Note: These drawings are part of a dataset compiled for the C ultural Diversity and Material Imaginaton in C anadian Architecture Research Project. These drawings were prepared using a combination of hand architectural survey, total station surveying and lase r scanning. The acc uracy is ±1".
HERRAMIENTAS C arleton University Visualization and S imulation Building, Fourth Floor 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, ON, K1S5B 6
t: 613 520 2600 x2867 f: 613 520 7841 info@cims.carleton.c a
Project number
C DMIC A - Ashton, ON
Log Building, Drawings
Date
1
A100
28/08/12
Drawn by
MS
Accuracy ± 1", Do not sca le drawings.
C hecked by
N/A
S cale
29/08/2012 1:47:29 PM
PARA DOCUMENTAR EL PATRIMONIO
Mario Santana Quintero
Planificacion y topicos de la documentacion Cuales
son
los
productos
Los siguientes productos son un ejemplo de la documentación de elementos característicos de un sitio de patrimonio:
Location.
Plano de Ubicación
Puertas, ventanas, moldes, perfiles, etc....
http://homepage.ulb.ac.be/~majansen/maps/Mapcam.html,17/11/2011
Plantas
A
Sectiones de planta
Detalles Arquitectónicos
A
N
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservación
del
patrimonio
arquitectónico
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2
PAGE
Planificacion y topicos de la documentacion Cuales
son
los
productos
Secciones del edificio
Fotografia
Fachadas a levantar
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
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PAGE
Levantamiento a mano HAND SURVEY
LEVEL OF DETAIL
PRELIMINARY (CATALOGUE) DETAILED (MONOGRAPH) SKILLS LOW
This tool makes use of tape measure or measuring rod, plumb bob or level, a drawing pencil and paper
OPERABILITY
MID
HIGH
ENGAGEMENT LOW
It requires minimal training
MID
HIGH
It even helps becoming familiar with the object by allowing the discovery of subtle aspects. Direct contact with the subject required
PRECISION
Ranges from meters - cms SPEED
Slow PORTABILITY
Very portable RANGE
Short
ROBUSTNESS
Labour intensive if a high accuracy is needed
Robust
Nowadays the sketches made on site are often transcribed into a Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CAD) file.
ADJUSMENT AND CORRECTIONS
Simple PRICE
Affordable
OCCLUSION
Heritage recording application: recording at building and archaeological site detailed level
SURVEY FACADES (HEIGHTS)
HERRAMIENTAS
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PAGE
Levantamiento
a
mano
-
bocetos More generally, trilateration methods involve the determination of absolute or relative locations of points by measurement of distances, using the geometry of circles or triangles. In contrast to triangulation it does not involve the measurement of angles.
TRILATERATION
HOW Measure the distance AB and draw the line on the paper-sheet; Measure BC and AD and set out both distances on the sheet with the help of a compass devise. Draw completely ABCD. Following this principle the rest of the building can be measured and drawn into a map.
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
MATERIALS NEEDED Measuring tape Drawing board Drawing paper Scale ruler Set of squares Compass Pencils
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PAGE
Levantamiento
a
mano
-
bocetos
SURFACE SURVEY brick by brick, and stone by stone.
WALL PROSPECTION
A grid of plumb bobs and horizontal ropes are set on the wall and on the paper sheet. The bricks defined by the grid square may be measured by triangulation or by orthogonal method.
HOW First make a orthogonal grid of plumb bobs and horizontal ropes Draw the grid on the paper-sheet. Measure and record the bricks or the stones separately according to the grid. Result of the documentation: a 2-Dimensional plan MATERIAL NEEDED Several plumb bobs - Rope - Nails Hammer - Measuring tape - Drawing board Drawing paper - Scale ruler - Set of squares - Pencils
TOOLS
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Levantamiento
a
mano
-
bocetos
FEATURE
ORTHOGONAL HOW
Establishing the control line with a measuring tape and two range poles at each side; With the optical prism align the two range poles of the control line and set off a 90째 angle to a third range pole, which is held at the corner of the building (for example at A) or at the point, which has to be measured. A plumb-bob attached to the optical prism points the distance on the control line (for example: for A the distance is 2,40m). The distance between the control line and the corner of the building is measured.
MATERIAL NEEDED 2 measuring tapes - 2 tripods for range rods - 1 rod level (bubble) 1 plumb-bob - 1 optical prism - Drawing board - Drawing paper Scale ruler - Set of squares - 3 range rods - Pencils TOOLS
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H erramientas LEVEL OF DETAIL
RECONAISSANCE (REGISTER) PRELIMINARY (CATALOGUE) SKILLS LOW
GPNS GLOBAL POSITIONING & NAVIGATION SYSTEMS The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
OPERABILITY
MID
HIGH
It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.
ENGAGEMENT LOW
MID
HIGH
PRECISION
Ranges from meters - cms SPEED
Fast PORTABILITY
Very portable
ROBUSTNESS
Robust ADJUSMENT AND CORRECTIONS
Simple PRICE
RANGE
KMS
NAVSTAR – a constellation of satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 20,200km. (Portions © 2003 Trimble Navigation Limited. All rights reserved.)
Depends on Handheld (affordable)
OCCLUSION
Heritage recording application: definition of boundaries, topography, paths and other topographic features of large scales
ONLY OUTDOORS
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GNSS:
Tipos ENGLISH HERITAGE CLASSIFICATION:
Navigation-grade GPS
Map accuracy and absolute accuracy approximately 10m. Good for finding location in relation to maps and relocating sites, but not suitable for site survey. Notoriously bad for height information.
Mapping-grade
GPS.Map accuracy and absolute accuracy down to 1m can be achieved, in real-time or if postprocessed. Suitable for mapping up to 1:2500 scale but not suitable for site survey.
Survey-grade
GPS.Centimetre relative accuracy. Map accuracy and absolute accuracy to the nearest 100mm can be achieved either in real time or by post- processing.
HERRAMIENTAS
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arquitect贸nico
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PAGE
H erramientas LEVEL OF DETAIL
Time of flight (TOF) device:
PRELIMINARY (CATALOGUE) DETAILED (MONOGRAPH) SKILLS LOW
- Laser - Infrared
OPERABILITY
MID
Describes a variety of methods that measure the time that it takes for an object, particle or acoustic, electromagnetic or other wave to travel a distance through a medium
HIGH
ENGAGEMENT LOW
MID
HIGH
PRECISION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-flight
Ranges mm - cms (affected by reflective surfaces SPEED
Moderate PORTABILITY
Portable RANGE
0 - 2KM
ROBUSTNESS
Robust
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read distances from the instrument to a particular point.
ADJUSMENT AND CORRECTIONS
Requires surveying knowledge PRICE
relatively costly, depends on device, but accessible - sustainable in long term
OCCLUSION
Affected by range HERRAMIENTAS
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arquitect贸nico
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PAGE
H erramientas
TOTAL STATION WORKFLOW 3
ORIENTATE TO REFERENCE POSITION
WORKFLOW 4
WORKFLOW 5
MEASURE: SELECT AND RECORD (POINTS, LINES ...)
WORKFLOW 6
MEASURE ADDITIONAL REFERENCE POSITIONS
MOVE AND SET UP ON NEW REFERENCE POSITION REPEAT 2, 3 AND 4
NEW POINTS TO CAPTURE THE GEOMETRY OF THE BUILDING
REFERENCE POSITION
REFERENCE POSITION
REFERENCE POSITION
INSTRUMENT POSITION
INSTRUMENT POSITION INSTRUMENT POSITION
WORKFLOW WORKFLOW 7
MEASURE NEW REFERENCE POSITION INSIDE THE BUILDING
9
WORKFLOW 8
MEASURE: SELECT AND RECORD (POINTS, LINES ...) NEW POINTS TO CAPTURE THE GEOMETRY OF THE BUILDING
MOVE AND SET UP ON NEW REFERENCE POSITION REPEAT 2, 3 AND 4 REFERENCE POSITION
NEW REFERENCE POSITION
Measuring from a ew position: points, lines, etc
INSTRUMENT POSITION Referencing from a new position
INSTRUMENT POSITION
HERRAMIENTAS
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del
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PAGE
H erramientas
TOTAL STATION
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
del
patrimonio
arquitect贸nico
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12
PAGE
H erramientas PANORAMIC PHOTOGRAPHY !
Set of overlapping images HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
del
patrimonio
arquitect贸nico
Panoramic head to minimize parallax effect Mario Santana Quintero Carleton University
13
PAGE
F o t o gra f 铆 a IMAGE ISSUES Field of view The camera's field of view defines how much it sees and is a function of the focal length of the lens and the size (often called the format) of the digital sensor. For a given lens, a larger format sensor has a larger field of view.
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
del
patrimonio
Focal length
Factors in Photography
Aperture Exposure Shutter speed ISO sensitivity
arquitect贸nico
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PAGE
F o t o gra f 铆 a IMAGE ISSUES
Field of view Focal lenght examples
Wide lens (10 mm)
A fisheye (10.5mm) HERRAMIENTAS
A rectilinear lens (18mm) Conservaci贸n
del
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arquitect贸nico
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15
PAGE
F o t o gra f 铆 a IMAGE DISTORTION Radial distortion is a failure of a lens to be rectilinear: a failure to image lines into lines. If a photograph is not taken straight-on then, even with a perfect rectilinear lens, rectangles will appear as trapezoids: lines are imaged as lines, but the angles between them are not preserved (tilt is not a conformal map). This effect can be controlled by using a perspective control lens, or corrected in posprocessing
Issues:
Perspective distortion is a warping or transformation of an object and its surrounding area that differs significantly from what the object would look like with a normal focal length. Perspective distortion can typically be seen in images shot using a wide angle of view, where an object close to the lens appears abnormally large relative to more distant objects, or in distant shots with a narrow angle of view, where the viewer cannot discern relative distances between distant objects and more distant objects may look exceptionally large, when such images are http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(optics) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_distortion_(photography) http://www.dxo.com/us/photo/dxo_optics_pro/optics_geometry_corrections/distortion
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PAGE
F o t o gra f 铆 a IMAGE DISTORTION
Without correction
Nikon reflex camera:
After correction
D300 Lens Fisheye 10.5mm D300 Lens 18mm
D300 Lens 10 (wide) mm
Lens reduction software: PT Lens http://epaperpress.com/ptlens/
HERRAMIENTAS
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del
patrimonio
arquitect贸nico
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PAGE
Foto
rectificada SCALE RECTIFY PHOTOGRAPHY AND CAD OVERLAY
NO
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR Irregular surfaces Circular surfaces Complex Multi-plane surface
Parallel photo to object
1
YES Using a digital camera
Surfaces 1
Each surface requires rectification 1
2
2
3
4
5
1
5x controls are measured
2
2
3 4 5
REALITY
A facade with different planes
RECTIFIED IMAGE
Using a surveying device Example: A Total Station
Showing different planes (each plane is rectified using a different image
HERRAMIENTAS
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del
patrimonio
arquitect贸nico
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18
PAGE
Foto
rectificada
WHERE SHOULD THE TARGETS BE PLACE (OR DEFINED) Glue the targets on the upper/bottom corners of the subject to obtain a better rectified image covering the entire plane
Try to cover the elevation by putting targets (or defining natural ones) on each corner of the plane to be rectified, two additional targets should be place alternatively to evaluate the global accuracy of the rectification (Min 5 targets are needed)
APPROPIATE LOCATION OF NATURAL AND TARGET STICKERS TO RECTIFY TWO PLANES IN THIS ELEVATION
Plane 1
5x controls are measured
Plane 2
A. Glue the targets (do not damage the subject’s fabric); B. Make a sketch or print out a photograph indicating the location of the targets
Natural Targets Sticker Targets
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservación
del
patrimonio
arquitectónico
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PAGE
Foto
rectificada
SCALE RECTIFY PHOTOGRAPHY AND CAD OVERLAY
Photograph is rectified using software to: - According to camera calibration parameters to reduce radial distortion - Reduce Perspective distortion with control points and get absolute orientation in space HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
del
patrimonio
arquitect贸nico
Mario Santana Quintero Carleton University
20
PAGE
Foto
rectificada
RECTIFICATION USING SPECIALIZED SOFTWARE
Photograph is rectified using software to: - According to camera calibration parameters to reduce radial distortion - Reduce Perspective distortion with control points and get absolute orientation in space HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
del
patrimonio
arquitect贸nico
Mario Santana Quintero Carleton University
21
PAGE
Foto
rectificada
CAD OVERLAY OF A RECTIFIED IMAGE
AutoCAD can be used to trace the rectified image and make a measured drawing
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
del
patrimonio
arquitect贸nico
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22
PAGE
Foto
rectificada
SCALE RECTIFY PHOTOGRAPHY AND CAD OVERLAY A CAD package is used to overlay the geometry of the feature
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
del
patrimonio
arquitect贸nico
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23
PAGE
FOTOGRAMETRIA LEVEL OF DETAIL
Is the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the processes of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images
PRELIMINARY (CATALOGUE) DETAILED (MONOGRAPH) SKILLS LOW
OPERABILITY
MID
HIGH
Position
ENGAGEMENT LOW
Photogrammetry
MID
HIGH
photochemical conventional photography)
based on
Shape
PRECISION
SPEED
Digital points determination: 3d coordinates
ROBUSTNESS
Affected by photo parameters & occlusion
PORTABILITY
Portable RANGE
0.1-160m
Drawings (analogue) - planimetric detail and contour lines
OBJECTS
ADJUSMENT AND CORRECTIONS
Geometric models (digital) - transfer to GIS or CAD
Complex
Images (analogue or digital: ortho, rectified photos 3D photomodels
PRICE
Depends on application
Kraus, K. "Photogrammetry: Geometry from Images and Laser Scans",de Gruyter Textbook, 2006, P. 1.
OCCLUSION
Heritage recording application: useful at any scale
ONLY CAPTURES CAMERA FOV HERRAMIENTAS
photoelectrical (digital photography)
Size
Ranges to mm and cms
Fast
Orientation
Conservaci贸n
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PAGE
FOTOGRAMETRIA Closed-range (terrestrial)
Used by architects and civil engineers (to produce as-built records of buildings or document their condition), archaeologists (to facilitate analysis of historic buildings), surgeons (plastic surgery), police departments (documentation of traffic accidents and crime scenes) - involves a camera, tripod, and software
Aerial
is the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position. The term usually refers to images in which the camera is not supported by a ground-based structure. Cameras may be hand held or mounted, and photographs may be taken by a photographer, triggered remotely or triggered automatically. Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, kites, poles and parachutes. HERRAMIENTAS
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ESCANEO
3D A 3D scanner is any device that collects 3D co-ordinates of a given region of an object surface automatically and in a systematic pattern at a high rate (hundreds or thousands of points per second) achieving the results (i.e. 3D coordinates) in (near) real time.
LEVEL OF DETAIL
PRELIMINARY (CATALOGUE) DETAILED (MONOGRAPH) SKILLS LOW
The advantage of scanning is the fact that it can record huge numbers of points with high accuracy in a relatively short period of time. It is like taking a photograph with depth information. Laser scanners are line-of-sight instruments, so to ensure complete coverage of a structure multiple scan positions are required.
OPERABILITY
MID
HIGH
ENGAGEMENT LOW
MID
HIGH
SURFACE IS SAMPLED
Shape Appearance (colour)
PRECISION
Ranges to mm and cms SPEED
Fast
ROBUSTNESS
Affected by temperature & refelctance surfaces
PORTABILITY
Portable but requires care RANGE
2-160m
ADJUSMENT AND CORRECTIONS
Complex PRICE
Depends on Handheld (affordable)
OCCLUSION
Heritage recording application: high density of surface information at building scale
ONLY CAPTURES FOV
HERRAMIENTAS
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PAGE
ESCANEO
T I P O S
3D
TERRESTRIAL 3D SCANNERS Dynamic Scanners
Static Scanners Long range (150 - 1000 m) 3280 f
Mid range (1 - 180 m) 590 f
Close range (0,5 - 2 m) 6,56 f
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
Mario Santana Quintero Carleton University
27
PAGE
ESCANEO
3D
TIPOS MEASURING USING LIGHT (LASERS)
!
TOOLS
! Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
Mario Santana Quintero Carleton University
28
PAGE
ESCANEO
3D
ASPECTOS UNDERSTANDING 3D SCANNING DEVICES Field of view (FOV)
Close Range Mid Accuracy Sub mm
Long
mm cms Speed 100 pt/sec 1000 - 1000000 pt/sec 500000 - 1000000 pt/sec TOOLS
Architectural
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PAGE
ESCANEO
3D
PROCESO 0. DEFINE DELIVERABLES
Resolution The key question when carrying out a laser scanning project is choosing the correct resolution.
1. PLANNING
2. RECORDING
The resolution is defined as the distance between two subsequent measured points, and thus determines the density of points in the point cloud. Often people mistake accuracy with resolution. Although there is a certain connection between both, they still define a different aspect of the laser scanning process
3. REGISTRATION
4. MODELLING TOOLS
Architectural
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PAGE
ESCANEO
3D
PRODUCTOS Vectors (wireframes)
Polygon mesh models or surface models
Solid CAD models
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
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31
PAGE
ESCANEO
3D
LEVANTAMIENTO
WRONG
CORRECT
Workflow
TOOLS
Scan positions
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
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32
PAGE
ESCANEO
3D
REGISTRO
Scan Positions
Common Points
Point clouds are merged
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
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33
PAGE
ESCANEO
3D
MODELAJE
Remove disconnected parts Remove noisy points
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
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34
PAGE
ESCANEO
3D
MODELAJE
Filling holes
Meshing
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
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35
PAGE
ESCANEO
3D
MODELAJE Final mesh
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
Mario Santana Quintero Carleton University
36
PAGE
A
p
L
I
C
A
C
I
O
N
STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENTS
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
Mario Santana Quintero Carleton University
37
PAGE
A
p
L
I
C
A
C
I
O
N Color coded normal map
STRUCTURAL PATHOLOGY INTERPRETATION
(Colors indicate the horizontal angle of the normal to the surface of the wall)
Generation of 3D and 2D maps to understand the deformations of the structure.
Wall is broken in three parts
Eastern Wall Elevation (1/100) Color coded depth map & (interval: 1 cm).
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
Smars, Pierre Structural Integrity assessment Protecting BAALBEK’s Isolines Integrity: a proposal for an integrated risk preparedness strategy
Mario Santana Quintero Carleton University
38
PAGE
A
PL
I
C
A
C
I
O
N Color coded normal map
STRUCTURAL PATHOLOGY INTERPRETATION
(Colors indicate the horizontal angle of the normal to the surface of the wall)
Generation of 3D and 2D maps to understand the deformations of the structure.
Wall is broken in three parts
Eastern Wall Elevation (1/100) Color coded depth map & (interval: 1 cm).
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
Smars, Pierre Structural Integrity assessment Protecting BAALBEK’s Isolines Integrity: a proposal for an integrated risk preparedness strategy
Mario Santana Quintero Carleton University
39
PAGE
ESCANEO
3D
COSTOS
STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENTS
TOOLS
Architectural
Conservation
&
Sustainability
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40
PAGE
O
T
R
O
S
Low cost aerial photography: Balloons
UNDER DEVELOPMENT
Aerial Digital Photography from a Balloon for Fifty Dollars http://lindholm.jp/chpro_bal.html Spiral Getty: http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/videos/focus/spiral_jetty.html
RAND EPPICH
HERRAMIENTAS
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O
T
R
O
S Low cost aerial photography: Kites
UNDER DEVELOPMENT
BILL BLAKE
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
del
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E M E R G E N T E S Nuevas
tecnicas
Creación de módelos 3D a partir de fotos
EN DESARROLLO
Basado en multiples fotos (tangenciales) de una escena, plataformas:
1
3 Calculo automatico de distorción focal
2 Automaticamente las imagenes
Tecnicas actuales http://insight3d.sourceforge.net/ http://homes.esat.kuleuven.be/~visit3d/webservice/v2/index.php (KU Leuven)
4 Automaticamente “dense matching for depth map generation” Módelo 3D
http://www.123dapp.com/catch (Autodesk) http://photosynth.net/ (Microsoft)
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservación
del
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arquitectónico
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Proceso de levantamiento fotogrametrico
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
del
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44
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Proceso de levantamiento fotogrametrico
HERRAMIENTAS
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45
PAGE
Proceso de levantamiento fotogrametrico
HERRAMIENTAS
Conservaci贸n
del
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46
PAGE
Proceso de levantamiento fotogrametrico
HERRAMIENTAS
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Resultado
HERRAMIENTAS
del
Conservaci贸n
proceso:
del
patrimonio
arquitect贸nico
orto-fotografia
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Resultado
del
proceso:
orto-fotografia
WEST ELEVATION
SOUTH ELEVATION
SOUTH ELEVATION
Ceiling
EAST ELEVATION
HERRAMIENTAS
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E M E R G E N T E S UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
UNDER DEVELOPMENT
Equipped with Integrated Low-Cost INS/GPS to take aerial photographs automatically following a predefined fligh plan Helicopters Drones Flight plan controller
$$$$
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E M E R G E N T E S HDR 360-degree cameras
UNDER DEVELOPMENT
Full spherical 360-degree image capturing: it is the first camera able to measure real-world luminosity values from the darkest shadow areas through to the brightest sunlight - with a single scan operation
http://www.spheron.com/
HERRAMIENTAS
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