 6.4.3. Timeline.

The planning of the mega event in the AMA consist out of three phases with very clear deadlines; the outcome of the Olympic bid in 2021; the Olympic Games in 2028; and the time after the Olympic games till 2040. The first step, from today on, is to continue the construction of Middeneiland and the extension of the metroline from Amsterdam Zuidas to Almere centre under the water of the Ijmeer. With a positive outcome of the bid a lot of processes and projects needs to start immediately with a very strict and tight schedule. IJland and Olympus will be constructed within 7 years, including the three Olympic villages, Olympic sport venues and tourist facilities. The absolutely deadline for all these projects is the summer of 2028! After the Olympic games some temporary venues will be deconstructed in the modular way. The extension of Almere city will continue with designing and constructing Almere Pampus. In 2040 the AMA region will reach a growth of almost 150.000 new dwellings on the sites of Middeneiland, Ijland, Almere Olympus and Almere Pampus. The Amsterdam metropolitan region will have lots of legacy.The identity and the attractiveness of Almere will increase.

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6. SPATIAL STRATEGY 6.4.2. Timeline.

Illustration 115. Timeline of the spatial strategy. Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

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6.4.4. Phasing of the strategy - PHASE 1: MIDDENEILAND

Illustration 116. Timeline of the spatial strategy - phase 1 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

Illustration 117. Strategy map - phase 1 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

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6.4.4. Phasing of the strategy - PHASE 1: MIDDENEILAND

Illustration 118. Catalogue of the islands - Middeneiland Own illustration based on examples of google maps-streetview

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6.4.4. Phasing of the strategy - PHASE 2: IJLAND & OLYMPUS

Illustration 119. Timeline of the spatial strategy - phase 2 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

Illustration 120. Strategy map - phase 2 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

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6.4.4. Phasing of the strategy - PHASE 2: IJLAND & OLYMPUS

Illustration 121. Catalogue of the islands - IJland Own illustration based on examples of google maps-streetview

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6.4.4. Phasing of the strategy - PHASE 2: IJLAND & OLYMPUS

Illustration 122. Catalogue of the islands - Olympus Own illustration based on examples of google maps-streetview

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6.4.4. Phasing of the strategy - PHASE 3: PIERLAND

Illustration 123. Timeline of the spatial strategy - phase 3 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

Illustration 124. Strategy map - phase 3 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

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6.4.4. Phasing of the strategy - PHASE 3: PIERLAND

Illustration 125. Catalogue of the islands - Pierland Own illustration based on examples of google maps-streetview

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6.4.4. Phasing of the strategy - PHASE 4: PAMPUS

Illustration 126. Timeline of the spatial strategy - phase 4 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

Illustration 127. Strategy map - phase 4 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

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6.4.4. Phasing of the strategy - PHASE 4: PAMPUS

Illustration 128. Catalogue of the islands - Pampus Own illustration based on examples of google maps-streetview

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6.4.5. Olympus island masterplan - Example for one of the islands. The masterplan is meant to introduce one of the islands in a spatial design. It shows the principles where it is built upon. Olympus is chosen to give as an example because of the possibility to show the qualities this land can bring to the area, while this will not be built when the mega-event will not be held in the AMA. On the west side of the island is the IJmeer, while on the other side it borders Pampus, a part of Almere.

Illustration 129. Basemap with Olympus masterplan. Location and connection with other islands Own illustration.

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6.4.5. Olympus island masterplan - Example for one of the islands.

temporary constructions

green structure

infrastructures

directions

The upper left part of the island will be the Olympic area, where two of the stadiums will be located. The two bridges leading to the land are meant to be temporary to provide a connection between the different Olympic stadiums on each island on the west. The Olympic area is almost everywhere free from car traffic, to secure the safety of the visitors of the games. The rest of the land will be mixed use with dwellings, squares, schools, playgrounds, facilities and working places. It is very much like IJburg, one of the islands in the east side of Amsterdam. It is high density building, with a mix of apartments, self-built houses and social housing. The current identity of Almere is explained as separate areas with their own density and housing typology, which are divided green spaces. Therefore the new land will be surrounded on the east side by a park, which stretches over the whole length.

Illustration 130. Olympus masterplan. Own illustration

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6.4.6. Stakeholders of spatial strategy - Metro The project of the metro will be focussing a lot on constructing a tunnel between Amsterdam and Almere. The main stakeholders will be these municipalities, the ministries that have to give permission and funds, the constructing company, the GVB (public transport company of Amsterdam), NS and the Rijkswaterstaat (because the waterway will be adjusted).

Illustration 131. Stakeholders of metro extension project. Own illustration

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6.4.6. Stakeholders of spatial strategy - Land building & dwellings The strategy proposes building three new (is) lands, which will be used for new dwellings and facilities as the raising of the housing stock of the AMA. The main stakeholders will therefore be several construction companies (also for constructing the land), the water boards, all the companies that provide the main basic facilities for the new dwellings, GVB (to connect the islands to the public transport system) and the new citizens that are going to life on the new land. The citizens will be involved in an early phase of the project, so they can have a lot of influence on their own living area.

Illustration 132. Stakeholders of new development project. Own illustration

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6.4.6. Stakeholders of spatial strategy - Olympic Games

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6.4.6. Stakeholders of spatial strategy - Olympic Games The last one is the Olympic Games stakeholder analysis. The games have a separate sector: the organization. There are a lot of companies attached to fund the games that gain advertisement in return. On the other hand there is a need for management of tourism, housing, social and cultural planning and a nature foundation to provide a well-organized whole. The ministries will also have a big influence by accepting all of the plans related to planning the Olympic Games. The private companies that fund the games can also be used for the legacy gained after the games, so they are the catalyser of the development.

Illustration 133. Stakeholders of Olympic Games Own illustration

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In our project, three new man-made islands will be building in the coming years. They are the experimental areas for circular construction by mainly using modular construction methods and new construction material such as biomaterial. But the current facilities have some limitations, for instance, companies who possess the advanced technologies for separating waste and retrieving material from the waste in a high-value manner are quite far from AMA. Another situation is lacking big factories for producing prefabricated components in AMA. All of them will cause more logistic expenditure in construction chain. In our project, we propose to introduce new experimental industry district where provide facilities and equipment for waste management and components production. Companies like SmartCrusher B.V. can work in this new district with other pioneering companies. In this experimental district, the factory for producing components are near the waste management facilities. After the waste streams converted into the recycled material, the manufacturing facilities can use them immediately to produce building elements like the facade, steel structure, roof and etc. The resources inputs are both recycled material from waste streams and raw material from nearby providers. This new district and other raw material providers are all locating in Westpoort Amsterdam where has a huge advantage for delivering the goods by using the waterway.

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6.5.1. Phases of the final strategy (relation spatial development - industrial flows) Phase 1 - Middeneiland.

Illustration 134. Final project. Phase 1- Middeneiland. Own illustration based on spatial and industrial strategy

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6.5.1. Phases of the final strategy (relation spatial development - industrial flows) Phase 2 - IJland and Olympus.

Illustration 135. Final project. Phase 2 - IJland & Olympus Own illustration based on spatial and industrial strategy

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6.5.1. Phases of the final strategy (relation spatial development - industrial flows) Phase 3 - Pierland.

Illustration 136. Final project. Phase 3 - Pierland Own illustration based on spatial and industrial strategy

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6.5.1. Phases of the final strategy (relation spatial development - industrial flows) Phase 4 - Pampus.

Illustration 137. Final project. Phase 4 - Pampus Own illustration based on spatial and industrial strategy

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6. FINAL STRATEGY 6.5.2. Systemic sections

Flows of every cycle are represented on this section in order to see the spatial impacts of each cycle. The first section shows general principle of current flow situation. While the second one is showing the main focus cycle of this proposal which is construction cycle. As it can be seen from the first section, the cycle of construction does not seem efficient and well organized. Therefore, this proposal introduce some construction-related strategies which enhance the flow and evaluate the input and output of construction cycle.

CURRENT SITUATION

The flows are also spatially put in different area, such as urban area, industrial area, and rural area. This location-based flow helps to understand the spatial intervention which are needed on the development.

PROPOSED SITUATION

Illustration 138. Systemic sections. Current and proposed situations. Own illustration

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PROPOSED SITUATION

CURRENT SITUATION

6.5.2. Systemic sections

Illustration 139. Systemic sections. Current and proposed situations. Own illustration

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6.5.3. Olympus air view - General image of the strategy

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Illustration 140. Air view of the proposal in Olympus after Olympic Games. Legacy. Own illustration

6. FINAL STRATEGY

6.5.3. Olympus air view - General image of the strategy The Olympic location is in the AMA divided over 3 sites in order to minimize the negative legacy. Almere extension Olympus will be the main Olympic site with the most Olympic activities. The Olympic stadium, the media centre, the Olympic swim venue and 9 of in total 17 olympic building will be situated on this site. Majority of these â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;olympic buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; will be temporary and deconstructed after 2028 and the capacity of the stadiums will be reduced. Besides the building environment also the public space will change a lot. The 375.000 visitors per day need a lot of space to gather, sleep and to move from site to site. The park around the Olympic village and the Olympic stadium will be change after the games from Olympic park to a more natural park. There will still be enough space for huge amounts of visitors. These 375.000 visitors each day can take the metroline M55 to go to Amsterdam or Almere centre. They can also walk or bike over the Orange bridge to the other Olympic sites. For local overnights there will be cruise ships in the Ijmeer, Markermeer and Ijsselmeer. All these Olympic structures are focusing on the Olympic Games but can perfectly used after the games in order to make the AMA and especially Almere attractive again.

Illustration 141. Air view of the proposal in Olympus after Olympic Games. Legacy. Own illustration

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6.5.4. Sections of the systems in Olympus

This section shows the spatial intervention of the northern area in Olympus island. It can be seen from the section that there are several buildings which are temporary used during megaevent (bottom), such as stadium, athlete village and media center building. Development in new man-made island are intended to sustain in proper way. Therefore, since the beginning phase of development, the building in Olympus adopt the self-energy-sufficient system especially for residential building. This self-sufficient system allows the user to use local resources and reduce dependency on bigger scale network. Furthermore, this system also provides chance to facilitate the flow of each cycle in more efficient way. On the top section, the intervention are represented by the use of modular construction and new kind of building material, such as 3D print material. Moreover, in the future development there are high probabilities to engage various construction stakeholders to use and re-use the resources. For example, construction waste can be processed with certain method, such as Smart Crusher to produce new building material.

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6.5.4. Sections of the systems in Olympus

water filter

Illustration 142. Sections of the systems applied to Olympus. Own illustration

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6.5.5. Sustainable principles in detail - strategies description For the sustainable development of the AMA it is necessary to construct based on the circular economy approach. The different flows of water, energy, waste and construction need to be implemented not only on the regional plan but also on the local scale. The building environment on Middeneiland, Ijland, Olympic and Pampus can be devided into three building typologies; Residential apartment blocks, Self-built housing and community living. The roofs of the apartment blocks have the function of gaining energy by solar panels and wind mills and the storage of rain water. Also heat recovery will be added within the apartment block for efficient use of energy. This all will contribute to the already existing energy flows of the AMA. Majority of the apartment blocks have a shared inner garden in the center of the building blocks. In these garden urban farming can take place, waste can be separated and grey water can be collected and filtered in the phytoremediation lakes. The inner garden is for common private use and together the residents need to maintain the area. The principles will effect the flows of waste, energy and water in order to develop the new area in a sustainable way based on circular economy.

Illustration 143. Sustainable principles of an appartment block Own illustration based on DELVA Landscape Architects, Studioninedots and Metabolic. (2016). Circulair Cities. Designing Post-Industrial Amsterdam- the case of Buiksloterham. Amsterdam: DELVA Landscape Architects.

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6.5.5. Sustainable principles in detail - strategies description

The self-built houses differ per house and the sustainable principles automatically also differ per house. However, there will be some policies for constructing your own house and still confirm and improve the flows of waste, energy and water. These inventions are on the scale of one building and are private. Resident of each house can decide by their own if they want solar panels, water collection or a green roof. Also the use of water phytoremediation, waste separation and urban farming differs per house. However, in one way or another, the residents of the self-built houses are obliged to contribute in a positive way to the flows of waste, energy and water in order to develop the new area in a sustainable way based on circular econoIllustration 144. Sustainable principles of a self-built dwelling my. Own illustration DELVA Landscape Architects, Studioninedots and Metabolic. (2016). Circulair Cities. Designing Post-Industrial Amsterdam- the case of Buiksloterham. Amsterdam: DELVA Landscape Architects.

With the community housing the houses will be placed in a certain position for a better communication and collaboration between the residents. Together they can do urban farming and the separation to waste. Energy will be gained thanks to solar panels and wind mils and also the sewer black water system will be separate from the grey water system. The principles in this building typology are similar to the ones of the apartment blocks. However, the community living is even on a smaller scale and inhabitants need to collaborate closely to live as sustainable as possible. At the end all these principles will effect the flows of waste, energy and water in order to develop the new area in a sustainable way based on circular economy.

Illustration 145. Sustainable principles of a community living situation Own illustration based on DELVA Landscape Architects, Studioninedots and Metabolic. (2016). Circulair Cities. Designing Post-Industrial Amsterdam- the case of Buiksloterham. Amsterdam: DELVA Landscape Architects.

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6.5.6. Autonomy of the new developments

The third island, the most important one for the Olympic Games, will be autonomous (existing as an independent entity (autonomous. (n.d.) WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. (2003-2008)). This means that it will not be connected to the existing system of the AMA: it will produce and provide for its own energy and cleaning of the water. To be able to do this the island needs technologies to make the loss of energy as low as possible, produce electricity and heat and to clean its water. This is all explained in the sustainable principles in detail. As the country is also having this ambition, the prediction of the decrease in demand of energy will be 0,9% per year (Schoots, K., Hekkenberg, M., Hammingh, P., 2016). We can forecast that this will be higher with all of the initiatives there are introduced in the development, but we will calculate with the given fact. 0,9% times 23 (till the year 2040) will give a decrease of the demand of a little more than 20%. The current energy usage is found in the document of the TU Delft: Warmtekaarten - Nederlandse warmtekarakteristieken in kaart gebracht (2010) and is 3,5 GWh for electricity and 8,8 GWh for heat per 1000 dwellings. Taken the 20% decrease of energy demand, we will go on with an demand of 2,8 and 7 KWh. This means that the island will need 80% of the roofs covered with solar panels and an area of 292 ha of windmills around the land. Concluding, the autonomous island is possible with this adjustments, which will be an experimental place for the development of technology.

Illustration 146. Autonomy of the new developments. Own illustration based on Broersma S., Fremouw M., Dobbelsteen A. van den & Rovers R.(2010) Warmtekaarten -

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6.5.7. Summery of stakeholders of the project

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6.5.7. Summery of stakeholders of the project

When all of the stakeholders are brought together in one circle, it is clearly visible that more than half of the stakeholders is private market companies. The other half consists of various others, with the biggest amount in the central state authorities. The civil society stakeholders have less influence in the total situation, but they are very important for the end result to be successful.

Illustration 147. Stakeholders of the project. Own illustration based on the sources explained before.

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6.5.8. Final image of the project: Faster Higher Stronger This map represent the final image of our proposal. It entails not only the new development of AMA along the Markermeer and Almere but also the change of the construction industry and stakeholders creation that a development like this entails. The territorial strategy is based on the proposal of a common effort of AMA by changing its construction industry and investing in the proposal in order to develop a new area in the Markermeer based on sustainable principles. It wants to be a basis of change in the way of developing urban tissues towards a more circular way.

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6.5.8. Final image of the project: Faster Higher Stronger

Illustration 148. Final image of the project. Faster, Higher, Stronger. Own illustration.

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anexA. WHAT IF THE OLYMPIC GAMES NEVER HAPPEN-PlanB

A.1. Manifesto

During the realization of this project, we have found several opinions about the Olympic Games. Because of it famous profile worldwide, the proposal of the Olympic Games as an urban planning tool add a controversial character to our project. We face the situation that, when explaining our project, the audience has already a previous personal opinion about the Olympic Games in Netherlands. This leads us to position ourselves in the open debate. We have researched a lot about previous bad legacies of the Olympic Games and we undertand the difficulties and danger of our proposal. However, we strongly believe that, used properly, it can be transformed into a handy tool to accelerate processes that usually are very slow. With the realization of the different strategies proposed in the project, there are a lot of AMA problems that are going to be reduced We are proposing the basis to introduce principles of circular economy in AMA and implement the management of limited resources, starting by the construction chain. This improvements are supporting the proposal of the Olympic Games in AMA by introducing changes that go in favour of the population of the region and the internationalization of the AMA. At the same time, most of the problems that are found in the bad legacies of the Olympic Games are related with political corruption aspects, that keep the white elephants empty until they can get the highest profite out of them. Netherlands is a country that is known by the transparency on its political parties and the honesty of the majority of the citizens. We understand the risks of this proposal but we encourage the reader to think about the positive impact of it and go along with the controversy.

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anexA. WHAT IF THE OLYMPIC GAMES NEVER HAPPEN-PlanB A.2. Timeline comparison

The planning of the mega event in the AMA consist out of three phases with very clear deadlines; the outcome of the Olympic bid in 2021; the Olympic Games in 2028; and the time after the Olympic games till 2040. The first step, from today on, is to continue the construction of Middeneiland and the extension of the metroline from Amsterdam Zuidas to Almere centre under the water of the Ijmeer. With a positive outcome of the bid a lot of processes and projects needs to start immediately with a very strict and tight schedule. IJland and Olympus will be constructed within 7 years, including the three Olympic villages, Olympic sport venues and tourist facilities. The absolutely deadline for all these projects is the summer of 2028! After the Olympic games some temporary venues will be deconstructed in the modular way. The extension of Almere city will continue with designing and constructing Almere Pampus. In 2040 the AMA region will reach a growth of almost 150.000 new dwellings on the sites of Middeneiland, Ijland, Almere Olympus and Almere Pampus. The Amsterdam metropolitan region will have lots of legacyThe identity and the attractiveness of Almere will increase,

Illustration 115. Timeline of the spatial strategy. Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

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anexA. WHAT IF THE OLYMPIC GAMES NEVER HAPPEN-PlanB

A.2. Timeline comparison

If the outcome of the Olympic bid in 2021 is negative, no unnecessary actions specifically for the Olympics are made. The construction of Middeneiland and the metroline will slowly continue. These two projects are already proposed, designed and planned by the municipality of Amsterdam and Almere. The city extension of Amsterdam is necessary to deal with the housing shortage and the growing popularity of Amsterdam. With this an extension of metro line M55 is necessary for the accessibility of people living in Ijburg and the future Middeneiland. The projects of Ijland, Pampus and Olympus can still be completed even if we don’t have the Olympic Games in the AMA in 2028. The problem than is that this region extension will take much more time because of the lack of the boost/catalyzer of the Olympic Games. The AMA region can think about inviting another big sport/ cultural event in the region such as IAAF World championship in athletics, FIFA Football World Champioship, Youth Olympics, Universiade, European Games or other World Championships for different sports. The AMA region together with the NOC*NSF can also decide to rewrite and rethink the proposal for the Olympic Games in 2032, 2036, 2040 or later. With the miss of the Olympic Games in 2028 the AMA will not have all the good legacy that comes together with this Mega event. The population growth of 550.000 people won’t be reached in 2040, the modular sustainable construction method won’t be used for the construction of the new households. Even more important is the attraction, image and identity Almere will get from having the Olympics. In short: AMA will have a lot of good legacy out of the Olympics which they won’t experience without the Olympics or another mega event.

Illustration 149. Timeline of the project withoug the megaevent Own illustration based on other projects realized in the AMA

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anexA. WHAT IF THE OLYMPIC GAMES NEVER HAPPEN-PlanB A.3. Added value because of the Olympic Games

If the Olympic Games do not happen. There are some parts of the project that are going to change drastically. Those are the added value that the use of a mega event entails and we want to highlight them in order to support our proposal.

LOSE OF INVESTMENTS

The Olympic games attract a lot of investments. Because of its recognized image worldwide, the amount of new investors outside the country is going to increase. If the Olympic Games never happen, there is a huge amount of money that is not going to exist and the part of the project will not happen Gemeente Almere. (2015). Het IMAGO van Almere. Retrieved from: https://www.almere.nl/over-almere/feiten-en-cijfers/

NO IMAGE CHANGE TO ALMERE

Currently, Almere have a damaged image because of its lack of identity. It has a strong character of sleeping city. If the Olympic Games never happen, the image of Almere is not going to change. This strategy is going to implement the development in the location and, because of its global character, its going to attract people to live in a sustainable environment with a new coastline.

NO REACTIVATION OF THE MARKERMEER

The Markermeer is not being used as part of the AMA. There are some sporadic activities but it entails a lot of opportunities for the future. If the Olympic Games never happen, the new proposed islands are not going to be developed and the Markermeer is not going to count on new locations within the sea surface with stronger relations land-sea.

NO ATTRACTION TO THE NEW CITY EXTENSIONS.

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Holding Olympics Games will play a significant role in improving the image of Almere thus leading a result that more people will be willing move out of Amsterdam and settled in Almere. At the end, Amsterdam will be saved from its overcrowded. If the Olympics never happen and the image of Almere is not renovated, the huge house requirement in the future can not be tackled in Almere or other places in AMA. In this case, we can foresee two scenarios, the first is Amsterdam inner city will become more density. The second is people will find some places out of AMA for new housing projects which have the possibilities of losing the competitiveness of AMA.

anexA. WHAT IF THE OLYMPIC GAMES NEVER HAPPEN-PlanB

A.3. Added value because of the Olympic Games

Illustration 150. Current situation of Almere Source: http://fidata.nl/vve-beheer/vve-beheer-in-almere

Illustration 151. Proposed situation of Almere during the Olympic Games Own illustration based on the illustration above

Illustration 152. Proposed situation of Almere after the Olympic Games. LEGACY. Own illustration based on the illustration above

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anexB. GROUP REFLECTION TEAM FASTER, HIGHER, STRONGER.

Luo

Esmee

“Oh! my brain” “Coffee?”

Marieke

Concha

Ardian

“Palabras” “Goedenmorgen “Or something zonneschijn” like that”

At the beginning of this quarter, we did not know each other. Maybe we shared some quarter before but not working together. This project has allowed us to create a team and to be also ourselves, Faster, Higher and Stronger. Faster in production making, in sharing ideas about the project and in combining the thoughts from everyone to address the problems that were appearing in the project. At the same time, faster in understanding what the other members wanted to say and how to apply their advices to your own drawings. Higher in comfortability within the group. Being able to understand that all the different points of view, if combined, create a better project. This quarter allowed us to approach an urban project from 4 different cultures and perspectives: dutch, spanish, chinese and indonesian; and we learnt, above all, that at the end we are just young people enthusiastic about learning and discussing about urbanism. Stronger group, as a team. We shared 10 weeks and all the different moods, personal problems and professional ones. We supported each other and, because of the high amount of time that we spent sharing a table, we get to know each other and understand and embrace our differences. We enjoyed this project. Not only because of the interesting sessions and discussing time with the tutors, but also because of the good organization of the quarter and the capacity of learning and reflecting about the lectures in the same speed. Project definition - 181

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anexB. INDIVIDUAL REFLECTIONS

B.1. CONCEPCIĂ&#x201C;N DEL ROCĂ?O ARANDA IGLESIAS; student ID 4624122 The territorial scale within the urbanism specialization was, for me, an unknown subject to deal with at the beginning of this course. The magnitude of the assignment was overwhelming and it seemed impossible. However, the positive aspect of not knowing is that I had a lot to learn. The main difficulty in this scale is to be able to approach the problem statement from different perspectives, finding opportunities and challenges to build the proposal and understand the whole amount of stakeholders involved. I found the SDS courses absolutely essential to develop the project and implement the the progress of the proposal by the new skills learnt during the different workshops. Because of the way our proposal has developed, we were able to include the knowledge of almost every session on it. However, 4 of the 7 sessions were fundamental for me.

With the REPAIR workshop, we got into the analysis of AMA in order to research about circular economy principles in the region. I believe this workshop was a key moment in the project, it gave us the tools to discover how to understand the spatial implications of the circular economy principles that we had investigated the weeks before. In our project, we learnt which were the different systems to analyse (energy, water, waste and land) and how to represent in maps the different cycles; finding the gaps of them to propose improvements and the opportunities of the land to locate the spatial implications of our proposal. After it, we also argued if the cycles proposed in the workshop were the main cycles that we wanted to study and we decided to divide our own circular economy principles in energy, water, waste, social and construction cycle; understanding that the two last were essential for our approach to the AMA. In the same way, Reimon Rooij gave us the tools to analyse the area and propose a SWOT analysis. In our case, this lecture was essential due to the relation of the content with our project: the use of a mega-event as an urban tool. It was absolutely useful to understand how to use the mega-event as a tool and implement our project with it. We learnt about the strategic planning and how to develop further the Olympic Games to really have a legacy out of them. However, I think this lecture was not well located in time, a little bit earlier would have give us more options of implementing our project with it. With the presentation of Verena Balz and Francisco Colombo I understood the implication of a regional strategy in terms of policies and stakeholders. Also, the different approaches to present a strategy and methods to develop the proposal. In our case, we applied the knowledge of this session in the selection of the final scenario to locate our project. With the presentation of Verena Balz we learnt about several strategies to compare and select among different options. It was really useful in terms of understanding the implications of the different governments involved in the project and the way of proposing a solid vision by new methodology and conclusion making. Finally, Vincent Nadin explained clearly how to divide a project in phases and relate the different strategies that are taking place at the same time with the stakeholders involved. We had a timeline done for the session to be able to apply the knowledge to improve our own ideas. Our timeline changed a lot indeed; we included the stakeholders and describe the phasing within the main projects of the proposal and the actors involved. Summarising, our project has evolved considerably as the SDS sessions took place. I believe this course has been a good asset to the progress of the studio; not only because of the relation of the topics and the knowledge needed for the course, but also thanks to the possibility to apply that knowledge to the project within the different workshops and with the help of the speakers and specialists.

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anexB. INDIVIDUAL REFLECTIONS B.2. MARIEKE DE BODE; student ID 4140842

As described in the quarter guide, regional design is about trying to steer a process in a certain direction in order to find solutions for the current or future problems in the context. During the past eight weeks I learnt to make a strategic spatial vision of the AMA region with development strategies, spatial interventions and spatial policies. The R&D Studio, Capita Selecta and the lectures of SDS were emphasizing the role of the problem of circular economy in spatial planning. For me it was the first time making a regional plan and dealing with a process that is as complex as circular economy. In the first weeks the SDS were therefore very convenient and important to explain more about making a strategy and a plan. A strategy is more of arguments than a comment for action. As a regional planner you need to convince different stakeholders of economics, society and culture with evidence based arguments. The SDS workshop about the different flows of circular economy was a clear introduction to start analyzing the flows separately by a spatial and qualitative and quantitative theoretical analysis. For reading and understanding the AMA region my group divided the flows and combined them after we finished the analysis. The hardest part in analyzing this complicated flows for me was about filtering the huge amount of information from different source into communicative, clear, concluding visualizations. After analyzing the circular economy I noticed that in within these analysis we focused more on the theoretical than on the spatial part of the flows. The Westland lecture from Francisco Colombo explained about different complex flows in Westland. But despite the fact that weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re dealing with another area this lecture demonstrated perfectly how to translate the theoretical analysis into spatial maps, diagrams and attractive figures in order to strengthen to way of communicating. The group and I also needed to come to a clear vision before the midterm presentation. The lecture of Remco Rooij about methods of regional planning and design gave me good insight about using the multi criteria analysis to make decisions; define criteria, measure the criteria, standardize and weight the criteria before ranking the alternatives. In our case we already had the alternatives but we needed to set criteria in order to make decisions for formulating a vision. Not only the design on regional scale and the circular economy was new for me, also thinking about the phasing, timeline, stakeholders and policies was something i had never done before. For this reason, I decided to be the one in the group fully responsible for the phasing chapter to learn as much as possible about phasing. For our project the timeline was even extra important because we had to consider an optionally plan B. Good collaboration and help from other group members was necessary to finish this phasing. Also Vincent Nadin helped me in his lecture with some uncertainties about making different clusters of subjects. Unfortunately, i still have difficulties with policies and stakeholders because of the lack of knowledge. Looking back at the project I learned a lot since it was my first time making a regional plan and working with these regional complex processes. Personally, I had some difficulties in combining the spatial and the theoretical part of the project. But thanks to good group work we managed this by reflecting our own work very often and structuring the project in a clear way.

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anexB. INDIVIDUAL REFLECTIONS B.3. WEIZHEN LUO; student ID 4623754

First, I sincerely appreciate my talented groupmates and all of our tutors and quarter instructor, you have given me two months wonderful time. I could not gain lots of knowledge and skills without your help. The most important impact on me is that I start to change my way of think from an architect to an urbanism. Especially, the course of SDS helps me to have a better understanding of spatial planning which can solve complicated problems by using related strategies. Our project is proposing to address three different problems at once. First, we proposed to provide a large amount of housing supplement around Almere in order to reduce the high pressure about housing requirement of the Amsterdam inner city. Second, we proposed to transform the current linear construction chain into circular construction chain which will make numerous contribution to the circular economy of AMA. Because the construction sector is responsible for 40% waste stream in Netherlands according to the statistics from CBS. The last one is we proposed to build an autonomous island where will be implemented all the advanced technology and principles in terms of energy, water and so on, therefore this island has the ability to be self-sufficient locally. All of these three goals will be achieved and accelerated by the mega-event which is holding the Olympic Games in 2028. Because the mega-event has an enormous impact on the holding city. To some extent, it is the catalyzer for all the transition about spatial strategy and governance policy as well. During the process of the studio work, I drained lots of knowledge and skills to facilitate our projects. From the first workshop, I learnt the tools and methods for analysing the whole region in line with Circular Economy. By mapping the material flows, waste flows, energy flows and water flows. This workshop not only helps me understand better about AMA and also the conception of the circular economy.From that day, I have already focused on the construction sector due to the big consumption of energy and produce of waste. From the SDS, I understand before doing the regional design or planning, explicit knowledge of the site is indispensable. So during this course, I gained basic technic of using GIS to visualise all the important information on a map and also conduct several spatial analysis. This skill helps me have a clear understanding in terms of land use and infrastructure. By combining with the visualisation of flows and stakeholders I made a synergy map about construction sector and it also leads our group to the final strategy map. To some extent, our final spatial plan is a proof-based planning which is the biggest different from my bachelor work. In the SDS course, the stakeholders, governance policy and timeline are the most difficult knowledge for me. But my talented groupmates helped me a lot in those fields. Due to our focus lies on the construction sector, I did some researches and finally mapped out all the major actors about construction chain in the AMA. We classified them into various groups such as raw material providers, construction companies, real estates and waste management companies. By analysing the influence and geographic location of those major actors, our group came up with new spatial strategy which is to introduce new industrial experimental district in the harbour area where can provide the facilities for some companies who are far from the AMA but possessing the advanced technology in terms of waste management and modular component manufacturing. As for the timelines, our group did a workshop together to figure out when the pilot projects will start and time span of that project. Although I am still not good at this, I will involve this analysis and planning in my later work. To summarise, the SDS course helps me a lot in our studio work and now I know better about spatial planning.

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anexB. INDIVIDUAL REFLECTIONS B.4. ESMEE STALENBERG; student ID 4542584

Spatial and regional planning is based on various methods and principles. These change through time, since the problems urban planners have to deal with change as well. In the SDS sessions there is a clear focus on one of the aspects of spatial planning we are dealing with at the moment: circular economy. The sessions at the beginning of the quarter gave me a lot of insight on how there is a big difference in the role of visions and strategies, since this is the first project I am doing on regional planning. It is an argument and not directly a decision. It has to convince to get many stakeholders on board; the plan needs to be thorough and involving all aspects like the society, economy and environment. Without economical sources, we are not able to create the public goods for the society that we aim to achieve. The first workshop we had, analysing the flows in the AMA, was really effective in the beginning of the quarter. Starting with circular economy and urban metabolism was very new and I didn’t know how to start analysing flows that are not immediately visible. Having small work groups, which each team member of the studio group analysing a different flow, was very efficient. After the workshop we had a good basic understanding about the four flows of the AMA; water, energy, waste and land. The lecture about methods and techniques by Remon Rooij, and specifically about cross sections and scenario building, showed me a very useful method to choose a particular scenario for the location of the Olympic Games. We drew nine scenarios, but were not really able to proceed without a method to decide which scenario was the most desirable. By combining the lecture of R. Rooij and the Stedenbaan from V. Balz, where she talked about the method of showing the potentials of each location in a “diamond” section, I was able to connect all the chances of each location to each other and make a decision about the possible, probable and desirable future. Without this lecture I would have used the matrix method, which didn’t give us a clear answer. The phasing of our project of introducing the Olympic Games in the AMA as a catalyser provided a lot of straight deadlines because of the specific date it is held. Before the session of Vincent Nadin about phasing strategies we were seeking for a way to visualize the big number of projects, combined with the stakeholders, showing the difference between temporary and permanent projects and adding policies in the total result. In the workshop we were able to question Vincent Nadin a few times how to show this properly and he gave us the useful tip to, instead of naming the specific project like metro, write connection. This way we are proposing a direction, instead of a specific decision, like a strategy is supposed to do. He gave me a lot of insights about the importance of key projects and indicators, to know after monitoring if the goal is achieved and the project was successful. Concluding, the SDS lectures helped me a lot in specific small aspects of the project, since it was very well scheduled with the work that was done every week in the studio work. Basically, when we were trying to produce a new principle or drawing for the studio and we were struggling to visualize or make decisions, one of the lectures gave us a method or answer to be able to proceed.

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anexB. INDIVIDUAL REFLECTIONS B.5. ARDIAN WIRATAMA; student ID 4626133

City is growing rapidly by its own pace. Amsterdam Metropolitan Region (AMA) which consist of many cities and municipalities has a lot of opportunities of making mutual collaboration between stakeholder to perform development of the region. However, this development will last in relatively long period of time. In order to manage the dynamic process of development, it is important to put time dimension, actor and indicator which determine the opacity of development. Planning result will come out in long term development process. It sometimes does not look like the thing a planner or designer has planned before. There are many things that in uence the degree of design manifestation. Since planning process last in long period of time, there will be a change of interest among stakeholder. This change will also e ects compatibility of planning instrument in the development. For example, a strategy of inviting motorize vehicle companies will not be so much in the future, since the development directs the citizen to use public transport instead of using their own vehicle. That is why there is a big urgency to make check-point within timeframe of development in order to evaluate the degree of development while also maintain the original purpose of development. Furthermore, the instrument of development will not be usable without any intention of taking action. Government as one of the stakeholder has a legitimation to declare public interest and try to invite various stakeholder for working together. This step will also take long time and need to be critized time by time. Actors who take decision or action in the development has a big chance to shape the development. According to that, it is important to set indicators and goals as clear as it can be, so that it can minimize the deviation during the planning process. Every process always have its own destination, as it is also for planning process. Indicator has been set from the beginning in order to gain the nal image of developmet. Commonly, indicator can be divided into, at least, two di erent type which are qualitative and quantitative indicator. This instru- men can also be assesed and evaluated in particular time. However. a big picture of development will not be happened without any catalyst. This catalyzer can be anything. In terms of the development of city or region, which also related to its ‘branding’ image, there are several policies/strategies to generate new image of city as it is mentioned by Hubbard and Hall (1998), which are: • advertising and promotion • large-scale physical redevelopment • public art and civic statuary • mega-events • cultural regeneration • public–private partnerships. The city image will be changed during the development. And it can be represented on its legacy whether it is bad or not. To summarize, it can be said that development is an intellectual result of planning process. It can be projected but it can not be shaped as inanimate objects. Its dynamic character can be maintain and be preserve to gain opportunities of development. One thing should be kept is its original purpose, the way to reach there can be modi ed appropriately. Bibliography Hall, T., & Hubbard, P. (1998). The entrepreneurial city: geographies of politics, regime, and representation. John Wiley & Sons.

Project definition - 187

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ABN AMRO. (14 of 12 of 2014). Circular construction: new income models for construction industry. Obtained from https://www.abnamro.com/en/newsroom/newsarticles/2014/circular-construction-new-income-models-for-construction-industry.html A Circular Economy in the Netherlands by 2050. (2016) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://www.government.nl/circular-economy AEB Amsterdam. (2015). For a clean society [Brochure]. Zaandam: HuigHaverlaag. Aye, L., Ngo, T., Crawford, R., Gammampila, R., & Mendis, P. (2012). Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy analysis of prefabricated reusable building modules. Energy And Buildings, 47, 159-168. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.049 Basta, C. (2013). Ethics, Design and Planning of the Built Environment. Urban and Landscape Perspectives, 12, 15-19. Broersma S., Fremouw M., Dobbelsteen A. van den & Rovers R.(2010) Warmtekaarten Nederlandse warmtekarakteristieken in kaart gebracht; TU Delft, Faculteit Bouwkunde CBS. (2016). Meer jonge gezinnen verlaten de stad. Retrieved from: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2016/23/ meer-jonge-gezinnen-verlaten-de-stad?_sp=bae4208b2ae3-4487-8b00-8c824f1722cf.1491069744411 CBS, (2016), Waterstromen in de Nederlandse economie, Den Haag: Centraal bureau voor statistiek CBS. (2015). Centraal bureau voor de statistiek. Recovered on 31th March 2017, de CBS: http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=7467&LA=NL CBS (2015). Gemeentelijke statistieken afval verzameling. http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/ publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=7467&LA=NL Chen, Y., (2012) Urban strategies and post-event legacy: the cases of summer Olympic cities, AESOP 26th Annual Congress Chen, Y., & Spaans, M. (2009). Mega-event strategy as a tool for urban transformation: Sydneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Experience. The 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism, (pĂĄgs. 99-109). Delft. Chen, Y., Lei, Q., & Rooij, R. (2008). Realizing Olympic Games in the Netherlands. (0. P. Rotterdam., Ed.) The Architecture Annual 2007-2008. Delft University of Technology , 60-65. Circle Economy (2014). Circulair Bouwen. https:// insights.abnamro.nl/circulair-bouwen-het-fundament-onder-eenvernieuwde-sector

anexC. REFERENCES

DELVA Landscape Architects, Studioninedots and Metabolic. (2016). Circulair Cities. Designing Post-Industrial Amsterdam- the case of Buiksloterham. Amsterdam: DELVA Landscape Architects. Dick, C., & Wang, Q. The Economic Impact of Olympic Games: Evidence from Stock Markets. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1261856 Ellen McArthur foundation. (2015). Circularity Indicators. An approach to measuring circularity. FMI,. (2013). Prefabrication and Modularization in Construction. FMI Corporation. Retrieved from http://WWW. FMINET.COM Foundation, T. E. (2013). TOWARDS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Gemeente Almere. (2015). Het IMAGO van Almere. Retrieved from: https://www.almere.nl/over-almere/feiten-en-cijfers/ Gemeente Almere, (2012), De stedelijke strategie van Almere, Almere: Gemeente Almere Gemeente Almere, (2008), De Almere principles; Voor een ecologisch, sociaal en economisch duurzame toekomst van Almere 2030, Almere: Gemeente Almere Gemeente Amsterdam. (2016). Circular Amsterdam. A vision and action agenda for the city and metropolitan area. Gemeente Amsterdam, (2016) Ruimtellijk-economische Actie-Agenda Agenda 2016-2020 Metropol Region Amsterdam, Amsterdam. Gemeente Amsterdam. (2016). Metropoolregio Amsterdam in cijfers 2016. Amsterdam. Gementee Amsterdam. (2015). Afvalketen in Beeld: Grondstoffen uit Amsterdam. Amsterdam: Gemeente Amsterdam (2014) Amsterdamse trends, Gemeente Amsterdam Bureau Onderzoek en Statistiek Gemeente Amsterdam. (2012). Towards the Amsterdam Circular Economy. Physical Planning Department, Amsterdam. Gemeente Amsterdam. (2011). Structuurvisie Amsterdam 2040. Economisch Sterk en Duurzaam. Amsterdam. Gemeente Amsterdam, (2009), Plan Amsterdam; De olympische spelen van 2028, Amstrdam Gemeente Netherlands. (s.f.). Government of the Netherlands. Recovered on February 28th 2017, from Circular economie: https://www.government.nl/topics/ circular-economy/contents/from-a-linear-to-a-circular-economy Project definition - 189

anexC. REFERENCES

Gudde, T., (2008) Atelierserie olympische plannen en ruimte; werkdocument atelier 5 Hajer, M., Dassen, T., (2014), Slimme steden; de opgaven voor de 21e-eeuwse stedenbouw in beeld, Rotterdam: nai010 uitgevers Het ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu, het ministerie van Economische Zaken. (2016). Nederland circulair in 2050 Hiller, H. (2000). Mega-events, urban boosterism and growth strategies: an analysis of the objectives and legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic bid. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 439-458. Haggard, R. (2002). Prefabrication, preassembly, modularization, and offsite fabrication in industrial construction (1st ed.). Austin, Tex.: Construction Industry Institute. ING Economics Department,. (2013). Saving Energy in the Netherlands. ING Economics Department. International Olympic Committee. (2016). Olympic Marketing Fact File. Lausanne, Switzerland: Author. Jackson, R., Bonard, C., Bold, N., & Carris, J. (2011). Learning Legacy: Lesson learned from the London 2012 Games construction project. ODA 2011/031 Janssen-Jansen, L. B. (2011). From Amsterdam to Amsterdam Metropolitan Area: A Paradigm Shift. International Planning Studies , 16 (3), 257-272. Lawson, M., Ogden, R., & Goodier, C. (2014). Design in Modular Construction. CRC Press 2014. Mangan, J. A. (2008). Prologue: Guarantees of Global Goodwill: Post-Olympic Legacies â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Too Many Limping White Elephants? . The International Journal of the History of Sports , 25. Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu (2013), Rijksstructuurvisie Amsterdam-Almere-Markermeer, Den Haag: Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu Ministerie van infrastructuur en milieu, (2012), Structuurvisie Infrastructuur en Ruimte; Nederland concurrerend, bereikbaar, leefbaar en veilig, Den Haag Ministerie van VROM, (2008), Schetsboek ruimte voor Olympische plannen, Utrecht Municipal Council of Amsterdam. (2015). Sustainable Amsterdam. Agenda for renewable energy, clean air, a circular economy and a climate-resilient city. Amsterdam. Nijhuis, S., Jauslin, D., & Hoeven, F. (2015). Flowscapes Designing infrastructure as landscape (1st ed.). 190 - Project definition

Ngo, T., Crawford, R., Mendis, P., Grammampila, R., & Aye, L. (2012). Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy analysis of prefabricated reusable building modules. Energy and Buildings , 47, 159-168. NOC*NSF. (2009). Olympisch Plan 2028. Retrieved from: http://www.sportservicezuidholland.nl/downloads/ olympisch-plan-2028/at_download/file NOC*NSF. (2009). Expertrapport Nederlandse Sport naar Olympisch Niveau. Deventer: daM. Qu, L., & Spaans, M. (2009). The mega-event as a strategy in spatial planning: starting from the Olympic city of Barcelona. The 4th Internation Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism, (págs. 1291-1300). Delft. PBL. (2013). Vergrijzing en ruimte: gevolgen voor de woningmarkt, vrijetijdsbesteding, mobiliteit en regionale economie. Den Haag: PBL.

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Voskuilen, T., Bremer, R. (2016). Grand Design Warmte. Retrieved from: www.warmteiscool.nl Wandl, A., Nadin, V., Zonneveld, W., & Rooij, R. (2014). Beyond urban-rural classifications: Characterising and mapping territories-in-between across Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning WASTECOSMART. (n.d). Amsterdam Region Cluster, NL. Retrieved from http://www.wastecosmart.eu/en/ cluster-regions/holland Waternet, (2010), Drinkwaterplan 2010-2015, Amsterdam: Waternet Waterschap Amstel, Gooi en Vecht (?) Waterbeheerplan 2016–2021; Waterbewust en waterrobuust (kaart beheer)

Structuurvisie

Westerbeek, H, (2009), The Amsterdam Olympic Games of 1928 and 2028:will city heritage inform legacy intent?, Sport in Society 12(6) 776–791

Rijkswaterstaat, (2015), Het Beheer- en ontwikkelplan voor de rijkswateren 2016-2021 in het kort, Den Haag: Rijkswaterstaat ministerie van infratructuur en milieu

World Bank. (2017). World Bank Database. Recovered on 30th March de 2017, de http://datos.bancomundial. org/indicador/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS

Sanderine van Odijk,Floor van Bovene. (2014). CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION. ABN AMRO.

Zhu, X. (2014). GIS and Urban Mining. Resources, 3(1), 235-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources3010235

Provincie Noord-Holland. (2017). Noord-Holland 2040. Haarlem: Author.

Schoots, K., Hekkenberg, M., Hammingh, P. (2016), Nationale Energieverkenning 2016. ECN-O--16-035. Petten: Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland. Simoës, P., (2013). Energy from Waste-Amsterdam [PDF slides]. Retrieved from http://www.rvo.nl/file/ cn-nl-bioenergy-ws-8-may-2013-waste-incineration-amsterdam-peter-simoes-aebpdf Sleurink, M. (2013). Amsterdam slachtoffer van eigen succes? Rooilijn, 6 (2), 404-411 Stuurgroep Almere 2030, (2009), Concept structuurvisie Almere 2.0, Almere: Stuurgroep Almere 2030 Te Raa, B., D., (1989), Van gevaarlijke binnenzee tot almere, Den Haag: SDU uitgeverij Tomson, S. (2012). Learning Legacy. Retrieved from: http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/ pdfs/sustainability/cs-managing-energy-consumption. pdf Van Baaren, M., (2010) Amsterdam Waterbestendig, Amsterdam : Gemeente Amsterdam van der Leer, J. (2016). Zero Waste Buiksloterham: an Integrated Approach to Circular Cities (Graduate thesis, TU Delft, Delft, Netherland).

Project definition - 191

anexD. ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Illustration 1. Map connections in AMA. Own illustration

Illustration 2. Map of main points of AMA. Own illustration Illustration 3. Schiphol airport. Source:http://velvetescape.com/plane-views-amsterdam-airportschiphol/ Illustration 4. Greenport Aalsmeer. Source: http://www.bloemenkrant.nl/nieuws/algemeen/15090/eu-subsidie-voor-greenport-aalsmeerIllustration 5. Port of Amsterdam. Source: http://www.portofamsterdaminternational.com/poai/Our-expertise Illustration 6. Section of AMA related with the density, infrastructures and protected areas. Source:http://kaart.edugis.nl Illustration 7. Scheme of what Circular Economy means for us. Own illustration following the principles of Braungart & McDonough Illustration 8. Map of infrastructures and connections in Netherlands in relation with AMA location. Own illustration based on GIS data. Illustration 9. Map of population in Netherlands in relation with AMA location. Own illustration based on GIS data. Illustration 10. Map of infrastructures and connections in AMA in relation with surroundings and ditances. Own illustration based on GIS data. Illustration 11. Map of population in AMA in relation with green heart and Randstad cities. Own illustration based on GIS data. Illustration 12. Section of AMA with indicators measurement. Own illustration. Sources specified above. Illustration 13. Map of land opportunities in AMA. Own illustration based on GIS data. Illustration 14. Map of Do-it-yourself opportunities in the area in comparison with those already usedOwn illustration based on amsterdam.nl data. Illustration 15. Scheme of what Circular Economy means for us. Own illustration following the principles of Braungart & McDonough Illustration 16. Scheme of the relations between cycles Own illustration based on GIS data. Illustration 17. Map of gas consumption in Amsterdam city. Data extracted from https:// maps.amsterdam.nl/

Illustration 26. Map of current waste system in AMA. Own illustration based on - maps.amsterdam.nl and Energy from Waste – Amsterdam. Gementee of Amsterdam-Afval Energie Bedrijf document Illustration 27. Diagram of inputs and outputs of the water system in AMA Own illustration based on Energyfromwaste-Amsterdam. Illustration 28. Map of weakness and threats in AMA. Own illustration based on: https://maps.noord-holland.nl/kaarten; http://spotzi.com/en/maps/environment/noise-and-air-quality/ noise-netherlands// http://maps.amsterdam.nl/ Illustration 29. Map of strenghts and opportunities in AMA. Own illustration based on: https://www.noord-holland.nl/ and http:// www.windenergie-nieuws.nl/kaart-met-windparken/ Illustration 30. Map of analysis summery - systems in AMA and land opportunities Own illustration based on the different maps defined before. Illustration 31. AMA requrements Own illustration based on the information of Agenda 2016 – 2020, the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area Illustration 32. Explanation of the title of the project and the problems to tackle. Own illustration Illustration 33. Explanation of the title of the project and the problems to tackle. Own illustration Illustration 34. Explanation of the title of the project and the problems to tackle. Own illustration Illustration 35. Diagram of the project process without circular economy Own illustration Illustration 36. Diagram of the project process with circular economy principles Own illustration. Illustration 37. Diagram legacy options Own illustration Illustration 38. Image of one stadium after the Greek Olympics. source: http://dennik.hnonline.sk/ Illustration 39. Image of Barcelona’s coastline. Source: http://imagenesbonitas.bosquedefantasias.com/imagenes-barcelona

Illustration 18. Map of electricity consumption in Amsterdam city. Data extracted from https:// maps.amsterdam.nl/

Illustration 40. Diagram of the population changes regardind the megaeventOwn illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

Illustration 19. Map of renewable sources location. Data extracted from https:// maps.amsterdam.nl/

Illustration 41. Diagram of expectations of renewable energy consumption Own illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

Illustration 20. Map of energy extraction from soil and water. Data extracted from https:// maps.amsterdam.nl/ Illustration 21. Map of energy from waste incineration and waste heat.Data extracted from https:// maps.amsterdam.nl/

Illustration 42. Diagram of expectations of fossil energy consumption Own illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

Illustration 22. Map of the energy system and cycle in AMA Own illustration. Data source: Grand Design Warmte Metropoolregio Amsterdam Voskuilen, T & Bremer, R.

Illustration 43. Diagram of the current expectations of energy consumption Own illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

Illustration 23. Diagram of inputs and outputs of the energy system in AMA Own illustration based on Slimme Staden book. Illustration 24. Map of water systems in AMA Own illustration based on https://www.watersector.nl/rwzi/41/rwzi andWaterbeheerplan 2016-2021; waterbewust en waterrobuust and Amsterdam waterbestendig. Drinkwaterplan 2010-2015 Illustration 25. Diagram of inputs and outputs of the water system in AMA Own illustration based on Slimme Staden book.

192 - Project definition

Illustration 44. Diagram of the proposed expectations of energy consumption Own illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T. Illustration 45. Diagram of the legacy energy consumption Own illustration based on: Nationale Energieverkenning 2016, ECN; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T. Illustration 46. Diagram of proposed water production. Own illustration based on Waterstromen in de Nederlandse economie, Verschuren, S & Staats, B.; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T. Illustration 47. Diagram of proposed water consumption. Own illustration based on Waterstromen in de Nederlandse economie, Verschuren, S & Staats, B.; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T.

anexD. ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

Illustration 49. Diagram of the proposed expectations of water consumption Own illustration based on: Waterstromen in de Nederlandse economie, Verschuren, S & Staats, B.; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T. Illustration 50. Diagram of expectations of waste production Own illustration based on: Circular Amsterdam, Fabric, TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T. Illustration 51. Diagram of expectations of waste production Own illustration based on: Circular Amsterdam, Fabric, TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T. Illustration 52. Diagram of proposed expectations of waste production Own illustration based on: Circular Amsterdam, Fabric, TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T. Illustration 53. Diagram of proposed legacy of waste production Own illustration based on: Circular Amsterdam, Fabric, TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam; Slimme Steden, Haier,M & Dassen, T. Illustration 54. Diagram of the indicators chosen to classify the location. Own illustration. Illustration 55. Map of location of the different scenarios in AMA. Own illustration. Illustration 56. Image of Scenario 1. source: http://maps.amsterdam.nl/ho Illustration 57. Image of Scenario 2. source: https://poort.almere.nl Illustration 58. Image of Scenario 3. source: https://www.vertaalbureau-tongo.nl/vertaalbureau-zaandam-zaanstad/ Illustration 59. Image of Scenario 4. source: http://indischebuurtbalie.nl/locatie/839/heel-amsterdam Illustration 60. Image of Scenario 5. source: http://www.scootertourclubnederland.com/forum/viewtopic. php?t=3172 Illustration 61. Image of Scenario 6. source: https://es.pinterest.com/johnsantuccio/photos-of-the-neatherlands/ Illustration 62. Image of Scenario 7. source: https://www.adac-motorsport.de/media/index.php?ID_ Illustration 63. Image of Scenario 8. source: http://www.keyword-suggestions.com/YWxtZXJlIGNpdHkgY2VudHJl/ Illustration 64. Image of Scenario 9. source: http://www.4allports.com/port-overview-amsterdam-netherlands-pid40.html Illustration 65. Hand-drawing Scenario 1. Hotel’s strategy. Own illustration. Illustration 66. Hand-drawing Scenario 2. Almere.Own illustration. Illustration 67. Hand-drawing Scenario 3. Northern Amsterdam. Own illustration. Illustration 68. Hand-drawing Scenario 4. Amsterdam inner city. Own illustration. Illustration 69. Hand-drawing Scenario 5. Water focused. Own illustration. Illustration 70. Hand-drawing Scenario 6. Green Heart. Own illustration. Illustration 71. Hand-drawing Scenario 7. North Sea. Own illustration. Illustration 72. Hand-drawing Scenario 8. Almere + Amsterdam. Own illustration.

Illustration 73. Hand-drawing Scenario 9. Harbour. Own illustration.

Illustration 74. Map of Scenario 1. Hotel’s strategy Own illustration based on information of Amsterdam.nl map Illustration 75. Map of Scenario 2. Almere. Own illustration. Illustration 76. Map of Scenario 3. North Amsterdam Own illustration Illustration 77. Map of Scenario 4. Amsterdam inner city. Own illustration. Illustration 78. Map of Scenario 5. Water focused. Own illustration. Illustration 79. Map of Scenario 6. Green heart. Own illustration. Illustration 80. Map of Scenario 7. North Sea Own illustration Illustration 81. Map of Scenario 8. Almere + Amsterdam city. Own illustration. Illustration 82. Map of Scenario 9. Harbour Own illustration

Illustration 83. Selection and comparison method between scenarios. Own illustration. Illustration 84. Selection and comparison method in each scenario Own illustration. Illustration 85. Final scenario: Almere + water focused Own illustration. Illustration 86. Sport venues located in Netherlands Own illustration based on the references explained above. Illustration 87. Sport venues located in AMA Own illustration based on the references explained above. Illustration 88. Sport venues location and characteristics Own illustration based on the references explained above. Illustration 89. Future vision during the megaevent time. Own illustration. Illustration 90. Future vision after the megaevent. LEGACY Own illustration. Illustration 91. Strategy explanation. Industrial - Spatial connected by the Olympic Games. Own illustration. Illustration 92. General aspects of our proposed lifestyle for 2040. Own illustration. Illustration 93. Examples of our proposed lifestyle for 2040. Own illustration. Illustration 94. General view of the construction circular method. Own illustration based on the theory of “Circular Amsterdam”, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016. Illustration 95. Diagram of Smart Design principles Own illustration based on the theory of “Circular Amsterdam”, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016. Illustration 96. Diagram of Smart Construction methods - Modular construction. Own illustration based on the theory of “Circular Amsterdam”, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016. Illustration 97. Diagram of Smart Construction methods - 3D printing for construction Own illustration based on the theory of “Circular Amsterdam”, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016. Illustration 98. Diagram of Smart materials - Resource management- waste separation. Own illustration based on the theory of “Circular Amsterdam”, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016.

Project definition - 193

anexD. ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Illustration 99. Diagram of Smart materials - Resource management- retriwving material from waste Own illustration based on the theory of “Circular Amsterdam”, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016. Illustration 100. Diagram of Smart materials - Resource management- creating new material for construction. Own illustration based on the theory of “Circular Amsterdam”, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016. Illustration 101. Diagram of Smart information network - Supply network. Own illustration based on the theory of “Circular Amsterdam”, Gemeente Amsterdam 2016. Illustration 102. Map of current agriculture and horticulture sources in AMA. Own illustration based on https://www.cbs.nl Illustration 103. Existing industrial land Own illustration based on https://www.cbs.nl and GIS data Illustration 104. Map of vibrant urban areas. Own illustration based on https://www.cbs.nl Illustration 105. Existing main land and water infrastructures Own illustration based on https://www.cbs.nl and GIS data Illustration 106. Map of stakeholders - raw materials providers. Own illustration based on source: CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com Illustration 107. Map of stakeholders - construction companies. Own illustration based on source: CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com Illustration 108. Map of stakeholders - real states. Own illustration based on source: CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com Illustration 109. Map of stakeholders - waste managements. Own illustration based on source: CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com Illustration 110. Map of summery of the current situation of the construction chain. Own illustration based on source: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/nederland-regionaal/geografische%20data/wijk-en-buurtkaart-2015 Toelichting Wijk- en Buurtkaart 2014, 2015 en 2016 (pdf document) CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects Illustration 111. Map of spatial implications of the new construction chain Own illustration based on source: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/nederland-regionaal/geografische%20data/wijk-en-buurtkaart-2015 Toelichting Wijk- en Buurtkaart 2014, 2015 en 2016 (pdf document) CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects Illustration 112. Stakeholders of construction chain current and future. Own illustration based on source: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/nederland-regionaal/geografische%20data/wijk-en-buurtkaart-2015 Toelichting Wijk- en Buurtkaart 2014, 2015 en 2016 (pdf document) CIRCLE ECONOMY, FABEIC TNO, Gemeente Amsterdam. (2014). circular Amsterdam. Amsterdam. www.tatasteelindia.com https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects Illustration 113. Almere current spatial situation analysis. Own illustration based on sources of the text above. Illustration 114. General map of the spatial strategy. Own illustration Illustration 115. Timeline of the spatial strategy. Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

194 - Project definition

Illustration 116. Timeline of the spatial strategy - phase 1 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

anexD. ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

Illustration 117. Strategy map - phase 1 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA Illustration 118. Catalogue of the islands - Middeneiland Own illustration based on examples of google maps-streetview Illustration 119. Timeline of the spatial strategy - phase 2 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

Illustration 144. Sustainable principles of a self-built dwelling Own illustration DELVA Landscape Architects, Studioninedots and Metabolic. (2016). Circulair Cities. Designing Post-Industrial Amsterdamthe case of Buiksloterham. Amsterdam: DELVA Landscape Architects.

Illustration 145. Sustainable principles of a community living situation Own illustration DELVA Landscape Architects, Studioninedots and Metabolic. (2016). Circulair Cities. Designing Post-Industrial Amsterdamthe case of Buiksloterham. Amsterdam: DELVA Landscape Architects.

Illustration 120. Strategy map - phase 2 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

Illustration 146. Autonomy of the new developments. Own illustration based on Broersma S., Fremouw M., Dobbelsteen A. van den & Rovers R.(2010) Warmtekaarten -

Illustration 121. Catalogue of the islands - IJland Own illustration based on examples of google maps-streetview

Illustration 147. Stakeholders of the project. Own illustration based on the sources explained before.

Illustration 122. Catalogue of the islands - Olympus Own illustration based on examples of google maps-streetview

Illustration 148. Final image of the project. Faster, Higher, Stronger. Own illustration.

Illustration 123. Timeline of the spatial strategy - phase 3 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA Illustration 124. Strategy map - phase 3 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA Illustration 125. Catalogue of the islands - Pierland Own illustration based on examples of google maps-streetview Illustration 126. Timeline of the spatial strategy - phase 4 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA Illustration 127. Strategy map - phase 4 Own illustration based on timeframes of other projects in AMA

Illustration 149. Timeline of the project withoug the megaevent Own illustration based on other projects realized in the AMA Illustration 150. Current situation of Almere Source: http://fidata.nl/vve-beheer/vve-beheer-in-almere Illustration 151. Proposed situation of Almere during the Olympic Games Own illustration based on the illustration above Illustration 152. Proposed situation of Almere after the Olympic Games. LEGACY. Own illustration based on the illustration above

Illustration 128. Catalogue of the islands - Pampus Own illustration based on examples of google maps-streetview Illustration 129. Basemap with Olympus masterplan. Location and connection with other islands Own illustration. Illustration 130. Olympus masterplan. Own illustration Illustration 131. Stakeholders of metro extension project. Own illustration Illustration 132. Stakeholders of new development project. Own illustration Illustration 133. Stakeholders of Olympic Games Own illustration Illustration 134. Final project. Phase 1- Middeneiland. Own illustration based on spatial and industrial strategy Illustration 135. Final project. Phase 2 - IJland & Olympus Own illustration based on spatial and industrial strategy Illustration 136. Final project. Phase 3 - Pierland Own illustration based on spatial and industrial strategy Illustration 137. Final project. Phase 4 - Pampus Own illustration based on spatial and industrial strategy Illustration 138. Systemic sections. Current and proposed situations. Own illustration Illustration 139. Systemic sections. Current and proposed situations. Own illustration Illustration 140. Air view of the proposal in Olympus after Olympic Games. Legacy. Own illustration Illustration 141. Air view of the proposal in Olympus after Olympic Games. Legacy. Own illustration Illustration 142. Sections of the systems applied to Olympus. Own illustration Illustration 143. Sustainable principles of an appartment block Own illustration DELVA Landscape Architects, Studioninedots and Metabolic. (2016). Circulair Cities. Designing Post-Industrial Amsterdamthe case of Buiksloterham. Amsterdam: DELVA Landscape Architects.

Project definition - 195