Fifth Wave Progress and persistence after 100 years of suffrage and four waves of feminism
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS About this Project / 5 Four Waves of Feminism / 6 Voter Turnout / 8 Education / 16 Income / 24 Reproductive Rights / 34 Family Life and Leave / 46 Women in Leadership / 56 Perception of Equality / 68 Improving the U.S. and the World / 78 What Individuals and Employers Can Do / 84 Then and Now: Party Stances / 86 Vote! Vote! Vote! / 90 Making Waves Throughout History / 92 References / 96
4
The year 2020 makes it a full century since white women in America were granted the right to vote with the passing and ratification of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution. Since that pivotal day in June of 1920, the fight for women of all colors, shapes, and sizes has continued to grow in strength and numbers as society has evolved. We have fought and won the chance to receive a proper education, pursue our dream careers, and speak our minds, which is more than we could have imagined in the early 20th century. Although these triumphs and many more have been celebrated, after 100 years, the fight is far from over. Gender equality is still not a uniform practice, nationally or internationally. We have created a report using data that details the many advancements women have made in voter participation, education, income, leadership, and other areas. The information spans from as early as 1917 to as recent as 2020, and is supplemented with timelines of important events in the history of women’s rights, past and present notable female figures, and explanations on how society today can help further the fight for gender equality throughout the United States and beyond its borders.
Sophia Alfieri Quinnipiac University Alum MS, Interactive Media + Design '20 BA, Public Relations '19 sophiaralfieri@gmail.com
Courtney Marchese Associate Professor Interactive Media + Design Quinnipiac University courtneymarchese@gmail.com
We invite you to look back on the past 100 years with appreciation and aspiration for all of the advancements that women have made in society. Additionally, we encourage you to become familiar with the gaps that still exist for women all over the world and how we can work towards closing them as a united front. Together, we can ensure that it will not take another 100 years for women to be granted the equal rights that they desire and deserve. Although this report serves to champion how far America has come with gender equality and demonstrate the issues that still need correcting, we acknowledge that gender equality is not the only issue that women and men face within the United States and throughout the rest of the world. For the purpose of this project, in accordance with the anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment, we decided to limit our data to cover the most prominent issues that women have faced and overcome within the past 100 years.
5
FOUR WAVES OF FEMINISM AND 100 YEARS AGO...
In July of 1848, roughly 300 men and women gathered together at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, New York with one shared initiative – to fight for women’s suffrage. Under the leadership of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Mary M’Clintock, Martha Coffin Wright, and Jane Hunt, the attendees spent two days discussing women’s rights to jobs, education, property, and politics. These grievances, and many more, were formally aired out in the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments. This document, signed by many of these original women’s rights champions, and the resolutions that followed became a rally cry for all women in America that were tired of being perceived as inferior to men. Although the Seneca Falls Convention was an influential step for the women’s rights movement, females in America were nowhere close to finishing the fight for equality. Months and years following the convention were filled with continuous campaigns, protests, and petitioning for equality, especially in voting rights. It would eventually take 72 more years of fighting for women to gain the right to vote in the United States. Since that fateful ratification day in August of 1920, the cause has continued to challenge new issues as time has passed and the world has evolved. Education, income, reproductive rights, paid leave, and more issues have risen to the forefront of the movement because, even 100 years later, women still do not see complete equality in the United States and beyond.
6
1
2
3
The first wave of feminism began in the 1830s and lasted until the 19th Amendment was passed in 1920.
A post-World War II country brought on a second wave from the 1960s to the late 1980s.
The third wave of feminism picked up in the 1990s and carried on until the mid-2000s.
The main focus during this time was freedom of oppression and social reformation. Women understood that the only way they could bring about significant change was to gain the right to vote. So, much of the petitioning during the first wave was for white women’s suffrage, with some emphasis on economic and reproductive rights as well.
After taking over the labor force while their husbands went off to fight, some women desired to continue being independent, working mothers even after the war was over. Largely influenced by Betty Friedan’s book, The Feminine Mystique, this wave rallied around breaking down gender norms. Women pushed for equality in education and in the workforce, as well as fought for reproductive health.
This was a much more inclusive wave, with white women bringing in minority groups that were previously left out of the movement in fear of them ruining its agenda. The fight for equal treatment in the workforce continued on, but new to this wave was more fervor and focus on political representation, reproductive rights, and sexuality. The use of pop culture and the media helped to fuel the fire behind female empowerment and increase support for the rallying against negative portrayals of body image and sexuality.
First Wave of Feminism
Second Wave of Feminism
Similar to the first wave, the second wave exclusively focused on white women only.
4
5
Not long after the third wave ended, the fourth wave made its way into the United States and other countries with the help of the Internet.
Some scholars believe that we are currently in the fifth wave.
Fourth Wave of Feminism
Online movements like #MeToo and #BringBackOurGirls brought the ideas of intersectionality and inclusion to the feminist agenda. Additionally, this wave carried over the focus on body positivity and the fight against sexual violence. It is said to have ended in 2018.
Third Wave of Feminism
Fifth Wave of Feminism
Now, almost 200 years after the first wave, the ideology does not and should not apply to gender only. Rather, this wave should consider the disparities that all under-represented groups suffer. Activists and supporters should use their efforts and platforms to promote resolving all types of issues that exist in the world today.
The data that you are about to see demonstrates the struggles that women have, and have yet to, overcome in the fight for equality.
7
8
VOTER TURNOUT FAST FACTS Since 2000, the citizen voting-age population (CVAP) of women of color has increased by 59 percent — a
gain of more than 13.5 million potential votes. Women voter turnout rates have gradually increased and exceeded male turnout rates since 1980.
Women are more likely than men to register to vote. In 2016, 83.8 million women were registered to vote, compared to 73.8 million men. 9
JULY 19, 1848 Around 200 women convene in Seneca Falls, New York to rally against the discrimination of women through the “Declaration of Sentiments and Grievances.”
JULY 19, 1866
VOTER TURNOUT NOTABLE DATES
Women begin heavy petitioning for Universal Suffrage.
1867 A Women's Suffrage Amendment is introduced to Congress by Kansas Senator S.C. Pomeroy. Congress rejects the proposal.
MAY 15, 1869 The National Woman Suffrage Association is formed. Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, this organization believed that women should fight for the right to be included in all aspects of society.
1920 The National American Woman Suffrage Association dissolves after achieving their mission.
1971 The National Women’s Political Caucus is founded to tackle trending women’s issues.
10
TURNING POINT
After almost a century of protesting and petitioning, Congress ratified the 19th Amendment on August 18th, 1920, granting all American women the right to vote. It read: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.� Months later, on November 2nd, more than 8 million women across the United States turned out to vote for the first time.
THE JOURNEY
Although the 19th Amendement was a triumph for women across the country, female voter discrimination was still experienced by Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). Literacy tests and poll taxes remained persistent hurdles of black voter suppression for decades, while white women continued to show up to the polls with ease. These problems were finally addressed with the passing of the Voting Rights Act on August 6, 1965, which outlawed discriminatory voting practices against African Americans and eventually non-English communities including Native Americans, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Asian Americans, and others. Afterwards, voter turnout among African American women dramatically increased and appended to the overall count of female voter turnout in the country.
MARCHING ON Although all women in the United States have the right to vote, and have greatly exercised that right, voter suppression still remains a prominent issue for all citizens. Voter ID laws, registration restrictions, and gerrymandering are among some of the difficult measures that make casting a ballot challenging for some. Now, it is our duty to exercise the fundamental right that we struggled to receive all those years ago to make a difference and help protect the votes of future generations that will shape our country.
11
Voter turnout by race over time (in millions) women, Black
women, White
women, Hispanic
women, Asian/islander
total registered women
women voted
men, Black
men, White
men, Hispanic
men, Asain/islander
total registered men
men voted 83.8
80 75
73.8 70.3
70 65
60.7
60 55
53.1
50
47.8
45 40 35 30 25 20 15
10.4 7.4 6.0 5.2 2.1 1.8
10 5 0
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
Percentage of eligible women who reported voting in 2016 by race as compared with eligible men who reported voting (
)
49.7
Asian/Pacific Islander 48.4
54.2
Black 63.7 Hispanic 50 White 66.8
45 63.7
By 2016, there were about 10 million more registered female voters than male voters, AND about 20 million total registered voters did not report ever casting a vote.
12
2016
Voter turnout by age over time (in millions) 18-24 women
25-44 women
45-64 women
65-74 women
75+ women
total women
18-24 men
25-44 men
45-64 men
65-74 men
75+ men
total men
30 28
first post 9/11 election year
26
27.3 24.4
24
22.2
22 20
18.8
18 16 14 12
10.7
10
9.5
8
7.3 6.2 5.8 5.4
6 4 2 0
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Percentage of eligible women who reported voting in 2016 by age group as compared with eligible men who reported voting (
18-24 46% 24-44 59.7% 45-64 68.2%
)
40 53 64.9
65-74 72.5% 75+ 66%
72.5 71.6
Women vote more consistently than men, but overall turnout is still weak among young voters, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders.
13
Party identification and approval rating of presidential performance Democrat women
Democrat men
Republican women
Republican men
75
Presidential Approval, women
Presidential Approval, men
post 9/11
70
65
60
55
50
50
strong economy 45
Clinton impeachment
40
42
36
35
election year
30
27 25
23
Gulf War 20
20 market crash
15
10
5
0
1988
1990
Reagan
HW Bush
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Clinton
2004
2006
2008
2010
W Bush
2012
Obama
Voting issue importance to women and men
% of registered voters saying each is very important to their vote in 2016
Women
economy
83
terrorism
78
healthcare
71
gun policy
74 74
immigration
69
treatment of minorities
56
education
63
Supreme Court
68
64
abortion
52 52
32
30
66
57
38
trade policy
14
69 65
47
76
71 69
social security environment
85 82
77
69
foreign policy
treatment of LGBTQ
Men
62
49
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
2014
Voter political party identification over time (%) Democrat
lean Democrat
30.8
2018
Independent
lean Republican
18.3
37.6 (+8.3 since 1990)
2017
31.4
18.7
2016
32
2015
30.4
2014
31.5
2013
32.1
2012
32.6
16.1
36.4
2011
32.3
15.6
37.4
32.7
2010 2009
34.4
2008
36
2007
32.9
31.5
2003
40.1
16.4
16.5
39.5
16.2
16
38.3
34.1
2001 Pre-9/11
1995
30
1994
31.5
33.7 31.4
1990
33.2
25.3 27.8 29.3
30.5
12
30.3
11.6
29.8
12.4
30.4
11.6
29.5
11.9
29
27.9 30.9 29.1
31.1
30
11.7
11.7
30.9
12.1 11.6
27.3 28
13
33.7
11.6
26.6 27.9
14.1
32
12.2
28
14.9
31.8
12.1
28.9
13.53
33.7
12.2
33.5 34.2 34.1
26.5
1991
23.9
12.6
14.9
33.6
1993
25.2
29.5
13.1
33.9
1996
24.3
13.4
14.5
33.4
1997
24.7
25.7
10.9
10.3
11.7
33.7
1998
10.6
30.2
13.5
33.5
1999
13.1
14.9
33.4
2000
23.9
14.5
10.5
9.4
34.4
23.2
15.7
30.9
31.8
2001 Post-9/11
23.7
14.4
15.1
33.2
2001
25.4
16.2
35.2
31.5
23.6
14.6
35.1
31.4
2002
1992
17.3
17
33.5
2004
36.5
15.23
25.7
15.8
17
15.7
32.8
2005
14.7
39.4
14.1
33.1
2006
Republican
10.8 11.3
33.2 29.3
15.1 13.7 11.5 12.6 14.7 12.4
31.6 30.1 27.4 27.6 30.9 30.9 15
16
EDUCATION FAST FACTS The primary enrollment rate of girls over the past 25 years has only increased by ten percentage points – from 78% to 88%, less than half a point per year. As of the first quarter of 2019, 29.5 million women in the labor force had at least a bachelor’s degree, effectively
matching the number of college-educated men in the workforce (29.3 million).
On a cumulative basis, women have earned 13 million more college degrees than men at all levels (Associate’s, Bachelor’s, Master’s and Doctorate degrees) since 1982. 17
1837 Oberlin College becomes the first co-ed school in the U.S.
JULY 26, 1840 Catherine Brewer becomes the first woman to receive her bachelor’s degree.
EDUCATION NOTABLE DATES
1849 Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to receive a medical degree from Geneva Medical College.
1945 After World War II, employment among middle and upper class white women decreases as men return home. The stereotypical expectation of women as homemakers begins to shift as more emphasis and desire is shown towards receiving an education. Lower class white women and women of color continue to work outside of the home to provide for their families.
1972 With the passing of the Educational Amendments, single sex public schools begin to integrate both genders.
1992 The American Association of University Women publishes a report questioning coeducation for young women, claiming they could endure sexual harassment and neglect. This peaks interest in all-women’s colleges again.
18
TURNING POINT
For decades, a woman’s place was believed to be at home, taking care of the house and family. Few denied this notion and went on to receive an education and pursue careers, and the United States did not begin to see a significant increase in enrollment among women until the 1940s. The valiant efforts of women in the workforce during World War II sparked a shift in personal desire. Having experienced providing for their families through means outside of the home, more women began to express an interest in receiving an education. Courses began to shift from vocational to educational as women began to enroll in high schools and colleges.
THE JOURNEY From the 1940s on, girls and women attending school became a more normalized concept. Enrollment gradually began to increase each decade as more women successfully completed their education and entered the workforce. As with many basic rights within the United States, women began to experience suppression and discrimination within certain disciplines and with athletic opportunities. As a result, Title IX was introduced through the Educational Amendments of 1972. It stated: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” Its passing allowed more women to take courses they desired, allowed for an increase in sports participation, and led to an even greater increase in enrollment.
MARCHING ON Today, women are more than half of the college-educated workforce in the United States. Every year, hundreds of thousands of women graduate with degrees that will allow them to pursue and succeed in their dream careers. Unfortunately, women and girls in other countries are not as lucky as Americans. Cost, human trafficking, and child marriage are some of the many problems that females in poverty and crisis-stricken countries face in their fight to receive an education. With our knowledge and ability to enact great change, it is important that we join the fight in protecting future generations and continue to educate and emphasize the economic growth and peace that can be brought about when women and girls receive a proper education.
19
Number of U.S. population in 2019, by educational attainment (population in 1,000s)
high school graduate 70,947
some college, no degree 45,028
Master's degree 22,459
Bachelor’s degree 53,312 Associate’s degree, academic 14,168
Associate’s degree, occupational 10,381 Doctoral degree, 4,557
Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in the United States in 2019, by educational attainment and gender (in current U.S. dollars)
less than a high school diploma
Men 1,070
Women | 865
Total 494
high school, no college
|
644 633
some college or Associate’s degree
average wage gap
844 737
991
Bachelor’s degree
1,100
1,442
advanced degree
1,365
400
600
800
1,000
The more educated, the greater the gender pay gap... even as more women than men earn Associate's, Bachelor's, Master's AND Doctorate degrees. 20
1,200
1,878
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
Associate and Bachelor degrees, by gender (in 1,000s) Associate's, women
Associate's, men
Bachelor’s women
Bachelor’s men
1,153 1,100 1,000 900
855
800 700
619
600 500 400
396 post Title IX legal victories
300 200 100 0 1949-50
1972-73
1977-78
1982-83
1987-88
1992-93
1997-98
2002-03
2007-08
2012-13
2017-18
2022-23
2027-28
Master's and Doctorate degrees, by gender (in 1,000s) Master's, women
Master's, men
Doctorate, women
Doctorate, men
502
500
450
400
350
335
300
250
200
150
102 87
100
50
0 1949-50
1972-73
1977-78
1982-83
1987-88
1992-93
1997-98
2002-03
2007-08
2012-13
2017-18
2022-23
2027-28
21
Distribution of women in the civilian labor force (25 to 64 years old), by educational attainment (%) less than a high school diploma
4 years of high school
1 to 3 years of college
Bachelor’s degree and higher
100
More women are staying in school longer than ever before, with the greatest proportion earning at least a Bachelor's degree
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
22
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
Global PhD gender gap (2010)
Africa
America
Asia
Europe
Women Percent | Women Percent 34
Uganda Uganda Madagascar Madagascar Algeria Algeria Colombia Colombia Canada Canada Mexico Mexico Chile Chile States United United States Argentina Argentina Uruguay Uruguay Taiwan Georgia Taiwan Georgia South Korea South Korea Malaysia Malaysia Armenia Armenia Kyrgystan
34
Men Percent Men 66 Percent
|
|
46 46 46 39 39
26 2627 27
44 4445 45 45
32 32
34 34
36 36
Kyrgystan Mongolia Mongolia Thailand Thailand Czech Republic Czech Republic Greece
43 43 39 39
Greece Switzerland Switzerland Austria Austria Belgium Belgium France France Germany Germany Iceland
49 49
45 45
41 41
45 45 45
55 55 55
Portugal Iran Iran Iraq Iraq Jordan
42 42
61 61
55 5455 5354 53 5253 52 52
47 4647 46 46
52 5152 51
49 49 49
51 51 51
53 5354 54 54
58 58
60 60
62 62
32 32 3233 33
Jordan Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Lebanon Lebanon Morocco
68 68 35 35
39 3940 40
Morocco Turkey Turkey Israel Israel Australia Australia New Zealand New Zealand
57 57
55 55
48 4849 49
Sweden Slovak Republic Slovak Republic Macedonia Macedonia Croatia Croatia Italy Italy Estonia Estonia Finland
45 45
47
25 25
30 30
68 68
56
45 45
47 4748 48 48
Spain Romania Romania Ireland Ireland Bulgaria Bulgaria Sweden
38 38
64 64
66 66
74 7374 73
5758 57 57 5657
45 4546 4647
40 40
59 59
58 58
44 4445 45
United Kingdom Slovenia Slovenia Hungary Hungary Spain
Oceania
55 55
42 42
Iceland Norway Norway Denmark Denmark United Kingdom
Middle East
51 51
66
61 61
56 5556 55 55
4243 43 43 4344
Finland Ukraine Ukraine Lithuania Lithuania Latvia Latvia Portugal
|
54 54 54
35 35
40 40
47 45
45
49 49 50 50
51 51 50 50 50 50
65 65
61 6061 60
55 55
6768 67
53 53 55
55
60 60
65 65
70 70
75 75
23
24
INCOME FAST FACTS According to the 2020 Global Gender Gap Index, the US ranks #26 out of 153 developed countries in Economic Participation and Opportunity (down from #3). This includes labor force participation rate, wage equality, and earned income.
According to Census Bureau data from 2018, women of all races earned, on average, just 82 cents for every $1 earned by men of all races. The gender-based wage gap persists, in part because men cannot take an equal share of leave. Without
intervention, the gender wage gap isn’t expected to close until 2059. 15 of the 20 highest-paying jobs are dominated by men, while 14 of the 20 lowest-paying jobs are dominated by women. 25
1870 Congress passes an appropriations bill prohibiting gender-based pay discrimination of government employees. It is rarely practiced and enforced.
1911
INCOME NOTABLE DATES
New York state grants equal pay to all teachers.
JUNE 19, 1944 Winifred Stanley proposes that all women should receive equal pay for equal work. The bill is struck down by Congress.
OCTOBER 1974 The Equal Credit Opportunity Act is passed, allowing women to apply and receive their own credit card without needing a male to co-sign.
1996 The National Committee on Pay Equity launches the first Equal Pay Day, originally called “National Pay Inequity Awareness Day.� It is meant to spread awareness of the persistent gender wage gap.
JANUARY 29, 2009 President Obama signs the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act to increase protections against pay discrimination.
26
TURNING POINT
In the early 1900s, women and children experienced horrifying conditions within the labor force. Long hours, little pay, and dangerous conditions resulted in the injury and death of many. To combat these issues, the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed in June of 1938. This labor law established minimum wage for all workers, the opportunity for overtime pay, and prohibited child labor. Some years later, after recognizing how much less women were receiving in pay than men, a bill was proposed by Winifred Stanley saying that all women should receive equal pay for equal work. It was immediately struck down by Congress.
THE JOURNEY For 20 more years, women across the country pushed for legislation and efforts towards equal pay. Even more bills were proposed, but to no avail. It was not until 1961 when an equal pay bill was introduced and eventually accepted as law. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act, making it illegal to pay men and women different salaries for the same work. One year later, the Civil Rights Act passed with Title VII, a section that prohibited employment discrimination based on gender. Although a monumental step in the fight for equal pay, these bills did not succeed in ending gender pay disparities.
MARCHING ON To this day, women throughout the country and the world continue to fight for equal pay. So why does it still not exist? Researchers say that part of the reason is because discrimination still runs rampant in the workplace, intentionally or not. Women continue to be overlooked in the hiring and paying processes, as well as when receiving bonuses. Additionally, many female-dominated occupations attract lower wages. This continuous battle is not only a fight for equal pay, but a fight for respect and transparency. For information on how to improve workplace practices, visit page 84..
27
Career progression of men versus women (%) individual contributor
manager/supervisor
director
executive
20-29 years old
men
75
22
2
21
women 76
3
30-44 years old
men
36
53
women 60
7
4 8
30
8
45+ years old
men
37
45
11 29
women 60
8 8
4
Men progress to higher leadership positions faster than women. The farther along in their careers, the larger the gender discrepency in leadership positions.
Women's earnings as a share of men’s across the occupational distribution 6%
<70%
10%
14%
17%
25%
17%
9%
3%
70-74.9%
75-79.9%
80-84.9%
85-89.9%
90-94.9%
95-99.9%
100% +
The vast majority of women (72%) earn less than 90% of what their male counterparts earn for the same work.
28
Median wage by gender and race all men
men, white non-Hispanic
men, Black
men, Asian
men, Hispanic
all women
women, white non-Hispanic
women, Black
women, Asian
women, Hispanic
average wage gap
67,673
66,000 64,000 62,000 60,388
60,000 58,000 56,000 54,000 53,253 52,000
52,146 51,378
52,920
50,000 48,000 46,513
46,000 44,000
42,076 41,977
42,000 40,000
40,797
38,876
38,000
36,735
36,000 34,000
35,173
32,002
32,000 30,000 28,000 1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
While the wage gap has improved over time, it is still wide. Asian and white people have the greatest average income, but also the widest average gender wage gap.
29
Average salary of men and women, by educational attainment
45K
65.5K
48.1K
61.2K
64K
90.6K
72.7K
100.2K
How to read these graphics: average women's salary with Bachelor's degree
average men's salary with Bachelor's degree
average industry salary for women
average industry salary for men
$56.7K $78K Management
$61.6K $81.4K Management
Business, Science, and Arts Occupations
Business and Financial Occupations
28K
40.8K
23.4K
30.9K
40.4K
51.1K
39.7K
39.7K
$72.4K $84.5K average women's salary with graduate degree or higher
average men's salary with graduate degree or higher
Men not only start out with higher pay, but also enjoy greater pay jumps by getting advanced degrees than women in the same position.
$29.1K $41.2K Production, Transportation, and Material Moving
46.5K
55.6K
84.7K
126.9K
$66K $122K Legal
28.3K
31.5K
35K
41.5K
$28.9K $32.4K Healthcare Support
31.4K
56.8K
24K
46.4K
51K
60.4K
$47.4K $58.1K Education, Training, and Library
39K 59.3K
51K 69.9K
$42.4K $55.6K Protective Service
46.5K
35.3K
78.4K
42K
$36.8K $55.1K Sales and Related Occupations
30
$24.5K $31.8K Personal Care and Service
39K 52.3K
$36.3K $41.6K Office and Administrative Support
31.7K
43.1K
47.3K
56.4K
46.1K
51.7K
66.6K
84K
$32.7K $44.6K Transportation
45.9K 65K
$58.2K $76K Business and Financial Operations Occupations
46.2K
36.4K
78K
51.6K
64.2K
47K
$48.5K $60.8K Education, Legal, Community Service, Arts, and Media
50.6K
46.1K
61.6K
55.1K
61.9K
71.7K
110.7K
$50.6K $57.3K Arts, Design, Entertainment Sports, and Media
$60.3K $82.3K Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations
26K
22K
30.3K
32K
26.6K
39.3K
$21.9K $26.5K Food Preparation and Serving
$22K $30.7K Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance
66K
25.5K 32.8K
92.6K
30.9K
$71.1K $84.7K Computer, Engineering, and Science Occupations
32.1K
37.4K
21.5K
76.9K
54.4K
$61.8K $71.7K Life, Physical, and Social Sciences
30.4K
56K
38K 50.1K
$44.4K $46.6K Community and Social Services
36K
$25.7K $33K Material Moving Occupations
48.9K 79K
61.8K 102.3K
$64.3K $83K Management Occupations
24.5K
31.8K
27.5K
40.3K
33.3K
50.9K
40.6K
49.2K
$25.5K $34.3K Service Occupations
$28.8K $40.6K Transportation and Material Moving
52.1K
65.3K
60.2K
68.7K
80.3K
95K
81.3K
95.4K
$72.4K $84.5K Architecture and Engineering
$74.5K $86.6K Computer and Mathematical Occupations
31K
42.3K
35.3K
41.6K
40.9K
47.3K
34.4K
41.9K
50K
52.3K
51.4K
52.3K
55.4K
53.5K
46.1K
67.8K
$32K $43.4K Natural Resources, Construction, and Maintenance
$36.7K $42K Construction and Extraction
$42.2K $47.9K Installation, Maintenance, and Repair
$36.4K $50.1K Sales and Office Occupations
31
Occupations with largest gender earnings pay gap
Occupations with smallest gender earnings pay gap
Number represents the percent of a manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pay that a woman gets for the same job
Number represents the percent of a manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pay that a woman gets for the same job
49.2
Financial specialists, all other
108.6 Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
61.1
Securities, commodities,
105.6 Residential advisors
and financial services sales agents
104.2 Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
61.5
Financial clerks, all other
63.9
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
102.3 Transportation security screeners
64.4
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
101.3 Grounds maintenance workers
64.9
Financial managers
101.2 Special education teachers
65.8
Personal financial advisors
100.9 Musicians, singers, and related workers
66.1
Prepress technicians and workers
100.1 Computer network architects
66.8
Tax preparers
100.1 Miscellaneous social scientists and related
67.4
Parts salespersons
67.5
Production, planning, and expediting clerks
67.7
Credit counselors and loan officers
68.6
Natural sciences managers
68.7
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers,
workers, including sociologists 99.9
Preschool and kindergarten teachers
99.3
Court, municipal, and license clerks
98.6
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
98.6
Dishwashers
98.5
Tellers
98.3
Medical records and health information technicians
and janitorial workers
98.3
Writers and authors
69.5
Insurance sales agents
98.1
Pharmacists
69.8
Machinists
97.7
Counselors
70.1
Appraisers and assessors of real estate
97.5
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
70.1
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
97.3
Bill and account collectors
70.2
Construction and building inspectors
97.3
Social workers
70.3
Sales and related workers, all other
97.2
Order clerks
70.5
Food batchmakers
96.9
Meeting, convention, and event planners
70.7
Physicians and surgeons
96.8
Mail clerks and mail machine operators,
70.8
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
and weighers 69.2
Retail salespersons
69.3
First-line supervisors of housekeeping
except postal service 96.7
32
Paralegals and legal assistants
Gender wage gap by state
AK
ME WI
VT
WA
ID
MT
ND
MN
IL
MI
OR
NV
WY
SD
IA
IN
OH
CA
UT
CO
NE
MO
KY
AZ
NM
KS
AR
OK
LA
HI
TX
NY
MA
PA
NJ
CT
WV
VA
MD
DE
TN
NC
SC
DC
MS
AL
GA
NH
RI
FL
= largest average wage gap by gender (top 1/3) = mid average wage gap by gender (middle 1/3) = smallest average wage gap by gender (bottom 1/3)
The more liberal states on the east and west coasts of the country tend to have the smallest average gender wage gaps.
33
34
REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS FAST FACTS According to the 2020 Global Gender Gap Index, the US ranks #70 out of 153 developed countries in Health and Survival (down from #1). This includes sex ratio at birth and healthy life expectency
Only 52% of married women can freely decide about health care, sexual relations, and contraceptive use. On average, 24 people per minute are victims of rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner in the United States — more than 12 million women and men over the course of a year.
Twenty-seven large cities in the US are “abortion deserts” where someone would have to travel more than 100 miles each way to obtain an abortion. 35
JUNE 25, 1914 Margaret Sanger first introduces the term "birth control" in an issue of The Woman Rebel.
JUNE 23, 1960 The FDA approves the first commercially sold birth control pill.
REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS NOTABLE DATES
JUNE 7, 1965 In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court rules that married couples have the right to purchase and use contraceptives.
OCTOBER 31, 1978 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act is passed to prohibit discrimination on the basis of pregnancy and childbirth.
1984 The FDA approves the IUD, but distributors refuse to make it available to women in the United States until 1988.
JANUARY 1993 The Family and Medical Leave Act is passed, granting family and temporary medical leave.
36
TURNING POINT
The fight for reproductive rights traces all the way back to the early 1800s, when women were barred from using abortifacients in almost every state. In 1916, activist Margaret Sanger became a champion of reproductive rights when she opened the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, New York. Although arrested for the act, she was able to open up a new clinic in 1923, provided that it was staffed by physicians. This facility would later become Planned Parenthood.
THE JOURNEY As more women died from unsuccessful abortions, Sanger continued to work behind the scenes for the growing movement. In 1951,13 years after the federal ban on birth control was lifted, Sanger began to raise money to fund the creation of the pill. Nine years later, the FDA finally approved oral contraceptives, but death by unsafe abortions was still a common issue throughout the United States. Finally, in 1973, a 7-2 decision by the Supreme Court in the case of Roe v. Wade made abortion legal.
MARCHING ON
Since this landmark decision, states have enacted over 1,000 abortion restrictions. Around the world, women lack access to contraception and often lose their lives to otherwise preventable pregnancy causes. It should not matter what race, religion, class, or sexuality we hail from â&#x20AC;&#x201C; all women deserve to make their own choices about their bodies, and deserve to have access to facilities that help them to make those choices. We must continue to defend and support womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health and family planning in order to make a significant impact and change nationally and internationally.
37
Why young adults (age 20-45) are having fewer children than their ideal number Reasons cited as factors for having (or expecting to have) fewer children than they consider ideal * indicates a reason for young adults without children to not want children at all
childcare is too expensive*
64
want more time for the children I have
54
worried about the economy*
49
can't afford more children
44
waited because of financial instability
43
want more leisure time*
42
not enough paid family leave
39
no paid family leave
38
worried about global instability*
37
struggle with work-life balance
36
worried about domestic politics*
36
met a partner too late
34
worried about climate change*
33
responsible for other family care
29
worried about population growth
27
prioritized my education and career
23
split from my partner
22
partner doesn't want children
19
don't think I'm a good parent*
13
A 2018 survey by The New York Times and Morning Consult suggests that Gen Z, Millennial, and younger Gen X women are more attracted to the idea of having fewer children than previous generations in part because of greater gender equality (more agency over their lives), but also because of financial ramifications.
38
Estimated live births and abortions by race/ethnicity in the United States from 1965-2017 total live births
abortions, Hispanic
abortions, White
abortions, Black
abortions, other
total abortions
live births, Hispanic
live births, White
live births, Black
live births, other
4,200,000 4,000,000
3,855,500
3,800,000 3,600,000 3,400,000 3,200,000 3,000,000 2,800,000 2,600,000 2,400,000 2,200,000 2,000,000
2,051,000
1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000
928,000 851,000
800,000 600,000
575,000
400,000
301,000 295,000 280,000 195,000
200,000 0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
77,000
39
Percentage distribution of women having an abortion by their most important reason for having the abortion, 2004 and 1987
% in 1987 25
I’m not ready for a child 21
I can’t afford a baby right now I have completed childbearing
8
I don’t want to be a single mother
8
A baby would interfere with my education/career 1
My parents want me to abort
1
I don’t want others to know I was having sex
1
2
I am a victim of rape or incest
1
2
|
27
22
13 11
4
My husband or boyfriend wants me to abort
% in 2004
19
7
I’m not mature enough to raise a child
|
10
2 1
I have a problem with my physical health
3
My fetus has a possible health problem
2
Other reasons given
2
4 3 6
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Percent of reported abortions by known age group in selected reporting areas in the United States from 2007 and 2016
2016 2007 <15
||
0.3
0.5 9.4
15–19
16.5 30
20–24 24.2
25–29 14.1
30–34 8.8
35–39 3.2
40+
0
28.5
18
10.3
3.6
5
10
15
Education and establishing a career has become more important to women over the years. The highest number of abortions has consistently fallen in the 20-29 year old age range, with abortions decreasing by nearly half in the 15-19 range, and increasing in the 30-34 range. 40
32.7
20
25
30
Women's status on the Reproductive Rights Composite Index Overall Score 1.0 – 3.0
3.0 – 4.0
4.0 – 5.0
5.0 – 6.0
ME 23 / C+
AK 29 / C VT 2 / A-
WI 41 / D+
MA 14 / B+
PA 31 / C
NJ 4 / A-
CT 6 / A-
WV 18 / B
VA 34 / C-
MD 3 / A-
DE 20 / C+
TN 47 / D-
NC 26 / C
SC 25 / C+
DC 8 / A-
MS 38 / C-
AL 40 / D
GA 28 / C
MI 45 / D
IN IA 19 / C+ 42 / D+
OH 27 / C
KY 32 / C
AR 43 / D LA 46 / D
ID 48 / F
MT 11 / B+
ND 33 / C-
OR 1 / A-
NV 17 / B
WY 35 / C-
SD 51 / F
CA 9 / B+
UT CO 37 / C- 21 / C+
NE 50 / F
MO 44 / D
NM AZ 24 / C+ 12 / B+
KS 49 / F OK 39 / D+
HI 6 / A-
NY 7 / A-
IL 13 / B+
WA 10 / B+
MN 16 /B
TX 36 / C-
NH 22 / C+
RI 15 / B+
FL 30 / C
The composite index score, rank, and grade assigned above is based on the following criteria: • parental consent/notification • waiting period • public funding • percent of women living in counties with providers • pro-choice Governor and legislature • Medicaid expansion or Medicaid family planning expansion • coverage of infertility treatments • same-sex marriage or second-parent adoption • mandatory sex education
The more liberal states on the east and west coasts of the country tend to have the most options when it comes to reproductive health and rights. 41
Percent of health centers reporting they offer Title X grantees
non-Title X grantees
all respondents
on-site provision of all effective family planning
24% 15% 48% all effective family planning methods are provided on-site or via prescription
48% 40% 72% oral contraceptive pills dispensed using Quick Start protocol
46% 37% 69% same day/walk-in appointments available for initial contraceptive visit for new patients
68% 62% 82%
Characteristics of clients who used services at Title X sites in 2017 income
67% poor
20% low income
10% non-poor
insurance status
42% uninsured
38% public
19% private
race/ethnicity
20% Black
33% Hispanic
35% White
3%
9% other
Asian
Title X is a federal program meant to help low-income and uninsured patients with family planning and reproductive health. There are nearly 4,000 sites within the United States.
42
The share of women served by Planned Parenthood varies by state Percent of female contraceptive clients served at publicly funded centers who received services at Planned Parenthood in 2015 (US average = 32%) < 10% (12 states and DC)
10% â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 24% (12 states)
25% â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 39% (13 states)
> 40% (13 states)
ME
AK
VT
WI
NY
MA
PA
NJ
CT
WV
VA
MD
DE
TN
NC
SC
DC
MS
AL
GA
WA
ID
MT
ND
MN
IL
MI
OR
NV
WY
SD
IA
IN
OH
CA
UT
CO
NE
MO
KY
AZ
NM
KS
AR
OK
LA
HI
TX
NH
RI
FL
Planned Parenthood is primarily funded from Medicaid reimbursements for preventative care, and some is from Title X. At least 60% of Planned Parenthood patients rely on public health programs like Medicaid and Title X for preventative and primary care that they would otherwise not have access to elsewhere. 43
Maternal mortality rates by single race and Hispanic origin in the United States in 2018 (% of total deaths)
Race is a consistent barrier to equality, and access to equal maternal care is no exception. White 14.7
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. maternal mortality rate of 17.4 per 100,000 births puts our country LAST among similarly wealthy countries.
Black 37.1
The 2018 rate follows an eleven-year gap in producing an official maternal mortality rate. With no reliable or consistent data collection across the country, it is hard to improve a problem that could actually be more severe than the numbers indicate. Many of these deaths are preventable, especially those of clear racial inequities.
Hispanic 11.8
Maternal mortality rates by age, United States, 2018
all 17.4
40 and over 81.9
25â&#x20AC;&#x201C;39 16.6
under 25 10.6
Percent distribution of maternal deaths, by cause of death, United States, 2018
indirect obstetric causes 22.6
direct obstetric causes 52.3
obstetric embolism 6.5 eclampsia and pre-eclampsia 5.3
44
hemorrhage and placenta previa 4.6
abortive outcome 4.4
other 4.3
Regional women's health estimates worldwide and global averages unmet need for family planning (%) 2018
no contraception (%) 2018
43.7
13.1 21 32.1
91.2
59.2 51
23.2
68.5
101.4
53.3
52.3 adolescent birth rate per 1,000 (%) 2018
womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s SRH decision-making (%) 2013
dashed line = global average
how to read
14 41.6
45.1 no information
Northern Africa
7
18
26.5 no information
North America
9.6
61.3
least developed countries
Sub-Saharan Africa
13
42
14
42.1
24.3
43
39.5
29.3
Central Asia
Western Asia
12
36.4
15
44.3
30.4
48
South-Eastern Asia
9
30.7
4.7
32.3
13.2
20.2
6
Europe
no information
Oceania
25.7
Latin America and the Carribbean
42.2
19 no information
Eastern Asia 45
46
FAMILY LIFE AND LEAVE FAST FACTS The US is one of only eight countries in the world that does not provide any form of paid maternity leave. More than 1 in 4 women (26 percent) say family caregiving has had a negative impact on her ability to keep a job or advance in the workplace. Nearly one-quarter (23 percent) of U.S. women are
back at work within two weeks of giving birth, elevating their risk of postpartum depression.
47
OCTOBER 29, 1919 The Maternity Protection Convention is adopted in Washington D.C. by the International Labor Organization.
FAMILY LIFE AND LEAVE
NOTABLE DATES
The document calls for 12 weeks of paid leave, free medical care, and guaranteed jobs upon returning to work. The gathering leads to discussions and advances in paid leave throughout other countries, while the United States falls far behind in the conversation.
1984 The Family Employment Security Act is drafted but never introduced to Congress. This eventually leads to more discussions about the need for family leave.
1985 The Parental and Disability Leave Act is introduced and calls for eighteen weeks of unpaid leave for new parents. It is quickly stalled.
APRIL 2016 San Francisco becomes the first city to fully adopt the paid parental leave law.
JANUARY 2020 Washington becomes the fifth state with paid family leave. The other four are New York, California, New Jersey and Rhode Island.
48
TURNING POINT
When a working woman became pregnant in the 50s and 60s, it was expected that she would leave her job and never return. Unfortunately, this was often the case due to a lack of support from companies, many of which were operating without human resource departments. In 1978, after years of enduring career setbacks due to maternity leave, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was passed to prohibit discrimination on the basis of pregnancy and childbirth, especially in decisions about hiring and firing. Even with this legislation in place, the percentage of women that would not return after giving birth gradually rose until the 90s.
THE JOURNEY
In January of 1993, the Family and Medical Leave Act was passed by Congress and federal law granted up to 12 weeks of unpaid or medical leave. Since its passing, many states have created more beneficial paid and sick leave programs. As of right now, only six states require family leave to be paid.
MARCHING ON
The United States has always been, and continues to be, behind other countries when it comes to family leave policies. In fact, it is the only country that does not have national paid leave standards. Although it may be a long time until all women in the country receive paid leave, on a state level we can continue to support initiatives that put paid leave on election ballots and support legislators that push for these policies.
49
Percent of workers with access to paid and unpaid family leave by establishment size and ownership, March 2018 = civilian, paid
= civilian, unpaid
= state and local government (paid/unpaid)
1 to 49 workers
80 12 50 to 99 workers
88 15 100 to 499 workers
95 19 500 workers or more
94 25
Mothers, more than fathers, experience career interruptions fathers
mothers
reduced work hours
quit job
10
28 42 taken a significant amount of time off
27 turned down a promotion
24
10 39
13
During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, working moms have been hit hard with extra responsibility. Of families with one or both parents working from home, 41% say mom has been doing the majority of extra child care work while working from home, compared to just 15% who say dad has done the majority.
50
Average annual childcare costs for an infant and a toddler $8,000 – $12,999
$13,000 – $16,999
$17,000 – $24,500
$25,000+
ME
AK
VT
WI
NY
MA
PA
NJ
CT
WV
VA
MD
DE
TN
NC
SC
DC*
MS*
AL
GA
WA
ID
MT
ND
MN
IL
MI
OR
NV
WY
SD
IA
IN
OH
CA
UT
CO
NE
MO
KY
AZ
NM
KS
AR
OK
LA
HI
NH
RI
FL
TX
The averages above represent costs that vary wildly in any given area (cities, naturally, are more expensive than suburbs) and fluctuate based on the type of care parents are paying for. While the cost rivals that of in-state college tuition, it is a mere 16% of the cost of raising a child.
The average cost of raising a child through age 17 is $233,610, broken down as:
29%
housing
18% food
16%
childcare + education
15%
transportation
9%
healthcare
7% misc
6%
clothes
51
Paid maternity leave available to mothers = average payment rate (%)
52
= weeks of leave available 58.6
Bulgaria
90
43
Greece
49.5
39
UK
30.1
34
Slovak Republic
75
30
Croatia
100
28
Czech Republic
61
26
Ireland
24
Hungary
70
22
Italy
80
20
Estonia
100
20
Luxemborg
100
20
Poland
100
18
Australia
42.9
18
Chile
100
18
Denmark
53
18
Lithuania
100
18
New Zealand
46.8
18
Cyprus
46.8
18
Malta
86.3
18
Romania
26.7
85
17.5
Finland
74.4
17.3
Costa Rica
100
16
Austria
100
16
Canada
49.9
16
France
90.4
16
Latvia
80
16
Netherlands
100
16
Spain
100
16
Turkey
66.7
15
Belgium
63.7
15
Israel
100
15
Slovenia
100
14
Germany
100
14
Japan
67
14
Switzerland
58.4
13
Iceland
68.2
13
Norway
94.2
12.9
Korea
80.2
12.9
Sweden
77.6
12
Mexico
100
6
Portugal
100
0
US
0
Paid parental and home care leave = average payment rate (%)
= weeks of leave available 146
Estonia
44.1
143.5
Finland
19.1
136
Hungary
37.8
130
Slovak Republic
21.2
90.7
Romania
85
78
Latvia
49.8
78
Norway
39.4
Korea
28.5
51.9
52
Bulgaria
32.8
44
Austria
75.8
44
Germany
44
Japan
59.9
44
Lithuania
100
42.9
Sweden
57.4
37.1
Slovenia
90
35.3
Czech Republic
84.5
35
Canada
53.2
32
Denmark
32
Poland
67.5
26
France
13.7
26
Italy
26
Croatia
42.1
24.1
Portugal
59.6
17.3
Belgium
20.3
17.3
65
53
30
Luxemborg
67.2
13
Iceland
68.2
12
Chile
100
0
Australia
0
0
Greece
0
0
Ireland
0
0
Israel
0
0
Mexico
0
0
Netherlands
0
0
New Zealand
0
0
Spain
0
0
Switzerland
0
0
Turkey
0
0
UK
0
0
US
0
0
Costa Rica
0
0
Cyprus
0
0
Malta
0
53
Adult victims by relationship with perpetrator and age (%), United States female
male
intimate partner
<12
64
21.6
16.2
48
relative other than spouse
12â&#x20AC;&#x201C;17
6.4
32.4
4.2
23
acquaintance
18â&#x20AC;&#x201C;24
16.4
29.4
27.2
16.6
stranger
>25
14.6
16.6
50.4
12.3
Adult victims by type of violence and perpetrator gender (%), United States female, with male perpetrator
female, with female perpetrator
male, with male perpetrator
male, with female perpetrator
rape
100 35.8
70.1 physical assault
91.9
t
11.8 14.2
85.8 rape and/or physical assault
93.4
10.8
85.9
25.3
stalking
97.2 64.6
38.4
Women are most likely to be abused by an intimate partner, while men are most likely to be abused by a stranger as a child.
54
Global prevalence estimates of violence against women gradient represents range in values of data collected non-partner sexual violence %
intimate partner violence %
12.2
Asia Pacific, high income 6.5
Asia, central
Asia, south-east
22.9
5.9
Asia, east Asia, south
28.5
16.3
3.4
41.8
5.3
28 16.5
Australasia
28.3
10.3
Caribbean
27.1
10.8
Europe, central
27.9
7
26.1
Europe, eastern 11.5
19.3
Europe, western 15.3
Latin America, Andean 11.9
Latin America, Central Latin America, Southern
29.5
5.9
23.7
7.7
Latin America, Tropical North Africa/Middle East
40.6
27.4
4.5
35.4 13
21.3
North America, high income 14.9
Oceania
21
Sub-Saharan Africa, central Sub-Saharan Africa, east
65.7
11.5
38.8 17.4
Sub-Saharan Africa, southern Sub-Saharan Africa, west
35.3
29.7
9.2 10
41.8 20
30
40
50
60
70
Intimate partner violence against women is significantly more likely than abuse from a stranger around the world, particularly in Africa. 55
56
WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP FAST FACTS According to the 2020 Global Gender Gap Index, the US ranks #86 out of 153 developed countries in Political Empowerment (down from #66). This includes women in parliament and ministerial positions, and years with female/male head of state.
There are fewer women in leadership positions than there are men named John. Women account for less than a third (29%)
of senior roles globally.
As of 2020, women occupy 127 (23.7%) of the 535 seats in the United States Congress (105 Democratic, 22 Republican). 57
1916 Jeannette Rankin becomes the first woman elected to Congress.
MAY 4, 1933 Francis Perkins becomes the first woman appointed as Secretary of Labor.
WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP
NOTABLE DATES
NOVEMBER 5, 1968 Shirley Chisholm defeats James Farmer and becomes the first Black woman to be elected to the House of Representatives.
JULY 7, 1981 Sandra Day Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Connor becomes the first female judge on the Supreme Court.
JANUARY 23, 1997 Madeleine Albright becomes the first female attorney general.
JULY 26, 2016 Hillary Clinton becomes the first female presidential nominee for a major political party.
AUGUST 11, 2020 Kamala Harris becomes the first woman of color and Indian descent to be nominated for national office by a major party.
58
TURNING POINT
With the heightened desire to receive an education post-World War II, women began to stray away from the homemaker life and pursue professional careers. As enrollment in college slowly increased, so too did the labor force as more women earned degrees in fields like science, business, and law.
THE JOURNEY
The number of women appointed to significant leadership positions steadily increased in the 70s and 80s. In 1972, Katharine Graham became the first female CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Five years later, Patricia Harris became the first woman of color in the Cabinet. In 1992, the number of women in the Senate doubled and the number of women in Congress went from 28 to 47. In more recent years, these numbers and the number of female candidates has grown to hit triple digits.
MARCHING ON
Although there has been significant progress made toward female representation in leadership positions, the percentage that sit in power is still extremely low. This representation is even worse for the categories of race and ethnicity. For a group that outnumbers men on college campuses and at the polls, women should be advancing in positions of power at a much faster rate. It is important that we continue to support women of our past and present that have led with pride, passion and truth, as well as educate young women who will be future leaders of the world.
59
Women in leadership positions = men leaders
= women leaders in 2019
= women leaders 45+ years ago
LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP
70%
30%
77%
23%
9% 2%
University and College Presidents
US Representatives
P
LEADERSHIP US SENATE
75%
25%
72% AT
28%
4%
2% US Senators
60
State Legislators
TE GOVERNOR
82%
18%
60%
40%
2% Cabinet or Cabinet-Level
State Governors
P
95%
5%
88%
22%
10% Fortune 500 CEOs
Fortune 500 Board Members
While progress has been made in the past half-century, women still do not hold a fair share of business or government leadership positions in the United States. 61
Men and women who see a gender gap in styles of leadership differ on who has a better approach Percent saying that when it comes to the leadership styles of people in top positions in business and politics men are better
women are better
no difference
61
33
41
55
42
50
31
64
9
34
56
standing up for what they believe in
11
30
58
being persuasive
20
21
59
working well under pressure
17
17
65
being willing to take risks
37
9
54
5
being compassionate and empathetic serving as a role model for children
4 8
working out compromises
4
being honest and ethical maintaining a tone of civility and respect
Percent saying women/men in top executive business positions are better at each of the following men are better
5
creating a safe and respectful workplace valuing people from different backgrounds
3
women are better
no difference
43
52
35
62
considering the societal impact of business decisions
8
33
58
mentoring young employees
9
33
56
providing fair pay and good benefits
5
28
66
9
61
negotiating profitable deals
28
Percent saying when it comes to the leadership styles of people in top positions in business and politics... men and women are basically similar men and women are basically different men
49
50 22
women
37
43
62
63 10
all adults
15
27
62
57 15
22
62
among those who say men and women are basically different men have a better approach neither is better 62
women have a better approach
Number of women in the House and Senate by state, district, or territory 1917-Present Number of Senators (Upper House)
Number of House Representatives (Lower House)
AK
1
ME
WI
WA
OR
CA
2 11 1 5 3 41
ID
NV
UT
AZ
2
4
4 2 7
MT
WY
CO
NM
1
3
4
5
ND
SD
NE
KS
OK
HI
No Women Representation from 1917-2019
1 6
TX
2
2 2 3 1 2 6
3
MN
IA
MO
AR
LA
3 5 1 2 2 7 2 4 3 2
IL
IN
KY
TN
MS
1
VT
2 2 17
7
2 1 6 1
MI
OH
WV
NC
AL
1
NY
13
11 1 3 2 6 2 3
1 9
PA
VA
SC
GA
11
7
5
NJ
MD
DC
2 28
7 1 8
MA
CT
DE
NH
3 3 3 2
1 7
8
RI
1
1
1
2 7 FL
1 19
A national total of 57 Senators and 325 Representatives have been women since 1917. Almost 25% of states have yet to elect a woman Senator. Yet as seen on left, women have a favorable leadership style in many respects, including creating a safe workspace, being compassionate and empathetic, and working out compromises. 63
11,707 White men
The make-up of Congress has historically favored White men in a very big way. 12,343 total United States Congress members 11,977 total men / 366 total women 64
65
Women in Parliament worldwide (%) leaders in lower house, men
leaders in lower house, women
leaders in upper house, men
leaders in upper house, women men
+4
52
48
+2
51
49
57
43
65
35
61
39
68
32
60
40
71
29
+28
64
36
+30
65
35
68
32
74
26
69
31
61
39
71
30
75
25
73
27
Mexico
+14
South Africa
+30 +22
Ethiopia
+36 +20
France
+42 Italy
+38
UK
+48 +38
Germany
+22 +41
Philippines
+50 Vietnam
+46
0 China
+50
75 0
US
women
25
24
+52
76
24
80
20
0
0
20
+62
81
19
+60
80
20
0 +66
83 0
Russia
Brazil
Egypt
India
Japan
+66
83
17
+70
85
15
+70
85
15
+70
85
15
Thailand
88
12
+78
89
11
90
10
79
21
90
10
88
12
+80
+80
+88
94
+88
94
+87
94
+95
95 0
94
66
0
+76
0 Nigeria
0 16
+76 Iran
17
84
+58 Congo
0
+68
0
0
77
80
Indonesia
Turkey
women
+60
Pakistan
0
+53
Bangladesh +60
men
6 0 6 7 5 0
Women in companies' Board of Directors (%) men
women
over 1/10 women members
over 1/3 women members France
56.6
43.4
Austria
80.8
19.2
43
Ireland
82.4
17.6
Iceland
57
Norway
57.9
42.1
Portugal
83.8
16.2
Sweden
63.7
36.3
Slovak Republic
84.9
15.1
34
Colombia
84.9
15.1
Italy
66
Finland
67.2
32.8
Hungary
85.5
14.5
Germany
68.1
31.9
Czech Republic
84.9
15.1
Belgium
69.3
30.7
Lithuania
85.7
14.3
Denmark
69.7
30.3
India
86.2
13.8
30
Turkey
86.6
13.4
New Zealand
70
Luxemborg
over 1/5 women members
88
12
Greece
88.7
11.3 9.7
Netherlands
70.5
29.5
China
90.3
Latvia
71.2
28.8
Brazil
91.6
8.4
Australia
71.3
28.7
Chile
91.8
8.2
UK
72.8
27.2
Mexico
92.5
7.5
Canada
74.2
25.8
Estonia
92.6
7.4
Israel
76.9
23.1
Russia
93
Slovenia
77.4
22.6
Japan
94.7
22
Indonesia
96.7
3.3
Korea
97.9
2.1
Spain
78
US
78.3
21.7
South Africa
78.6
21.4
Switzerland
78.7
21.3
Poland
79.9
20.1
7 5.3
There are not many countries with equal gender representation in governmental or business leadership.
67
68
PERCEPTION OF EQUALITY FAST FACTS Despite progress in closing the equality gap, 91% of
men and 86% of women hold at least one bias against women in relation to politics, economics, education, violence or reproductive rights.
According to the World Economic Forumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Global Gender Gap Report 2020, parity between men and women across health, education, work and politics will take more than a lifetime (almost 100 years)
to achieve.
Western Europe has made the most progress on
gender parity (standing at 76.7%).
69
1935 The National Council of Negro Women is established to confront gender equality issues specific to African Americans.
JULY 2, 1964 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed, prohibiting sex discrimination in the workplace.
PERCEPTION OF EQUALITY
NOTABLE DATES
NOVEMBER 18-21, 1977 The first National Women's Conference is held in Texas. Thousands of women call for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment by all 50 states.
1987 March is declared as National Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s History Month.
1994 The Gender Equity in Education Act establishes programs to train teachers about gender equality.
JANUARY 23, 2013 The Pentagon lifts its ban on women in combat units.
JUNE 26, 2015 The Supreme Court legalizes same-sex marriage in all 50 states and requires all states to honor out-of-state samesex marriage licenses.
70
TURNING POINT
With the persistent rallying of women for their right to vote in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States witnessed its first wave of feminism. Despite achieving suffrage, women not only continued to push for other opportunities and rights, but also continued to be seen as the weaker sex. Men expected women to be homemakers, while they were to support the family financially. Such perceptions and mistreatment continued well past the 50s, until a second wave of feminism came about with the 1963 release of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique. In the piece, Friedan explores the social stereotypes and grievances of post-World War II women. She argues that these attitudes were preventing women from growing to reach their full potential as educated professionals in the workforce. These insights caused a strong response from women all over the country, who slowly realized they no longer would conform to sexist stereotypes.
THE JOURNEY
Amid this second wave, and thanks to its powerful efforts, the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress. First introduced in 1923, this amendment was created to eliminate discrimination of and grant legal equality for the sexes. It has not yet been ratified by three-fourths of the states. In the 1990s, a third wave brought sex-positive conversations and the inclusion of minorities. It was a period of redefining the symbols, ideas, and words that were typically associated with womanhood and female sexuality.
MARCHING ON
We have just moved on from the fourth wave of feminism, the focus of which expanded to body positivity, gender fluidity, and other forms of female empowerment. Additionally, it brought to light the international challenges that women face on a daily basis. This wave heavily involved the use of social media to show and gather support for women and gender-based initiatives everywhere, especially during the #MeToo movement. Founded in 2006, the “Me Too” movement’s mission is to help young women of all colors and backgrounds that are survivors of sexual violence. Its efforts become extremely prominent when #MeToo started trending online in 2017 as millions of women began sharing their sexual harassment stories. Since its popularization, the movement has been a form of solidarity among women everywhere and has even more so revived the fight for women’s rights.
71
Democrats are more than twice as likely as Republicans to say more work is needed to bring about gender equality % saying the country ___ when it comes to giving women equal rights with men hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t gone far enough
all adults
50
men
42
women
57
Repulican/lean
26
Democrat/lean
60
has been about right
has gone too far
39
10
44
13 33
8
54
18 26
4
Democrats are about twice as likely as Republicans to say that men have it easier these days % saying ___ in our country these days no difference
men have it easier
all adults
35
men
28
women
41
Repulican/lean
19
Democrat/lean
49
women have it easier
56
9
58
14 54
5
68
12 45
6
Educational breakdown of Democrats and Democrat-leaners and their perception of equality men have it easier
72
no difference
high school or less
27
some college
52
Bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Degree
69
women have it easier
64
8 40
7 27
Sense of equality in terms of the status of men and women throughout the entire society preferential treatment for men in general
exclusive preferential treatment for men
1995
12
2002
13
62
2004
13
61
2007
11
2009
10
2012
11
2016
10
equal treatment
preferential treatment for women in general
63
20 20 20
62
4
21
62
4
23
59
3
25
65
3 21
Percent of age groups that believe achieving gender equality in the US is something that they can personally impact yes
no
age 18â&#x20AC;&#x201C;29
73
30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;49
61
50â&#x20AC;&#x201C;64
45
65+
29
total
53
27 39 55 70 47
While 8 in 10 Americans want equality, their priorities vary What do you think is the most important first step to increasing gender equality in the US? closing the wage gap
providing universal childcare
improving access to affordable healthcare
parents
35
not parents
42
providing federal paid parental leave
other
no need to take first steps/not relevant
18
16 11
8
5 10
11 11
16 17
Younger age groups tend to be more optimistic that they can have an impact towards achieving gender equality, and closing the wage gap is a top priority for most.
73
Majorities think men and women have about the same influence in making important family decisions % who say that, in a family, _____ when it comes to making important decisions about... Women have more influence
Both about the same
Household finances
Men have more influence
How to raise children
Their familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s religious practices
62
56
55 39
18
23 15
14 6
Many think men have more opportunities than women when it comes to getting high-paying jobs % who say _____ when it comes to... Women have more opportunity
Both about the same
Getting high-paying jobs
Men have more opportunity
Being leaders in their community
Expressing their political views
63
49
54 44
38
31
4
3
Getting a good education
81
11 6 74
3
When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women completely agree
mostly agree
completely disagree
mostly disagree
According to a study by Pew Research Center, when economically challenging times arise, many feel men should be given preferential treatment over women in job searches.
United States
France
10
12
This notion is most pronounced in predominantly Muslim countries as well as in India, the Philippines and Nigeria. In these areas, most agree that women should be able to work outside the home; yet, most also believe that men should have more right to a job than women when jobs are scarce (right).
Germany
9
11
Greece
17
Italy
15
Netherlands
6 8
Spain
7
While progress has been made in creating a more equalitarian home life, some gender roles still exist including women taking more of the child-rearing responsibility and men having more control of the household's finances. Outside of the home most believe that men and women have equal opportunity to a good education. However, men have a greater chance for high-paying jobs and leadership positions despite equal qualifications between genders (left).
8
18
8
Canada
67
21
67 21 15
63 30
25 17
9
34
69 66
83 19
9
Bulgaria
12
28
Czech Republic
12
25
Hungary
13
22
Lithuania
8
Poland
12
Slovakia
20
Russia
29
Ukraine
13
65 26
28
23
35
18
20
10
23
23
5 22
UK
Australia
57
29
Sweden
DK/refused
43
20
44
30
8
22
29
39
22 16
15
28
30
24
17
22
7
30
9
61
India
55
24
Indonesia
43
Japan
14
Philippines
44
South Korea
20
Israel
15
Lebanon
37
Tunisia
64
Turkey
40
30
Kenya
40
18
Nigeria
54
South Africa
37
Argentina
23
Brazil
22
Mexico
11
9
30 29
17
34
21
6 21
31 32
14 27
21
10 19
40
37
17
20
17
28
23 16
22 11
14
11
18
18
20
12
7 10
16
14
7
17
28
37 48
36
22 75
More women than men say that gender equality is very important to them
Few think women have a better life than men % who say _______ have a better life in their country men
76
same (vol)
% of ______ who say it is very important that women have the same rights as men in their country
women
women
France
70
15
Spain
64
Sweden
62
UK
61
Canada
59
US
57
22
Turkey
57
17
Australia
56
22
15
Italy
Netherlands
56
21
18
Bulgaria
Israel
52
33
Brazil
52
25
Germany
50
Japan
49
15
Indonesia
48
25
Lebanon
47
35
South Korea
47
14
Slovenia
46
37
Nigeria
46
28
Czech Republic
45
43
Italy
42
46
Kenya
42
21
35
India
South Africa
41
22
33
US
Philippines
40
32
Mexico
39
37
Argentina
39
30
Hungary
36
52
Poland
35
56
India
34
45
Greece
34
43
Russia
30
Lithuania
26
Tunisia
24
Ukraine
22
65
Bulgaria
21
64
40
Kenya
23 22 22
12
20
31
54
Slovakia
31
54
Tunisia
15
Israel
23
64
Nigeria
14
35
54
12 15
59
25
74 67
81
66
80
54
Lithuania
68
47
Russia
12
72
56
South Africa
35
60 56
Indonesia
67
Hungary
16
80 67
Lebanon
13 35
22
90 77
65
Czech Republic Turkey
13
75 70
52
Ukraine
79
61
Greece
81
South Korea
52
26
19
20 21 13
48 37
87 70
93
75 89
30%
17
89
60
France
45
38
men
40
50
60
70
80
93 90
100%
More people now say men have a better life than women in their country (moreso today than in 2010)
Women less optimistic than men about gender equality in their country
% who say men have a better life than women in their country
% of ______ who say either it is likely that women in their country will eventually have the same rights as men or that women already have the same rights as men
2019
2010
men
women Turkey
33
|
UK
|
39 47 29
64
57
39 39
Australia
Mexico
27
39
Israel
Kenya
36
30
55
40
50
88
71
84
69
82 84
69 67
79 82
Czech Republic
71
88 81
Poland
According to a Pew Research Center study, majorities in nearly every country surveyed claim to support gender equality. The survey also finds that women are far more likely than men to perceive gender inequalities. By double-digit margins, female respondents in 13 of 22 nations are more likely than male respondents to say men in their countries have the better life.
92 80
Netherlands
The general consensus among women is that men have better opportunities and lives in their respective countries. After how far the fight for gender equality has come in the United States and other countries, women remain less hopeful about obtaining equal rights and improving their quality of life.
92
83
Argentina
60
96 81
UK
42
93
75
Hungary
52
35
Poland
78
Brazil
27
42
86
France
Argentina
Brazil
69
Italy
48
US
77
South Korea
45 29
58
Spain
49
Spain Indonesia
Japan
61
South Korea 26 Japan
57
96 89
Germany
80
88
Ukraine
80
88
Russia
73
81
India
86
93
US
86
93
68
Turkey
75
Canada
88 86
Phillippines Nigeria
93
50 50%
93
68 60
70
80
90
100%
77
78
IMPROVING THE U.S. AND WORLD FAST FACTS According to the 2020 Global Gender Gap Index, the US ranks #18 overall in the Western Europe and North American region. Out of all 153 countries, the US ranks #53.
Not one country has achieved total gender equality yet. Men tend to be more optimistic than women about prospects for gender equality. Throughout the world, more people are likely to say that men have better lives than women do in their country. 79
1946 The Commission on the Status of Women is formed by the UN to fight for international gender equality.
MARCH 8, 1977 International Women's Day is formally adopted by the UN General Assembly.
IMPROVING THE U.S. AND WORLD
NOTABLE DATES
DECEMBER 20, 1993 The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women is adopted as the first international document to address the violence that women face in their daily lives.
JULY 12, 2013 After surviving a shot to the head by the Taliban, Malala Yousafzai speaks about the importance of education for all at the UN.
JANUARY 21, 2017 Between 3 and 5 million women worldwide march for their rights.
80
TURNING POINT
On March 8, 1911, thousands of women across the globe gathered together to celebrate the first International Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Day. They rallied for universal suffrage and equal treatment. As more countries heard of the celebration, the number of women that gathered to rally each year increased tenfold.
THE JOURNEY
Progress toward addressing issues faced by women around the globe was slow. In 1948, three years after the United Nations was born, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was written and adopted. The document was the first of its kind to detail fundamental rights that belong to both men and women. More progress was made in the 70s, when the world saw the first International Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Year in 1975, and again in the 90s with the adoption of the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women.
MARCHING ON
Significant strides have been made since entering the 21st century thanks to global activism and the power of media. With the third and fourth waves of feminism came a heavy shift toward the importance of equality and social justice for our female counterparts across the oceans. There was more inclusion of women of color and different races, and this was clearly evident through the rallying around high-profile incidents that women and girls were involuntarily connected with (Me Too, #BringBackOurGirls, Gamergate, etc.). As we move into the fifth wave of feminism, we must continue to rally for women and girls all over the world to ensure that one day, we can achieve the equality that we all deserve in education, income, reproductive rights, and politics.
81
Global Gender Gap Index 2020 as presented by the World Economic Forum
2020 Ranking 1
–
Rank Change from 2018
Color = Score (1.0 is perfect) 0.0-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.4-0.7 0.7-0.9 0.9-1.0
Iceland
A
B
C
D
E
Position = Score Category A Overall Score D Health (out of 1.0) and Survival E Political B Economic Empowerment Participation and Opportunity C Educational Attainment
Economic participation and opportunity is based on: • labor force participation • wage equality for similar work • estimated earned income • legislators, senior officials and managers • professional and technical workers Educational attainment is based on: • literacy rate • enrollment in primary education • enrollment in secondary education • enrollment in tertiary education Health and survival is based on: • sex ratio at birth • healthy life expectancy Political empowerment is based on: • women in parliament • women in ministerial positions • years with female head of state
˄2
South Africa
18
˄2
Switzerland
19
˅3
Canada
20
˄ 14
Albania
21
˅6
United Kingdom
22
˄ 18
Colombia
23
˄ 12
Moldova
24
*
Trinidad and Tobago
25
˄ 25
Mexico
26
˄7
Estonia
27
˄5
Belgium
28
˅7
Barbados
29
˅1
Belarus
30
˄6
Argentina
31
˅8
Cuba
32
˅1
Burundi
33
˅9
Lithuania
34
˄ 19
Austria
35
˄2
Portugal
36
˅ 25
Slovenia
37
˄ 19
Uruguay
38
˅ 11
Netherlands
39
˅1
Serbia
40
˄2
Poland
41
˄3
Jamaica
42
˅ 17
Bolivia
43
˅ 17
Lao PDR
44
˅5
Australia
45
*
Zambia
46
˅1
Panama
–
Zimbabwe
1
–
Iceland
47
2
–
Norway
48
˅7
Ecuador
3
˄1
Finland
49
˅ 31
Bulgaria
4
˅1
Sweden
50
˅2
Bangladesh
˄ 10
Luxembourg
5
–
Nicaragua
51
6
˄1
New Zealand
52
˄ 20
Cape Verde
˅2
United States
7
˄2
Ireland
53
8
˄ 21
Spain
54
˄ 13
Singapore
˄8
Romania
9
˅3
Rwanda
55
10
˄4
Germany
56
˅7
Mozambique
11
˄6
Latvia
57
˅3
Chile
12
˅2
Namibia
58
˄ 10
Honduras
13
˄9
Costa Rica
59
˄6
Ukraine
14
˅1
Denmark
60
˅1
Croatia
15
˅3
France
61
˅ 31
Bahamas
Philippines
62
˄ 22
Madagascar
16
82
17
˅8
63
˄ 20
Slovak Republic
109 ˅33
Kenya
64
˅ 18
Israel
110 ˄1
Belize
65
˅ 22
Uganda
111
Sierra Leone
66
˅ 14
Peru
112 ˅4
India
67
˅3
Venezuela
113 ˅6
Guatemala
68
˄3
Tanzania
114 ˅26
Myanmar
69
˅7
Bosnia Herzegovina
115 ˅6
Mauritius
70
˅4
Macedonia
116 ˅4
Malawi
71
˅2
Montenegro
117 ˄7
Timor-Leste
72
˅ 12
Kazakhstan
118 ˄7
Angola
73
˅ 18
Botswana
119 ˅1
Benin
74
˄ 25
Georgia
120
UAE
75
˅2
Thailand
121 ˅11
Japan
76
˅6
Italy
122 ˄4
Kuwait
77
˄2
Suriname
123 ˅10
Maldives
78
˄4
Czech Republic
124 ˅5
Tunisia
79
˅ 21
Mongolia
125 ˅9
Guinea
80
˄7
El Salvador
126 *
Vanuatu
81
˅6
Russian Federation
127 *
Papua New Guinea
82
˄35
Ethiopia
128 ˄5
Nigeria
83
˅3
Eswatini
129 –
Burkina Faso
84
˅6
Greece
130 –
Turkey
85
–
Indonesia
131
˅9
Bhutan
86
˅12
Dominican Republic
132 ˅4
Algeria
87
˅10
Vietnam
133 ˅1
Bahrain
88
˅7
Lesotho
134 ˄1
Egypt
89
˄4
Cambodia
135 ˅8
Qatar
90
˄1
Malta
136 ˅16
Gambia, The
91
˄1
Cyprus
137 ˅14
Tajikistan
92
˄3
Brazil
138 –
Jordan
93
˅7
Kyrgyz Republic
139 ˄4
Mali
94
˄3
Azerbaijan
140
Togo
95
˅5
Brunei Darussalam
141 ˅5
Mauritania
96
˅39
Cameroon
142 ˅11
Côted’Ivoire
97
˅1
Liberia
143 ˅6
Morocco
98
–
Armenia
144 ˅5
Oman
99
˅5
Senegal
145 ˅5
Lebanon
100 ˄4
Paraguay
146 ˅5
Saudi Arabia
101 ˄4
Nepal
147 ˅2
Chad
102 ˅2
SriLanka
148 ˅6
Iran
103
Congo, Dem. Rep.
˄3
˄1
˅6
Fiji
149
104 ˅3
Malaysia
150 ˅4
Syria
105
Pakistan
˄3
˅5
Hungary
151
106 ˅3
China
152 ˅5
Iraq
107 ˅18
Ghana
153 ˅4
Yemen
108 ˄7
Korea, Rep.
˅3
˅3
83
It’s very clear that women, not just in America but worldwide, have endured and conquered the struggle for basic human rights. The improvements and opportunities that you just explored were hard-earned, but the fight is not yet over. In our everyday lives, we can work together to advance women’s rights.
WHAT INDIVIDUALS CAN DO As collective individuals, female or not, we can all take part in the continuous fight for women’s rights and gender equality. While progress has certainly been made over the past 100 years, it should not and will not take us 100 more to reach the goals of the women’s rights movement. Here are a few steps we can all take to bring the world closer to gender equality.
Don’t be afraid to speak up Remaining silent does nothing to advance the fight. The female voice has never been more powerful, and it is our responsibility to use that voice to continue to seek reform and support each other. We are women, hear us roar!
Fight everyday stereotypes and embrace diversity Not all women are built the same, just like not all men are built the same. We all have different mental and physical needs and desires that make us human beings. It is critical that we learn how to embrace these differences and understand the importance of breaking gender-specific stereotypes. Doing so has the power to unify us as a nation.
Learn from our past and present advocates Women like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton have set great examples of how we can be advocates today. Although many of the rights that they advocated for have been achieved over the past 100 years, we can still learn a lesson or two on the benefits of banding together to petition for equality. By encouraging and supporting one another, we can achieve even more for women over the next 100 years.
84
WHAT EMPLOYERS CAN DO Much of the possibility for women to advance and succeed in equal rights is hindered in the workplace. To overcome these obstacles and pave the way for a less discriminatory future, employers can and should reevaluate their internal operating systems for a more gender-equal environment. Below are just a few recommended approaches that could go a long way.
Evaluate hiring practices Discrimination can start even before a woman sets foot in the workplace. To avoid this, ensure that job qualifications are inclusive and do not have barriers to diversity. Beyond this, ensure that the workplace is already inclusive and diverse before it grows.
Remove any existing pay gaps between men and women that complete similar work Yes, the wage gap does exist. Pay should correlate with job role, rather than gender, and therefore a pay structure must be established. Doing so can improve transparency and rid workplace bias. Additionally, conducting regular pay audits can help your company to determine if you are on the right track to equal pay.
Support a work/life balance Working mothers often suffer significant pay penalties for time off. This is due to the fact that many companies do not provide childcare support systems. The less support that is given, the more the percentage of women in the workforce drops. To ensure that working mothers are achieving a healthy work/life balance and are feeling supported, companies should grant parental leave for fathers as well. This would give women the opportunity to focus on their careers, while giving fathers the chance to help raise their family.
Create and follow policies against sexual harassment and offence According to a survey from the Center for Talent Innovation, 1 in 3 women have experienced sexual harassment at work. 72% of these women have been harassed by senior members. Companies and their management should ensure that all employees feel mentally and physically safe at their place of work, so it is extremely important that any inappropriate behavior is immediately addressed and handled. By creating and following a set of strict rules against harassment, bullying, stalking, racism, and other offences, companies can provide a safe, open environment for all workers and inform employees that such behavior will not be practiced or tolerated.
85
PARTY STANCES
WITHIN PUBLISHED POLITICAL PLATFORMS OVER TIME The official published political platforms of Democrats and Republicans on the first day of each presidential nominating convention reveal that out of 836,872 total words between 1920 and 2020,
only 28,314 (3%) of those words have been related to women's issues. The word counts presented are based on an analysis by The Pudding in collaboration with the National Portrait Gallery. words about women in Democratic platform total words in Democratic platform words about women in Republican platform total words in Republican platform
number of words about women and context of words
total number of words in political platform on first day of nominating convention
1920
7,159
suffrage (D) suffrage (R)
6,431 5,864
1924 suffrage (D) economy (R)
5,253
1928
5,650
health, economy (D) leadership (R)
1932
1936
1940 equal rights, economy (D) equal rights (R)
1944
7,877 2,327 3,049 4,681 1941
3,314
WWII Pearl Harbor attack
1,370
equal rights, equal pay (D) equal rights (R)
4,246
1948
4,251
equal rights, economy (D) equal rights, health (R)
1945
WWII ends and United Nations is established
1948
Soviets begin Berlin blockade in Cold War
2,748
1952 health (D) equal rights (R)
stock market crash
1,493
not one mention of women by either party!
economy (D) economy (R)
1929
7,437
1953
8,977
Korean War lasts 1950-1953, followed by Vietnam
6,017
1956
12,927
equal rights, equal pay (D) equal rights, economy (R)
11,406
1960 equal rights, economy (D) economy (R)
1961
16,154 10,677
20,126 8,756
1968 health (D) equal rights (R)
86
1963
MLK Jr. "I Have a Dream" speech
1964 equal rights, equal pay (D) equal rights (R)
Freedom Riders
16,773 9,985
1969
First men on the moon
1972
25,592
equal rights, economy (D) equal rights, economy (R)
1973
Watergate hearings televised; Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion
24,349
1976
21,182
equal rights, economy (D) equal rights, health (R)
1981
20,481
First woman Supreme Court justice is appointed
1980
38,149
economy, health (D) economy, health (R)
34,595
1984
37,120
economy, equal rights (D) economy, equal rights (R)
1988 health, economy equal pay (D) health, economy (R)
1992
27,428 1986
4,828
Challenger explosion
36,300 1990
8,565
Persian Gulf War
health (D) health, economy (R)
1996
28,466 18,116
health (D) health (R)
27,898
2000
1998
24,224
Clinton impeached
health, equal rights (D) health (R)
2004
34,682 2001
17,795
9/11 terrorist attacks
health, equal rights (D) health (R)
2008 health, equal rights, education (D) health (R)
2012 economy, education, equal rights (D) health (R)
2016 health, equal rights, education (D) health, education (R)
41,933 2006
25,945
Nancy Pelosi becomes first woman Speaker of the House
23,814 2008
26,569 31,405
Barack Obama becomes first black president
2011
Gay marriage is legalized
25,893 36,595 2013
Government shutdown over Affordable Care Act disagreement
1920â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2016 total words about women
28,314
87
90
84 health care 80
82 COVID-19
76 race and ethnic inequalities
72 economy
70 68 climate change
65 economic inequality
66 Supreme Court appointments
60
Pro-choice
Equal opportunity
57 foreign policy
Democrats believe it is a womanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal right to decide what she can and cannot do with her body.
50 gun policy
Equal pay and promotion
Democrats believe in affirmative action policies that support and improve equal educational and occupational opportunities. It ensures that all candidates are fairly considered for positions.
50
46
immigration
46 violent crime
40
35 abortion 30
20
10
Democrats in 2020 are most concerned with health care and the COVID-19 outbreak, and least concerned about abortion. % of registered voters saying each is 'very important' to their vote in the presidential election 88
Democrats believe that equal work deserves equal pay, regardless of race or gender. They recognize that pay disparities exist and that closing the gap must involve the government.
Paid family leave Democrats believe employers should be required to offer paid family leave to moms and dads. To do this, they desire to create a new federal fund that is supported by an increase in payroll taxes.
Decrease maternal mortality Democrats believe in reversing the rising trend by addressing maternal health disparities and investing more time and money into research about pregnancy complications.
Protect women against violence Democrats believe in helping women that are victims and survivors of sexual and domestic violence through legal protection measures, support, and resources.
90 88 economy
80
74 violent crime
70
61 immigration
Pro-life
Merit-based system
Republicans believe that an unborn child has a right to life that should not be infringed upon. They believe in support and resources for difficult pregnancies, as long as the unborn childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s right to life is not disturbed.
Republicans disagree with affirmative action policies because it could force employers to consider less-qualified candidates solely to increase diversity. Instead, they propose a merit-based system that increases the chance of fair decision making.
60 61 Supreme Court appointments
60 gun policy
50 57 foreign 48 health care
policy
More jobs before equal pay Republicans believe that there should be more focus on providing more women with job opportunities. From there, it is up to businesses to address equal pay.
Paid family leave Republicans believe in providing new mothers and fathers with paid leave. To do this, they believe that employees should take from their future federal benefits and expect to receive smaller benefits later on.
40
Stop the expansion of Medicaid Republicans believe in shrinking Medicaid coverage due its expense and its affect on deficit spending. Medicaid helps low-income Americans of all ages pay for the costs associated with medical and long-term custodial care.
Protect women against violence, but leave guns out of it
39 COVID-19
30
28 economic inequality
24 race and ethnic inequalities
20
Republicans believe that it is important to help victims and survivors of sexual and domestic violence, but do not believe that those convicted should be barred from purchasing a firearm.
10 11 climate change
Republicans in 2020 are most concerned with the economy, and least concerned with climate change and inequalities. % of registered voters saying each is 'very important' to their vote in the presidential election 89
90
VOTE! 1 VOTE! VOTE!
Make sure you are registered to vote. Check if you live in one of the forty states that allow you to register to vote online and be aware of any registration deadlines (which vary by state). You can find all of this information on the U.S. Vote Foundation website here: https://www.usvotefoundation.org
A lot is at stake in the 2020 election beyond just the presidency, including: •
all 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives
•
35 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate
•
13 state and territorial governorships
•
state and local elections
An election during a pandemic is more complicated than Americans are used to, but it has never been more critical to exercise our right to vote in a fair election. The next 100 years will no doubt be full of more successes and setbacks towards equality. As an informed body of individuals, it is up to us to ensure that every next step, in all disciplines and aspects of society, is a step towards equal rights. The following was adopted from The Washington Post to help ensure that mail-in votes count, and in-person voting goes smoothly.
2
What to receive a ballot by mail? Check your local board of elections office for state requirements. States may send out ballots automatically, send out applications, or require you to be proactive in requesting one unprompted. Election officials cross-check all records to assure that ballots get to the correct registered voter. Want to vote in person instead? Skip to step #7.
3
Look up when your state mails out ballots — and request one ASAP. Each state has their own timeline of when they send out ballots. The Postal Service recommends that voters request their ballots at least 15 days before Election Day since many states do not accept ballots received after November 3rd.
4
Fill out your ballot, and make sure to follow the instructions exactly. Use the envelope provided to mail your ballot back to help verify its authenticity. You will likely also need to sign the back of the envelope. For security, that signature will be matched to the signature the state has on record for you.
5
Return your ballot ASAP. The Postal Service recommends that voters mail back their ballot by October 27th (one week prior to the election). States that hold all-mail elections provide secure drop boxes. You could also drop off your ballot at your local elections office, or in some cases you can have a third party deliver your signed and sealed ballot to election officials. Check if your state has a smart bar code that will let you track your ballot on its way to and from your house.
6
Early voting is an option. Seven states are not allowing absentee voting over concerns about coronavirus. Others have expanded early voting for in-person locations. Check your individual state.
7
Vote in person. Double check your polling location because officials are trying to find bigger spaces for social distancing. Expect the process to take longer than normal as COVID-19 protocols are observed. Note that in some states voters who requested a ballot but did not mail it in can still vote in person. More information how to register in your state: vote.gov State rules on absentee voting: usa.gov/election-office Polling place locator: vote.org/polling-place-locator
91
Birth
Death
1759 Mary Wollstonecraft
1797
1775 Jane Austen 1793 1797
1817 1880
Lucretia Mott
1883
Sojourner Truth
1815
1902
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1818
1893
Lucy Stone
1820 Susan B. Anthony
1906
1820 Florence Nightingale
1910
1820 Harriet Tubman
1913
1821
Clara Barton
1912
1821
Elizabeth Blackwell
1910
1838
Victoria Claflin Woodhull
1927
1838
Eva Perón
1927
1849
1949
Hallie Quinn Brown
1858
1928
Emmeline Pankhurst
1863
1954
Mary Church Terrell
1867
1934
Marie Curie
1872
1953
Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans
1875
1955
Mary McLeod Bethune
1879
Helen Gwynne-Vaughan
1879
Margaret Sanger
1880
1967 1966 1958
Marie Stopes
1884 1885
1962
Eleanor Roosevelt
1977
Alice Paul
1887
Beulah Louise Henry
1887
María Teresa Ferrari
1897
1973 1956 1937
Amelia Earhart
1907 1908
2004
Estée Lauder
1910
2008
Dorothy Vaughan
1913
2005
Rosa Parks
1917
1984
Indira Ghandi
1918
It's no secret that the advancements and freedoms that we have today could not have happened without the voice, leadership, and guidance of powerful female advocates all over the world, past and present. This is just a sample of prominent change-makers of the past four waves of feminism and beginning of the fifth wave.
1954
Frida Kahlo
1921
Betty Friedan
1921
Mary Jackson
2006 2005
1925
Margaret Thatcher
1926
Argelia Laya Patsy Mink
1927
Coretta Scott King
1931
2002 2006 2019
Toni Morrison
1934 1935
Gloria Steinam
2011
Geraldine Ferraro
1941
2015
Beth Brant
1943
1952
politician
2017
Norma McCorvey
1954 1956
2012
Dr. Sally Ride Helen Zia Angela Merkel Eileen Collins
1972
activist
2005
Beatrice Medicine
1951
innovator
business woman
2013 1997
1927
1947
writer
2020
Katherine Johnson
Laverne Cox
1977
healthcare worker
Maryam Mirzakhani
1980
1997
Malala Yousafzai
2003
1740
1760
92
1780
1800
1820
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
2017
Alexya Salvador
1980
2000
Greta Thunburg
2020
Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759–1797: author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), a book that demonstrated thoughts about educational and social equality for women
Mary McLeod Bethune, 1875–1955: influential civil rights advocate during FDR’s presidency, founder of the National Council of Negro Women
Jane Austen, 1775–1817: English novelist known for her witty social commentary on marriage and romance
Margaret Sanger, 1879–1966: birth control activist, established the organization that eventually became Planned Parenthood
Lucretia Mott, 1793–1880: one of the first abolitionists and women’s rights activists, key organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and a contributor of “The Declaration of Sentiments”
Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, 1879–1967: Commander of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), Commander of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS)
Sojourner Truth, 1797–1883: African American abolitionist and women’s rights activist, first black woman to win a case against a white man
Marie Stopes, 1880–1958: writer and activist who fought for birth control rights and sex education
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1815–1902: one of the first abolitionists and women’s rights activists, key organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention, worked with Susan B. Anthony towards the cause Lucy Stone, 1818–1893: organizer of the American Woman Suffrage Association, first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree Susan B. Anthony, 1820–1906: president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association Florence Nightingale, 1820–1910: led the first team of British nurses during the Crimean War, helped established modern nursing Harriet Tubman, ~1820–1913: conductor of the Underground Railroad, women’s suffrage activist Elizabeth Blackwell, 1821–1910: first woman to receive her medical degree in the U.S. Clara Barton, 1821–1912: nurse to Union and Confederate soldiers during the Civil War, founder of the American Red Cross Victoria Claflin Woodhull, 1838–1927: leader of the women’s suffrage movement, first woman to run for President Eva Perón, 1838–1927: former First Lady of Argentina, founder of first female political party in Argentina Hallie Quinn Brown, 1849–1949: professor at Wilberforce University in Ohio, helped found the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) Emmeline Pankhurst, 1858–1928: founded the Women’s Social and Political Union, dedicated to obtaining the right to vote for women in the UK Mary Church Terrell, 1863–1954: founder of the National Association of Colored Women, one of the first African American women to earn a degree Marie Curie, 1867–1934: Poland’s first female to win a Nobel Prize, and the first to receive the honor twice Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans, 1872–1953: first female woman on a Fortune 500 company’s board of directors
Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1962: served as First Lady for 12 years, advocate for women in politics Alice Paul, 1885–1977: advocate for the 19th Amendment, author of the Equal Rights Amendment María Teresa Ferrari, 1887–1956: first female university professor in Latin America, founded the first maternity ward at her local military hospital Beulah Louise Henry, 1887–1973: inventor of the ice cream freezer, the first bobbinless sewing machine, soap-containing sponges, and the “Miss Illusion” doll Amelia Earhart, 1897–1937: first female to fly a plane solo across the Atlantic Ocean Frida Kahlo, 1907–1954: explored feminism, LGBTQ rights, and cultural history through her unique paintings Estée Lauder, 1908–2004: one of the richest self-made women in the world, leader of her own beauty empire Dorothy Vaughan, 1910–2008: mathematician for NASA, one of their first female and Black supervisors Rosa Parks, 1913–2005: civil rights activist known for her bus boycott Indira Ghandi, 1917–1984: first female prime minister of India
Toni Morrison, 1931–2019: first African American woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature Gloria Steinam, 1934–present: writer and women’s rights advocate, co-founder of Ms. Geraldine Ferraro, 1935–2011: first female U.S. Vice Presidential candidate Beth Brant, 1941–2015: member of the Mohawk Tribe, one of the first gay Native American writers, published poetry and essays about feminism Beatrice Medicine, 1943–2005: member of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, wrote one of the first studies on the lives of Native American women Norma McCorvey (“Jane Roe”), 1947–2017: plaintiff in Roe v. Wade who challenged abortion laws Dr. Sally Ride, 1951–2012: first American woman in space aboard the Challenger Helen Zia, 1952–present: LGBTQ+ youth and sexual assault advocate, co-founder of American Citizens for Justice (ACJ) Angela Merkel, 1954–present: first female Chancellor of Germany, known for handling the Euro-zone debt crisis and the refugee crisis Eileen Collins, 1956–present: first female pilot and first female commander of a NASA Space Shuttle Laverne Cox, 1972–present: actress and LGBTQ+ youth advocate, first transgender person to be nominated for an Emmy Maryam Mirzakhani, 1977–2017: first Iranian and woman to win the Fields medal for mathematics skills Alexya Salvador, 1980–present: first transgender pastor in Latin America Malala Yousafzai, 1997–present: Pakistani advocate for women’s education Greta Thunburg, 2003–present: Swedish climate activist who has been leading protests and raising awareness all over the globe
Katherine Johnson, 1918–2020: mathematician whose calculations helped the U.S. send astronauts to space Mary Jackson, 1921–2005: mathematician and first African American female engineer at NASA Betty Friedan, 1921–2006: author of The Feminine Mystique, which sparked the second wave of feminism Margaret Thatcher, 1925–2013: the first female Prime Minister of the UK Argelia Laya, 1926–1997: Afro-Latina advocate for educational equality and the right to a safe pregnancy Patsy Mink, 1927–2002: elected to the House in 1964, penned the first draft of Title IX bill Coretta Scott King, 1927–2006: advocate for African American equality, leader of the Civil Rights Movement
Although the women on this list were noteworthy in the fight for gender equality, it's important to understand that not all were innocent of their own faults. For the purpose of this project, we chose to highlight the work that they did and the milestones they hit for women's rights alone.
93
94
â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Hillary Clinton, former United States Secretary of State and first female presidential nominee 95
REFERENCES in order of appearance by section FOUR WAVES OF FEMINISM Anand, T. (2020, April 24). A brief summary of the first wave of Feminism. Feminism In India. Retrieved from https://feminisminindia.com/2018/04/24/ summary-first-wave-of-feminism/ Anand, T. (2018, April 25). A brief summary of the second wave of Feminism. Feminism In India. Retrieved from https://feminisminindia. com/2018/04/25/summary-second-wave-of-feminism/ Anand, T. (2018, April 27). A brief summary of the third wave of Feminism. Feminism In India. Retrieved from https://feminisminindia.com/2018/04/27/ brief-summary-third-wave-of-feminism/ History.com Editors. (2019, November 20). Seneca Falls convention. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-rights/ seneca-falls-convention#section_1
Pew Research Center. (2016, June 15-26). Top voting issues for men and women: % of registered voters saying each is very important to their vote in 2016 [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https:// www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/28/acloser-look-at-the-gender-gap-in-presidential-voting/ Pew Research Center. (2019, July 10-15). In politics TODAY, do you consider yourself a Republican, Democrat, or independent? [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FT_19.07.23_ Mueller_Topline.pdf
McKenzie, I. (2019, December 2). Here’s the tea: The evolution of fourth-wave feminism in the 2010s. The Post. Retrieved from https://www.thepostathens.com/ article/2019/12/decade-in-review-feminism-me-too
Solomon, D. (2019, November 19). Women of color: A collective powerhouse in the U.S. electorate. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/ reports/2019/11/19/477309/women-color-collectivepowerhouse-u-s-electorate/
VOTER TURNOUT
EDUCATION
Adler, B. S. E. (2020, February 28). Black women had to fight for the right to vote on two fronts. AARP. Retrieved from https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/ info-2020/black-women-voting-rights.html#quest1
Dartmouth. (2016, November 3). Women, marriage, education, and occupation in the United States from 1940-2000. History 90.01: Topics in Digital History. Retrieved from https://journeys.dartmouth.edu/ censushistory/2016/11/03/women-marriage-andeducation-in-the-united-states-from-1940-2000/
American Civil Liberties Union. (2020, March 3). ACLU news & commentary. ALCU. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/news/civil-liberties/blockthe-vote-voter-suppression-in-2020/ Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2019, September 16). Among Asians/Pacific Islanders, Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites, the number of female voters in recent elections has exceeded the number of male voters [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/ resources/genderdiff.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2019, September 16). Among younger citizens (18-64), a higher proportion of women than men voted in 2016, 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000 and 1996; the pattern is reversed among older voters (65 and up) [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/ files/resources/genderdiff.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2019, September 16). Gender differences in voter turnout. CAWP. Retrieved from http://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/ default/files/resources/genderdiff.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2014). Party identification [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/resources/ ggprtyid.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2014). Presidential performance ratings [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/ default/files/resources/ggprtyid.pdf Dittmar, K. (2018, July 3). The gender gap in voting: Setting the record straight. Center for American Women and Politics. Retrieved from https://www.cawp.rutgers. edu/footnotes/gender-gap-voting-settingrecord-straight
96
National Women’s History Museum. (2016, August 23). National Woman Suffrage Association. History of U.S. Woman’s Suffrage. Retrieved from http://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nwsa-organize
Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Number of doctoral degrees earned in the United States from 1949/50 to 2028/29, by gender (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/185167/ number-of-doctoral-degrees-by-gender-since1950/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20the%20 number,degree%20in%20the%20United%20States. Dutrow, D. (n.d.). The history of single-gender education in America. Sutori. Retrieved from https://www.sutori.com/story/ the-history- of-single-gender-education-in-america-vm3coS98UMEejmhW97oYe1hy Fry, R. (2019, June 20). U.S. women near milestone in the college-educated labor force. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ fact-tank/2019/06/20/u-s-women-near-milestone-inthe-college-educated-labor-force/ GEM Report SCOPE. (n.d.). UNESCO. Retrieved from https://www.education-progress.org/en/articles/ learning/ Perry, M. (2019, August 28). Chart of the day: The incredible 13M gender college degree gap since 1982 favoring women. American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved from https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/ chart-of-the-day-the-incredible-13m-gender-collegedegree-gap-since-1982-favoring-women/ PhD gender gaps around the world [Chart]. (2014, September 18). Flowingdata. Retrieved from https://flowingdata.com/2014/09/18/phd-gendergaps-around-the-world/ Rodriguez, L. (2019, September 24). Girls’ education: 7 obstacles and how to overcome them. Global Citizen. Retrieved from https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/ content/barriers-to-girls-education-around-the-world/ Rury, J. (2020, July 14). Coeducation | Encyclopedia. com. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved from https://www. encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/education/ education-terms-and-concepts/coeducation
Duffin, E. (2020, January 30). Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in the United States in 2019, by educational attainment and gender (in current U.S. dollars) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/185332/medianweekly-earnings-of-full-time-wage-and-salary-workersby-educational-attainment/
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017, December 27). Percent distribution of women in the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment [Table]. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2017/a-look-atwomens-education-and-earnings-since-the-1970s. htm?view_full
Duffin, E. (2020, April 1). Number of U.S. population in 2019, by educational attainment (population in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https:// www.statista.com/statistics/240868/educationalattainment-in-the-us/
U.S. Department of Education (ED). (2015, April 1). Title IX and sex discrimination. U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/ offices/list/ocr/docs/tix_dis.html
Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Number of bachelor's degrees earned in the United States from 1949/50 to 2028/29, by gender (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/ statistics/185157/number-of-bachelor-degrees-bygender-since-1950/#:~:text=The%20statistic%20 shows%20the%20number,degree%20in%20the%20 United%20States.
INCOME Fast facts: the gender pay gap. (2020, March 27). AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881. Retrieved from https://www.aauw.org/resources/article/fastfacts-pay-gap/ History.com Editors. (2019, April 2). Equal Pay Act. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/ topics/womens-rights/equal-pay-act
Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Associate's degrees earned in the United States by gender 1970-2029 (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista. com/statistics/185168/number-of-associates-degreesby-gender/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20 the%20number,degree%20in%20the%20United%20 States.
Institute for Women’s Policy Research. (2017, November 1). Women’s median earnings as a percent of men’s, 1985-2016 (Full-time, year-round workers) with projections for pay equity, by Race/Ethnicity. Institute for Women’s Policy Research. Retrieved from https://iwpr.org/publications/womens-medianearnings-1985-2016/
Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Number of Master's degrees earned in the United States from 1949/50 to 2028/29, by gender (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/185160/numberof-masters-degrees-by-gender-since-1950/
Living New Deal. (2017, March 3). Fair Labor Standards Act (1938). Living New Deal. Retrieved from https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/fair-laborstandards-act-1938/ National Committee on Pay Equity. (n.d.). History of the struggle for fair pay. National Committee on Pay Equity. Retrieved from https://www.pay-equity.org/ info-history.html
Payscale. (2020). Career progression: men [Chart]. Payscale. Retrieved from https://www.payscale.com/ data/gender-pay-gap Payscale. (2020). Career progression: women [Chart]. Payscale. Retrieved from https://www.payscale.com/ data/gender-pay-gap Payscale. (2020). The gender pay gap by occupation [Table]. Payscale. Retrieved from https://www. payscale.com/data/gender-pay-gap Robertson, L. (2018, October 24). 5 reasons the gender pay gap exists (yes, there’s not just one). Future Women. Retrieved from https://futurewomen.com/ hotlists/5-reasons-gender-pay-gap-exists/
Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2020, January 30). Percent distribution of maternal deaths, by cause of death: United States, 2018 [Chart]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/ nvsr69/nvsr69-02-508.pdf Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2016). Reported abortions, by known age group and year — selected reporting areas, United States, 2007–2016 [Table]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ mmwr/volumes/68/ss/ss6811a1.htm Gender inequality facts. (2020, May 23). Facts.net. Retrieved from https://facts.net/history/culture/ gender-inequality-facts
United States Census Bureau. (2018, July). Detailed occupation by median earnings in the past 12 months, sex and education for full-time, year-round workers: ACS 2016 [Chart]. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/ industry-occupation/acs-2016.html
Haq, J. (2019, February 5). Why Young Adults Are Having Fewer Children Than Their Ideal Number [Table]. Odyssey. Retrieved from https://www.theodysseyonline.com/americansare-having-less-babies/why-young-adults-are-havingfewer-children-than-their-ideal-number
United States Census Bureau. (2019, August 22). Personal income: PINC-05. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/ tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/ cps-pinc/pinc-05.html
Institute for Women’s Policy and Research. (n.d.). How the states measure up: Women’s status on the Reproductive Rights Composite Index and its components [Table]. Institute for Women’s Policy and Research. Retrieved from https://statusofwomendata.org/explore-the-data/ reproductive-rights/additional-state-data/reproductiverights-composite/
Wage gap between men and women by state, per dollar [Table]. (2018, March). National Partnership for Women and Families. Retrieved from https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/ resources/economic-justice/fair-pay/americas-womenand-the-wage-gap.pdf Women’s Bureau. (2017). Median annual earnings by sex, race and Hispanic ethnicity [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/data/ earnings#earnings-over-time Women’s Bureau. (2017). Occupations with the largest gender earnings gap [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/ data/earnings#earnings-over-time Women’s Bureau. (2017). Occupations with the smallest gender earnings gap [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/ agencies/wb/data/earnings#earnings-over-time
Johnston, R. (2019, April 14). Abortions by race/ ethnicity, United States, 1965-2017, estimated [Chart]. Johnston Archives. Retrieved from http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/ usa_abortion_by_race.html Johnston, R. (2019, April 14). Live births by race/ ethnicity, United States, 1965-2017, estimated [Chart]. Johnston Archives. Retrieved from http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/ usa_abortion_by_race.html Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, March 8). Characteristics of clients who used services at Title X sites in 2017 [Chart]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/ new-title-x-regulations-implications-for-women-andfamily-planning-providers/
U.S. women are losing abortion access. Here are the facts. (2019, August 21). Apolitical. Retrieved from https://apolitical.co/en/solution_article/us-women-arelosing-abortion-access-here-are-the-facts FAMILY LIFE AND LEAVE Blakely-Gray, R. (2019, June 17). What are the states with paid family leave? Thorough Guide. Patriot. Retrieved from https://www.patriotsoftware.com/blog/ payroll/states-with-paid-family-leave/ The Cost of Raising a Child. [Graphic]. (2020, February 18). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov/media/ blog/2017/01/13/cost-raising-child DeRosa, M. (2018, June 21). History of maternity leave in the US. VantagePoint. Retrieved from https://vantagepointbenefit.com/history-of-maternityleave-in-the-us/ Kornfeind, K. R., & Sipsma, H. L. (2018, May 2). Exploring the link between maternity leave and postpartum depression. Women’s Health Issues, 28(4), 321-326. DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2018.03.008 Lenhart, A., Schulte, B., & Swenson, H. (2019, December 12). Navigating work and care. New America. Retrieved from https://www.newamerica.org/ better-life-lab/reports/navigating-work-and-care/ OECD Family Database. (2018). Paid maternity, parental and home care leave available to mothers, in weeks, 2018 [Table]. OECD. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_ systems.pdf Pew Research Center. (2013, October 7-27). Mothers, more than fathers, experience career interruptions: % of fathers/mothers saying they have done each of the following in order to care for a child or family member [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/22/ gender-pay-gap-facts/ Sholar, M. (n.d.). The history of family leave policies in the United States. Organization of American Historians. Retrieved from https://www.oah.org/tah/issues/2016/ november/the-history-of-family-leave-policies-in-theunited-states/ Siegel, M. L. (2019, November 29). The forgotten origins of paid family leave. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/opinion/ mothers-paid-family-leave.html
REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, March 8). Health centers with Title X status are more likely to provide effective family planning methods onsite and to offer services associated with high quality care: Percent of health centers reporting they offer... [Chart]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/womens-healthpolicy/issue-brief/new-title-x-regulations-implicationsfor-women-and-family-planning-providers/
Alan Guttmacher Institute. (2004). Percentage distribution of women having an abortion, by their most important reason for having the abortion, 2004 and 1987 [Table]. Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ journals/3711005.pdf
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, July 30). Key family planning/reproductive health (FP/RH) indicators by region [Table]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/ the-u-s-government-and-international-family-planningreproductive-health-efforts/
Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November). Percentage distribution of adult female victims by type of victimization and perpetrator gender [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf
Amandus, H., Coben, J., Gurka, K., Konda, S., & Tiesman, H. (2012, April 1). Workplace homicides among U.S. women: The role of intimate partner violence. ScienceDirect. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/ pii/S1047279712000245
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, March 8). The share of women served by Planned Parenthood varies by state: Percent of female contraceptive clients served at publicly funded centers who received services at Planned Parenthood in 2015 [Graph]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issuebrief/new-title-x-regulations-implications-for-womenand-family-planning-providers/
Women’s Bureau. (2017). Women's earnings as a share of men’s across the occupational distribution [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/data/ earnings#earnings-over-time
Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2020, January 30). Maternal mortality rates, by age: United States, 2018 [Chart]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr69/ nvsr69-02-508.pdf Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2020, January 30). Maternal mortality rates, by single race and Hispanic origin: United States, 2018 [Chart]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/ nvsr69/nvsr69-02-508.pdf
Larson, J. (2017, January 17). The 200-year fight for abortion access. The Cut. Retrieved from https://www.thecut.com/2017/01/timeline-the-200year-fight-for-abortion-access.html Michals, D. (2017). Margaret Sanger. National Women’s History Museum. Retrieved from https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/ biographies/margaret-sanger
6 shocking facts about gender inequality in 2019. (2020, March 3). Pan Macmillan. Retrieved from https://www. panmacmillan.com/blogs/lifestyle-wellbeing/shockinggender-inequality-facts-melinda-gates
Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November). Percentage distribution of adult victims of violence by victim-perpetrator relationship and victim gender: All types of victimization [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November). Percentage distribution of adult male victims by type of victimization and perpetrator gender [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November). Percentage distribution of rape victims by age at time of first rape and victim gender [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf
Roe v. Wade. (n.d.). Oyez. Retrieved from https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18
97
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2019, February 27). Percent of workers with access to paid and unpaid family leave by establishment size and ownership, March 2018 [Chart]. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2019/ access-to-paid-and-unpaid-family-leave-in-2018.htm World Health Organization. (2013). Prevalence of intimate partner violence by GBD region [Table]. WHO. Retrieved https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main. IPVGBDREGION World Health Organization. (2013). Prevalence of non-partner sexual violence by GBD region [Table]. WHO. Retrieved https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view. main.NPSVGBDREGION WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP Center for the American Woman and Politics (n.d.). Women in the U.S. Congress 2020. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/ women-us-congress-2020 Grant Thornton. (2020, March 2). Blueprint for action. Grant Thornton International Ltd. Home. Retrieved from https://www.grantthornton.global/en/insights/ women-in-business-2019/blueprint-for-action/ Historic firsts in women’s education in the United States. (2009, March 11). U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/education/ articles/2009/03/11/historic-firsts-in-womenseducation-in-the-united-states History.com Editors. (2020, February 28). Famous firsts in women’s history. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/ famous-firsts-in-womens-history History.com Editors. (2020, February 5). Women’s history milestones: A timeline. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/ womens-history-us-timeline
Cann, O., & Salyer, K. (2019, December 17). Everything you need to know about the gender gap in 2020. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/12/gendergap-report-gender-parity-how-to-speed-up-progress
Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of Fortune 500 CEOs who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/
Churchill, L. (n.d.). The Feminine Mystique | summary, significance, & facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/ The-Feminine-Mystique
Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of state governors who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of state legislators who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of U.S. representatives who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of U.S. senators who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of university and college presidents who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/ fact-sheet/the-data-on-women-leaders/
Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2019, March 5). Women in Parliament [Chart]. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/04/the-us-ranks-75thin-womens-representation-in-government.html
Pew Research Center. (2018, June 19-July 2). Women have a relative advantage over men on several aspects of political leadership: % saying women/men in high political offices are better at... [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends. org/2018/09/20/women-and-leadership-2018/
Kerber, R. (2020, February 10). Women business leader numbers are on the rise - but it's not fast enough. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/womenscorporate-board-change-gender-equality-business/
Women in Congress. (2020, January 15). Number of women in the House and Senate by state, district, or territory, 1917-present [Graph]. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ misc/R43244.pdf
Miller, C. C., Sanger-Katz, M., & Quealy, K. (2018, April 24). The top jobs where women are outnumbered by men named John. The New York Times Company. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/ interactive/2018/04/24/upshot/women-and-mennamed-john.html
Women’s Rights Timeline. (n.d.). National Archives. Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/ women/timeline
Pew Research Center. (2018, June 19-July 2). Men and women who see a gender gap in styles of leadership differ on who has a better approach: % saying that when it comes to the leadership styles of people in top positions in business and politics… [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/09/20/womenand-leadership-2018/ Pew Research Center. (2018, June 19-July 2). On several aspects of corporate leadership, many give women the edge: % saying women/men in top executive business positions are better at each of the following [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/09/20/womenand-leadership-2018/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of Cabinet or Cabinet-level positions held by women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/ fact-sheet/the-data-on-women-leaders/
98
Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of Fortune 500 board members who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/
PERCEPTION OF EQUALITY Barone, E. (2019, September 26). While 8 in 10 Americans want equality, their priorities vary: What do you think is the most important first step to increasing gender equality in the US? [Table]. TIME. Retrieved from https://time.com/5667397/gender-equality-opinions/ Barone, E. (2019, September 26). Younger people are prepared to address gender inequality: Do you feel that achieving gender equality in the US is something you can personally impact? [Table]. TIME. Retrieved from https://time.com/5667397/gender-equality-opinions/ Blakemore, E. (2018, November 26). Why the fight over the e=Equal Rights Amendment has lasted nearly a century. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/news/equal-rightsamendment-fail-phyllis-schlafly The Cabinet Office. (2012). Sense of equality in terms of the status of men and women throughout the entire society [Chart]. The Cabinet Office. Retrieved http://www.gender.go.jp/english_contents/pr_act/pub/ pamphlet/women-and-men17/pdf/1-10.pdf
History & Vision (2018). Me Too Movement. Retrieved from https://metoomvmt.org/about/ Me Too: sexual harassment awareness & prevention. (n.d.). Maryville Online. https://online.maryville.edu/ blog/understanding-the-me-too-movement-a-sexualharassment-awareness-guide/ Pew Research Center. (2017, August 8-21, September 14-28). Democrats more than twice as likely as Republicans to say more work is needed to bring about gender equality: % saying the country ___ when it comes to giving women equal rights with men [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/10/18/widepartisan-gaps-in-u-s-over-how-far-the-country-hascome-on-gender-equality/ Pew Research Center. (2017, August 8-21, September 14-28). Democrats more than twice as likely as Republicans to say more work is needed to bring about gender equality: % saying ___ in our country these days [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/10/18/widepartisan-gaps-in-u-s-over-how-far-the-country-hascome-on-gender-equality/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Few think women have a better life than men: % who say _ have a better life in their country [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ Pew Research Center. (2017, August 8-21, September 14-28). For Democrats, views on gender equality are closely linked to educational attainment: % of Democrats and Democratic leaners saying the following [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends. org/2017/10/18/wide-partisan-gaps-in-u-s-over-howfar-the-country-has-come-on-gender-equality/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Majorities think men and women have about the same influence in making important family decisions: % who say that, in a family, _ when it comes to making important decisions about... [Graph]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Many think men have more opportunities than women when it comes to getting high-paying jobs: % who say _ when it comes to… [Graph]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). More people now say men have a better life than women in their country: % who say men have a better life than women in their country [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ global/2020/04/30/worldwide-optimism-aboutfuture-of-gender-equality-even-as-many-seeadvantages-for-men/
Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Women less optimistic than men about gender equaltiy in their country: % of _ who say either it is likely that women in their country will eventually have the same rights as men or that women already have the same rights as men. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ TACKLING SOCIAL NORMS: a game changer for gender inequalities. (n.d.). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/ en/GSNI IMPROVING THE U.S. AND THE WORLD Horowitz, J. M. (2020, April 30). Worldwide optimism about future of gender equality, even as many see advantages for men. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ global/2020/04/30/worldwide-optimism-aboutfuture-of-gender-equality-even-as-many-seeadvantages-for-men/ Women of the world, unite! (n.d.). UN Women. Retrieved from https://interactive.unwomen.org/ multimedia/timeline/womenunite/en/index.html#/ World Economic Forum. (2019, December 17). Global Gender Gap Report 2020 [Table]. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf
Miller, C. C. (2019, November 21). Republicans now support a form of paid leave. So what’s the holdup? The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/21/ upshot/paid-leave-2020-debate.html Quinlan, C. (2019, March 27). 187 Republicans vote against bill to close the gender wage gap. ThinkProgress. Retrieved from https://archive.thinkprogress.org/paycheckfairness-act-gender-wage-gap-bill-republican-partyvote-1875b79a9d16/ Rayasam, R. (2019, June 14). Efforts to save new moms clash with GOP’s Medicaid cuts. POLITICO. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/ story/2019/06/14/new-moms-clash-gop-medicaidcuts-1364564 Republicanviews.org. (2015, July 30). Democratic views on affirmative action. Republican Views. Retrieved from https://www.republicanviews.org/ democratic-views-on-affirmative-action/ Republicanviews.org. (2014, March 14). Republican views on abortion. Republican Views. Retrieved from https://www.republicanviews.org/ republican-views-on-abortion/ Republicanviews.org. (2015, July 30). Republican views on affirmative action. Republican Views. Retrieved from https://www.republicanviews.org/ democratic-views-on-affirmative-action/
WHAT INDIVIDUALS AND EMPLOYERS CAN DO Akhtar, A. (2019, June 21). 1 in 3 women say they’ve been sexually harassed at work, but they’re not reporting it. Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.nl/professionalwomen-have-experienced-sexual-harassment20196?international=true&r=US 5 things employers can do to improve gender equality in the workplace. (n.d.). Next Generation. Retrieved from https://www.nextgeneration.ie/ blog/2018/04/workplace-gender-equality Innovation, C. F. T. (2018, July 11). The pervasiveness of sexual harassment in today’s whitecollar workplace. PR Newswire. Retrieved from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/thepervasiveness-of-sexual-harassment-in-todays-whitecollar-workplace-300679484.html Rongala, A. (2019, January 25). 6 ways to promote gender equality at workplace. Invensis. Retrieved from https://www.invensislearning.com/blog/workplacegender-equality/ THEN AND NOW: PARTY STANCES DeBonis, M. (2019, April 4). Democrats’ bill forces GOP to choose between NRA and protecting women. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www. washingtonpost.com/powerpost/house-backsnew-version-of-violence-against-women-act-withexpansion-of-gun-control/2019/04/04/29b011f45616-11e9-814f-e2f46684196e_story.htm Diehm, J & Goldenburg, R. (n.d.). Women’s issues within political party platforms [Chart]. The Pudding. Retrieved from https://pudding.cool/projects/votes-for-women/ DNC statement on Father’s Day and paid family leave. (2016, June 19). Democrats. Retrieved from https://democrats.org/news/dnc-statement-on-fathersday-and-paid-family-leave/ Kolinovsky, S. (2019, April 5). House Republicans, at NRA’s urging, vote against Violence Against Women Act. ABC News. Retrieved from https://abcnews. go.com/Politics/house-republicans-nras-urging-voteviolence-women-act/story?id=62198856
99
100
