Crane Guide June 2020 by Construction Equipment Guide

LINK-BELT CONSTRUCTION TION EQUIPMENT COMPANY A Lexington, Kentucky ky | www.linkbelt.com

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LINK-BELT CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT COMPANY 2651 Palumbo Drive | Lexington, Kentucky | www.linkbelt.com

Alta Equipment Company www.altaequipment.com Byron Center, MI (616) 878-7450 New Hudson, MI (248) 356-5200 Flint (Burton), MI (810) 744-4840 Traverse City, MI (231) 943-3700 Detroit, MI (313) 394-1811

Atlantic & Southern Equipment www.atlanticandsouthern.com Birmingham, AL (205) 951-6656 Theodore, AL (251) 443-5229 Lake City, GA (404) 361-1100 Central/Eastern, TN (888) 951-6656

Columbus Equipment Company www.columbusequipment.com Columbus (614) 443-6541 Toledo (419) 872-7101 Cincinnati (513) 771-3922 Richfield (330) 659-6681 Cadiz (740) 942-8871 Dayton (937) 879-3154 Massillon (330) 833-2420 Zanesville (740) 455-4036 Painesville (440) 352-0452 Piketon (740) 289-3757

Doc Bailey Cranes & Equipment Hawaii www.dbcehi.com 91-1873 Roosevelt Avenue Unit C Kapolei, HI 96707 (808) 545-4884

General Equipment & Supplies www.genequip.com Shakopee, MN (952) 224-1500 Minot, ND (701) 852-0479 Fargo, ND (800) 437-2924 Bismarck, ND (701) 223-9700 Williston, ND (701) 572-0570

HOLT Crane & Equipment

Rexco Equipment Inc.

www.holtcrane.com San Antonio, TX (877) 275-1520 Dallas/Irving, TX (877) 275-1520 Houston, TX (877) 275-1520

www.rexcoequip.com Cedar Rapids, IA (319) 393-2820 Davenport, IA (563) 381-1200 Des Moines, IA (515) 287-4910

Kelly Tractor Co. Crane & Foundation Equipment

Rudd Equipment Company

www.kellytractor.com Clewiston, FL (863) 983-8177 Davie, FL (954) 581-8181 Ft. Myers (239) 693-9233 Mulberry, FL (863) 205-2537 Miami, FL (305) 592-5360 Orlando, FL (407) 568-8055 West Palm Beach, FL (561) 683-1231

Link-Belt Construction Equipment Mid-Atlantic www.link-beltmidatlantic.com Ashland, VA (800) 552-3837 Chesapeake, VA (800) 342-3248 Frederick, MD (833) 546-5235

Lyle Machinery www.lylemachinery.com Richland, MS (Main Office) (601) 939-4000 Hattiesburg, MS (601) 296-7556 Gulfport, MS (228) 832-7575 Columbus, MS (662) 243-2152 Meridian, MS (662) 453-5601 Summit, MS (601) 276-5866

Oklahoma Territory Construction Equipment

www.ruddequipment.com Louisville, KY (800) 283-7833 Corbin, KY (606) 528-9440 Prestonsburg, KY (606) 874-2104 Evansville, IN (812) 867-6661 Ft. Wayne, IN (260) 482-3681 Indianapolis, IN (317) 247-9125 St. Louis, MO (314) 487-8925 Clearfield, PA (814) 765-8500 Leetsdale, PA (412) 741-1731 Nitro, WV (304) 755-7788

Transport Equipment Sales www.tes-inc.net South Kearny, NJ (973) 589-4100

Triad Machinery www.triadmachinery.com Portland, OR (503) 254-5100 Eugene, OR (541) 342-7700 Bend/Prineville, OR (541) 447-5293 Seattle/Tacoma, WA (253) 722-5560 Spokane, WA (509) 534-1900 Mt. Vernon, WA (360) 488-3948

Wood’s CRW Corp www.woodscrw.com Carlisle, PA (717) 795-0700 Central Square, NY (315) 676-2008 Williston, VT (802) 658-1700 North Oxford, MA (508) 499-1950

www.oklahomaterritoryequipment.com Oklahoma City, OK (405) 917-9191 • (866) 339-6827 Tulsa, OK (918) 835-7200 • (866) 334-6827

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ON SOLID FOOTING

RHTC Inc. photo

Hydraulic fluid leakage and poor ground support are two of the most-critical contributors to outrigger failure and crane tip overs. Regular inspections can alleviate leakages; a geotechnical expert can determine ground conditions.

Hydraulic Fluid Leaks, Poor Ground Conditions Contribute to Crane Outrigger Failure By Lucy Perry CEG CORRESPONDENT

The two biggest factors that contribute to crane failures are fluid leakage in the outrigger hydraulic cylinder and ground conditions, or the supporting structure for the outrigger pads. Ensuring that your crane is operating on firm, level and drained ground per OSHA’s Cranes & Derricks in Construction rule, starts with a proper inspection of the crane and the job site. “One safety device talked about in OSHA Subpart CC section 1415 is the integral holding valves in your crane,” said Joe Kuzar, technical director of Woodland, Wash.-based Industrial Training International (ITI). “OSHA deemed them to be safety devices. If a hose ruptures, the valves make sure the fluid in the hydraulic cylinder doesn’t evacuate and the crane stays upright.” “Hydraulic leaks are spoken to in section 1412 of Subpart CC, under shift inspections,” he added. “Shift inspections are required 8

of the operator to make sure the crane is in proper working order. These leaks do not go away, and though they get reported on an inspection sheet, they often don’t warrant the attention they should.” CJ Wilson, a trainer with RHTC Inc., West Monroe, La.,. said visible seepage around the outrigger jack cylinders must be addressed because when it occurs, there’s no guarantee the outrigger will support the crane. The engineering and design of the crane are such that each outrigger has to support 100 percent of the weight of the crane plus the weight of the load. “If you swing the load over the outrigger, that outrigger is supporting everything,” he said. “When you have outriggers with seepage, you’re not holding fluid in the cylinder and that gets to be a problem. A hydraulic hose may bust, but as long as the block valves on the cylinder are working, you’re OK. “There’s nothing to indicate seepage, other than the operator having to adjust the outrigger jack constantly,” he added. “If you’re

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constantly having to adjust it, the block valve is not working properly, and that’s a safety issue, per OSHA. The crane has to be shut down immediately and repaired.”

On the Level Ground conditions are the second most-critical issue when it comes to preventing outrigger failures. In Section 1402 of OSHA’s Cranes & Derricks Rule Small Entity Compliance Guide, the importance of ground conditions is emphasized: “Adequate ground conditions are essential for safe crane operations because the crane's capacity and stability depend on such conditions being present. If, for example, the ground is muddy or otherwise unstable, a crane could overturn even if operated with the load limits specified by the manufacturer.” OSHA’s basic rule concernRHTC Inc. photo ing ground conditions states that a crane must not be In a rocky area, the ground is usually very compact and solid, so an abundance of support under the pad is not necassembled or used “unless essary. But on soft, muddy ground, the support is usually lacking, and two or three outrigger pads may be needed for ground conditions are firm, the crane to remain level. drained and graded to a sufficient extent so that, in conjunction (if necessary) with the use of supporting materials (such as blocking, mats or cribbing), the equipment manufacturer's specifications for adequate support and degree of level of the equipment are met.” An operator must ensure his crane is set up on firm, supporting ground that is as CJ Wilson level as it can be. “Do your RHTC Inc. due diligence,” stressed Kuzar. He said many rules-of-thumb traditionally used in the crane industry to determine ground-bearing pressures are considered to remain level. “With most outriggers, one percent of level is ideal, but we archaic by today’s standards. The old rule that if you take the gross capacity of the machine and divide it by five, you get the cannot achieve that,” Wilson said. “We’ve got to use blocking — square footage for each outrigger pad “doesn’t take in to a hardwood pad bolted together with no gaps is OSHA’s preaccount the ground conditions which need to be addressed. ferred method — as long as we’re keeping tight, closed contact with the existing pad of the crane.” “Our machines are much more sophisticated now,” he added. And, the blocking chosen depends on the ground conditions, Wilson believes ground conditions and the blocking chosen for use under the outrigger pads are a bigger issue than properly he said. “What’s dictated to us by law is the ground be firm, level and working outrigger jack cylinders. Cranes, he said, are designed based on perfect conditions, but perfect conditions do not exist drained. It’s not firm all the time and that’s a common problem that has to be addressed with mats, in multiple layers somein the real world. “We have to ensure the outrigger pad contacts the ground times.” Many times, crews lay pads and a support structure on over as large an area as possible based on ground conditions,” ground that’s unlevel, which creates a weak condition for the he said. For instance, in a rocky area, the ground is very compact and outrigger jack shaft. It puts stress not only on the jack shaft but solid, so an abundance of support under the pad is not neces- the outrigger beams as well, he said. sary. But on soft, muddy ground, the support is usually lacking, and the thickness of two or three pads is needed for the crane continued on page 10

“Adequate ground conditions are essential for safe crane operations because the crane's capacity and stability depend on such conditions being present.”

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from page 9

Size Matters Confirming ground conditions, under OSHA’s Subpart CC, is the responsibility of the job site controlling entity, which can be the site owner or general contractor. “When we go on sites, most of the time my crane supervisor is there before the job ever begins and we have the pad built,” Wilson said. “If the ground is not level, we have to get it level to use the crane that day.” Proper mat sizing and condition are another key to preventing outrigger failure. The right mat must be sized not just for the crane, but for ground conditions. A crane exerts bearing pressure on the ground, and the bearing capacity of the soil is where the ball often gets dropped, said Kuzar. “We’re getting better at recognizing the need to determine ground bearing pressures, but we’re not always seeing the value of a geotechnical specialist to evaluate the soil and bearing capacity,” he added. If the mat is sized at less than it needs to be to support ground-bearing pressure, the crane can sink. Kuzar believes the industry most often drops the ball where small cranes are concerned. “Smaller cranes, such as light boom trucks and small hydraulic mobile cranes, don’t catch the eye. Yet, those cranes can go over just as easily as large cranes because of poor ground conditions. That’s the audience we need to reach, the smaller crane operator catching two or three jobs a day maybe for a rental company where the quality of the cribbing may not be that good, or the matting may not be the size it needs to be.” Bo Collier, president of Brandon, Fla.-based Crane Tech, said instructors spend quite a bit of time in training classes on the subject of ground-bearing pressure. “We find the cribbing used under a lot of outrigger pads is very inadequate,” he said. “In general, people don’t give it a lot of consideration, and they don’t understand what they’re

attempting to do. If you put down 2 x 4 blocking and think you’ve added stability, you really haven’t done anything at all to support the outriggers.” Manufacturers figured out over the years it’s smarter to build an outrigger pad that is adequate as long as the ground is adequate, said Collier. “They know you need more area to spread the pressure out. Crews fail to anticipate the maximum pressure a crane would exert per square inch — and the crane sinks in the soil as a result.”

Think Outside the Box Wilson notes one other outrigger failure prevention issue, … this one in older cranes: Sometimes the wear pads and slide areas on the outrigger box beams get overlooked. Corrosion sets in, and once a slack is created, stress points result. An issue in aging cranes, it tends not to get as much attention as, say, hoist ropes, and swing bearings, he said, adding that box beams in general seem not to be as well taken care of in many instances. “The box and beams are reinforced to handle the load at exact positions,” said Collier. “People set cranes up with outriggers not where the boxes and beams are reinforced and the outrigger beams go through the bottom of the boxes because of where the force is. It’s not necessarily an issue with the buckling of the outrigger beam, but the bottom of the box needing to be reinforced.” Collier urges crane operators to spot-check the crane setup and make sure they’re aware of structural limitations. Check the crane manual carefully and setup correctly for maximum safety, he said, and if you have questions, contact the supplier or manufacturer for clarification of outrigger positioning. “Take the time to do it right the first time,” he said, “because no one wants to see their crane tipped with a broken outrigger.”  CQ

“Take the time to do it right the first time because NO ONE wants to see their crane tipped with a broken outrigger.” CJ Wilson RHTC Inc.

RHTC Inc. photo

The cribbing used under many outriggers is grossly inadequate because it’s not given a lot of consideration, and many operators don’t understand the process of supporting outriggers. 10

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The purpose-built shipyard near Murmansk, constructed for the Arctic LNG2 project.

ammoet Lands Biggest-Ever Project Technip-led joint venture NovArcticin cooperation with Saipem tons; over the project’s lifespan the total weight of lifting operations and NIPIgas has engaged Mammoet as an unloading, transporta- will reach approximately 551,155 tons. Mammoet will provide unloading, lifting, jacking and skidding tion and installation contractor for the Arctic LNG 2 project. Having the benefit of the world’s largest heavy-duty equipment fleet, services at the purpose-built shipyard near Murmansk, ensuring a Mammoet demonstrated the ability to provide a wide range of continuous installation of the modules on top of the GBS. Mammoet also has landed a contract for unloading services at the machines in large quantities at peak times on site. module fabrication yard, Arctic LNG 2 implements an innovative concept of LNG Qingdao McDermott Wuchuan Offshore Plant on gravity-based strucEngineering in China (a joint tures (GBS). Over the course venture between McDermott of four years, Mammoet will and CSIC Wuchuan). install 42 large modules onto This will require the mobithree concrete GBS in Murmansk. The project is lization of some self-propelled modular transporter expected to use a total of (SPMT) axles and also addiaround 2,000 SPMT axles, sevtional heavy lift cranes to the eral Mega Jack lifting systems, yard. a crane fleet spearheaded by a CC8800-1 crane that comes Mammoet was actively involved in the Yamal LNG complete with a Boom project, transporting approxiBooster, and also around 120 mately 142 modules at workers at peak times. This is the biggest-ever extreme temperatures well below -50C and also managcontract in the history of ing an intermediate storage Mammoet, in terms of an yard in Zeebrugge, Belgium. aggregate tonnage as well. Each module will weigh For more information, visit www.mammoet.com.  between 8,818 and 18,739 A second photo of the site in the Russian far north. For information about advertising in or submitting articles for Construction Equipment Guide’s Crane Product & Service Guide, call 800/523-2200 or e-mail: cmongeau@cegltd.com

Multiple Link-Belt cranes work in downtown Seattle.

EMERALD CITY EYES NEW BILLION-DOLLAR JEWEL I n second quarter, the 2019 Seattle,

Wash., City Council reached agreement on funding the largest new development in the city’s history — a $1.6 billion expansion of the Washington State Convention Center. Joint venture ClarkLewis (formed between Clark Construction and Lease Crutcher Lewis) was awarded a $960 million construction contract for the project. Garco Construction of Spokane, Wash., will complete initial foundation work for the 1,500,000 sq. ft. (139 354 sq m) convention center expansion. Garco recently acquired two additional Link-Belt cranes for the project: a 110-ton (100 t) TCC-1100 and a 200-ton (182 t) 248

HSL from Triad Machinery, the Pacific Northwest Link-Belt distributor. In addition to its crane purchases, Garco rents several other cranes from Triad Machinery including a 75-ton (70-t) TCC750, 120-ton (110-t) TCC-1200, and 110-ton (100-t) 218 HSL. The cranes primarily lift rebar and forms on-site, with 218 HSL, TCC-1100, and TCC1200 and 248 HSL mainly used for the foundation – lagging with soldier piles and pouring concrete for walls. The deepest point of excavation will be 75 ft. (22.8 m) below street level. “The 248HSL is pretty smooth functionwise for being a good-size crane — it functions fast, whether booming up, or boom-

ing down — and it swings really well. We do a lot of ironwork and with ironworkers it’s quick production. We have a 218, it’s like a Corvette, but this [248 HSL] is like a turbo boss. The winches are really nice, the motors, you can really dial it down, send out just a quarter of an inch of payout,” said Jerry Wilson, 248 HSL operator of Garco. “There’s a lot of consistency needed for keeping two different rebar companies and four carpenter crews busy — and that’s exactly what this crane has done for the last six months,” said Wilson. Garco has quickly put nearly 2,000 hours on its 248 HSL by running the crane six or seven days a week for 10 to 12 hours along with a night shift of 8 to 10 hours.

“The TCC-1200 is a workhorse of a crane. It is super simple, and easy to use the Pulse system. It has a great chart for all types of applications. We use it to swing light loads of iron, and heavy CONEX boxes weighing up to 30,000 lb. on a daily basis. We are working in a tight environment with limited space, so the ability to telescope the boom and walk around the jobsite has really increased efficiencies. Being able to move around the job site without worrying about outrigger pads makes production planning so much faster,” said Jared Neuert, TCC-1200 operator of Garco.

A $1.6-billion expansion of the Washington State Convention Center. A joint venture of Clark-Lewis was awarded a $960 million construction contract for the project.

The cranes primarily lift rebar and forms on-site, with 218 HSL, TCC-1100, and TCC-1200 and 248 HSL mainly used for the foundation – lagging with soldier piles and pouring concrete for walls.

The crew also is responsible for the logistics of Olive Way; the active downtown street rerouted around the perimeter of the project during construction. Upon completion, Olive Way will become a corridor running below the bottom floor of the new convention center. The convention center project is scheduled for spring 2022 completion. For more information, visit www.linkbelt.com. 

Garco has quickly put nearly 2,000 hours on its 248 HSL by running the crane six or seven days a week for 10 to 12 hours along with a night shift of 8 to 10 hours.

Versalift Midwest LLC inquiries@cannonequip.com 51761 Danview Technology Court Shelby Twp., MI 48315 586-991-0054

L & M Truck Sales, Inc. www.lmtrucks.com 4001 E. Boone Ave. Spokane, WA 99202 509-535-4175

Utility Crane & Equipment, Inc.

Coastline Equipment Crane Division

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8800 W Buckeye Road Tolleson, AZ 85353 866-832-4831

325 N. 5th Street, Bldg. A Sacramento, CA 95811 916-440-8090

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Hydraulic Machinery consteqguide@craneworx.com 5024 N 56th Street Tampa, FL 33610 813-621-8002

Meridian, ID 208-888-3337 Jerome, ID 208-324-2900 McCall, ID 208-634-3903

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KEEPING ®

HOW TO

SHA

AT BAY

PROPERLY EVALUATE YOUR OPERATORS By James Headley SPECIAL TO CEG

This is the third article covering OSHA’s three steps to operator qualification. The first, “OSHA Takes Training to a Higher Level,” (Crane Hot Line, June 2019, page 12) covers OSHA’s expansion of operator training. The second article, “Misunderstanding Crane Operator Certification,” (Crane Hot Line, July 2019, page 12) covers unreasonable expectations regarding operator certification. This article, like the previous two, is intended to help employers comply with the OSHA rule and to enhance crane safety, which is always the goal. Evaluating a crane operator is much like inspecting a crane, except that it’s the operator who is being inspected. Operator evaluation is just as important as crane inspection. It must be taken seriously. I can’t stress enough how big an issue proper evaluation will likely become, particularly in OSHA citations and civil litigation. Sadly, many employers don’t even know operator evaluation is required.

Connection Between Certification and Evaluation What makes a crane operator qualified? OSHA requires three steps: training, certification, evaluation. OSHA’s standard reads: “through an evaluation, the employer must ensure that each operator is qualified by demonstration of: The skills, knowledge and ability to recognize and avert risk necessary to operate the equipment safely...” 1427(f)(1)(i). To understand why OSHA added operator evaluation to the standard and how to conduct an evaluation, requires a little history. 16

OSHA’s 1926.550 Cranes and Derricks standard was originally published in 1979. A revised version took effect on November 10, 2010 — except for section 1427, which covered crane operator certification. The effective date of that section was extended by four years, to November 10, 2014, so accredited testing organizations had time to develop programs and to give operators and employers time to prepare for certification. During those four years, OSHA expected employers to continue ensuring their operators were competent and to provide training when necessary. The standard said: “The employer must ensure that operators of equipment covered by this standard are competent to operate the equipment safely ... The employer must ensure that each operator is evaluated to confirm that he/she understands the information provided in the training.” 1427(K)(2)(i)(ii) During the revised standard’s four-year phase-in, OSHA began to hear from stakeholders who were surprised that once the new certification requirements took effect on November 10, 2014, employers would no longer be responsible for ensuring that operators were competent. The standard said: “an operator will be deemed qualified to operate a piece of equipment if the operator is certified under paragraph (b) of this section for that type and capacity of equipment or for higher-capacity equipment of that type.” 1427(b)(2) Commenters told OSHA that simply certifying an operator would not ensure safe crane operation. In their eyes, a standardized certification test was more akin to a learner’s permit. It couldn’t replicate all the conditions an operator must safely navigate on a job site. Stakeholders reasoned that employers should play a direct role in ensuring that their operators were competent, since employers

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usually know information that can help ensure their operators have the skills, knowledge, and judgement to run a specific crane safely.

Furor Over Capacity During the four-year phase-in period, OSHA also heard complaints about certifying operators by crane type and capacity. Commenters argued that “and capacity” should be taken out of the standard, and operators should be certified only by equipment type. Those comments came years after OSHA originally had published its proposed revised rule in October 2008, had had 350 comments, and had held a public hearing in March 2009. No commenters or participants in the 2009 public hearing had asked OSHA to remove the requirement that operators be certified both by equipment type and capacity. After the 2009 public hearing, certification by type and capacity was approved by the Cranes and Derricks Advisory Committee (C-DAC) and set to go into effect in 2014. It’s interesting that some people who later wanted to remove the capacity requirement as part of operator certification were the very ones recommending it as members of C-DAC. Why, after all those years, did certifying operators by crane type and capacity suddenly become an issue? The reason: Two of the four testing organizations issued certifications just by crane type, not by crane type and capacity, as the revised standard was to require. They realized the approximately 100,000 operator certifications they had issued would not be legal once the phrase-in period ended in 2014. (OSHA once again extended the date for operator certification to take effect by four more years. It became effective November 10, 2018.)

Reason for Evaluation OSHA realized that the rule, as written, would make certification the key factor in determining whether a crane operator was qualified. That would mean the testing agencies issuing the certifications — not the employer — would be responsible for operator competence. Since OSHA always wants the employer to be responsible for safety, it knew the rule needed to be modified. That made two powerful entities who needed the standard changed: the two testing organizations that didn’t want operator certification by type and capacity and OSHA, who wanted the employer held responsible for ensuring operator competency. OSHA’s concern was legitimate. The issue of certification equaling qualification had to be changed. The other group was just trying to get out of the hole they had dug. Both OSHA and the type-only testers got what they wanted: a special meeting, held from March 31 to April 1, 2015, before the Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH). There, OSHA presented a draft proposal for changing crane operator requirements.

Special Meeting Although rumors about OSHA requiring employers to evaluate their crane operators had been hanging in the air, the first time most of us saw specifics was the draft proposal OSHA presented at the meeting in March of 2015. In addition to employer evaluation, the draft indicated that OSHA wanted to expand operator training requirements and deal with the issue of certification by type and capacity. (Both issues are covered in the previous two articles.)

During the meeting, expansion of training drew little interest. Participants discussed whether trainers would need an operator certification and who would monitor an operator-in-training. Interest in an operator evaluation focused on who would conduct the evaluation, how often was it to occur, and what areas was it going to cover. At the time, we didn’t know the real reason behind the push to add an employer evaluation and how big an issue evaluation would become.

Importance of Certification To its credit, OSHA understood that certification doesn’t indicate that an operator is qualified to operate a particular crane performing a specific job. Certification does, however, provide an objective baseline of knowledge and skill by which a crane operator is measured. Having a baseline of knowledge and skill is a must, particularly for operators just starting out. That’s why Crane Institute Certification (CIC) issues certifications based both on the type of crane and its capacity range. Certifying an operator by both the type of crane and its capacity requires more written exams and a practical exam that uses a longer boom. Certification by type and capacity raises the baseline and brings operators closer to meeting evaluation criteria. Passing a practical exam gets an operator started, but essentially expires once the operator begins operating cranes in the workplace. That’s when the employer’s evaluation process begins. Evaluation makes gaining practical experience vital to operating a crane safely. An operator gets experience in the seat, one day at a time, one lift at a time. To get that experience an operator must have a good foundation to build on. Certification and good training form that solid foundation. It’s much like learning to play golf. If one does not first learn the fundamentals of the swing, one will face constant frustration over one bad shot after another. After several extensions, OSHA’s requirement for employers to evaluate crane operators took effect on April 15, 2019. If conducted properly, the evaluations should sharply reduce crane accidents. Before getting into the specifics of operator evaluation, a few things need clarifying.

Clarifications First, in 1427, OSHA uses “equipment” and “cranes” interchangeably to refer to cranes, derricks, and other equipment covered under 1926 Subpart CC. Therefore, an operator evaluation must be conducted on all equipment covered by the standard. However, operators of derricks, sideboom cranes, and equipment with a lifting capacity of 2,000 lbs. or less are exempt. Second, evaluations are intended to focus directly on the operator’s ability to safely perform specific tasks while operating specific equipment in specific conditions. Third, whenever an individual is receiving formal, practical instruction or being evaluated, he or she is considered an operator in training and must be monitored continuously on site by a trainer while operating the equipment. An operator cannot move out of this status until successfully completing an evaluation. Fourth, OSHA says: “employers may only assign tasks within the operator-in-training’s ability... The operator-in-training shall not operate the equipment in any of the following circumstances continued on page 18

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from page 17

unless certified. (b)(3) (i-v) (i) If any part of the equipment load line, load, (including rigging or accessories), if operated up to the equipment’s maximum working radius in the work zone... could get within 20 feet of a power line that is up to 350 KV, or within 50 feet of a power line over 350 KV. (ii) If the equipment is used to hoist personnel. (iii) In multiple-equipment lifts. (iv) If the equipment is used over a shaft, cofferdam, or in a tank farm. (v) In multiple-lift rigging operations, except where the operator’s trainer determines that the operator-in-training’s skill are sufficient for this high skill work....” Fifth, the individual monitoring the operator-in-training must meet the following requirements. “(A) The operator’s trainer is an employee or agent of the operator-in-training’s employer. (B) The operator’s trainer has the knowledge, training, and experience necessary to direct the operator-in-training on the equipment in use”. *See 1926 Sub-part CC for more information on monitoring operators-in-training.

Who Can Evaluate? Individuals conducting crane operator evaluations are perhaps the most important part of these assessments. At the Crane Institute of America, questions regarding who can perform evaluations are the most frequently asked in the Employer Crane Operator Evaluator program. OSHA’s answer: “The evaluation... must be conducted by an individual who has the knowledge, training, and experience necessary to assess equipment operators”. (f)(4) and meet the definition of a trainer”. (see above) This person may be the most important aspect of an evaluation. OSHA also says: “The evaluator must be an employee or agent of the employer. Employers that assign evaluations to an agent retain the duty to ensure that the requirements in paragraph (f) are satisfied. Once the evaluation is completed successfully, the employer may allow the operator to operate other equipment that the employer can demonstrate does not require substantially different skills, knowledge, or ability to recognize and avert risk to operate”. (f)(5) However, no individual knows everything about every crane and the tasks it will perform. Everyone has limitations. Knowing this is one of the best assets an evaluator can have. Know when to say, “No, I don’t have the knowledge, training or experience to evaluate the operator on that equipment.” For example, I’ve been involved with cranes all my working life, first as a trainee and operator, then as a trainer, inspector, accident investigator, and expert witness. However, there is a lot about certain cranes or the work they perform where I’m not knowledgeable or familiar. Also, it’s also been a long time since I’ve driven pilings, run a dragline, or hung iron with a friction crane. I wouldn’t feel comfortable evaluating operators in scenarios like those without boning up first. Just think of how cranes from past and present are equipped differently — from computer systems to controls, safety, operational devices, and more. So, evaluators must know their limitations. Is there something specific about the crane, its operation, the work it’s to perform, or the site that’s unfamiliar? Is there something intrinsic to safety that would require that an evaluator have specific knowledge or experience? If so, involve someone who does. Sometimes it may take

more than one person to conduct an evaluation. It could require an evaluator who has operated the equipment, there are certain things about the operation of a crane that only an operator will know.

Evaluation An evaluation is not required for every conceivable difference in the equipment or tasks. An evaluation is only needed when substantive differences would require new skills, knowledge, or abilities than the operator has already demonstrated during previous evaluations. Documentation — “The employer must document the completion of the evaluation. This document must provide: the operator’s name; the evaluator’s name and signature; the date; and the make, model, and configuration of equipment used in the evaluation. The employer must make the document available at the worksite while the operator is employed by the employer”. (F)(6) Evaluations can be recorded on paper or stored electronically. However, they are not transferable from one employer to another. If an operator changes employer, the new employer must begin the evaluation process anew. Before the evaluation — Make sure the operator has been trained in accordance with OSHA’s requirements. Record whether the operator is certified and by whom, if applicable. If needed, review the operator’s manual and other information pertinent to the crane, and make sure load charts, including notes, are fully understood. Finally, don’t proceed with the evaluation unless the operator is physically qualified. During the evaluation —The evaluator can test the operator’s knowledge by asking specific questions pertinent to the crane. Demonstrations are good ways for an operator to show skills and abilities regarding specific aspects of the crane. When tasks are performed, make sure the load is controlled. An uncontrolled load is unsafe and a sure sign the operator needs additional training. The evaluation must be stopped if the equipment is operated erratically or the task is performed unsafely. A smooth operator is a safe operator. Although not all-inclusive, here are some examples provided by OSHA that require an operator to have, “the skills, knowledge, as well as the ability to recognize and avert risk, necessary to operate the equipment safely”. (f) (1)(i) (Special attention should be paid to these during the evaluation.) Crane Specifics — “safety devices, operational aids, software, and the size and configuration of the equipment. Size and configuration include, but is not limited to, lifting capacity, boom length, attachments, luffing jib, and counterweight set-up”. (f)(1)(i) Tasks Specifics — ... the hoisting activities required for assigned work, including, if applicable, blind lifts, personnel hoisting, and multi-crane lifts. (f)(1)(ii) Re-training — “The employer must provide retraining in relevant topics for each operator when, based on the performance of the operator or an evidence of the operator’s knowledge, there is an indication that retraining is necessary”. (b)(5) When an employee is required to provide an operator with retraining under (b)(5)... the employer must re-evaluate the operator with respect to the subject of the retraining”. (f)(7) So, there you have it, from beginning to end. Crane Operator Evaluation, the third step in qualifying crane operators. James Headley is the CEO of Crane Institute of America. Headley holds a bachelor’s degree in education and worked as a crane operator and oiler for 16 years before founding his company. He can be reached at jheadley@ craneinstitute.com. (This story was reprinted with permission from CRANE HOT LINE, Sept. 2019 issue.) 

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MERKEL (Not That One) LEADS ‘QUIET’ PROJECT

In addition to the already tight space inside the building, the lifts were made even harder by the fact that a crane runway also was in the way — the first panels had to be placed underneath the runway, while the last series had to be positioned above it.

The Constrained spaces often make indoor projects a tricky proposition — especially when unwieldy loads need to be lifted. And this was exactly the case for the Merkel Autokrane GmbH job inside a production facility for precast concrete elements run by FTO Fertigteilwerk Obermain. In order to install a noise barrier with large concrete panels, Merkel decided to use the new Demag AC 45 City, which is an ideal match for precisely this type of job. “What we had to do for this project was lift the concrete panels, each of which weighed either three or six tonnes, exactly in place between support columns inside the narrow shop floor so that assembly technicians could then fasten them in place there,” said Merkel Autokrane GmbH Customer Service Representative KarlHeinz Göring. The goal was to separate two sections of the shop floor from each other in order to reduce the noise levels in both of them.

A Lift With Obstacles In addition to the already tight space inside the building, the lifts were made even harder by the fact that a crane runway also was in the way – the first panels had to be placed underneath the runway, while the last series had to be positioned above it. “To do this, we had to extend the boom until just underneath the ceiling. However, that wouldn’t have worked with a hook, so we instead worked with the runner and telescoped under load. And in certain cases, it really came down to the last few centimeters,” said crane operator Oliver Lieb, who during the lift also had to look out for a large glass pane that he had to make sure not to

get too close to. The most particular challenge within this context was positioning one of the topmost panels, which pretty much had to be threaded in directly behind a crane runway girder with extreme precision. “Since there wasn’t enough space to set down the panel directly, we had to set it down on makeshift wooden supports, rig it again, lift it again, and then remove the supports to be able to set it down where we wanted,” Karl-Heinz Göring explained. All in all, this proved that the AC 45 City was the perfect machine for the job.

Asymmetrically Positioned Outriggers “The outriggers were perfect as well,” said Lieb, who was always able to work with fully extended outriggers on the load side, but not on the other side, all depending on what the space conditions inside the building allowed for. Since the AC 45 City is equipped with the Flex Base, Lieb was able to take advantage of every single centimeter. This made it possible to carry out all the lifts smoothly and efficiently. The crane operator was accordingly very happy with the crane. “I’d already worked with its predecessor, the AC 40 City, and that was already in a category all of its own, but the AC 45 City is even better, and in every single aspect. To put it simply, I couldn’t have wished for a better crane for this job.” For more information about Merkel Autokrane GmbH, visit www.merkel-krane.de. For more information on Demag mobile cranes, visit demagmobilecranes.com. 

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TIPS FOR COV ID-19 DISINF ECTING

he need for fr of work tru equent and thorough d isinfecting cks like aeri al arm rests, stee derricks is a new task for devices and digger service rors, visors, ring wheel, engine start/ managers. In seatbelts, an stop button, response to tions from d oth mirquescu inside the ca er controls and handles has released stomers, Terex Utilities b . Tech Tip #140 On the truck and/or unit, a reminder o to provide chassis d ger controls oors and latches, outrigpiece of eq f the many surfaces on , a u radio controls and upper/lower and been touched ipment that may hav , gr e by crew mem fo rm are some ab handles, and plat“It’s a good bers. ite id ea to clea fect common “And don’t fo ms to be cleaned. ly touched su n and disinrget your too Julius. beginning an rfaces at the ls,” said crew change d end of each shift o Terex R ef er to Te ch r mends usin . Terex Utilities recom #140 Utilities has released Tech Tip components to Tip #140 for a full list of g disinfectan di to following CD t wipes and many su provide a reminder of the technical sup sinfect. This and other rf port do C ac gu es id on elines for dev ing and im elop- ment that may ha a piece of equip- available online at cuments are p le m en ve ti th n been touched Support ta g plan,” said Ja b at www.te e Technical son Julius, te a cleaning by crew members. rex.com tie In addition, ch s, nical supp or users can th sign up to re/utiliemail products that e EPA has compiled a lisort and training. https: ceive //www.terex n to ca .com/utilitie otifications Among the n be used against COVID f disinfectant  s/ en ite -1 /l m 9. inks/prefere at s on the list door hand nces. are keys, les,

LEARNING SAFELY IN A VIRTUAL WORLD CM Labs Simulations' expanded crew training capability enables multiple operators to complete a collaborative task within the same virtual work site, from connected simulators. With the launch of a new crew training exercise that focuses on earthmoving equipment, CM Labs adds to its roster of collaborative learning options. The exercise enables an excavator operator to learn how to safely and efficiently fill an articulated dump truck, while another trainee learns how to operate the truck, interact with the excavator and drive on various types of terrain. While these two operators are training within the same environment, another can provide guidance from CM Labs’ Signalperson Training Station. To round out the team, a fourth trainee can work from an Instructor Operating Station to monitor and direct operations. CM Labs’ simulators track all operating 20

CM Labs’ simulators track all operating metrics during the collaborative training exercise and roll them up into a single score for the team, which updates in real time.

metrics during the collaborative training exercise and roll them up into a single score for the team, which updates in real time. CM Labs’ catalogue of crew training capabilities also includes simulation-based tandem lift exercises for mobile crane and crawler crane. This type of collaborative training can be difficult and dangerous to reproduce with real equipment, especially for new trainees, due to the potentially hazardous interac-

tions between equipment and personnel. CM Labs’ crew training capability is embedded with Smart Training Technology, which ensures the highest level of transferable skills available outside the real equipment. “This crew training capability is unique to the industry,” said Julien RicherLanciault, “in that it is the only training solution that simulates critical machine reactions, such as the precise motion of the truck when dirt hits the trailer or when it is struck by the bucket. This allows operators to develop the sense of feel that is so critical to efficient operations.” In helping to develop communication skills between operators and other personnel on the worksite, CM Labs’ crew training capability enables organizations to graduate operators that are better prepared for real-world productivity. For more information, visit www.cmlabs.com. 

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Looking Back: Courtesy of Historical Construction Equipment Association

Cranes of Yesteryear Working to preserve the history of the construction equipment that shaped our world . . .

The Historical Construction Equipment Association (HCEA) is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization dedicated to preserving for public education the history of the construction, dredging and surface mining equipment industries.

HCEA photo HCEA photo

HCEA photo

The 40-ton capacity WB was the largest truck crane offered Insley. American Hoist & Derrick offered this machine in their 1905 catalog. This is basically a guy supported tower crane.

HCEA photo

Buckeye Traction Ditcher Company began producing crawler excavators primarily for backfilling trenches with an open-bottomed dragline bucket. Introduced in 1926, the Type 0 was offered as a crane, clamshell or conventional dragline two years later, with mounting on a truck or crawlers. A flatcarmounted railroad ditcher version was also offered. HCEA photo

The Brown Hoisting Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, offered this very typical steam-powered locomotive crane at the turn of the last century.

One of the most popular General Excavator Company models was the 105 self-propelled machine. Rated at ½ -yard, it could be converted to an 8½-ton crane and could travel at up to 20 mph.

HCEA photo

This Lorain 40A clamshell crane operates with a flattened boom angle to avoid utility lines on a sewer job in Cranston, Rhode Island, circa 1940. Note the trench sheathing.

This American Hoist & Derrick machine is a bridge builders derrick, similar to those offered by other manufacturers.

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