Fungi spotting time
Page 12 - 13
secruoser larutan s’noiger ruo gnicnahne dna gnitcetorP
0202 enuJ
cradle to coastlines
cradle to coastlines in this issue Page 3 CEO message Page 4 Rodent poisons may be killing our birds of prey Page 5 Waterbugs Page 6 History of land-use in theSurrey Hills Page 8 Property Management Planning
4
11
5
14
12
Page 8 Giant Freshwater Crayfish found Page 9 Agroforestry Page 10 We've got you covered Page 11 Have you seen a Flame Robin? Page 12 Fungi in the forest Page 14 Cradle Coast Bee Buzz Page 15 Marine debris - sink or swim? Page 16 The impact of domestic cats on Australian wildlife Page 18 Spring Active Dung Beetle Project update Page 19 KABTAS Sustainable Communities Awards & Coastal Saltmarsh information flyer Page 20 Events & Activities
8
1-3 Spring St, Burnie Tasmania 7320 03 6433 8400 www.cradlecoast.com www.facebook.com/CradleCoastNRM/
10
Message from the CEO Thank you for taking an interest in Cradle to Coastlines, and our important NRM work. Some of you may have noticed a few changes to the way we brand and talk about our NRM work, which is reflective of an important move towards a fully integrated business here at Cradle Coast Authority (CCA). After many years of “Cradle Coast NRM” being seen as a separate “business within the business”, our Regional NRM Committee recently made the decision to do away with separate branding, recognising that it was one of the last remaining barriers to our NRM team and the rest of our staff feeling like they are all part of the same team. And what an impressive team it is. Across CCA, we have twenty people with backgrounds as diverse as marine biology, entrepreneurship, defence, agricultural science, tourism, hospitality and more. We have two qualified PhDs, two engineers an MBA and a CPA in the mix, and strong expertise in natural resource management, economic development and local government. Swinburne University have a PhD Candidate embedded in our team, and UTAS has funded similar scholarship positions for another PhD Candidate and two Honours students. Combine all of this with the support of nine Member Councils, and strong links to industry, community groups and the university sector through our Board and Committees, and you have one very exciting regional body, working to make our region an even better place to live, work, visit and invest.
Our Regional NRM Committee is working closely with our new Regional Economic Development Steering Group, and the Chairs of both Committees sit on the CCA Board. Far from seeing these parts of our organisations being at odds, I feel we are uniquely placed to facilitate regional development in a way that delivers environmental and economic benefits. There’s a lot more to CCA than a few new faces and changes to our branding – the list of current projects on our website speaks for itself, and I encourage you to check it out: www.cradlecoast.com/current-projects A lot of community groups help us with and are interested in our work. I am always happy for me or one of the team to meet with such groups to talk about our projects, plans and aspirations, and to hear about what is important to them. Please don’t hesitate to sing out. Best wishes,
Daryl Connelly MBus Chief Executive Officer
p. 3
Rodent poisons may be killing our birds of prey While rats and mice can be a problem during the colder months, poison baits can also be deadly to the predators of rodents, like our native birds of prey. These birds can devour multiple poisoned rodents, which are often easier to catch when they are sick after eating poison bait, and then the poison acts on the predatory birds too.
There is an opportunity to comment to the APVMA on the BirdLife Australia website. Have your say by making a submission here. Birdlife Australia also has advice about alternative rodent control methods: http://birdlife.org.au/rodent-control
Birds of prey like owls, frogmouths and kites regularly die after eating rats and mice that have ingested second generation anticoagulant rodent poisons (SGARs). Household baits that contain SGAR’s have been banned from general sale in the USA, Canada and the EU, but are still available for household purchase in Australia. The poisons do not break down quickly, and some can stay in tissues and organs for months. This means that predators can easily get a lethal dose of the toxins, which can also accumulate in the environment. A national review on the use of SGARs is underway and you have an opportunity to make a submission about restricting their use so that only licensed operators can use them. The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) is currently asking Australians for their views on how rodent poisons are regulated.
A Masked Owl, sick after ingesting poison. (photo: Nick Mooney)
p. 4
Waterbugs Scientists and other natural resource managers often need to measure changes in water quality over time. This can be done by using instruments to measure the temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity of the water (among other parameters), but these measurements only relate to the water quality at that instant. One way to get an “averaged” water quality measurement, and show change over time, is to see what invertebrates are living in the water. The AUSRIVAS (Australian River Assessment System) is a system developed in 1994 that uses “waterbugs”, or macroinvertebrates (usually insect larvae and other invertebrates visible to the naked eye) to assess the health of the waterway. Predictive models have been developed for every part of Australia, so a scientist can compare what they find in the stream, with what the model says should be there in the absence of environmental stress.
To carry out the macroinvertebrate sampling, the scientist has to wade in the stream, kicking the stones and sediment around, and collecting all the living organisms with a net. They then analyse their catch. This is one way we have assessed the baseline status of the priority streams for the Giant Freshwater Crayfish Recovery Project. If you turn over a stone in your local creek, you could try using the Waterbug ID app to identify what you find https://thewaterbugapp.com/ To learn more about the waterbugs that inhabit our waterways, sign up for the “What lives in our rivers” online workshop with John Gooderham on June 23. (See events, Page 20)
Above - Macroinvertebrates picked out of a kick sample in the field. Right - Todd Walsh analysing a sample in late March.
p. 5
History of land-use in the Surrey Hills, revealed New research into the past ecology of sites in the Surrey Hills has shown that Aboriginal land managers maintained constructed grassland landscapes in the area, which have reverted to rainforest since European occupation.
The researchers looked at historical records and indicators of vegetation change and fire history to track the response of forest to the shift from Aboriginal to British land tenure. They took sediment cores to analyse pollen and charcoal records stretching back to before Europeans arrived in the area. Pollen records show what vegetation grew in the area at the time the sediment was deposited. Charcoal records indicate the changes in frequency of fires over time.
The research is a timely reminder, given National Reconciliation Week recently, that the original inhabitants of lutruwita/Tasmania were sophisticated managers of their natural resources, and that extreme changes have been wrought on the Tasmanian environment as a result of European farming techniques, many of which have proved unsuitable for Australian conditions.
The analysis showed a clear and rapid change from grassland and savanna with Eucalyptus species dominant and frequent fires, to a rainforest vegetation type indicated by Nothofagus cumminghamii and Tasmannia lanceolata pollen, as well as introduced plants, and less frequent burning.
The paper, by Dr Michael-Shawn Fletcher and colleagues, was published in the journal Ambio, and then summarised in The Conversation. The study area was surveyed by Henry Hellyer in 1827, when he wrote about “gently rising, dry, grassy hills” which “resemble English enclosures in many respects”. Hellyer also commented on the extensive and targeted burning that he could see had taken place, and that it enabled the management of wildlife for hunting (Fletcher et al, 2020).
Cores were also extracted from long-lived rainforest tree species (N. cunninghamii and Phyllocladus aspleniifolius) at Racecourse Plains, and Dairymaid Plains, to estimate their age. Although these two species can live for 500 years, none of the trees sampled were more than 180 years old (from 1840).
The new research shows that Surrey Hills was an open grassy landscape with regular burning under Aboriginal management.
Importantly, the speed at which rainforest invaded and captured this Indigenous constructed landscape shows the enormous workload Aboriginal people invested in holding back rainforest. - Fletcher, 2020
p. 6
Today, Surrey Hills is an important forestry area, with many carefully managed plantations. In between plantations, extensive areas of rainforest look like typical Tasmanian “wilderness”. It is the pockets of remaining grasslands, however, (some of which are threatened communities recognised as having conservation significance), which are more representative of the pre-European landscape. "The new research shows that Surrey Hills was an open grassy landscape with regular burning under Aboriginal management. Importantly, the speed at which rainforest invaded and captured this Indigenous constructed landscape shows the enormous workload Aboriginal people invested in holding back rainforest. For millennia, they used cultural burning to maintain a 60,000-hectare grassland." (Fletcher, 2020) Fletcher, M. (2020). This rainforest was once a grassland savanna maintained by Aboriginal people – until colonisation. The Conversation. Online. Fletcher, M., Hall, T. Alexandra, A. N. (2020). The loss of an indigenous constructed landscape following British invasion of Australia: An insight into the deep human imprint on the Australian landscape. Ambio.
Nothofagus cunninghamii (Myrtle Beech), recorded by user robertpergl in iNaturalist.
p. 7
Giant Freshwater Crayfish found Need help with property management planning?
The Cradle Coast region’s priority sections of rivers have been identified for the Giant Freshwater Crayfish Recovery Project. Just prior to the virus lockdown, crayfish expert Todd Walsh and project staff from the Cradle Coast Authority managed to undertake baseline monitoring at three of the four priority areas. This is before landholders in these catchments undertake any on-ground works such as fencing for stock exclusion, revegetation or erosion works.
Do you have a long-term vision for your property? The Cradle Coast Authority has developed a FREE online whole-farm planning program, which landholders can participate in from the comfort of their own homes!
Both adult and juvenile specimens of the Freshwater Crayfish were identified at a number of sites and the adults were measured and tagged to allow ongoing monitoring. Site visits have now commenced with interested landholders on both sides of the priority streams.
A whole-farm plan can help you identify priorities for production or the protection of natural values on your property. It helps you plan work on issues like soil fertility, weed management or infrastructure upgrades.
This project is supported by the Cradle Coast Authority, through funding from the Australian Government’s National Landcare Program.
The program consists of nine modules each taking about 2-3 hours to complete. The modules are supported by a whole-farm planning workbook which contains complementary information for each module and will be emailed to participants upon registration. For further information on this whole-farm planning program or to register your interest in participating, contact Cradle Coast Authority Regional Agriculture Landcare Facilitator Tom O’Malley at tomalley@cradlecoast.com
Juvenile crayfish ranging in age from 12 months to 3 years old.
p. 8
Survey of agroforestry decision-making on farms If you are a farmer, researchers from the University of Tasmania would like to hear from you!
The end goal is to gain a better understanding of farmer preferences and priorities, which will ultimately help to improve extension efforts in farm restoration and agroforestry.
Dr. Dugald Tinch and PhD Candidate Zara Marais are working on a project that aims to understand how farmers make decisions about planting trees on their farms. They hope to find out which factors are most influential in these decisions: does tree species and arrangement make a difference, and what about cost?
You can contribute by filling out a ten-minute online survey https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/QV8YPCP, with a chance to win a $50 Bunnings voucher. If you have any questions about the survey, you can contact the researchers directly at zara.marais@utas.edu.au
Which ‘ecosystem services’ (e.g. shelter, erosion control) are most important to farmers when it comes to planting trees, and does that change depending on the size or the type of the farm?
To read the first paper from Zara’s thesis go to: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/11/980
Newly established mixed shelterbelt. (Photo: Zara Marais)
p. 9
We've got you covered Losing valuable topsoil is a risk that many farmers face when cropping on the steep terrain that is typical of the Cradle Coast region. Paddocks are often worked directly down slope in part due to their size and shape, and to avoid losing control of heavy farming implements used to prepare the ground, then seed, ahead of Spring rainfall. Cover cropping is not new and has been a part of agriculture across the globe in many forms. Benefits include improved soil structure, soil biology and moisture retention, and reduced weeds and lower disease impact. To add to a long list of benefits, more recently our agriculture team at the Cradle Coast Authority have been working with commercial farmers to establish demonstration trials to develop a regime to suit the soil type and complement cropping rotation to reduce soil erosion between crops.
In the picture below, following a grain harvest, the paddock was over-sown with peas with light cultivation, which added to the leftover grain. The cover crop will provide improved nitrogen fixing, whilst the root systems holds the soil, with the main aim being to protect the soil from wind and water erosion. For more information, contact Cradle Coast Authority Agriculture Project Coordinator Ali Dugand on 0414 955 501. This project is supported by the Cradle Coast Authority, through funding from the Australian Government’s National Landcare Program.
Emerging wheat and pea cover crop following 100 mm rainfall post seeding. No evidence of erosion.
p. 10
Have you seen a Flame Robin? The Central North Field Naturalists would like you to record your robin sightings. This information is from their fact sheet:
Please record your observations on the data sheet provided. Not all columns need to be completed, but please record as much information as possible.
Flame Robins are conspicuous birds that are relatively easy to identify. They have complex seasonal movements so to assess their population we would like your help to find out where they are at different times of the year.
For more information please contact Hazel Britton hazpet@bigpond.com or Sarah Lloyd blacksugarloaf@gmail.com This information is from a Central North Field Naturalists fact sheet. Find out more at: https://www.disjunctnaturalists.com/robins/ind ex.htm
To understand the abundance and movements of Flame Robins, researchers would like to gather data on numbers of adult male and brown-plumaged birds and whether they occur singly, in pairs or in groups and flocks. They would also like to know if both sexes occur in a group, or if males and female-plumaged birds occur in separate groups.
Adult male Flame Robins have sooty-grey upperparts and chin, a small white patch on the forehead, white wing-bars, and flame-orange underparts from throat to belly. (Photo: Bronwyn Silver)
Female and immature Flame Robins have a pale brown upperbody and buffwhite wingbars, a pale grey-brown underbody and white outer-tail feathers. (Photo: Sarah Lloyd)
p. 11
Adult male Scarlet Robins have a black head, throat and upperbody, a large white patch on forehead, white wingbars, a scarlet breast, a whitish belly and a black tail with white edges. (Photo: Sarah Lloyd)
 The female Scarlet Robin is distinguished from all other female Tasmanian robins by its orange-red breast. (Photo: Barry Baker)
Fungi in the forest The recent rains mean it’s fungi spotting time! This season has brought new discoveries in the forest with an amazing array of colourful and unusual fungi finds in all shapes and sizes. Fungi are neither plant nor animal but a separate group of living organisms. They live in ecosystems worldwide: rainforests, deserts, streams, oceans and even at the poles. Scientists estimate that 25% of the world’s biomass is fungal with around 2-4 million species, although only 80,000 have been described. Because of their long evolution, there is a great diversity of fungi, and they have symbiotic relationships with many plants. They cycle nutrients, provide shelter and sustenance to animals, invertebrates and microbes, promote disease resilience and conserve soil.
Fungi are nature’s recyclers and the primary decomposers of organic matter. They are essential in maintaining a healthy ecosystem. Without them, life on earth would be very different, with fallen timber making forests impenetrable, mountainous piles of animal faeces and rivers clogged with plant debris. Although some fungi are edible, there are many poisonous fungi and the edibility of most Australian species of fungi is untested. There are three kinds of poisonous fungi, some will kill you, some will make you seriously ill, and some will give you hallucinations. We recommend that you only eat the ones available in stores.
Fungi in the forest. (Photos: K. Wind)
p.12
Fungi are a very important source of unusual chemicals and of great value to industry and medicine. Bread, beer and wine yeasts are fungi, and antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs are derived from fungi.
For identification and recording species, an easy method it to use is iNaturalist, a fast and accurate way for fungi-spotters to link with citizen scientists. Go to: https://fungimap.org.au/record-map/
Fungi in nature are threatened by climate change, habitat destruction, pollution exploitation. Chemicals in pesticide, herbicide, fertiliser and fungicides can also damage fungi and soil health.
Want to learn more? Online Fungus Discovery Workshops will be held in June (and next year) to introduce you to the diversity, ecology and curiosities of the Fungi Kingdom. See here for bookings. Have fun getting hooked on finding fungi in the forest!
p. 13
Cradle Coast Bee Buzz
May 20 was World Bee Day, a day when we celebrated and learned about all things buzzy! One way we can all help out bees and native pollinators, is to make sure that we plant local natives in our gardens and on our farms. A shelter belt or pollinator strip full of native flowering plants might do wonders for your agricultural production. There are some handy field guides available to advise you about which species bees prefer.
Why
are bees and other pollinators important? Most of the world’s vital food crops depend upon bees and other pollinators. Beekeeping can improve the resilience and livelihoods of rural and indigenous communities. Our leatherwood honey industry in Tassie is a vital part of our economy. Effective pollination increases the amount of agricultural produce, as well as ensuring diversity in our fields and on our plates. Pollinators, especially native ones, are essential to safeguard biodiversity and keep our local ecosystems healthy.
Did you know that the number of backyard beekeepers in Australia has more than doubled in the last five years? If you’re interested in learning more about keeping bees, get in touch with the north-west branch of the Tasmanian Beekeepers Association, look up Tasmanian Backyard Bee Keeping on Facebook, or email Jess and Matt at twowfarm@hotmail.com for information about beekeeping courses held locally each Spring. https://www.tasmanianbeekeepers.org.au/abou t-us/ Find more fun bee facts http://www.fao.org/world-bee-day/en/
at
p. 14
Marine debris - sink or swim? New research has showed a mismatch between shoreline and seafloor debris. The Journal of Environmental Pollution has published a study by scientists that evaluated the relationship between land-based debris and what is found on corresponding seafloors. The first global study of its kind used data obtained from two global, volunteer-based surveys, Project AWARE’s Dive Against Debris seafloor survey and Ocean Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup of beach and nearshore debris. Statistical analysis by CSIRO scientists suggests that buoyancy, as well as the tendency to snag, most closely predicts whether an item found on the beach will also appear under the water. “Many of the items recorded on land – such as cigarette butts – are rarely seen on the seafloor; our analysis shows that this is likely because certain items are simply more likely to ‘swim away’ than sink,” CSIRO Postdoctoral Researcher Dr Lauren Roman, who led the study, said.
“Conversely, items that sink or entangle like fishing line and plastic bags were found in comparable amounts on both land and underwater.” “Both plastic bags and lost or abandoned fishing gear, also known as ghost gear, are among the top five deadliest forms of marine debris to marine wildlife,” Chief Scientist at Ocean Conservancy Dr George Leonard said. “Our study makes a strong case that not only do beach and underwater cleanups provide critical, complementary data about the extent of debris in the ocean, but that concerted action is needed on those items common to both habitats,” Dr Leonard added. The analysis found that the ten most common items across both habitats are: cigarettes, fishing line, plastic fragments, food wrappers, plastic bottles, glass bottles, plastic bottle caps, metal cans, plastic bags and synthetic foam. Of these, seven items are wholly or partially made of plastic, while five are directly tied to the food and beverage industry. Information for this article was sourced from CSIRO.
Pacific Gull entangled in fishing line at Bakers Beach. (Photo: Peter Tonelli)
p. 15
Time to reconsider pet cat management to protect Australian Wildlife It is well known that feral cats are a major threat to Australian wildlife. Feral cats have contributed to the extinction of at least 20 Australian mammal species and are a big reason populations of another 124 native species are dwindling. While most of the research has focussed on feral cats, a recent study has looked specifically at the impacts of domestic cats on Australian wildlife. Cats are the second most popular pet and there are 3.77 million domestic cats in Australia. After discounting cats that are contained and the percentage of cats that doesn’t hunt, the study estimated there are 2.1 million roaming, hunting pet cats in Australia. The average roaming, hunting pet cat kills 186 animals annually and collectively, these animals kill 390 million animals per year. While we may think that the majority of these animals are mice, rats and sparrows, which are common residents in our urban centres, scat analysis showed that 61.7% of the animals killed are actually native species. This means that pet cats kill 241 million native animals a year. Many owners might believe that this doesn’t apply to their cat, because they have never found a dead animal on their doorstep. But most of the animals a cat kills will not be brought back to the owner’s house. Studies using cat-borne video cameras have shown that cats only bring back 15% of their prey items and so the hunting prowess of a cat is often underestimated by their owner.
While we might think that the impact of domestic cats is small in comparison to the 1.5 billion animals killed by feral cats every year, domestic cats occur in much higher densities. They are restricted to our cities and towns and this condenses the predation pressure exerted by domestic cats. Per square kilometre, urban domestic cats kill 30-50 times more animals than feral cats in a natural environment. In the Cradle Coast we are lucky enough to be surrounded by wildlife. Many of us have bandicoots, pademelons, possums or even Little Penguins living on our doorstep. Living in such a beautiful area comes with a responsibility to protect our wildlife. Keeping your cat safe at home is the most efficient way, however, only 28.9% of cats are currently contained to their owner’s property. Cats can happily live at home as long as you provide for their basic needs. Keeping a cat at home will not only protect wildlife, but your cat will benefit as well. They run less risk of getting hit by a car, ending up in a cat fight or contracting a dangerous disease. So love your wildlife and your cat, and keep your cat safe at home. For more information on how to keep your cat at home visit www.tassiecat.com (Based on: Legge, S,. Woinarski, J.C.Z., Dickman, C.R., Murphy, B.P., Woolley, L-A. and Calver, M.C. (2020) We need to worry about Bella and Charlie: the impacts of pet cats on Australian wildlife. Wildlife Research https://doi.org/10.1071/WR19174)
p. 16
Pet cats in Australia kill 241 million native animals a year.
p. 17
Spring-active dung beetle project update This species of dung beetle, Onthophagus vacca, was imported to Tasmania through the Cradle Coast Authority’s collaboration with the Dung Beetle Ecosystem Engineers project, a project which aims to test the reproductive and establishment potential of this beetle across 20 sites spread over southern Australia. Last Spring, 50 breeding beetles were introduced into a cage, and fed fresh cow dung every few days through until the end of Summer. As these 50 breeding beetles went about their tunnelling activities, burying dung and laying their eggs in the soil, they were closely monitored. Project staff wanted to see how many young beetles would emerge from the 50 parent beetles, giving a sense of how likely this beetle is to thrive under Tasmanian conditions. Young beetles emerged from March to May and the final count is 289 offspring!
Dung beetle (Othophagus vacca) feeding on cow dung.
Following the introduction of a new species of dung beetle to the Cradle Coast region last Spring, results are now in and they suggest this beetle should do well in Tasmania.
This suggests that O.vacca will thrive in Tasmania if given a chance to establish, with a 6fold population increase possible each generation. The 289 young beetles, the first Tasmanian-borne generation, are now hibernating underground. They will emerge during early spring later this year, and will then begin breeding the next generation.
p. 18
Awards open to recognise your community The 2020 Keep Australia Beautiful, Tasmania (KABTAS) Sustainable Communities Awards provide an opportunity to celebrate and acknowledge your community’s achievements and the passionate individuals who are truly making a difference. Now, more than ever, Tasmanian Communities are displaying incredible resilience, strength and caring. Entering the KABTAS awards increases community participation and pride, giving you the opportunity to honour your unsung heroes and a chance to tell your community’s story. The awards reach beyond litter prevention and recognise activities in the areas of waste management and resource recovery, natural environment conservation, environmental sustainability, heritage and culture, community action and partnership, community health and wellbeing, and youth leadership activities.
Coastal Saltmarsh information flyer available A Circular Head Coastal Saltmarsh project information sheet has been published by Cradle Coast Authority. The flyer provides an overview on saltmarsh wetlands, the ecosystem benefits and threats and how they support human activities. Learn more about the Coastal Saltmarsh project, why Rice Grass is such a problem, the project’s objectives and landholder opportunities. To view the information sheet, visit: https://www.cradlecoast.com/coastalsaltmarsh-recovery-in-robbins-passage-andsurrounds/ This project is supported by the Cradle Coast Authority, through funding from the Australian Government’s National Landcare Program.
Entries can be from individuals, associations, community groups, organisations, business and councils. Entry is free and simple. The 2020 Sustainable Communities Awards will be presented at a function hosted by 2019 Overall Winner, Wilmot, in November 2020. Visit the website http://www.kabtas.com.au and selfnominate. Entries close 30 June 2020.
p. 19
Events and activities what
where & who
when
Where? Where? Wedgie!
All over Tasmania See the website for more information: https://naturetrackers.com.au/indexWWW.php
Friday 19 to Sunday 21 June
Online webinar: What lives in our rivers?
John Gooderham, Ecologist, Waterbug Blitz, talks about the incredible world of aquatic life in our rivers. https://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/eventscalendar/event?sfid=7016F000002arVHQAY
Tuesday 23 June
Feedback on the War-Wyn iCEP
Provide feedback on Waratah-Wynyard Council’s draft Integrated Council Environmental Plan (iCEP). https://www.warwyn.tas.gov.au/have-yoursay/integrated-council-environmental-plan-icep/
By 5pm Friday 26 June
Keep Australia Beautiful Sustainable Communities Award
Celebrate and acknowledge your community’s achievements by entering the KABTAS Awards. Go to http://www.kabtas.com.au to self-nominate
Enter by 30 June
Submissions on rodent poison
A national review on the use of second generation anticoagulant rodent poisons (SGARs). Submissions to AVPMA via https://www.actforbirds.org/ratpoison
By 3 July
Call for Abstracts National Landcare Conference
Call for submission for four conference streams: Sustainable Agriculture, Environment & Climate Change, Community Partnerships in Action and Landcare Impact. https://landcareaustralia.org.au/call-for-abstracts/
By 1 July
National Landcare Conference and Awards
Sydney See the website for more infomation: www.landcareaustralia.org.au.
10-12 March 2021
1-3 Spring St, Burnie, Tasmania, 7320 03 6433 8400 www.cradlecoast.com www.facebook.com/CradleCoastNRM/