Fifth Wave

Fifth Wave Progress and persistence after 100 years of suffrage and four waves of feminism

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS About this Project / 5 Four Waves of Feminism / 6 Voter Turnout / 8 Education / 16 Income / 24 Reproductive Rights / 34 Family Life and Leave / 46 Women in Leadership / 56 Perception of Equality / 68 Improving the U.S. and the World / 78 What Individuals and Employers Can Do / 84 Then and Now: Party Stances / 86 Vote! Vote! Vote! / 90 Making Waves Throughout History / 92 References / 96

4

The year 2020 makes it a full century since white women in America were granted the right to vote with the passing and ratification of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution. Since that pivotal day in June of 1920, the fight for women of all colors, shapes, and sizes has continued to grow in strength and numbers as society has evolved. We have fought and won the chance to receive a proper education, pursue our dream careers, and speak our minds, which is more than we could have imagined in the early 20th century. Although these triumphs and many more have been celebrated, after 100 years, the fight is far from over.

Gender equality is still not a uniform practice, nationally or internationally.

We have created a report using data that details the many advancements women have made in voter participation, education, income, leadership, and other areas. The information spans from as early as 1917 to as recent as 2020, and is supplemented with timelines of important events in the history of women’s rights, past and present notable female figures, and explanations on how society today can help further the fight for gender equality throughout the United States and beyond its borders.

Sophia Alfieri Quinnipiac University Alum MS, Interactive Media + Design '20 BA, Public Relations '19 sophiaralfieri@gmail.com

Courtney Marchese Associate Professor Interactive Media + Design Quinnipiac University courtneymarchese@gmail.com

We invite you to look back on the past 100 years with appreciation and aspiration for all of the advancements that women have made in society. Additionally, we encourage you to become familiar with the gaps that still exist for women all over the world and how we can work towards closing them as a united front. Together, we can ensure that it will not take another 100 years for women to be granted the equal rights that they desire and deserve.

Although this report serves to champion how far America has come with gender equality and demonstrate the issues that still need correcting, we acknowledge that gender equality is not the only issue that women and men face within the United States and throughout the rest of the world. For the purpose of this project, in accordance with the anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment, we decided to limit our data to cover the most prominent issues that women have faced and overcome within the past 100 years.

5

FOUR WAVES OF FEMINISM AND 100 YEARS AGO...

In July of 1848, roughly 300 men and women gathered together at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, New York with one shared initiative – to fight for women’s suffrage. Under the leadership of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Mary M’Clintock, Martha Coffin Wright, and Jane Hunt, the attendees spent two days discussing women’s rights to jobs, education, property, and politics.

These grievances, and many more, were formally aired out in the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments. This document, signed by many of these original women’s rights champions, and the resolutions that followed became a rally cry for all women in America that were tired of being perceived as inferior to men.

Although the Seneca Falls Convention was an influential step for the women’s rights movement, females in America were nowhere close to finishing the fight for equality. Months and years following the convention were filled with continuous campaigns, protests, and petitioning for equality, especially in voting rights. It would eventually take 72 more years of fighting for women to gain the right to vote in the United States.

Since that fateful ratification day in August of 1920, the cause has continued to challenge new issues as time has passed and the world has evolved. Education, income, reproductive rights, paid leave, and more issues have risen to the forefront of the movement because, even 100 years later, women still do not see complete equality in the United States and beyond.

6

1

2

3

The first wave of feminism began in the 1830s and lasted until the 19th Amendment was passed in 1920.

A post-World War II country brought on a second wave from the 1960s to the late 1980s.

The third wave of feminism picked up in the 1990s and carried on until the mid-2000s.

The main focus during this time was freedom of oppression and social reformation. Women understood that the only way they could bring about significant change was to gain the right to vote. So, much of the petitioning during the first wave was for white women’s suffrage, with some emphasis on economic and reproductive rights as well.

After taking over the labor force while their husbands went off to fight, some women desired to continue being independent, working mothers even after the war was over. Largely influenced by Betty Friedan’s book, The Feminine Mystique, this wave rallied around breaking down gender norms. Women pushed for equality in education and in the workforce, as well as fought for reproductive health.

This was a much more inclusive wave, with white women bringing in minority groups that were previously left out of the movement in fear of them ruining its agenda. The fight for equal treatment in the workforce continued on, but new to this wave was more fervor and focus on political representation, reproductive rights, and sexuality. The use of pop culture and the media helped to fuel the fire behind female empowerment and increase support for the rallying against negative portrayals of body image and sexuality.

First Wave of Feminism

Second Wave of Feminism

Similar to the first wave, the second wave exclusively focused on white women only.

4

5

Not long after the third wave ended, the fourth wave made its way into the United States and other countries with the help of the Internet.

Some scholars believe that we are currently in the fifth wave.

Fourth Wave of Feminism

Online movements like #MeToo and #BringBackOurGirls brought the ideas of intersectionality and inclusion to the feminist agenda.

Additionally, this wave carried over the focus on body positivity and the fight against sexual violence. It is said to have ended in 2018.

Third Wave of Feminism

Fifth Wave of Feminism

Now, almost 200 years after the first wave, the ideology does not and should not apply to gender only.

Rather, this wave should consider the disparities that all under-represented groups suffer. Activists and supporters should use their efforts and platforms to promote resolving all types of issues that exist in the world today.

The data that you are about to see demonstrates the struggles that women have, and have yet to, overcome in the fight for equality.

7

8

VOTER TURNOUT FAST FACTS Since 2000, the citizen voting-age population (CVAP) of women of color has increased by 59 percent — a

gain of more than 13.5 million potential votes.

Women voter turnout rates have gradually increased and exceeded male turnout rates since 1980.

Women are more likely than men to register to vote. In 2016, 83.8 million women were registered to vote, compared to 73.8 million men.

9

JULY 19, 1848 Around 200 women convene in Seneca Falls, New York to rally against the discrimination of women through the “Declaration of Sentiments and Grievances.”

JULY 19, 1866

VOTER TURNOUT NOTABLE DATES

Women begin heavy petitioning for Universal Suffrage.

1867 A Women's Suffrage Amendment is introduced to Congress by Kansas Senator S.C. Pomeroy. Congress rejects the proposal.

MAY 15, 1869 The National Woman Suffrage Association is formed.

Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, this organization believed that women should fight for the right to be included in all aspects of society.

1920 The National American Woman Suffrage Association dissolves after achieving their mission.

1971 The National Women’s Political Caucus is founded to tackle trending women’s issues.

10

TURNING POINT

After almost a century of protesting and petitioning, Congress ratified the 19th Amendment on August 18th, 1920, granting all American women the right to vote.

It read: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.�

Months later, on November 2nd, more than 8 million women across the United States turned out to vote for the first time.

THE JOURNEY

Although the 19th Amendement was a triumph for women across the country, female voter discrimination was still experienced by Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). Literacy tests and poll taxes remained persistent hurdles of black voter suppression for decades, while white women continued to show up to the polls with ease.

These problems were finally addressed with the passing of the Voting Rights Act on August 6, 1965, which outlawed discriminatory voting practices against African Americans and eventually non-English communities including Native Americans, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Asian Americans, and others. Afterwards, voter turnout among African American women dramatically increased and appended to the overall count of female voter turnout in the country.

MARCHING ON Although all women in the United States have the right to vote, and have greatly exercised that right, voter suppression still remains a prominent issue for all citizens. Voter ID laws, registration restrictions, and gerrymandering are among some of the difficult measures that make casting a ballot challenging for some.

Now, it is our duty to exercise the fundamental right that we struggled to receive all those years ago to make a difference and help protect the votes of future generations that will shape our country.

11

Voter turnout by race over time (in millions) women, Black

women, White

women, Hispanic

women, Asian/islander

total registered women

women voted

men, Black

men, White

men, Hispanic

men, Asain/islander

total registered men

men voted 83.8

80 75

73.8 70.3

70 65

60.7

60 55

53.1

50

47.8

45 40 35 30 25 20 15

10.4 7.4 6.0 5.2 2.1 1.8

10 5 0

1996

2000

2004

2008

2012

Percentage of eligible women who reported voting in 2016 by race as compared with eligible men who reported voting (

)

49.7

Asian/Pacific Islander 48.4

54.2

Black 63.7 Hispanic 50 White 66.8

45 63.7

By 2016, there were about 10 million more registered female voters than male voters, AND about 20 million total registered voters did not report ever casting a vote.

12

2016

Voter turnout by age over time (in millions) 18-24 women

25-44 women

45-64 women

65-74 women

75+ women

total women

18-24 men

25-44 men

45-64 men

65-74 men

75+ men

total men

30 28

first post 9/11 election year

26

27.3 24.4

24

22.2

22 20

18.8

18 16 14 12

10.7

10

9.5

8

7.3 6.2 5.8 5.4

6 4 2 0

1996

2000

2004

2008

2012

2016

Percentage of eligible women who reported voting in 2016 by age group as compared with eligible men who reported voting (

18-24 46% 24-44 59.7% 45-64 68.2%

)

40 53 64.9

65-74 72.5% 75+ 66%

72.5 71.6

Women vote more consistently than men, but overall turnout is still weak among young voters, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders.

13

Party identification and approval rating of presidential performance Democrat women

Democrat men

Republican women

Republican men

75

Presidential Approval, women

Presidential Approval, men

post 9/11

70

65

60

55

50

50

strong economy 45

Clinton impeachment

40

42

36

35

election year

30

27 25

23

Gulf War 20

20 market crash

15

10

5

0

1988

1990

Reagan

HW Bush

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

Clinton

2004

2006

2008

2010

W Bush

2012

Obama

Voting issue importance to women and men

% of registered voters saying each is very important to their vote in 2016

Women

economy

83

terrorism

78

healthcare

71

gun policy

74 74

immigration

69

treatment of minorities

56

education

63

Supreme Court

68

64

abortion

52 52

32

30

66

57

38

trade policy

14

69 65

47

76

71 69

social security environment

85 82

77

69

foreign policy

treatment of LGBTQ

Men

62

49

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

2014

Voter political party identification over time (%) Democrat

lean Democrat

30.8

2018

Independent

lean Republican

18.3

37.6 (+8.3 since 1990)

2017

31.4

18.7

2016

32

2015

30.4

2014

31.5

2013

32.1

2012

32.6

16.1

36.4

2011

32.3

15.6

37.4

32.7

2010 2009

34.4

2008

36

2007

32.9

31.5

2003

40.1

16.4

16.5

39.5

16.2

16

38.3

34.1

2001 Pre-9/11

1995

30

1994

31.5

33.7 31.4

1990

33.2

25.3 27.8 29.3

30.5

12

30.3

11.6

29.8

12.4

30.4

11.6

29.5

11.9

29

27.9 30.9 29.1

31.1

30

11.7

11.7

30.9

12.1 11.6

27.3 28

13

33.7

11.6

26.6 27.9

14.1

32

12.2

28

14.9

31.8

12.1

28.9

13.53

33.7

12.2

33.5 34.2 34.1

26.5

1991

23.9

12.6

14.9

33.6

1993

25.2

29.5

13.1

33.9

1996

24.3

13.4

14.5

33.4

1997

24.7

25.7

10.9

10.3

11.7

33.7

1998

10.6

30.2

13.5

33.5

1999

13.1

14.9

33.4

2000

23.9

14.5

10.5

9.4

34.4

23.2

15.7

30.9

31.8

2001 Post-9/11

23.7

14.4

15.1

33.2

2001

25.4

16.2

35.2

31.5

23.6

14.6

35.1

31.4

2002

1992

17.3

17

33.5

2004

36.5

15.23

25.7

15.8

17

15.7

32.8

2005

14.7

39.4

14.1

33.1

2006

Republican

10.8 11.3

33.2 29.3

15.1 13.7 11.5 12.6 14.7 12.4

31.6 30.1 27.4 27.6 30.9 30.9 15

16

EDUCATION FAST FACTS The primary enrollment rate of girls over the past 25 years has only increased by ten percentage points – from 78% to 88%, less than half a point per year.

As of the first quarter of 2019, 29.5 million women in the labor force had at least a bachelor’s degree, effectively

matching the number of college-educated men in the workforce (29.3 million).

On a cumulative basis, women have earned 13 million more college degrees than men at all levels (Associate’s, Bachelor’s, Master’s and Doctorate degrees) since 1982.

17

1837 Oberlin College becomes the first co-ed school in the U.S.

JULY 26, 1840 Catherine Brewer becomes the first woman to receive her bachelor’s degree.

EDUCATION NOTABLE DATES

1849 Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to receive a medical degree from Geneva Medical College.

1945 After World War II, employment among middle and upper class white women decreases as men return home. The stereotypical expectation of women as homemakers begins to shift as more emphasis and desire is shown towards receiving an education. Lower class white women and women of color continue to work outside of the home to provide for their families.

1972 With the passing of the Educational Amendments, single sex public schools begin to integrate both genders.

1992 The American Association of University Women publishes a report questioning coeducation for young women, claiming they could endure sexual harassment and neglect.

This peaks interest in all-women’s colleges again.

18

TURNING POINT

For decades, a woman’s place was believed to be at home, taking care of the house and family. Few denied this notion and went on to receive an education and pursue careers, and the United States did not begin to see a significant increase in enrollment among women until the 1940s.

The valiant efforts of women in the workforce during World War II sparked a shift in personal desire. Having experienced providing for their families through means outside of the home, more women began to express an interest in receiving an education. Courses began to shift from vocational to educational as women began to enroll in high schools and colleges.

THE JOURNEY From the 1940s on, girls and women attending school became a more normalized concept. Enrollment gradually began to increase each decade as more women successfully completed their education and entered the workforce. As with many basic rights within the United States, women began to experience suppression and discrimination within certain disciplines and with athletic opportunities.

As a result, Title IX was introduced through the Educational Amendments of 1972. It stated: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” Its passing allowed more women to take courses they desired, allowed for an increase in sports participation, and led to an even greater increase in enrollment.

MARCHING ON Today, women are more than half of the college-educated workforce in the United States. Every year, hundreds of thousands of women graduate with degrees that will allow them to pursue and succeed in their dream careers.

Unfortunately, women and girls in other countries are not as lucky as Americans. Cost, human trafficking, and child marriage are some of the many problems that females in poverty and crisis-stricken countries face in their fight to receive an education. With our knowledge and ability to enact great change, it is important that we join the fight in protecting future generations and continue to educate and emphasize the economic growth and peace that can be brought about when women and girls receive a proper education.

19

Number of U.S. population in 2019, by educational attainment (population in 1,000s)

high school graduate 70,947

some college, no degree 45,028

Master's degree 22,459

Bachelor’s degree 53,312 Associate’s degree, academic 14,168

Associate’s degree, occupational 10,381 Doctoral degree, 4,557

Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in the United States in 2019, by educational attainment and gender (in current U.S. dollars)

less than a high school diploma

Men 1,070

Women | 865

Total 494

high school, no college

|

644 633

some college or Associate’s degree

average wage gap

844 737

991

Bachelor’s degree

1,100

1,442

advanced degree

1,365

400

600

800

1,000

The more educated, the greater the gender pay gap... even as more women than men earn Associate's, Bachelor's, Master's AND Doctorate degrees.

20

1,200

1,878

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

Associate and Bachelor degrees, by gender (in 1,000s) Associate's, women

Associate's, men

Bachelor’s women

Bachelor’s men

1,153 1,100 1,000 900

855

800 700

619

600 500 400

396 post Title IX legal victories

300 200 100 0 1949-50

1972-73

1977-78

1982-83

1987-88

1992-93

1997-98

2002-03

2007-08

2012-13

2017-18

2022-23

2027-28

Master's and Doctorate degrees, by gender (in 1,000s) Master's, women

Master's, men

Doctorate, women

Doctorate, men

502

500

450

400

350

335

300

250

200

150

102 87

100

50

0 1949-50

1972-73

1977-78

1982-83

1987-88

1992-93

1997-98

2002-03

2007-08

2012-13

2017-18

2022-23

2027-28

21

Distribution of women in the civilian labor force (25 to 64 years old), by educational attainment (%) less than a high school diploma

4 years of high school

1 to 3 years of college

Bachelor’s degree and higher

100

More women are staying in school longer than ever before, with the greatest proportion earning at least a Bachelor's degree

95

90

85

80

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

22

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

Global PhD gender gap (2010)

Africa

America

Asia

Europe

Women Percent | Women Percent 34

Uganda Uganda Madagascar Madagascar Algeria Algeria Colombia Colombia Canada Canada Mexico Mexico Chile Chile States United United States Argentina Argentina Uruguay Uruguay Taiwan Georgia Taiwan Georgia South Korea South Korea Malaysia Malaysia Armenia Armenia Kyrgystan

34

Men Percent Men 66 Percent

|

|

46 46 46 39 39

26 2627 27

44 4445 45 45

32 32

34 34

36 36

Kyrgystan Mongolia Mongolia Thailand Thailand Czech Republic Czech Republic Greece

43 43 39 39

Greece Switzerland Switzerland Austria Austria Belgium Belgium France France Germany Germany Iceland

49 49

45 45

41 41

45 45 45

55 55 55

Portugal Iran Iran Iraq Iraq Jordan

42 42

61 61

55 5455 5354 53 5253 52 52

47 4647 46 46

52 5152 51

49 49 49

51 51 51

53 5354 54 54

58 58

60 60

62 62

32 32 3233 33

Jordan Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Lebanon Lebanon Morocco

68 68 35 35

39 3940 40

Morocco Turkey Turkey Israel Israel Australia Australia New Zealand New Zealand

57 57

55 55

48 4849 49

Sweden Slovak Republic Slovak Republic Macedonia Macedonia Croatia Croatia Italy Italy Estonia Estonia Finland

45 45

47

25 25

30 30

68 68

56

45 45

47 4748 48 48

Spain Romania Romania Ireland Ireland Bulgaria Bulgaria Sweden

38 38

64 64

66 66

74 7374 73

5758 57 57 5657

45 4546 4647

40 40

59 59

58 58

44 4445 45

United Kingdom Slovenia Slovenia Hungary Hungary Spain

Oceania

55 55

42 42

Iceland Norway Norway Denmark Denmark United Kingdom

Middle East

51 51

66

61 61

56 5556 55 55

4243 43 43 4344

Finland Ukraine Ukraine Lithuania Lithuania Latvia Latvia Portugal

|

54 54 54

35 35

40 40

47 45

45

49 49 50 50

51 51 50 50 50 50

65 65

61 6061 60

55 55

6768 67

53 53 55

55

60 60

65 65

70 70

75 75

23

24

INCOME FAST FACTS According to the 2020 Global Gender Gap Index, the US ranks #26 out of 153 developed countries in Economic Participation and Opportunity (down from #3).

This includes labor force participation rate, wage equality, and earned income.

According to Census Bureau data from 2018, women of all races earned, on average, just 82 cents for every $1 earned by men of all races.

The gender-based wage gap persists, in part because men cannot take an equal share of leave. Without

intervention, the gender wage gap isn’t expected to close until 2059.

15 of the 20 highest-paying jobs are dominated by men, while 14 of the 20 lowest-paying jobs are dominated by women.

25

1870 Congress passes an appropriations bill prohibiting gender-based pay discrimination of government employees. It is rarely practiced and enforced.

1911

INCOME NOTABLE DATES

New York state grants equal pay to all teachers.

JUNE 19, 1944 Winifred Stanley proposes that all women should receive equal pay for equal work. The bill is struck down

by Congress.

OCTOBER 1974 The Equal Credit Opportunity Act is passed, allowing women to apply and receive their own credit card without needing a male to co-sign.

1996 The National Committee on Pay Equity launches the first Equal Pay Day, originally called “National Pay Inequity Awareness Day.� It is meant to spread awareness of the persistent gender wage gap.

JANUARY 29, 2009 President Obama signs the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act to increase protections against pay discrimination.

26

TURNING POINT

In the early 1900s, women and children experienced horrifying conditions within the labor force. Long hours, little pay, and dangerous conditions resulted in the injury and death of many.

To combat these issues, the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed in June of 1938. This labor law established minimum wage for all workers, the opportunity for overtime pay, and prohibited child labor. Some years later, after recognizing how much less women were receiving in pay than men, a bill was proposed by Winifred Stanley saying that all women should receive equal pay for equal work. It was immediately struck down by Congress.

THE JOURNEY For 20 more years, women across the country pushed for legislation and efforts towards equal pay. Even more bills were proposed, but to no avail.

It was not until 1961 when an equal pay bill was introduced and eventually accepted as law.

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act, making it illegal to pay men and women different salaries for the same work. One year later, the Civil Rights Act passed with Title VII, a section that prohibited employment discrimination based on gender. Although a monumental step in the fight for equal pay, these bills did not succeed in ending gender pay disparities.

MARCHING ON To this day, women throughout the country and the world continue to fight for equal pay. So why does it still not exist? Researchers say that part of the reason is because discrimination still runs rampant in the workplace, intentionally or not.

Women continue to be overlooked in the hiring and paying processes, as well as when receiving bonuses. Additionally, many female-dominated occupations attract lower wages. This continuous battle is not only a fight for equal pay, but a fight for respect and transparency.

For information on how to improve workplace practices, visit page 84..

27

Career progression of men versus women (%) individual contributor

manager/supervisor

director

executive

20-29 years old

men

75

22

2

21

women 76

3

30-44 years old

men

36

53

women 60

7

4 8

30

8

45+ years old

men

37

45

11 29

women 60

8 8

4

Men progress to higher leadership positions faster than women.

The farther along in their careers, the larger the gender discrepency in leadership positions.

Women's earnings as a share of men’s across the occupational distribution 6%

<70%

10%

14%

17%

25%

17%

9%

3%

70-74.9%

75-79.9%

80-84.9%

85-89.9%

90-94.9%

95-99.9%

100% +

The vast majority of women (72%) earn less than 90% of what their male counterparts earn for the same work.

28

Median wage by gender and race all men

men, white non-Hispanic

men, Black

men, Asian

men, Hispanic

all women

women, white non-Hispanic

women, Black

women, Asian

women, Hispanic

average wage gap

67,673

66,000 64,000 62,000 60,388

60,000 58,000 56,000 54,000 53,253 52,000

52,146 51,378

52,920

50,000 48,000 46,513

46,000 44,000

42,076 41,977

42,000 40,000

40,797

38,876

38,000

36,735

36,000 34,000

35,173

32,002

32,000 30,000 28,000 1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

While the wage gap has improved over time, it is still wide.

Asian and white people have the greatest average income, but also the widest average gender wage gap.

29

Average salary of men and women, by educational attainment

45K

65.5K

48.1K

61.2K

64K

90.6K

72.7K

100.2K

How to read these graphics: average women's salary with Bachelor's degree

average men's salary with Bachelor's degree

average industry salary for women

average industry salary for men

$56.7K $78K Management

$61.6K $81.4K Management

Business, Science, and Arts Occupations

Business and Financial Occupations

28K

40.8K

23.4K

30.9K

40.4K

51.1K

39.7K

39.7K

$72.4K $84.5K average women's salary with graduate degree or higher

average men's salary with graduate degree or higher

Men not only start out with higher pay, but also enjoy greater pay jumps by getting advanced degrees than women in the same position.

$29.1K $41.2K Production, Transportation, and Material Moving

46.5K

55.6K

84.7K

126.9K

$66K $122K Legal

28.3K

31.5K

35K

41.5K

$28.9K $32.4K Healthcare Support

31.4K

56.8K

24K

46.4K

51K

60.4K

$47.4K $58.1K Education, Training, and Library

39K 59.3K

51K 69.9K

$42.4K $55.6K Protective Service

46.5K

35.3K

78.4K

42K

$36.8K $55.1K Sales and Related Occupations

30

$24.5K $31.8K Personal Care and Service

39K 52.3K

$36.3K $41.6K Office and Administrative Support

31.7K

43.1K

47.3K

56.4K

46.1K

51.7K

66.6K

84K

$32.7K $44.6K Transportation

45.9K 65K

$58.2K $76K Business and Financial Operations Occupations

46.2K

36.4K

78K

51.6K

64.2K

47K

$48.5K $60.8K Education, Legal, Community Service, Arts, and Media

50.6K

46.1K

61.6K

55.1K

61.9K

71.7K

110.7K

$50.6K $57.3K Arts, Design, Entertainment Sports, and Media

$60.3K $82.3K Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations

26K

22K

30.3K

32K

26.6K

39.3K

$21.9K $26.5K Food Preparation and Serving

$22K $30.7K Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance

66K

25.5K 32.8K

92.6K

30.9K

$71.1K $84.7K Computer, Engineering, and Science Occupations

32.1K

37.4K

21.5K

76.9K

54.4K

$61.8K $71.7K Life, Physical, and Social Sciences

30.4K

56K

38K 50.1K

$44.4K $46.6K Community and Social Services

36K

$25.7K $33K Material Moving Occupations

48.9K 79K

61.8K 102.3K

$64.3K $83K Management Occupations

24.5K

31.8K

27.5K

40.3K

33.3K

50.9K

40.6K

49.2K

$25.5K $34.3K Service Occupations

$28.8K $40.6K Transportation and Material Moving

52.1K

65.3K

60.2K

68.7K

80.3K

95K

81.3K

95.4K

$72.4K $84.5K Architecture and Engineering

$74.5K $86.6K Computer and Mathematical Occupations

31K

42.3K

35.3K

41.6K

40.9K

47.3K

34.4K

41.9K

50K

52.3K

51.4K

52.3K

55.4K

53.5K

46.1K

67.8K

$32K $43.4K Natural Resources, Construction, and Maintenance

$36.7K $42K Construction and Extraction

$42.2K $47.9K Installation, Maintenance, and Repair

$36.4K $50.1K Sales and Office Occupations

31

Occupations with largest gender earnings pay gap

Occupations with smallest gender earnings pay gap

Number represents the percent of a manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pay that a woman gets for the same job

Number represents the percent of a manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pay that a woman gets for the same job

49.2

Financial specialists, all other

108.6 Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products

61.1

Securities, commodities,

105.6 Residential advisors

and financial services sales agents

104.2 Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists

61.5

Financial clerks, all other

63.9

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks

102.3 Transportation security screeners

64.4

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers

101.3 Grounds maintenance workers

64.9

Financial managers

101.2 Special education teachers

65.8

Personal financial advisors

100.9 Musicians, singers, and related workers

66.1

Prepress technicians and workers

100.1 Computer network architects

66.8

Tax preparers

100.1 Miscellaneous social scientists and related

67.4

Parts salespersons

67.5

Production, planning, and expediting clerks

67.7

Credit counselors and loan officers

68.6

Natural sciences managers

68.7

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers,

workers, including sociologists 99.9

Preschool and kindergarten teachers

99.3

Court, municipal, and license clerks

98.6

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food

98.6

Dishwashers

98.5

Tellers

98.3

Medical records and health information technicians

and janitorial workers

98.3

Writers and authors

69.5

Insurance sales agents

98.1

Pharmacists

69.8

Machinists

97.7

Counselors

70.1

Appraisers and assessors of real estate

97.5

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians

70.1

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

97.3

Bill and account collectors

70.2

Construction and building inspectors

97.3

Social workers

70.3

Sales and related workers, all other

97.2

Order clerks

70.5

Food batchmakers

96.9

Meeting, convention, and event planners

70.7

Physicians and surgeons

96.8

Mail clerks and mail machine operators,

70.8

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers

and weighers 69.2

Retail salespersons

69.3

First-line supervisors of housekeeping

except postal service 96.7

32

Paralegals and legal assistants

Gender wage gap by state

AK

ME WI

VT

WA

ID

MT

ND

MN

IL

MI

OR

NV

WY

SD

IA

IN

OH

CA

UT

CO

NE

MO

KY

AZ

NM

KS

AR

OK

LA

HI

TX

NY

MA

PA

NJ

CT

WV

VA

MD

DE

TN

NC

SC

DC

MS

AL

GA

NH

RI

FL

= largest average wage gap by gender (top 1/3) = mid average wage gap by gender (middle 1/3) = smallest average wage gap by gender (bottom 1/3)

The more liberal states on the east and west coasts of the country tend to have the smallest average gender wage gaps.

33

34

REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS FAST FACTS According to the 2020 Global Gender Gap Index, the US ranks #70 out of 153 developed countries in Health and Survival (down from #1). This includes sex ratio at birth and healthy life expectency

Only 52% of married women can freely decide about health care, sexual relations, and contraceptive use.

On average, 24 people per minute are victims of rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner in the United States — more than 12 million women and men over the course of a year.

Twenty-seven large cities in the US are “abortion deserts” where someone would have to travel more than 100 miles each way to obtain an abortion.

35

JUNE 25, 1914 Margaret Sanger first introduces the term "birth control" in an issue of The Woman Rebel.

JUNE 23, 1960 The FDA approves the first commercially sold birth control pill.

REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS NOTABLE DATES

JUNE 7, 1965 In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court rules that married couples have the right to purchase and use contraceptives.

OCTOBER 31, 1978 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act is passed to prohibit discrimination on the basis of pregnancy and childbirth.

1984 The FDA approves the IUD, but distributors refuse to make it available to women in the United States until 1988.

JANUARY 1993 The Family and Medical Leave Act is passed, granting family and temporary medical leave.

36

TURNING POINT

The fight for reproductive rights traces all the way back to the early 1800s, when women were barred from using abortifacients in almost every state.

In 1916, activist Margaret Sanger became a champion of reproductive rights when she opened the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, New York.

Although arrested for the act, she was able to open up a new clinic in 1923, provided that it was staffed by physicians. This facility would later become Planned Parenthood.

THE JOURNEY As more women died from unsuccessful abortions, Sanger continued to work behind the scenes for the growing movement. In 1951,13 years after the federal ban on birth control was lifted, Sanger began to raise money to fund the creation of the pill.

Nine years later, the FDA finally approved oral contraceptives, but death by unsafe abortions was still a common issue throughout the United States.

Finally, in 1973, a 7-2 decision by the Supreme Court in the case of Roe v.

Wade made abortion legal.

MARCHING ON

Since this landmark decision, states have enacted over 1,000 abortion restrictions. Around the world, women lack access to contraception and often lose their lives to otherwise preventable pregnancy causes.

It should not matter what race, religion, class, or sexuality we hail from â&#x20AC;&#x201C; all women deserve to make their own choices about their bodies, and deserve to have access to facilities that help them to make those choices. We must continue to defend and support womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health and family planning in order to make a significant impact and change nationally and internationally.

37

Why young adults (age 20-45) are having fewer children than their ideal number Reasons cited as factors for having (or expecting to have) fewer children than they consider ideal * indicates a reason for young adults without children to not want children at all

childcare is too expensive*

64

want more time for the children I have

54

worried about the economy*

49

can't afford more children

44

waited because of financial instability

43

want more leisure time*

42

not enough paid family leave

39

no paid family leave

38

worried about global instability*

37

struggle with work-life balance

36

worried about domestic politics*

36

met a partner too late

34

worried about climate change*

33

responsible for other family care

29

worried about population growth

27

prioritized my education and career

23

split from my partner

22

partner doesn't want children

19

don't think I'm a good parent*

13

A 2018 survey by The New York Times and Morning Consult suggests that Gen Z, Millennial, and younger Gen X women are more attracted to the idea of having fewer children than previous generations in part because of greater gender equality (more agency over their lives), but also because of financial ramifications.

38

Estimated live births and abortions by race/ethnicity in the United States from 1965-2017 total live births

abortions, Hispanic

abortions, White

abortions, Black

abortions, other

total abortions

live births, Hispanic

live births, White

live births, Black

live births, other

4,200,000 4,000,000

3,855,500

3,800,000 3,600,000 3,400,000 3,200,000 3,000,000 2,800,000 2,600,000 2,400,000 2,200,000 2,000,000

2,051,000

1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000

928,000 851,000

800,000 600,000

575,000

400,000

301,000 295,000 280,000 195,000

200,000 0

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

77,000

39

Percentage distribution of women having an abortion by their most important reason for having the abortion, 2004 and 1987

% in 1987 25

I’m not ready for a child 21

I can’t afford a baby right now I have completed childbearing

8

I don’t want to be a single mother

8

A baby would interfere with my education/career 1

My parents want me to abort

1

I don’t want others to know I was having sex

1

2

I am a victim of rape or incest

1

2

|

27

22

13 11

4

My husband or boyfriend wants me to abort

% in 2004

19

7

I’m not mature enough to raise a child

|

10

2 1

I have a problem with my physical health

3

My fetus has a possible health problem

2

Other reasons given

2

4 3 6

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Percent of reported abortions by known age group in selected reporting areas in the United States from 2007 and 2016

2016 2007 <15

||

0.3

0.5 9.4

15–19

16.5 30

20–24 24.2

25–29 14.1

30–34 8.8

35–39 3.2

40+

0

28.5

18

10.3

3.6

5

10

15

Education and establishing a career has become more important to women over the years.

The highest number of abortions has consistently fallen in the 20-29 year old age range, with abortions decreasing by nearly half in the 15-19 range, and increasing in the 30-34 range.

40

32.7

20

25

30

Women's status on the Reproductive Rights Composite Index Overall Score 1.0 – 3.0

3.0 – 4.0

4.0 – 5.0

5.0 – 6.0

ME 23 / C+

AK 29 / C VT 2 / A-

WI 41 / D+

MA 14 / B+

PA 31 / C

NJ 4 / A-

CT 6 / A-

WV 18 / B

VA 34 / C-

MD 3 / A-

DE 20 / C+

TN 47 / D-

NC 26 / C

SC 25 / C+

DC 8 / A-

MS 38 / C-

AL 40 / D

GA 28 / C

MI 45 / D

IN IA 19 / C+ 42 / D+

OH 27 / C

KY 32 / C

AR 43 / D LA 46 / D

ID 48 / F

MT 11 / B+

ND 33 / C-

OR 1 / A-

NV 17 / B

WY 35 / C-

SD 51 / F

CA 9 / B+

UT CO 37 / C- 21 / C+

NE 50 / F

MO 44 / D

NM AZ 24 / C+ 12 / B+

KS 49 / F OK 39 / D+

HI 6 / A-

NY 7 / A-

IL 13 / B+

WA 10 / B+

MN 16 /B

TX 36 / C-

NH 22 / C+

RI 15 / B+

FL 30 / C

The composite index score, rank, and grade assigned above is based on the following criteria: • parental consent/notification • waiting period • public funding • percent of women living in counties with providers • pro-choice Governor and legislature • Medicaid expansion or Medicaid family planning expansion • coverage of infertility treatments • same-sex marriage or second-parent adoption • mandatory sex education

The more liberal states on the east and west coasts of the country tend to have the most options when it comes to reproductive health and rights.

41

Percent of health centers reporting they offer Title X grantees

non-Title X grantees

all respondents

on-site provision of all effective family planning

24% 15% 48% all effective family planning methods are provided on-site or via prescription

48% 40% 72% oral contraceptive pills dispensed using Quick Start protocol

46% 37% 69% same day/walk-in appointments available for initial contraceptive visit for new patients

68% 62% 82%

Characteristics of clients who used services at Title X sites in 2017 income

67% poor

20% low income

10% non-poor

insurance status

42% uninsured

38% public

19% private

race/ethnicity

20% Black

33% Hispanic

35% White

3%

9% other

Asian

Title X is a federal program meant to help low-income and uninsured patients with family planning and reproductive health. There are nearly 4,000 sites within the United States.

42

The share of women served by Planned Parenthood varies by state Percent of female contraceptive clients served at publicly funded centers who received services at Planned Parenthood in 2015 (US average = 32%) < 10% (12 states and DC)

10% â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 24% (12 states)

25% â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 39% (13 states)

> 40% (13 states)

ME

AK

VT

WI

NY

MA

PA

NJ

CT

WV

VA

MD

DE

TN

NC

SC

DC

MS

AL

GA

WA

ID

MT

ND

MN

IL

MI

OR

NV

WY

SD

IA

IN

OH

CA

UT

CO

NE

MO

KY

AZ

NM

KS

AR

OK

LA

HI

TX

NH

RI

FL

Planned Parenthood is primarily funded from Medicaid reimbursements for preventative care, and some is from Title X. At least 60% of Planned Parenthood patients rely on public health programs like Medicaid and Title X for preventative and primary care that they would otherwise not have access to elsewhere.

43

Maternal mortality rates by single race and Hispanic origin in the United States in 2018 (% of total deaths)

Race is a consistent barrier to equality, and access to equal maternal care is no exception.

White 14.7

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. maternal mortality rate of 17.4 per 100,000 births puts our country LAST among similarly wealthy countries.

Black 37.1

The 2018 rate follows an eleven-year gap in producing an official maternal mortality rate.

With no reliable or consistent data collection across the country, it is hard to improve a problem that could actually be more severe than the numbers indicate. Many of these deaths are preventable, especially those of clear racial inequities.

Hispanic 11.8

Maternal mortality rates by age, United States, 2018

all 17.4

40 and over 81.9

25â&#x20AC;&#x201C;39 16.6

under 25 10.6

Percent distribution of maternal deaths, by cause of death, United States, 2018

indirect obstetric causes 22.6

direct obstetric causes 52.3

obstetric embolism 6.5 eclampsia and pre-eclampsia 5.3

44

hemorrhage and placenta previa 4.6

abortive outcome 4.4

other 4.3

Regional women's health estimates worldwide and global averages unmet need for family planning (%) 2018

no contraception (%) 2018

43.7

13.1 21 32.1

91.2

59.2 51

23.2

68.5

101.4

53.3

52.3 adolescent birth rate per 1,000 (%) 2018

womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s SRH decision-making (%) 2013

dashed line = global average

how to read

14 41.6

45.1 no information

Northern Africa

7

18

26.5 no information

North America

9.6

61.3

least developed countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

13

42

14

42.1

24.3

43

39.5

29.3

Central Asia

Western Asia

12

36.4

15

44.3

30.4

48

South-Eastern Asia

9

30.7

4.7

32.3

13.2

20.2

6

Europe

no information

Oceania

25.7

Latin America and the Carribbean

42.2

19 no information

Eastern Asia 45

46

FAMILY LIFE AND LEAVE FAST FACTS The US is one of only eight countries in the world that does not provide any form of paid maternity leave.

More than 1 in 4 women (26 percent) say family caregiving has had a negative impact on her ability to keep a job or advance in the workplace.

Nearly one-quarter (23 percent) of U.S. women are

back at work within two weeks of giving birth, elevating their risk of postpartum depression.

47

OCTOBER 29, 1919 The Maternity Protection Convention is adopted in Washington D.C. by the International Labor Organization.

FAMILY LIFE AND LEAVE

NOTABLE DATES

The document calls for 12 weeks of paid leave, free medical care, and guaranteed jobs upon returning to work. The gathering leads to discussions and advances in paid leave throughout other countries, while the United States falls far behind in the conversation.

1984 The Family Employment Security Act is drafted but never introduced to Congress. This eventually leads to more discussions about the need for family leave.

1985 The Parental and Disability Leave Act is introduced and calls for eighteen weeks of unpaid leave for new parents.

It is quickly stalled.

APRIL 2016 San Francisco becomes the first city to fully adopt the paid parental leave law.

JANUARY 2020 Washington becomes the fifth state with paid family leave. The other four are New York, California, New Jersey and Rhode Island.

48

TURNING POINT

When a working woman became pregnant in the 50s and 60s, it was expected that she would leave her job and never return. Unfortunately, this was often the case due to a lack of support from companies, many of which were operating without human resource departments.

In 1978, after years of enduring career setbacks due to maternity leave, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was passed to prohibit discrimination on the basis of pregnancy and childbirth, especially in decisions about hiring and firing. Even with this legislation in place, the percentage of women that would not return after giving birth gradually rose until the 90s.

THE JOURNEY

In January of 1993, the Family and Medical Leave Act was passed by Congress and federal law granted up to 12 weeks of unpaid or medical leave.

Since its passing, many states have created more beneficial paid and sick leave programs. As of right now, only six states require family leave to be paid.

MARCHING ON

The United States has always been, and continues to be, behind other countries when it comes to family leave policies. In fact, it is the only country that does not have national paid leave standards.

Although it may be a long time until all women in the country receive paid leave, on a state level we can continue to support initiatives that put paid leave on election ballots and support legislators that push for these policies.

49

Percent of workers with access to paid and unpaid family leave by establishment size and ownership, March 2018 = civilian, paid

= civilian, unpaid

= state and local government (paid/unpaid)

1 to 49 workers

80 12 50 to 99 workers

88 15 100 to 499 workers

95 19 500 workers or more

94 25

Mothers, more than fathers, experience career interruptions fathers

mothers

reduced work hours

quit job

10

28 42 taken a significant amount of time off

27 turned down a promotion

24

10 39

13

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, working moms have been hit hard with extra responsibility.

Of families with one or both parents working from home, 41% say mom has been doing the majority of extra child care work while working from home, compared to just 15% who say dad has done the majority.

50

Average annual childcare costs for an infant and a toddler $8,000 – $12,999

$13,000 – $16,999

$17,000 – $24,500

$25,000+

ME

AK

VT

WI

NY

MA

PA

NJ

CT

WV

VA

MD

DE

TN

NC

SC

DC*

MS*

AL

GA

WA

ID

MT

ND

MN

IL

MI

OR

NV

WY

SD

IA

IN

OH

CA

UT

CO

NE

MO

KY

AZ

NM

KS

AR

OK

LA

HI

NH

RI

FL

TX

The averages above represent costs that vary wildly in any given area (cities, naturally, are more expensive than suburbs) and fluctuate based on the type of care parents are paying for.

While the cost rivals that of in-state college tuition, it is a mere 16% of the cost of raising a child.

The average cost of raising a child through age 17 is $233,610, broken down as:

29%

housing

18% food

16%

childcare + education

15%

transportation

9%

healthcare

7% misc

6%

clothes

51

Paid maternity leave available to mothers = average payment rate (%)

52

= weeks of leave available 58.6

Bulgaria

90

43

Greece

49.5

39

UK

30.1

34

Slovak Republic

75

30

Croatia

100

28

Czech Republic

61

26

Ireland

24

Hungary

70

22

Italy

80

20

Estonia

100

20

Luxemborg

100

20

Poland

100

18

Australia

42.9

18

Chile

100

18

Denmark

53

18

Lithuania

100

18

New Zealand

46.8

18

Cyprus

46.8

18

Malta

86.3

18

Romania

26.7

85

17.5

Finland

74.4

17.3

Costa Rica

100

16

Austria

100

16

Canada

49.9

16

France

90.4

16

Latvia

80

16

Netherlands

100

16

Spain

100

16

Turkey

66.7

15

Belgium

63.7

15

Israel

100

15

Slovenia

100

14

Germany

100

14

Japan

67

14

Switzerland

58.4

13

Iceland

68.2

13

Norway

94.2

12.9

Korea

80.2

12.9

Sweden

77.6

12

Mexico

100

6

Portugal

100

0

US

0

Paid parental and home care leave = average payment rate (%)

= weeks of leave available 146

Estonia

44.1

143.5

Finland

19.1

136

Hungary

37.8

130

Slovak Republic

21.2

90.7

Romania

85

78

Latvia

49.8

78

Norway

39.4

Korea

28.5

51.9

52

Bulgaria

32.8

44

Austria

75.8

44

Germany

44

Japan

59.9

44

Lithuania

100

42.9

Sweden

57.4

37.1

Slovenia

90

35.3

Czech Republic

84.5

35

Canada

53.2

32

Denmark

32

Poland

67.5

26

France

13.7

26

Italy

26

Croatia

42.1

24.1

Portugal

59.6

17.3

Belgium

20.3

17.3

65

53

30

Luxemborg

67.2

13

Iceland

68.2

12

Chile

100

0

Australia

0

0

Greece

0

0

Ireland

0

0

Israel

0

0

Mexico

0

0

Netherlands

0

0

New Zealand

0

0

Spain

0

0

Switzerland

0

0

Turkey

0

0

UK

0

0

US

0

0

Costa Rica

0

0

Cyprus

0

0

Malta

0

53

Adult victims by relationship with perpetrator and age (%), United States female

male

intimate partner

<12

64

21.6

16.2

48

relative other than spouse

12â&#x20AC;&#x201C;17

6.4

32.4

4.2

23

acquaintance

18â&#x20AC;&#x201C;24

16.4

29.4

27.2

16.6

stranger

>25

14.6

16.6

50.4

12.3

Adult victims by type of violence and perpetrator gender (%), United States female, with male perpetrator

female, with female perpetrator

male, with male perpetrator

male, with female perpetrator

rape

100 35.8

70.1 physical assault

91.9

t

11.8 14.2

85.8 rape and/or physical assault

93.4

10.8

85.9

25.3

stalking

97.2 64.6

38.4

Women are most likely to be abused by an intimate partner, while men are most likely to be abused by a stranger as a child.

54

Global prevalence estimates of violence against women gradient represents range in values of data collected non-partner sexual violence %

intimate partner violence %

12.2

Asia Pacific, high income 6.5

Asia, central

Asia, south-east

22.9

5.9

Asia, east Asia, south

28.5

16.3

3.4

41.8

5.3

28 16.5

Australasia

28.3

10.3

Caribbean

27.1

10.8

Europe, central

27.9

7

26.1

Europe, eastern 11.5

19.3

Europe, western 15.3

Latin America, Andean 11.9

Latin America, Central Latin America, Southern

29.5

5.9

23.7

7.7

Latin America, Tropical North Africa/Middle East

40.6

27.4

4.5

35.4 13

21.3

North America, high income 14.9

Oceania

21

Sub-Saharan Africa, central Sub-Saharan Africa, east

65.7

11.5

38.8 17.4

Sub-Saharan Africa, southern Sub-Saharan Africa, west

35.3

29.7

9.2 10

41.8 20

30

40

50

60

70

Intimate partner violence against women is significantly more likely than abuse from a stranger around the world, particularly in Africa.

55

56

WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP FAST FACTS According to the 2020 Global Gender Gap Index, the US ranks #86 out of 153 developed countries in Political Empowerment (down from #66).

This includes women in parliament and ministerial positions, and years with female/male head of state.

There are fewer women in leadership positions than there are men named John.

Women account for less than a third (29%)

of senior roles globally.

As of 2020, women occupy 127 (23.7%) of the 535 seats in the United States Congress (105 Democratic, 22 Republican).

57

1916 Jeannette Rankin becomes the first woman elected to Congress.

MAY 4, 1933 Francis Perkins becomes the first woman appointed as Secretary of Labor.

WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP

NOTABLE DATES

NOVEMBER 5, 1968 Shirley Chisholm defeats James Farmer and becomes the first Black woman to be elected to the House of Representatives.

JULY 7, 1981 Sandra Day Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Connor becomes the first female judge on the Supreme Court.

JANUARY 23, 1997 Madeleine Albright becomes the first female attorney general.

JULY 26, 2016 Hillary Clinton becomes the first female presidential nominee for a major political party.

AUGUST 11, 2020 Kamala Harris becomes the first woman of color and Indian descent to be nominated for national office by a major party.

58

TURNING POINT

With the heightened desire to receive an education post-World War II, women began to stray away from the homemaker life and pursue professional careers. As enrollment in college slowly increased, so too did the labor force as more women earned degrees in fields like science, business, and law.

THE JOURNEY

The number of women appointed to significant leadership positions steadily increased in the 70s and 80s. In 1972, Katharine Graham became the first female CEO of a Fortune 500 company.

Five years later, Patricia Harris became the first woman of color in the Cabinet.

In 1992, the number of women in the Senate doubled and the number of women in Congress went from 28 to 47. In more recent years, these numbers and the number of female candidates has grown to hit triple digits.

MARCHING ON

Although there has been significant progress made toward female representation in leadership positions, the percentage that sit in power is still extremely low. This representation is even worse for the categories of race and ethnicity.

For a group that outnumbers men on college campuses and at the polls, women should be advancing in positions of power at a much faster rate. It is important that we continue to support women of our past and present that have led with pride, passion and truth, as well as educate young women who will be future leaders of the world.

59

Women in leadership positions = men leaders

= women leaders in 2019

= women leaders 45+ years ago

LEADERSHIP

LEADERSHIP

70%

30%

77%

23%

9% 2%

University and College Presidents

US Representatives

P

LEADERSHIP US SENATE

75%

25%

72% AT

28%

4%

2% US Senators

60

State Legislators

TE GOVERNOR

82%

18%

60%

40%

2% Cabinet or Cabinet-Level

State Governors

P

95%

5%

88%

22%

10% Fortune 500 CEOs

Fortune 500 Board Members

While progress has been made in the past half-century, women still do not hold a fair share of business or government leadership positions in the United States.

61

Men and women who see a gender gap in styles of leadership differ on who has a better approach Percent saying that when it comes to the leadership styles of people in top positions in business and politics men are better

women are better

no difference

61

33

41

55

42

50

31

64

9

34

56

standing up for what they believe in

11

30

58

being persuasive

20

21

59

working well under pressure

17

17

65

being willing to take risks

37

9

54

5

being compassionate and empathetic serving as a role model for children

4 8

working out compromises

4

being honest and ethical maintaining a tone of civility and respect

Percent saying women/men in top executive business positions are better at each of the following men are better

5

creating a safe and respectful workplace valuing people from different backgrounds

3

women are better

no difference

43

52

35

62

considering the societal impact of business decisions

8

33

58

mentoring young employees

9

33

56

providing fair pay and good benefits

5

28

66

9

61

negotiating profitable deals

28

Percent saying when it comes to the leadership styles of people in top positions in business and politics... men and women are basically similar men and women are basically different men

49

50 22

women

37

43

62

63 10

all adults

15

27

62

57 15

22

62

among those who say men and women are basically different men have a better approach neither is better 62

women have a better approach

Number of women in the House and Senate by state, district, or territory 1917-Present Number of Senators (Upper House)

Number of House Representatives (Lower House)

AK

1

ME

WI

WA

OR

CA

2 11 1 5 3 41

ID

NV

UT

AZ

2

4

4 2 7

MT

WY

CO

NM

1

3

4

5

ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

HI

No Women Representation from 1917-2019

1 6

TX

2

2 2 3 1 2 6

3

MN

IA

MO

AR

LA

3 5 1 2 2 7 2 4 3 2

IL

IN

KY

TN

MS

1

VT

2 2 17

7

2 1 6 1

MI

OH

WV

NC

AL

1

NY

13

11 1 3 2 6 2 3

1 9

PA

VA

SC

GA

11

7

5

NJ

MD

DC

2 28

7 1 8

MA

CT

DE

NH

3 3 3 2

1 7

8

RI

1

1

1

2 7 FL

1 19

A national total of 57 Senators and 325 Representatives have been women since 1917. Almost 25% of states have yet to elect a woman Senator.

Yet as seen on left, women have a favorable leadership style in many respects, including creating a safe workspace, being compassionate and empathetic, and working out compromises.

63

11,707 White men

The make-up of Congress has historically favored White men in a very big way.

12,343 total United States Congress members 11,977 total men / 366 total women 64

65

Women in Parliament worldwide (%) leaders in lower house, men

leaders in lower house, women

leaders in upper house, men

leaders in upper house, women men

+4

52

48

+2

51

49

57

43

65

35

61

39

68

32

60

40

71

29

+28

64

36

+30

65

35

68

32

74

26

69

31

61

39

71

30

75

25

73

27

Mexico

+14

South Africa

+30 +22

Ethiopia

+36 +20

France

+42 Italy

+38

UK

+48 +38

Germany

+22 +41

Philippines

+50 Vietnam

+46

0 China

+50

75 0

US

women

25

24

+52

76

24

80

20

0

0

20

+62

81

19

+60

80

20

0 +66

83 0

Russia

Brazil

Egypt

India

Japan

+66

83

17

+70

85

15

+70

85

15

+70

85

15

Thailand

88

12

+78

89

11

90

10

79

21

90

10

88

12

+80

+80

+88

94

+88

94

+87

94

+95

95 0

94

66

0

+76

0 Nigeria

0 16

+76 Iran

17

84

+58 Congo

0

+68

0

0

77

80

Indonesia

Turkey

women

+60

Pakistan

0

+53

Bangladesh +60

men

6 0 6 7 5 0

Women in companies' Board of Directors (%) men

women

over 1/10 women members

over 1/3 women members France

56.6

43.4

Austria

80.8

19.2

43

Ireland

82.4

17.6

Iceland

57

Norway

57.9

42.1

Portugal

83.8

16.2

Sweden

63.7

36.3

Slovak Republic

84.9

15.1

34

Colombia

84.9

15.1

Italy

66

Finland

67.2

32.8

Hungary

85.5

14.5

Germany

68.1

31.9

Czech Republic

84.9

15.1

Belgium

69.3

30.7

Lithuania

85.7

14.3

Denmark

69.7

30.3

India

86.2

13.8

30

Turkey

86.6

13.4

New Zealand

70

Luxemborg

over 1/5 women members

88

12

Greece

88.7

11.3 9.7

Netherlands

70.5

29.5

China

90.3

Latvia

71.2

28.8

Brazil

91.6

8.4

Australia

71.3

28.7

Chile

91.8

8.2

UK

72.8

27.2

Mexico

92.5

7.5

Canada

74.2

25.8

Estonia

92.6

7.4

Israel

76.9

23.1

Russia

93

Slovenia

77.4

22.6

Japan

94.7

22

Indonesia

96.7

3.3

Korea

97.9

2.1

Spain

78

US

78.3

21.7

South Africa

78.6

21.4

Switzerland

78.7

21.3

Poland

79.9

20.1

7 5.3

There are not many countries with equal gender representation in governmental or business leadership.

67

68

PERCEPTION OF EQUALITY FAST FACTS Despite progress in closing the equality gap, 91% of

men and 86% of women hold at least one bias against women in relation to politics, economics, education, violence or reproductive rights.

According to the World Economic Forumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Global Gender Gap Report 2020, parity between men and women across health, education, work and politics will take more than a lifetime (almost 100 years)

to achieve.

Western Europe has made the most progress on

gender parity (standing at 76.7%).

69

1935 The National Council of Negro Women is established to confront gender equality issues specific to African Americans.

JULY 2, 1964 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed, prohibiting sex discrimination in the workplace.

PERCEPTION OF EQUALITY

NOTABLE DATES

NOVEMBER 18-21, 1977 The first National Women's Conference is held in Texas. Thousands of women call for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment by all 50 states.

1987 March is declared as National Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s History Month.

1994 The Gender Equity in Education Act establishes programs to train teachers about gender equality.

JANUARY 23, 2013 The Pentagon lifts its ban on women in combat units.

JUNE 26, 2015 The Supreme Court legalizes same-sex marriage in all 50 states and requires all states to honor out-of-state samesex marriage licenses.

70

TURNING POINT

With the persistent rallying of women for their right to vote in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States witnessed its first wave of feminism.

Despite achieving suffrage, women not only continued to push for other opportunities and rights, but also continued to be seen as the weaker sex.

Men expected women to be homemakers, while they were to support the family financially.

Such perceptions and mistreatment continued well past the 50s, until a second wave of feminism came about with the 1963 release of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique. In the piece, Friedan explores the social stereotypes and grievances of post-World War II women. She argues that these attitudes were preventing women from growing to reach their full potential as educated professionals in the workforce. These insights caused a strong response from women all over the country, who slowly realized they no longer would conform to sexist stereotypes.

THE JOURNEY

Amid this second wave, and thanks to its powerful efforts, the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress. First introduced in 1923, this amendment was created to eliminate discrimination of and grant legal equality for the sexes. It has not yet been ratified by three-fourths of the states.

In the 1990s, a third wave brought sex-positive conversations and the inclusion of minorities. It was a period of redefining the symbols, ideas, and words that were typically associated with womanhood and female sexuality.

MARCHING ON

We have just moved on from the fourth wave of feminism, the focus of which expanded to body positivity, gender fluidity, and other forms of female empowerment. Additionally, it brought to light the international challenges that women face on a daily basis. This wave heavily involved the use of social media to show and gather support for women and gender-based initiatives everywhere, especially during the #MeToo movement.

Founded in 2006, the “Me Too” movement’s mission is to help young women of all colors and backgrounds that are survivors of sexual violence. Its efforts become extremely prominent when #MeToo started trending online in 2017 as millions of women began sharing their sexual harassment stories. Since its popularization, the movement has been a form of solidarity among women everywhere and has even more so revived the fight for women’s rights.

71

Democrats are more than twice as likely as Republicans to say more work is needed to bring about gender equality % saying the country ___ when it comes to giving women equal rights with men hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t gone far enough

all adults

50

men

42

women

57

Repulican/lean

26

Democrat/lean

60

has been about right

has gone too far

39

10

44

13 33

8

54

18 26

4

Democrats are about twice as likely as Republicans to say that men have it easier these days % saying ___ in our country these days no difference

men have it easier

all adults

35

men

28

women

41

Repulican/lean

19

Democrat/lean

49

women have it easier

56

9

58

14 54

5

68

12 45

6

Educational breakdown of Democrats and Democrat-leaners and their perception of equality men have it easier

72

no difference

high school or less

27

some college

52

Bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Degree

69

women have it easier

64

8 40

7 27

Sense of equality in terms of the status of men and women throughout the entire society preferential treatment for men in general

exclusive preferential treatment for men

1995

12

2002

13

62

2004

13

61

2007

11

2009

10

2012

11

2016

10

equal treatment

preferential treatment for women in general

63

20 20 20

62

4

21

62

4

23

59

3

25

65

3 21

Percent of age groups that believe achieving gender equality in the US is something that they can personally impact yes

no

age 18â&#x20AC;&#x201C;29

73

30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;49

61

50â&#x20AC;&#x201C;64

45

65+

29

total

53

27 39 55 70 47

While 8 in 10 Americans want equality, their priorities vary What do you think is the most important first step to increasing gender equality in the US? closing the wage gap

providing universal childcare

improving access to affordable healthcare

parents

35

not parents

42

providing federal paid parental leave

other

no need to take first steps/not relevant

18

16 11

8

5 10

11 11

16 17

Younger age groups tend to be more optimistic that they can have an impact towards achieving gender equality, and closing the wage gap is a top priority for most.

73

Majorities think men and women have about the same influence in making important family decisions % who say that, in a family, _____ when it comes to making important decisions about...

Women have more influence

Both about the same

Household finances

Men have more influence

How to raise children

Their familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s religious practices

62

56

55 39

18

23 15

14 6

Many think men have more opportunities than women when it comes to getting high-paying jobs % who say _____ when it comes to...

Women have more opportunity

Both about the same

Getting high-paying jobs

Men have more opportunity

Being leaders in their community

Expressing their political views

63

49

54 44

38

31

4

3

Getting a good education

81

11 6 74

3

When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women completely agree

mostly agree

completely disagree

mostly disagree

According to a study by Pew Research Center, when economically challenging times arise, many feel men should be given preferential treatment over women in job searches.

United States

France

10

12

This notion is most pronounced in predominantly Muslim countries as well as in India, the Philippines and Nigeria. In these areas, most agree that women should be able to work outside the home; yet, most also believe that men should have more right to a job than women when jobs are scarce (right).

Germany

9

11

Greece

17

Italy

15

Netherlands

6 8

Spain

7

While progress has been made in creating a more equalitarian home life, some gender roles still exist including women taking more of the child-rearing responsibility and men having more control of the household's finances.

Outside of the home most believe that men and women have equal opportunity to a good education. However, men have a greater chance for high-paying jobs and leadership positions despite equal qualifications between genders (left).

8

18

8

Canada

67

21

67 21 15

63 30

25 17

9

34

69 66

83 19

9

Bulgaria

12

28

Czech Republic

12

25

Hungary

13

22

Lithuania

8

Poland

12

Slovakia

20

Russia

29

Ukraine

13

65 26

28

23

35

18

20

10

23

23

5 22

UK

Australia

57

29

Sweden

DK/refused

43

20

44

30

8

22

29

39

22 16

15

28

30

24

17

22

7

30

9

61

India

55

24

Indonesia

43

Japan

14

Philippines

44

South Korea

20

Israel

15

Lebanon

37

Tunisia

64

Turkey

40

30

Kenya

40

18

Nigeria

54

South Africa

37

Argentina

23

Brazil

22

Mexico

11

9

30 29

17

34

21

6 21

31 32

14 27

21

10 19

40

37

17

20

17

28

23 16

22 11

14

11

18

18

20

12

7 10

16

14

7

17

28

37 48

36

22 75

More women than men say that gender equality is very important to them

Few think women have a better life than men % who say _______ have a better life in their country men

76

same (vol)

% of ______ who say it is very important that women have the same rights as men in their country

women

women

France

70

15

Spain

64

Sweden

62

UK

61

Canada

59

US

57

22

Turkey

57

17

Australia

56

22

15

Italy

Netherlands

56

21

18

Bulgaria

Israel

52

33

Brazil

52

25

Germany

50

Japan

49

15

Indonesia

48

25

Lebanon

47

35

South Korea

47

14

Slovenia

46

37

Nigeria

46

28

Czech Republic

45

43

Italy

42

46

Kenya

42

21

35

India

South Africa

41

22

33

US

Philippines

40

32

Mexico

39

37

Argentina

39

30

Hungary

36

52

Poland

35

56

India

34

45

Greece

34

43

Russia

30

Lithuania

26

Tunisia

24

Ukraine

22

65

Bulgaria

21

64

40

Kenya

23 22 22

12

20

31

54

Slovakia

31

54

Tunisia

15

Israel

23

64

Nigeria

14

35

54

12 15

59

25

74 67

81

66

80

54

Lithuania

68

47

Russia

12

72

56

South Africa

35

60 56

Indonesia

67

Hungary

16

80 67

Lebanon

13 35

22

90 77

65

Czech Republic Turkey

13

75 70

52

Ukraine

79

61

Greece

81

South Korea

52

26

19

20 21 13

48 37

87 70

93

75 89

30%

17

89

60

France

45

38

men

40

50

60

70

80

93 90

100%

More people now say men have a better life than women in their country (moreso today than in 2010)

Women less optimistic than men about gender equality in their country

% who say men have a better life than women in their country

% of ______ who say either it is likely that women in their country will eventually have the same rights as men or that women already have the same rights as men

2019

2010

men

women Turkey

33

|

UK

|

39 47 29

64

57

39 39

Australia

Mexico

27

39

Israel

Kenya

36

30

55

40

50

88

71

84

69

82 84

69 67

79 82

Czech Republic

71

88 81

Poland

According to a Pew Research Center study, majorities in nearly every country surveyed claim to support gender equality. The survey also finds that women are far more likely than men to perceive gender inequalities. By double-digit margins, female respondents in 13 of 22 nations are more likely than male respondents to say men in their countries have the better life.

92 80

Netherlands

The general consensus among women is that men have better opportunities and lives in their respective countries. After how far the fight for gender equality has come in the United States and other countries, women remain less hopeful about obtaining equal rights and improving their quality of life.

92

83

Argentina

60

96 81

UK

42

93

75

Hungary

52

35

Poland

78

Brazil

27

42

86

France

Argentina

Brazil

69

Italy

48

US

77

South Korea

45 29

58

Spain

49

Spain Indonesia

Japan

61

South Korea 26 Japan

57

96 89

Germany

80

88

Ukraine

80

88

Russia

73

81

India

86

93

US

86

93

68

Turkey

75

Canada

88 86

Phillippines Nigeria

93

50 50%

93

68 60

70

80

90

100%

77

78

IMPROVING THE U.S. AND WORLD FAST FACTS According to the 2020 Global Gender Gap Index, the US ranks #18 overall in the Western Europe and North American region. Out of all 153 countries, the US ranks #53.

Not one country has achieved total gender equality yet.

Men tend to be more optimistic than women about prospects for gender equality.

Throughout the world, more people are likely to say that men have better lives than women do in their country.

79

1946 The Commission on the Status of Women is formed by the UN to fight for international gender equality.

MARCH 8, 1977 International Women's Day is formally adopted by the UN General Assembly.

IMPROVING THE U.S. AND WORLD

NOTABLE DATES

DECEMBER 20, 1993 The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women is adopted as the first international document to address the violence that women face in their daily lives.

JULY 12, 2013 After surviving a shot to the head by the Taliban, Malala Yousafzai speaks about the importance of education for all at the UN.

JANUARY 21, 2017 Between 3 and 5 million women worldwide march for their rights.

80

TURNING POINT

On March 8, 1911, thousands of women across the globe gathered together to celebrate the first International Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Day. They rallied for universal suffrage and equal treatment. As more countries heard of the celebration, the number of women that gathered to rally each year increased tenfold.

THE JOURNEY

Progress toward addressing issues faced by women around the globe was slow. In 1948, three years after the United Nations was born, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was written and adopted. The document was the first of its kind to detail fundamental rights that belong to both men and women.

More progress was made in the 70s, when the world saw the first International Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Year in 1975, and again in the 90s with the adoption of the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women.

MARCHING ON

Significant strides have been made since entering the 21st century thanks to global activism and the power of media. With the third and fourth waves of feminism came a heavy shift toward the importance of equality and social justice for our female counterparts across the oceans. There was more inclusion of women of color and different races, and this was clearly evident through the rallying around high-profile incidents that women and girls were involuntarily connected with (Me Too, #BringBackOurGirls, Gamergate, etc.).

As we move into the fifth wave of feminism, we must continue to rally for women and girls all over the world to ensure that one day, we can achieve the equality that we all deserve in education, income, reproductive rights, and politics.

81

Global Gender Gap Index 2020 as presented by the World Economic Forum

2020 Ranking 1

–

Rank Change from 2018

Color = Score (1.0 is perfect) 0.0-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.4-0.7 0.7-0.9 0.9-1.0

Iceland

A

B

C

D

E

Position = Score Category A Overall Score D Health (out of 1.0) and Survival E Political B Economic Empowerment Participation and Opportunity C Educational Attainment

Economic participation and opportunity is based on: • labor force participation • wage equality for similar work • estimated earned income • legislators, senior officials and managers • professional and technical workers Educational attainment is based on: • literacy rate • enrollment in primary education • enrollment in secondary education • enrollment in tertiary education Health and survival is based on: • sex ratio at birth • healthy life expectancy Political empowerment is based on: • women in parliament • women in ministerial positions • years with female head of state

˄2

South Africa

18

˄2

Switzerland

19

˅3

Canada

20

˄ 14

Albania

21

˅6

United Kingdom

22

˄ 18

Colombia

23

˄ 12

Moldova

24

*

Trinidad and Tobago

25

˄ 25

Mexico

26

˄7

Estonia

27

˄5

Belgium

28

˅7

Barbados

29

˅1

Belarus

30

˄6

Argentina

31

˅8

Cuba

32

˅1

Burundi

33

˅9

Lithuania

34

˄ 19

Austria

35

˄2

Portugal

36

˅ 25

Slovenia

37

˄ 19

Uruguay

38

˅ 11

Netherlands

39

˅1

Serbia

40

˄2

Poland

41

˄3

Jamaica

42

˅ 17

Bolivia

43

˅ 17

Lao PDR

44

˅5

Australia

45

*

Zambia

46

˅1

Panama

–

Zimbabwe

1

–

Iceland

47

2

–

Norway

48

˅7

Ecuador

3

˄1

Finland

49

˅ 31

Bulgaria

4

˅1

Sweden

50

˅2

Bangladesh

˄ 10

Luxembourg

5

–

Nicaragua

51

6

˄1

New Zealand

52

˄ 20

Cape Verde

˅2

United States

7

˄2

Ireland

53

8

˄ 21

Spain

54

˄ 13

Singapore

˄8

Romania

9

˅3

Rwanda

55

10

˄4

Germany

56

˅7

Mozambique

11

˄6

Latvia

57

˅3

Chile

12

˅2

Namibia

58

˄ 10

Honduras

13

˄9

Costa Rica

59

˄6

Ukraine

14

˅1

Denmark

60

˅1

Croatia

15

˅3

France

61

˅ 31

Bahamas

Philippines

62

˄ 22

Madagascar

16

82

17

˅8

63

˄ 20

Slovak Republic

109 ˅33

Kenya

64

˅ 18

Israel

110 ˄1

Belize

65

˅ 22

Uganda

111

Sierra Leone

66

˅ 14

Peru

112 ˅4

India

67

˅3

Venezuela

113 ˅6

Guatemala

68

˄3

Tanzania

114 ˅26

Myanmar

69

˅7

Bosnia Herzegovina

115 ˅6

Mauritius

70

˅4

Macedonia

116 ˅4

Malawi

71

˅2

Montenegro

117 ˄7

Timor-Leste

72

˅ 12

Kazakhstan

118 ˄7

Angola

73

˅ 18

Botswana

119 ˅1

Benin

74

˄ 25

Georgia

120

UAE

75

˅2

Thailand

121 ˅11

Japan

76

˅6

Italy

122 ˄4

Kuwait

77

˄2

Suriname

123 ˅10

Maldives

78

˄4

Czech Republic

124 ˅5

Tunisia

79

˅ 21

Mongolia

125 ˅9

Guinea

80

˄7

El Salvador

126 *

Vanuatu

81

˅6

Russian Federation

127 *

Papua New Guinea

82

˄35

Ethiopia

128 ˄5

Nigeria

83

˅3

Eswatini

129 –

Burkina Faso

84

˅6

Greece

130 –

Turkey

85

–

Indonesia

131

˅9

Bhutan

86

˅12

Dominican Republic

132 ˅4

Algeria

87

˅10

Vietnam

133 ˅1

Bahrain

88

˅7

Lesotho

134 ˄1

Egypt

89

˄4

Cambodia

135 ˅8

Qatar

90

˄1

Malta

136 ˅16

Gambia, The

91

˄1

Cyprus

137 ˅14

Tajikistan

92

˄3

Brazil

138 –

Jordan

93

˅7

Kyrgyz Republic

139 ˄4

Mali

94

˄3

Azerbaijan

140

Togo

95

˅5

Brunei Darussalam

141 ˅5

Mauritania

96

˅39

Cameroon

142 ˅11

Côted’Ivoire

97

˅1

Liberia

143 ˅6

Morocco

98

–

Armenia

144 ˅5

Oman

99

˅5

Senegal

145 ˅5

Lebanon

100 ˄4

Paraguay

146 ˅5

Saudi Arabia

101 ˄4

Nepal

147 ˅2

Chad

102 ˅2

SriLanka

148 ˅6

Iran

103

Congo, Dem. Rep.

˄3

˄1

˅6

Fiji

149

104 ˅3

Malaysia

150 ˅4

Syria

105

Pakistan

˄3

˅5

Hungary

151

106 ˅3

China

152 ˅5

Iraq

107 ˅18

Ghana

153 ˅4

Yemen

108 ˄7

Korea, Rep.

˅3

˅3

83

It’s very clear that women, not just in America but worldwide, have endured and conquered the struggle for basic human rights. The improvements and opportunities that you just explored were hard-earned, but the fight is not yet over. In our everyday lives, we can work together to advance women’s rights.

WHAT INDIVIDUALS CAN DO As collective individuals, female or not, we can all take part in the continuous fight for women’s rights and gender equality. While progress has certainly been made over the past 100 years, it should not and will not take us 100 more to reach the goals of the women’s rights movement. Here are a few steps we can all take to bring the world closer to gender equality.

Don’t be afraid to speak up Remaining silent does nothing to advance the fight. The female voice has never been more powerful, and it is our responsibility to use that voice to continue to seek reform and support each other. We are women, hear us roar!

Fight everyday stereotypes and embrace diversity Not all women are built the same, just like not all men are built the same.

We all have different mental and physical needs and desires that make us human beings. It is critical that we learn how to embrace these differences and understand the importance of breaking gender-specific stereotypes.

Doing so has the power to unify us as a nation.

Learn from our past and present advocates Women like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton have set great examples of how we can be advocates today. Although many of the rights that they advocated for have been achieved over the past 100 years, we can still learn a lesson or two on the benefits of banding together to petition for equality.

By encouraging and supporting one another, we can achieve even more for women over the next 100 years.

84

WHAT EMPLOYERS CAN DO Much of the possibility for women to advance and succeed in equal rights is hindered in the workplace. To overcome these obstacles and pave the way for a less discriminatory future, employers can and should reevaluate their internal operating systems for a more gender-equal environment. Below are just a few recommended approaches that could go a long way.

Evaluate hiring practices Discrimination can start even before a woman sets foot in the workplace. To avoid this, ensure that job qualifications are inclusive and do not have barriers to diversity. Beyond this, ensure that the workplace is already inclusive and diverse before it grows.

Remove any existing pay gaps between men and women that complete similar work Yes, the wage gap does exist. Pay should correlate with job role, rather than gender, and therefore a pay structure must be established. Doing so can improve transparency and rid workplace bias. Additionally, conducting regular pay audits can help your company to determine if you are on the right track to equal pay.

Support a work/life balance Working mothers often suffer significant pay penalties for time off. This is due to the fact that many companies do not provide childcare support systems. The less support that is given, the more the percentage of women in the workforce drops. To ensure that working mothers are achieving a healthy work/life balance and are feeling supported, companies should grant parental leave for fathers as well. This would give women the opportunity to focus on their careers, while giving fathers the chance to help raise their family.

Create and follow policies against sexual harassment and offence According to a survey from the Center for Talent Innovation, 1 in 3 women have experienced sexual harassment at work. 72% of these women have been harassed by senior members. Companies and their management should ensure that all employees feel mentally and physically safe at their place of work, so it is extremely important that any inappropriate behavior is immediately addressed and handled. By creating and following a set of strict rules against harassment, bullying, stalking, racism, and other offences, companies can provide a safe, open environment for all workers and inform employees that such behavior will not be practiced or tolerated.

85

PARTY STANCES

WITHIN PUBLISHED POLITICAL PLATFORMS OVER TIME The official published political platforms of Democrats and Republicans on the first day of each presidential nominating convention reveal that out of 836,872 total words between 1920 and 2020,

only 28,314 (3%) of those words have been related to women's issues.

The word counts presented are based on an analysis by The Pudding in collaboration with the National Portrait Gallery. words about women in Democratic platform total words in Democratic platform words about women in Republican platform total words in Republican platform

number of words about women and context of words

total number of words in political platform on first day of nominating convention

1920

7,159

suffrage (D) suffrage (R)

6,431 5,864

1924 suffrage (D) economy (R)

5,253

1928

5,650

health, economy (D) leadership (R)

1932

1936

1940 equal rights, economy (D) equal rights (R)

1944

7,877 2,327 3,049 4,681 1941

3,314

WWII Pearl Harbor attack

1,370

equal rights, equal pay (D) equal rights (R)

4,246

1948

4,251

equal rights, economy (D) equal rights, health (R)

1945

WWII ends and United Nations is established

1948

Soviets begin Berlin blockade in Cold War

2,748

1952 health (D) equal rights (R)

stock market crash

1,493

not one mention of women by either party!

economy (D) economy (R)

1929

7,437

1953

8,977

Korean War lasts 1950-1953, followed by Vietnam

6,017

1956

12,927

equal rights, equal pay (D) equal rights, economy (R)

11,406

1960 equal rights, economy (D) economy (R)

1961

16,154 10,677

20,126 8,756

1968 health (D) equal rights (R)

86

1963

MLK Jr. "I Have a Dream" speech

1964 equal rights, equal pay (D) equal rights (R)

Freedom Riders

16,773 9,985

1969

First men on the moon

1972

25,592

equal rights, economy (D) equal rights, economy (R)

1973

Watergate hearings televised; Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion

24,349

1976

21,182

equal rights, economy (D) equal rights, health (R)

1981

20,481

First woman Supreme Court justice is appointed

1980

38,149

economy, health (D) economy, health (R)

34,595

1984

37,120

economy, equal rights (D) economy, equal rights (R)

1988 health, economy equal pay (D) health, economy (R)

1992

27,428 1986

4,828

Challenger explosion

36,300 1990

8,565

Persian Gulf War

health (D) health, economy (R)

1996

28,466 18,116

health (D) health (R)

27,898

2000

1998

24,224

Clinton impeached

health, equal rights (D) health (R)

2004

34,682 2001

17,795

9/11 terrorist attacks

health, equal rights (D) health (R)

2008 health, equal rights, education (D) health (R)

2012 economy, education, equal rights (D) health (R)

2016 health, equal rights, education (D) health, education (R)

41,933 2006

25,945

Nancy Pelosi becomes first woman Speaker of the House

23,814 2008

26,569 31,405

Barack Obama becomes first black president

2011

Gay marriage is legalized

25,893 36,595 2013

Government shutdown over Affordable Care Act disagreement

1920â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2016 total words about women

28,314

87

90

84 health care 80

82 COVID-19

76 race and ethnic inequalities

72 economy

70 68 climate change

65 economic inequality

66 Supreme Court appointments

60

Pro-choice

Equal opportunity

57 foreign policy

Democrats believe it is a womanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal right to decide what she can and cannot do with her body.

50 gun policy

Equal pay and promotion

Democrats believe in affirmative action policies that support and improve equal educational and occupational opportunities. It ensures that all candidates are fairly considered for positions.

50

46

immigration

46 violent crime

40

35 abortion 30

20

10

Democrats in 2020 are most concerned with health care and the COVID-19 outbreak, and least concerned about abortion. % of registered voters saying each is 'very important' to their vote in the presidential election 88

Democrats believe that equal work deserves equal pay, regardless of race or gender. They recognize that pay disparities exist and that closing the gap must involve the government.

Paid family leave Democrats believe employers should be required to offer paid family leave to moms and dads. To do this, they desire to create a new federal fund that is supported by an increase in payroll taxes.

Decrease maternal mortality Democrats believe in reversing the rising trend by addressing maternal health disparities and investing more time and money into research about pregnancy complications.

Protect women against violence Democrats believe in helping women that are victims and survivors of sexual and domestic violence through legal protection measures, support, and resources.

90 88 economy

80

74 violent crime

70

61 immigration

Pro-life

Merit-based system

Republicans believe that an unborn child has a right to life that should not be infringed upon. They believe in support and resources for difficult pregnancies, as long as the unborn childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s right to life is not disturbed.

Republicans disagree with affirmative action policies because it could force employers to consider less-qualified candidates solely to increase diversity.

Instead, they propose a merit-based system that increases the chance of fair decision making.

60 61 Supreme Court appointments

60 gun policy

50 57 foreign 48 health care

policy

More jobs before equal pay Republicans believe that there should be more focus on providing more women with job opportunities. From there, it is up to businesses to address equal pay.

Paid family leave Republicans believe in providing new mothers and fathers with paid leave.

To do this, they believe that employees should take from their future federal benefits and expect to receive smaller benefits later on.

40

Stop the expansion of Medicaid Republicans believe in shrinking Medicaid coverage due its expense and its affect on deficit spending. Medicaid helps low-income Americans of all ages pay for the costs associated with medical and long-term custodial care.

Protect women against violence, but leave guns out of it

39 COVID-19

30

28 economic inequality

24 race and ethnic inequalities

20

Republicans believe that it is important to help victims and survivors of sexual and domestic violence, but do not believe that those convicted should be barred from purchasing a firearm.

10 11 climate change

Republicans in 2020 are most concerned with the economy, and least concerned with climate change and inequalities. % of registered voters saying each is 'very important' to their vote in the presidential election 89

90

VOTE! 1 VOTE! VOTE!

Make sure you are registered to vote.

Check if you live in one of the forty states that allow you to register to vote online and be aware of any registration deadlines (which vary by state). You can find all of this information on the U.S. Vote Foundation website here: https://www.usvotefoundation.org

A lot is at stake in the 2020 election beyond just the presidency, including: •

all 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives

•

35 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate

•

13 state and territorial governorships

•

state and local elections

An election during a pandemic is more complicated than Americans are used to, but it has never been more critical to exercise our right to vote in a fair election.

The next 100 years will no doubt be full of more successes and setbacks towards equality. As an informed body of individuals, it is up to us to ensure that every next step, in all disciplines and aspects of society, is a step towards equal rights.

The following was adopted from The Washington Post to help ensure that mail-in votes count, and in-person voting goes smoothly.

2

What to receive a ballot by mail?

Check your local board of elections office for state requirements.

States may send out ballots automatically, send out applications, or require you to be proactive in requesting one unprompted. Election officials cross-check all records to assure that ballots get to the correct registered voter. Want to vote in person instead? Skip to step #7.

3

Look up when your state mails out ballots — and request one ASAP. Each state has their own timeline of when they send out ballots.

The Postal Service recommends that voters request their ballots at least 15 days before Election Day since many states do not accept ballots received after November 3rd.

4

Fill out your ballot, and make sure to follow the instructions exactly.

Use the envelope provided to mail your ballot back to help verify its authenticity. You will likely also need to sign the back of the envelope.

For security, that signature will be matched to the signature the state has on record for you.

5

Return your ballot ASAP. The Postal Service recommends that voters mail back their ballot by October 27th (one week prior to the election). States that hold all-mail elections provide secure drop boxes.

You could also drop off your ballot at your local elections office, or in some cases you can have a third party deliver your signed and sealed ballot to election officials. Check if your state has a smart bar code that will let you track your ballot on its way to and from your house.

6

Early voting is an option.

Seven states are not allowing absentee voting over concerns about coronavirus. Others have expanded early voting for in-person locations.

Check your individual state.

7

Vote in person.

Double check your polling location because officials are trying to find bigger spaces for social distancing.

Expect the process to take longer than normal as COVID-19 protocols are observed. Note that in some states voters who requested a ballot but did not mail it in can still vote in person.

More information how to register in your state: vote.gov State rules on absentee voting: usa.gov/election-office Polling place locator: vote.org/polling-place-locator

91

Birth

Death

1759 Mary Wollstonecraft

1797

1775 Jane Austen 1793 1797

1817 1880

Lucretia Mott

1883

Sojourner Truth

1815

1902

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

1818

1893

Lucy Stone

1820 Susan B. Anthony

1906

1820 Florence Nightingale

1910

1820 Harriet Tubman

1913

1821

Clara Barton

1912

1821

Elizabeth Blackwell

1910

1838

Victoria Claflin Woodhull

1927

1838

Eva Perón

1927

1849

1949

Hallie Quinn Brown

1858

1928

Emmeline Pankhurst

1863

1954

Mary Church Terrell

1867

1934

Marie Curie

1872

1953

Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans

1875

1955

Mary McLeod Bethune

1879

Helen Gwynne-Vaughan

1879

Margaret Sanger

1880

1967 1966 1958

Marie Stopes

1884 1885

1962

Eleanor Roosevelt

1977

Alice Paul

1887

Beulah Louise Henry

1887

María Teresa Ferrari

1897

1973 1956 1937

Amelia Earhart

1907 1908

2004

Estée Lauder

1910

2008

Dorothy Vaughan

1913

2005

Rosa Parks

1917

1984

Indira Ghandi

1918

It's no secret that the advancements and freedoms that we have today could not have happened without the voice, leadership, and guidance of powerful female advocates all over the world, past and present.

This is just a sample of prominent change-makers of the past four waves of feminism and beginning of the fifth wave.

1954

Frida Kahlo

1921

Betty Friedan

1921

Mary Jackson

2006 2005

1925

Margaret Thatcher

1926

Argelia Laya Patsy Mink

1927

Coretta Scott King

1931

2002 2006 2019

Toni Morrison

1934 1935

Gloria Steinam

2011

Geraldine Ferraro

1941

2015

Beth Brant

1943

1952

politician

2017

Norma McCorvey

1954 1956

2012

Dr. Sally Ride Helen Zia Angela Merkel Eileen Collins

1972

activist

2005

Beatrice Medicine

1951

innovator

business woman

2013 1997

1927

1947

writer

2020

Katherine Johnson

Laverne Cox

1977

healthcare worker

Maryam Mirzakhani

1980

1997

Malala Yousafzai

2003

1740

1760

92

1780

1800

1820

1840

1860

1880

1900

1920

1940

1960

2017

Alexya Salvador

1980

2000

Greta Thunburg

2020

Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759–1797: author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), a book that demonstrated thoughts about educational and social equality for women

Mary McLeod Bethune, 1875–1955: influential civil rights advocate during FDR’s presidency, founder of the National Council of Negro Women

Jane Austen, 1775–1817: English novelist known for her witty social commentary on marriage and romance

Margaret Sanger, 1879–1966: birth control activist, established the organization that eventually became Planned Parenthood

Lucretia Mott, 1793–1880: one of the first abolitionists and women’s rights activists, key organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and a contributor of “The Declaration of Sentiments”

Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, 1879–1967: Commander of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), Commander of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS)

Sojourner Truth, 1797–1883: African American abolitionist and women’s rights activist, first black woman to win a case against a white man

Marie Stopes, 1880–1958: writer and activist who fought for birth control rights and sex education

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1815–1902: one of the first abolitionists and women’s rights activists, key organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention, worked with Susan B. Anthony towards the cause Lucy Stone, 1818–1893: organizer of the American Woman Suffrage Association, first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree Susan B. Anthony, 1820–1906: president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association Florence Nightingale, 1820–1910: led the first team of British nurses during the Crimean War, helped established modern nursing Harriet Tubman, ~1820–1913: conductor of the Underground Railroad, women’s suffrage activist Elizabeth Blackwell, 1821–1910: first woman to receive her medical degree in the U.S. Clara Barton, 1821–1912: nurse to Union and Confederate soldiers during the Civil War, founder of the American Red Cross Victoria Claflin Woodhull, 1838–1927: leader of the women’s suffrage movement, first woman to run for President Eva Perón, 1838–1927: former First Lady of Argentina, founder of first female political party in Argentina Hallie Quinn Brown, 1849–1949: professor at Wilberforce University in Ohio, helped found the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) Emmeline Pankhurst, 1858–1928: founded the Women’s Social and Political Union, dedicated to obtaining the right to vote for women in the UK Mary Church Terrell, 1863–1954: founder of the National Association of Colored Women, one of the first African American women to earn a degree Marie Curie, 1867–1934: Poland’s first female to win a Nobel Prize, and the first to receive the honor twice Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans, 1872–1953: first female woman on a Fortune 500 company’s board of directors

Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1962: served as First Lady for 12 years, advocate for women in politics Alice Paul, 1885–1977: advocate for the 19th Amendment, author of the Equal Rights Amendment María Teresa Ferrari, 1887–1956: first female university professor in Latin America, founded the first maternity ward at her local military hospital Beulah Louise Henry, 1887–1973: inventor of the ice cream freezer, the first bobbinless sewing machine, soap-containing sponges, and the “Miss Illusion” doll Amelia Earhart, 1897–1937: first female to fly a plane solo across the Atlantic Ocean Frida Kahlo, 1907–1954: explored feminism, LGBTQ rights, and cultural history through her unique paintings Estée Lauder, 1908–2004: one of the richest self-made women in the world, leader of her own beauty empire Dorothy Vaughan, 1910–2008: mathematician for NASA, one of their first female and Black supervisors Rosa Parks, 1913–2005: civil rights activist known for her bus boycott Indira Ghandi, 1917–1984: first female prime minister of India

Toni Morrison, 1931–2019: first African American woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature Gloria Steinam, 1934–present: writer and women’s rights advocate, co-founder of Ms. Geraldine Ferraro, 1935–2011: first female U.S. Vice Presidential candidate Beth Brant, 1941–2015: member of the Mohawk Tribe, one of the first gay Native American writers, published poetry and essays about feminism Beatrice Medicine, 1943–2005: member of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, wrote one of the first studies on the lives of Native American women Norma McCorvey (“Jane Roe”), 1947–2017: plaintiff in Roe v. Wade who challenged abortion laws Dr. Sally Ride, 1951–2012: first American woman in space aboard the Challenger Helen Zia, 1952–present: LGBTQ+ youth and sexual assault advocate, co-founder of American Citizens for Justice (ACJ) Angela Merkel, 1954–present: first female Chancellor of Germany, known for handling the Euro-zone debt crisis and the refugee crisis Eileen Collins, 1956–present: first female pilot and first female commander of a NASA Space Shuttle Laverne Cox, 1972–present: actress and LGBTQ+ youth advocate, first transgender person to be nominated for an Emmy Maryam Mirzakhani, 1977–2017: first Iranian and woman to win the Fields medal for mathematics skills Alexya Salvador, 1980–present: first transgender pastor in Latin America Malala Yousafzai, 1997–present: Pakistani advocate for women’s education Greta Thunburg, 2003–present: Swedish climate activist who has been leading protests and raising awareness all over the globe

Katherine Johnson, 1918–2020: mathematician whose calculations helped the U.S. send astronauts to space Mary Jackson, 1921–2005: mathematician and first African American female engineer at NASA Betty Friedan, 1921–2006: author of The Feminine Mystique, which sparked the second wave of feminism Margaret Thatcher, 1925–2013: the first female Prime Minister of the UK Argelia Laya, 1926–1997: Afro-Latina advocate for educational equality and the right to a safe pregnancy Patsy Mink, 1927–2002: elected to the House in 1964, penned the first draft of Title IX bill Coretta Scott King, 1927–2006: advocate for African American equality, leader of the Civil Rights Movement

Although the women on this list were noteworthy in the fight for gender equality, it's important to understand that not all were innocent of their own faults.

For the purpose of this project, we chose to highlight the work that they did and the milestones they hit for women's rights alone.

93

94

â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Hillary Clinton, former United States Secretary of State and first female presidential nominee 95

REFERENCES in order of appearance by section FOUR WAVES OF FEMINISM Anand, T. (2020, April 24). A brief summary of the first wave of Feminism. Feminism In India. Retrieved from https://feminisminindia.com/2018/04/24/ summary-first-wave-of-feminism/ Anand, T. (2018, April 25). A brief summary of the second wave of Feminism. Feminism In India.

Retrieved from https://feminisminindia. com/2018/04/25/summary-second-wave-of-feminism/ Anand, T. (2018, April 27). A brief summary of the third wave of Feminism. Feminism In India. Retrieved from https://feminisminindia.com/2018/04/27/ brief-summary-third-wave-of-feminism/ History.com Editors. (2019, November 20). Seneca Falls convention. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-rights/ seneca-falls-convention#section_1

Pew Research Center. (2016, June 15-26). Top voting issues for men and women: % of registered voters saying each is very important to their vote in 2016 [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https:// www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/28/acloser-look-at-the-gender-gap-in-presidential-voting/ Pew Research Center. (2019, July 10-15). In politics TODAY, do you consider yourself a Republican, Democrat, or independent? [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FT_19.07.23_ Mueller_Topline.pdf

McKenzie, I. (2019, December 2). Here’s the tea: The evolution of fourth-wave feminism in the 2010s. The Post. Retrieved from https://www.thepostathens.com/ article/2019/12/decade-in-review-feminism-me-too

Solomon, D. (2019, November 19). Women of color: A collective powerhouse in the U.S. electorate.

Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/ reports/2019/11/19/477309/women-color-collectivepowerhouse-u-s-electorate/

VOTER TURNOUT

EDUCATION

Adler, B. S. E. (2020, February 28). Black women had to fight for the right to vote on two fronts. AARP. Retrieved from https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/ info-2020/black-women-voting-rights.html#quest1

Dartmouth. (2016, November 3). Women, marriage, education, and occupation in the United States from 1940-2000. History 90.01: Topics in Digital History.

Retrieved from https://journeys.dartmouth.edu/ censushistory/2016/11/03/women-marriage-andeducation-in-the-united-states-from-1940-2000/

American Civil Liberties Union. (2020, March 3).

ACLU news & commentary. ALCU. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/news/civil-liberties/blockthe-vote-voter-suppression-in-2020/ Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2019, September 16). Among Asians/Pacific Islanders, Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites, the number of female voters in recent elections has exceeded the number of male voters [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/ resources/genderdiff.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2019, September 16). Among younger citizens (18-64), a higher proportion of women than men voted in 2016, 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000 and 1996; the pattern is reversed among older voters (65 and up) [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/ files/resources/genderdiff.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2019, September 16). Gender differences in voter turnout.

CAWP. Retrieved from http://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/ default/files/resources/genderdiff.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2014).

Party identification [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/resources/ ggprtyid.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2014).

Presidential performance ratings [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/ default/files/resources/ggprtyid.pdf Dittmar, K. (2018, July 3). The gender gap in voting: Setting the record straight. Center for American Women and Politics. Retrieved from https://www.cawp.rutgers. edu/footnotes/gender-gap-voting-settingrecord-straight

96

National Women’s History Museum. (2016, August 23).

National Woman Suffrage Association. History of U.S. Woman’s Suffrage. Retrieved from http://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nwsa-organize

Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Number of doctoral degrees earned in the United States from 1949/50 to 2028/29, by gender (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/185167/ number-of-doctoral-degrees-by-gender-since1950/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20the%20 number,degree%20in%20the%20United%20States.

Dutrow, D. (n.d.). The history of single-gender education in America. Sutori.

Retrieved from https://www.sutori.com/story/ the-history- of-single-gender-education-in-america-vm3coS98UMEejmhW97oYe1hy Fry, R. (2019, June 20). U.S. women near milestone in the college-educated labor force. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ fact-tank/2019/06/20/u-s-women-near-milestone-inthe-college-educated-labor-force/ GEM Report SCOPE. (n.d.). UNESCO. Retrieved from https://www.education-progress.org/en/articles/ learning/ Perry, M. (2019, August 28). Chart of the day: The incredible 13M gender college degree gap since 1982 favoring women. American Enterprise Institute.

Retrieved from https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/ chart-of-the-day-the-incredible-13m-gender-collegedegree-gap-since-1982-favoring-women/ PhD gender gaps around the world [Chart]. (2014, September 18). Flowingdata. Retrieved from https://flowingdata.com/2014/09/18/phd-gendergaps-around-the-world/ Rodriguez, L. (2019, September 24). Girls’ education: 7 obstacles and how to overcome them. Global Citizen.

Retrieved from https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/ content/barriers-to-girls-education-around-the-world/ Rury, J. (2020, July 14). Coeducation | Encyclopedia. com. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved from https://www. encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/education/ education-terms-and-concepts/coeducation

Duffin, E. (2020, January 30). Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in the United States in 2019, by educational attainment and gender (in current U.S. dollars) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/185332/medianweekly-earnings-of-full-time-wage-and-salary-workersby-educational-attainment/

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017, December 27).

Percent distribution of women in the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment [Table]. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2017/a-look-atwomens-education-and-earnings-since-the-1970s. htm?view_full

Duffin, E. (2020, April 1). Number of U.S. population in 2019, by educational attainment (population in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https:// www.statista.com/statistics/240868/educationalattainment-in-the-us/

U.S. Department of Education (ED). (2015, April 1).

Title IX and sex discrimination. U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/ offices/list/ocr/docs/tix_dis.html

Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Number of bachelor's degrees earned in the United States from 1949/50 to 2028/29, by gender (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista.

Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/ statistics/185157/number-of-bachelor-degrees-bygender-since-1950/#:~:text=The%20statistic%20 shows%20the%20number,degree%20in%20the%20 United%20States.

INCOME Fast facts: the gender pay gap. (2020, March 27).

AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881. Retrieved from https://www.aauw.org/resources/article/fastfacts-pay-gap/ History.com Editors. (2019, April 2). Equal Pay Act. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/ topics/womens-rights/equal-pay-act

Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Associate's degrees earned in the United States by gender 1970-2029 (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista. com/statistics/185168/number-of-associates-degreesby-gender/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20 the%20number,degree%20in%20the%20United%20 States.

Institute for Women’s Policy Research. (2017, November 1). Women’s median earnings as a percent of men’s, 1985-2016 (Full-time, year-round workers) with projections for pay equity, by Race/Ethnicity.

Institute for Women’s Policy Research. Retrieved from https://iwpr.org/publications/womens-medianearnings-1985-2016/

Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Number of Master's degrees earned in the United States from 1949/50 to 2028/29, by gender (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/185160/numberof-masters-degrees-by-gender-since-1950/

Living New Deal. (2017, March 3). Fair Labor Standards Act (1938). Living New Deal. Retrieved from https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/fair-laborstandards-act-1938/ National Committee on Pay Equity. (n.d.). History of the struggle for fair pay. National Committee on Pay Equity. Retrieved from https://www.pay-equity.org/ info-history.html

Payscale. (2020). Career progression: men [Chart].

Payscale. Retrieved from https://www.payscale.com/ data/gender-pay-gap Payscale. (2020). Career progression: women [Chart].

Payscale. Retrieved from https://www.payscale.com/ data/gender-pay-gap Payscale. (2020). The gender pay gap by occupation [Table]. Payscale. Retrieved from https://www. payscale.com/data/gender-pay-gap Robertson, L. (2018, October 24). 5 reasons the gender pay gap exists (yes, there’s not just one). Future Women. Retrieved from https://futurewomen.com/ hotlists/5-reasons-gender-pay-gap-exists/

Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2020, January 30). Percent distribution of maternal deaths, by cause of death: United States, 2018 [Chart]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/ nvsr69/nvsr69-02-508.pdf Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2016).

Reported abortions, by known age group and year — selected reporting areas, United States, 2007–2016 [Table]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ mmwr/volumes/68/ss/ss6811a1.htm Gender inequality facts. (2020, May 23). Facts.net.

Retrieved from https://facts.net/history/culture/ gender-inequality-facts

United States Census Bureau. (2018, July). Detailed occupation by median earnings in the past 12 months, sex and education for full-time, year-round workers: ACS 2016 [Chart]. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/ industry-occupation/acs-2016.html

Haq, J. (2019, February 5). Why Young Adults Are Having Fewer Children Than Their Ideal Number [Table]. Odyssey. Retrieved from https://www.theodysseyonline.com/americansare-having-less-babies/why-young-adults-are-havingfewer-children-than-their-ideal-number

United States Census Bureau. (2019, August 22).

Personal income: PINC-05. U.S. Census Bureau.

Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/ tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/ cps-pinc/pinc-05.html

Institute for Women’s Policy and Research. (n.d.).

How the states measure up: Women’s status on the Reproductive Rights Composite Index and its components [Table]. Institute for Women’s Policy and Research. Retrieved from https://statusofwomendata.org/explore-the-data/ reproductive-rights/additional-state-data/reproductiverights-composite/

Wage gap between men and women by state, per dollar [Table]. (2018, March). National Partnership for Women and Families. Retrieved from https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/ resources/economic-justice/fair-pay/americas-womenand-the-wage-gap.pdf Women’s Bureau. (2017). Median annual earnings by sex, race and Hispanic ethnicity [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/data/ earnings#earnings-over-time Women’s Bureau. (2017). Occupations with the largest gender earnings gap [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor.

Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/ data/earnings#earnings-over-time Women’s Bureau. (2017). Occupations with the smallest gender earnings gap [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/ agencies/wb/data/earnings#earnings-over-time

Johnston, R. (2019, April 14). Abortions by race/ ethnicity, United States, 1965-2017, estimated [Chart].

Johnston Archives. Retrieved from http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/ usa_abortion_by_race.html Johnston, R. (2019, April 14). Live births by race/ ethnicity, United States, 1965-2017, estimated [Chart].

Johnston Archives. Retrieved from http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/ usa_abortion_by_race.html Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, March 8).

Characteristics of clients who used services at Title X sites in 2017 [Chart]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/ new-title-x-regulations-implications-for-women-andfamily-planning-providers/

U.S. women are losing abortion access. Here are the facts. (2019, August 21). Apolitical. Retrieved from https://apolitical.co/en/solution_article/us-women-arelosing-abortion-access-here-are-the-facts FAMILY LIFE AND LEAVE Blakely-Gray, R. (2019, June 17). What are the states with paid family leave? Thorough Guide. Patriot.

Retrieved from https://www.patriotsoftware.com/blog/ payroll/states-with-paid-family-leave/ The Cost of Raising a Child. [Graphic]. (2020, February 18). U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov/media/ blog/2017/01/13/cost-raising-child DeRosa, M. (2018, June 21). History of maternity leave in the US. VantagePoint. Retrieved from https://vantagepointbenefit.com/history-of-maternityleave-in-the-us/ Kornfeind, K. R., & Sipsma, H. L. (2018, May 2). Exploring the link between maternity leave and postpartum depression. Women’s Health Issues, 28(4), 321-326.

DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2018.03.008 Lenhart, A., Schulte, B., & Swenson, H. (2019, December 12). Navigating work and care. New America.

Retrieved from https://www.newamerica.org/ better-life-lab/reports/navigating-work-and-care/ OECD Family Database. (2018). Paid maternity, parental and home care leave available to mothers, in weeks, 2018 [Table]. OECD. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_ systems.pdf Pew Research Center. (2013, October 7-27). Mothers, more than fathers, experience career interruptions: % of fathers/mothers saying they have done each of the following in order to care for a child or family member [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/22/ gender-pay-gap-facts/ Sholar, M. (n.d.). The history of family leave policies in the United States. Organization of American Historians.

Retrieved from https://www.oah.org/tah/issues/2016/ november/the-history-of-family-leave-policies-in-theunited-states/ Siegel, M. L. (2019, November 29). The forgotten origins of paid family leave. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/opinion/ mothers-paid-family-leave.html

REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, March 8). Health centers with Title X status are more likely to provide effective family planning methods onsite and to offer services associated with high quality care: Percent of health centers reporting they offer... [Chart]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/womens-healthpolicy/issue-brief/new-title-x-regulations-implicationsfor-women-and-family-planning-providers/

Alan Guttmacher Institute. (2004). Percentage distribution of women having an abortion, by their most important reason for having the abortion, 2004 and 1987 [Table]. Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ journals/3711005.pdf

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, July 30).

Key family planning/reproductive health (FP/RH) indicators by region [Table]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/ the-u-s-government-and-international-family-planningreproductive-health-efforts/

Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November).

Percentage distribution of adult female victims by type of victimization and perpetrator gender [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf

Amandus, H., Coben, J., Gurka, K., Konda, S., & Tiesman, H. (2012, April 1). Workplace homicides among U.S. women: The role of intimate partner violence. ScienceDirect. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/ pii/S1047279712000245

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, March 8). The share of women served by Planned Parenthood varies by state: Percent of female contraceptive clients served at publicly funded centers who received services at Planned Parenthood in 2015 [Graph]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issuebrief/new-title-x-regulations-implications-for-womenand-family-planning-providers/

Women’s Bureau. (2017). Women's earnings as a share of men’s across the occupational distribution [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/data/ earnings#earnings-over-time

Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention.

(2020, January 30). Maternal mortality rates, by age: United States, 2018 [Chart]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr69/ nvsr69-02-508.pdf Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2020, January 30). Maternal mortality rates, by single race and Hispanic origin: United States, 2018 [Chart]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/ nvsr69/nvsr69-02-508.pdf

Larson, J. (2017, January 17). The 200-year fight for abortion access. The Cut. Retrieved from https://www.thecut.com/2017/01/timeline-the-200year-fight-for-abortion-access.html Michals, D. (2017). Margaret Sanger. National Women’s History Museum. Retrieved from https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/ biographies/margaret-sanger

6 shocking facts about gender inequality in 2019. (2020, March 3). Pan Macmillan. Retrieved from https://www. panmacmillan.com/blogs/lifestyle-wellbeing/shockinggender-inequality-facts-melinda-gates

Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November).

Percentage distribution of adult victims of violence by victim-perpetrator relationship and victim gender: All types of victimization [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November).

Percentage distribution of adult male victims by type of victimization and perpetrator gender [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November).

Percentage distribution of rape victims by age at time of first rape and victim gender [Chart].

U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf

Roe v. Wade. (n.d.). Oyez. Retrieved from https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18

97

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2019, February 27).

Percent of workers with access to paid and unpaid family leave by establishment size and ownership, March 2018 [Chart]. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2019/ access-to-paid-and-unpaid-family-leave-in-2018.htm World Health Organization. (2013). Prevalence of intimate partner violence by GBD region [Table]. WHO. Retrieved https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.

IPVGBDREGION World Health Organization. (2013). Prevalence of non-partner sexual violence by GBD region [Table].

WHO. Retrieved https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view. main.NPSVGBDREGION WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP Center for the American Woman and Politics (n.d.).

Women in the U.S. Congress 2020. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/ women-us-congress-2020 Grant Thornton. (2020, March 2). Blueprint for action.

Grant Thornton International Ltd. Home. Retrieved from https://www.grantthornton.global/en/insights/ women-in-business-2019/blueprint-for-action/ Historic firsts in women’s education in the United States. (2009, March 11). U.S. News & World Report.

Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/education/ articles/2009/03/11/historic-firsts-in-womenseducation-in-the-united-states History.com Editors. (2020, February 28). Famous firsts in women’s history. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/ famous-firsts-in-womens-history History.com Editors. (2020, February 5). Women’s history milestones: A timeline. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/ womens-history-us-timeline

Cann, O., & Salyer, K. (2019, December 17).

Everything you need to know about the gender gap in 2020. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/12/gendergap-report-gender-parity-how-to-speed-up-progress

Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13).

Percentage of Fortune 500 CEOs who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/

Churchill, L. (n.d.). The Feminine Mystique | summary, significance, & facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.

Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/ The-Feminine-Mystique

Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13).

Percentage of state governors who are women [Table].

Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13).

Percentage of state legislators who are women [Table].

Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13).

Percentage of U.S. representatives who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13).

Percentage of U.S. senators who are women [Table].

Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13).

Percentage of university and college presidents who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center.

Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/ fact-sheet/the-data-on-women-leaders/

Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2019, March 5).

Women in Parliament [Chart]. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/04/the-us-ranks-75thin-womens-representation-in-government.html

Pew Research Center. (2018, June 19-July 2). Women have a relative advantage over men on several aspects of political leadership: % saying women/men in high political offices are better at... [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends. org/2018/09/20/women-and-leadership-2018/

Kerber, R. (2020, February 10). Women business leader numbers are on the rise - but it's not fast enough.

World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/womenscorporate-board-change-gender-equality-business/

Women in Congress. (2020, January 15). Number of women in the House and Senate by state, district, or territory, 1917-present [Graph]. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ misc/R43244.pdf

Miller, C. C., Sanger-Katz, M., & Quealy, K. (2018, April 24). The top jobs where women are outnumbered by men named John. The New York Times Company.

Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/ interactive/2018/04/24/upshot/women-and-mennamed-john.html

Women’s Rights Timeline. (n.d.). National Archives.

Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/ women/timeline

Pew Research Center. (2018, June 19-July 2).

Men and women who see a gender gap in styles of leadership differ on who has a better approach: % saying that when it comes to the leadership styles of people in top positions in business and politics…

[Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/09/20/womenand-leadership-2018/ Pew Research Center. (2018, June 19-July 2). On several aspects of corporate leadership, many give women the edge: % saying women/men in top executive business positions are better at each of the following [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/09/20/womenand-leadership-2018/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13).

Percentage of Cabinet or Cabinet-level positions held by women [Table]. Pew Research Center.

Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/ fact-sheet/the-data-on-women-leaders/

98

Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13).

Percentage of Fortune 500 board members who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/

PERCEPTION OF EQUALITY Barone, E. (2019, September 26). While 8 in 10 Americans want equality, their priorities vary: What do you think is the most important first step to increasing gender equality in the US? [Table]. TIME. Retrieved from https://time.com/5667397/gender-equality-opinions/ Barone, E. (2019, September 26). Younger people are prepared to address gender inequality: Do you feel that achieving gender equality in the US is something you can personally impact? [Table]. TIME. Retrieved from https://time.com/5667397/gender-equality-opinions/ Blakemore, E. (2018, November 26). Why the fight over the e=Equal Rights Amendment has lasted nearly a century. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/news/equal-rightsamendment-fail-phyllis-schlafly The Cabinet Office. (2012). Sense of equality in terms of the status of men and women throughout the entire society [Chart]. The Cabinet Office. Retrieved http://www.gender.go.jp/english_contents/pr_act/pub/ pamphlet/women-and-men17/pdf/1-10.pdf

History & Vision (2018). Me Too Movement.

Retrieved from https://metoomvmt.org/about/ Me Too: sexual harassment awareness & prevention. (n.d.). Maryville Online. https://online.maryville.edu/ blog/understanding-the-me-too-movement-a-sexualharassment-awareness-guide/ Pew Research Center. (2017, August 8-21, September 14-28). Democrats more than twice as likely as Republicans to say more work is needed to bring about gender equality: % saying the country ___ when it comes to giving women equal rights with men [Table].

Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/10/18/widepartisan-gaps-in-u-s-over-how-far-the-country-hascome-on-gender-equality/ Pew Research Center. (2017, August 8-21, September 14-28). Democrats more than twice as likely as Republicans to say more work is needed to bring about gender equality: % saying ___ in our country these days [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/10/18/widepartisan-gaps-in-u-s-over-how-far-the-country-hascome-on-gender-equality/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Few think women have a better life than men: % who say _ have a better life in their country [Chart].

Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ Pew Research Center. (2017, August 8-21, September 14-28). For Democrats, views on gender equality are closely linked to educational attainment: % of Democrats and Democratic leaners saying the following [Table]. Pew Research Center.

Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends. org/2017/10/18/wide-partisan-gaps-in-u-s-over-howfar-the-country-has-come-on-gender-equality/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Majorities think men and women have about the same influence in making important family decisions: % who say that, in a family, _ when it comes to making important decisions about... [Graph]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Many think men have more opportunities than women when it comes to getting high-paying jobs: % who say _ when it comes to… [Graph]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). More people now say men have a better life than women in their country: % who say men have a better life than women in their country [Chart]. Pew Research Center.

Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ global/2020/04/30/worldwide-optimism-aboutfuture-of-gender-equality-even-as-many-seeadvantages-for-men/

Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Women less optimistic than men about gender equaltiy in their country: % of _ who say either it is likely that women in their country will eventually have the same rights as men or that women already have the same rights as men. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ TACKLING SOCIAL NORMS: a game changer for gender inequalities. (n.d.). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/ en/GSNI IMPROVING THE U.S. AND THE WORLD Horowitz, J. M. (2020, April 30). Worldwide optimism about future of gender equality, even as many see advantages for men. Pew Research Center.

Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ global/2020/04/30/worldwide-optimism-aboutfuture-of-gender-equality-even-as-many-seeadvantages-for-men/ Women of the world, unite! (n.d.). UN Women.

Retrieved from https://interactive.unwomen.org/ multimedia/timeline/womenunite/en/index.html#/ World Economic Forum. (2019, December 17).

Global Gender Gap Report 2020 [Table]. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf

Miller, C. C. (2019, November 21). Republicans now support a form of paid leave. So what’s the holdup?

The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/21/ upshot/paid-leave-2020-debate.html Quinlan, C. (2019, March 27). 187 Republicans vote against bill to close the gender wage gap.

ThinkProgress. Retrieved from https://archive.thinkprogress.org/paycheckfairness-act-gender-wage-gap-bill-republican-partyvote-1875b79a9d16/ Rayasam, R. (2019, June 14). Efforts to save new moms clash with GOP’s Medicaid cuts. POLITICO. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/ story/2019/06/14/new-moms-clash-gop-medicaidcuts-1364564 Republicanviews.org. (2015, July 30). Democratic views on affirmative action. Republican Views.

Retrieved from https://www.republicanviews.org/ democratic-views-on-affirmative-action/ Republicanviews.org. (2014, March 14). Republican views on abortion. Republican Views.

Retrieved from https://www.republicanviews.org/ republican-views-on-abortion/ Republicanviews.org. (2015, July 30). Republican views on affirmative action. Republican Views.

Retrieved from https://www.republicanviews.org/ democratic-views-on-affirmative-action/

WHAT INDIVIDUALS AND EMPLOYERS CAN DO Akhtar, A. (2019, June 21). 1 in 3 women say they’ve been sexually harassed at work, but they’re not reporting it. Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.nl/professionalwomen-have-experienced-sexual-harassment20196?international=true&r=US 5 things employers can do to improve gender equality in the workplace. (n.d.). Next Generation.

Retrieved from https://www.nextgeneration.ie/ blog/2018/04/workplace-gender-equality Innovation, C. F. T. (2018, July 11). The pervasiveness of sexual harassment in today’s whitecollar workplace. PR Newswire. Retrieved from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/thepervasiveness-of-sexual-harassment-in-todays-whitecollar-workplace-300679484.html Rongala, A. (2019, January 25). 6 ways to promote gender equality at workplace. Invensis. Retrieved from https://www.invensislearning.com/blog/workplacegender-equality/ THEN AND NOW: PARTY STANCES DeBonis, M. (2019, April 4). Democrats’ bill forces GOP to choose between NRA and protecting women.

Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www. washingtonpost.com/powerpost/house-backsnew-version-of-violence-against-women-act-withexpansion-of-gun-control/2019/04/04/29b011f45616-11e9-814f-e2f46684196e_story.htm Diehm, J & Goldenburg, R. (n.d.). Women’s issues within political party platforms [Chart]. The Pudding. Retrieved from https://pudding.cool/projects/votes-for-women/ DNC statement on Father’s Day and paid family leave.

(2016, June 19). Democrats. Retrieved from https://democrats.org/news/dnc-statement-on-fathersday-and-paid-family-leave/ Kolinovsky, S. (2019, April 5). House Republicans, at NRA’s urging, vote against Violence Against Women Act. ABC News. Retrieved from https://abcnews. go.com/Politics/house-republicans-nras-urging-voteviolence-women-act/story?id=62198856

99

100