PRONOUNS Person SINGULAR First
PLURAL
Subject
Object
Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun
I me my e.g. I have a book. e.g. Give me the e.g. It is my book. book.
mine myself e.g. The book is mine. e.g. I did it myself.
Second you e.g. You have a book.
you e.g. I will give you the book.
your e.g. It is your book.
Third
he / she / it e.g. He/she/ it has a book.
him / her / it e.g. I will give him/her/it the book.
his / her / its his / hers / its e.g. It is his/her book. e.g. The pets are his/hers.
First
we e.g. We have some books.
us our e.g. Give us the e.g. They are our books. books.
ours e.g. The books are ours.
ourselves e.g. We did it ourselves.
Second you e.g. You have some books.
you e.g. I will give you the books.
your e.g. They are your books.
yours e.g. The books are yours.
yourselves e.g. You guys have to d o it by yourselves.
Third
them their e.g. I will give e.g. They are their them the books. books.
theirs e.g. The books are theirs.
themselves e.g. They cleanedit themselves their house.
they e.g. They have some books.
yours yourself e.g. The pencil case is e.g. You did it yours. yourself. himself/herself e.g. He did it himself / She did it herself.
1. Replace the nouns using subject pronouns.
3. Choose the right word.
a) The girls: _____ b) an eggplant: _______ c) the employer: _____ d) Paul and I: ______ e) Iphones: _____ f) Your daughters and you: ______ g) Mrs. Jones: _____ h) the cities: ________
a) It’s their/ theirs problem, not our/ ours. b) This is a nice camera. Is it your/ yours? c) That’s not my/ mine umbrella. My/ Mine is black. d) Whose books are these? Your/ Yours or my/ mine? e) My/ Mine room is bigger than her/ hers.
2. Complete the sentences using the subject and object pronouns. a)”Do you know that man”? “Yes, I work with ________. b) Where are the tickets? I can’t find _______. c) I can’t find my keys. Where are ______? d) We’re going out. Do you want to come with _______? e) I’ve got a new computer. Do you want to see _______? f) Maria likes music. ______ plays the piano. g) I’m talking to you. Please listen to _______. h) Where is Anna? I need to talk to _______. i) My nephew has a new job, but ______ doesn’t like ______ very much.
4. Complete the sentences with REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. a) The boy blames ____________ for the car accident. b) I burned ____________ while I was cooking lunch. c) You’re very noisy kids! Behave ___________ while your grandparents are here. d) The tiger hurt ___________ when it was hunting in the fields. e) The little girl smiled When she saw ___________ in the mirror. f) We enjoy _____________ at the party yesterday.
#ORGULHODESERPRÓ |1
RELATIVE PRONOUNS Pronoun
Used for
Usage
who
person/people
subject pronoun
that
thing/things subject pronoun (sometimes people)
Example I liked the woman. She was so friendly. (Replace ‘she’) I liked the woman who was so friendly. I wanted the dress. It was such a good price. (Replace ‘it’) I wanted the dress that was such a good price. I liked the woman. She was so friendly. (Replace ‘she’) I liked the woman that was so friendly.
which
thing/things
object (pronoun)
The dress was a good price. I saw it at Baileys. (Replace ‘it’) The dress that I saw at Baileys was a good price.
subject pronoun
The dress was a good price. I saw it at Baileys. (Replace ‘it’) The dress, which I saw at Baileys, was a good price.
object pronoun
I wanted the dress. It was such a good price. (Replace ‘it’) The dress, which I wanted, was such a good price.
whose
person/people
possessive pronoun I have a friend. His parents are rich. (Replace ‘his’) I have a friend whose parents are rich.
whom
person/people
object pronoun
The girl is Susan. I like her a lot. (Replace ‘her’) The girl whom I like a lot is Susan.
object after a preposition
She is the girl. I told you about her. (Replaces ‘her’) She is the girl about whom I told you / She is the girl whom I told you about.
there/it
The shop is downtown. We work there. (Replace ‘there’) The shop where we work is downtown.
where
place
5. Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH, and WHOSE. a) This is the bank ________ was robbed yesterday. b) A boy __________ sister is in my class was in the bank at that time. c) The man _________ robbed the bank had two pistols. d) He wore a mask _________ made him look like Mickey Mouse. e) He came with a friend _________ waited outside in the car. f) The woman __________ gave him the money was young. g) The bag __________ contained the money was yellow. h) A man __________ mobile was ringing did not know what to do. i) He didn't wait at the traffic lights _________ were red. j) The police officer _________ car was parked at the next corner stopped and arrested them.
6. Right or wrong? Correct the mistakes. a) A thief is a person which steals things. ______________________________________________ b) An airplane is a machine that flies. ______________________________________________ c) Have you seen the money that was on the desk? ______________________________________________ d) I don’t like people which never stop talking. ______________________________________________
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e) I know somebody that can help you. ______________________________________________ f) Correct the sentences who are wrong. ______________________________________________ Choose the correct alternatives to fill in the blanks.
7. Is that the man _____ wants to buy your cottage? a) whom b) who
c) that d) b and c are correct
8. We know the sculptor ______ works are displayed in that art gallery. a) whose b) whom
c) who d) which
9. Have you heard about the people and cars ____ are involved in the accident? a) whose c) who b) whom d) that
10. Who is the old lady about _____ health the doctors are worried? a) who b) whom
c) whose d) which
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (WH- questions) Interrogative pronouns are used to begin or introduce interrogative sentences. They are who, whom, whose, what, which, why, how, how often, how long, how many, how much, and other derivatives. Examples: - Whom did you invite to the party? - What color do you prefer? - Who did what to whom? - Why didn’t she come to school yesterday? - How do you go to John’s party? - How long have you been in California? - How long does it take you to get there? - How far is it from here? - How big is that house? - How deep is that river? - How much does it cost? - How many siblings do you have? - How often does she go to the gym? - How cold is Denmark in winter? - How fast does this TGV go?
14.”_____ does he do in the laboratory?” “He is the chief scientist here. a) How long b) Where c) What d) Why e) Who
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE O Simple Present Tense é usado para descrever ações habituais ou uma verdade em geral. Para todas as pessoas o verbo ficará igual, exceto na terceira pessoa do singular (he, she, it), onde o verbo receberá um “s”. Estrutura: SUJEITO + Verbo no Presente Exemplos: Nancy plays chess every night. Thieves always steal. Pay Attention: Se o verbo terminar em: s, ss, ch, sh, x, z ou o, acrescenta-se “es”. George does his homework every night. Leo watches TV every Saturday night. He never brushes his teeth. -
11. Put in WHAT, WHERE, WHY, WHEN, HOW into the gaps and form meaningful questions. a) _______ often do you play volleyball? b) _______ time does Bill get up in the morning? c) _______ don't you go by bus, Max? d) _______ hobbies does Andrew have? e) _______ do they go to every week? f) _______ old is Mike? g) _______ is Susan's birthday? h) _______ are you doing at the moment, Sally? i) ________ deep is your the club swimming pool? j) ________ do the Robinsons live?
Se o verbo terminar em “y” precedido de uma consoante, tira-se o y e acrescenta-se “ies”. Kate studies at night. Karen cries at the end of every romantic film. -
Se o “y” vier após uma vogal, acrescenta-se apenas o “s”.
Patricia usually plays cards by herself. Everybody says that I am too short. -
Expressões usadas com o Simple Present:
12. A alternativa que completa corretamente a lacuna abaixo é: - “_______ are you doing?” - “I’m doing fine, thanks.” a) Why b) How c) Whose d) What e) Who
13. A alternativa que completa corretamente a lacuna abaixo é: - “_______ has a good sense of humor in your family?” - “Almost everybody does.” a) Why d) Who b) When e) What c) Whose
Every
Once twice
day night afternoon week month year Sunday a day a year a week a month
-Alguns advébios de frequência: Always, never, sometimes, usually, hardly, seldom, rarely… Interrogative and Negative forms (affirmative form) #ORGULHODESERPRÓ |3
Technology protects people. They show some pictures to me.
b) Susan _______________ (to Know) exactly what she __________ (to want). c) Mary ____________ (to spend) hours walking. d) I ____________ (to drink) soft drinks.
t
(interrogative form) Does technology protect people? Do they show some pictures to me? (negative form ) Technology doesn’t protect people. They don’t show some pictures to me. Assim observamos que o auxiliar do Simple Present é “does” para a terceira pessoa do singular (he, she, it) e “do” para as demais pessoas (I , you , we , they).
PRESENT CONTINUOUS O Present Continuous é usado para indicar algo que está acontecendo nesse momento. I am listening to music. They are writing a book. She is eating popcorn. Sua estrutura é: SUJEITO + [am/are/is] + Verbo com “ing”
15. Choose the best form of the verbs to complete the sentences: A - Mr. Martin __________________ downtown on foot every afternoon. a) to go b) go c) gos d) goes B - James usually________________ black clothes on Saturday night. a) wears b) is wearing c) wear d) to wear C - We _________ exactly what we __________. a) knows / wan c know / wants b) know / want d) knows / wants
16. Complete the questions with do or does : a)______________ Helen live in London ? b)______________ those girls work hard ? c)______________ this city belong to California State? d)______________ you like to read books ?
17. Choose the best option to complete the following sentences: My uncle ___________ his new car. a) like b) likes c) liking
d) is like
18. Teenagers __________ that new song. a)love
b) loves
c) loved
Como botar o “ing” depois do verbo? -Verbos terminados em “e” Retire o “e” e adicione “ing” Ex: make -> making / dance -> dancing -Verbos terminados em “ie” Retire o “ie” e adicione “y” + “ing” Ex: lie -> lying / die -> dying -Verbos terminados em CONSOANTE, VOGAL, CONSOANTE Dobre a última letra do verbo e então adicione “ing” Ex: stop -> stopping / skip -> skipping (Para que isso aconteça, a última sílaba do verbo precisa ser a silaba tônica. Por isso verbos como “open” e “visit” não dobram a letra) -Para as demais palavras É apenas colocado o “ing”, sem mais alterações
Para transformarmos uma frase afirmativa em pergunta ou negação, usamos o primeiro auxiliar como ponto de referência. No caso, será o verbo “to be”. Para negativa, botamos a partícula negativa “not” após o “to be”. Para pergunta, trocamos o primeiro auxiliar e o sujeito de posição: NEGATIVA – She is not eating popcorn. INTERROGATIVA – Is she eating popcorn?
d) NRA
19. Put the sentences below in the Interrogative and Negative forms: a) I drink milk once a week. I - __________________________________________ N ____________________________________________ b) She has breakfast early. I - __________________________________________ N - __________________________________________ e) Marcelo studies Physics every Monday. I - ___________________________________________ N - ___________________________________________
20. Complete the spaces with the correct form of the Simple Present Tense: a) He ______________ (to plan) the crime. 4 | Pró Floripa
Text one The tree is a beautiful machine that works for the benefit of man. Most forms of life on Earth need oxygen. We do not get oxygen from industrial machines. We get it from the tree machine. The tree machine makes the oxygen that we need to take from the air. Industrial machines pollute the air. Trees do not pollute the air. On the contrary, they clean it. The industrial machines make a lot of noise. The tree machine does not make any noise. On the contrary, it filters noise. The tree machine does not need coal, oil, gas or electricity to work. Its fuel comes from water, sun light and carbon
dioxide. When a tree dies, it helps new plants. The combination of water, insects, and micro-organisms in the soil causes the decomposition of a tree. When a tree dies, it gives nutrients to the soil for other trees use as fuel. So, the tree does not die, really. It recycles its substance for the benefit of all animal and plant life. Please remember: the tree is your friend. Do not destroy it. Vocabulary: Earth: Terra (planeta) To need: precisar (de) To clean: limpar Noise: barulho Coal: carvão Fuel: combustível To die: morrer To destroy: destruir Soil: solo
21. According to the text, choose the correct alternative to complete the sentence: Trees don’t cause pollution, they _______ the air. a) take b) come c) pollute d) clean e) get
22. Choose the correct alternative, according to the text above: a) Trees make a lot of noise. b) When a tree dies, it recycles its substances. c) Trees need electricity to work. d) Trees don’t need sunlight e) The soil is composed by coal, oil, and gas.
d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, it needs
26. Select the correct English translation for the following sentence: Nós vivemos no planeta Terra. a) You live on the planet Earth. b) Live in the planet the Earth. c) We can live on the planet Earth d) We live on the planet Earth. e) You lived in the planet Earth.
27. Identify the sentences in which the underlined verb forms are in the Simple Present Tense: 1. The tree is a beautiful machine. 2. Trees don’t pollute the air. 3. Industrial machines are polluting the air. 4. Water and insects caused decomposition. 5. The trees filter the noise. Select the correct, sequence from the top to the bottom: a) 1 – 3 - 4 b) 2 – 3 – 4 c) 2 – 4 – 5 d) 1 – 2 – 5 e) 1 – 2 – 3
28. Select the alternative which presents the correct affirmative form of the underlined verb in the sentence: We don’t get oxygen from industrial machines. a) are getting b) gets c) get d) have got e) got
23. According to the text, the author compares a tree with: a) A machine b) The Earth c) A man d) Life e) Micro-organisms
24. According to the text, select the correct answer for the following question: Who does the tree help when it dies? a) The industries. b) Insects and micro-organisms. c) All animal and plant life. d) The oxygen in the air. e) The soil, the water, and the air.
25. Select the correct answer for the following question, according to the text: Does the tree machine need coal, gas or electricity to work? a) No, it doesn’t. b) Yes, it does. c) No, they don’t.
Text two A DAY IN THE LIFE OF FRED LEWIS Fred Lewis, a fashion designer from New York, talks to Margot Townsend: I get up every day at eleven o'clock. I don’t like getting up early. I never eat breakfast – I sometimes have a cup of tea. I eat nothing during the day. I just don’t feel hungry at all. I live about eight minutes from the office. I drive to the office every morning in my car – a black BMW. I love driving. I always wear black or navy blue. I don’t like bright colors. I work from about noon till seven in the evening. I don’t mind working late. Before a fashion show I usually work until eleven or twelve at night. I eat out in restaurants about six nights a week. I hate going to new restaurants. I usually go to a few old favorites.
#ORGULHODESERPRÓ |5
I live with my daughter, who’s eighteen. The apartment is always untidy. She hates cooking and cleaning the house and so do I! I don’t spend much time in my home. I usually stay in New York at the weekend. I don’t mind that because I hate making plans. The traffic in New York is always terrible but sometimes I just get in my car and drive. Vocabulary: Matter: problema Staircase: escadaria Meat: carne Noon: meio-dia Almost: quase Daughter: filha Until: até Can: poder To stay: ficar, permanecer To spend: passar To hate: odiar To mind: importar-se
1. About Fred’s daughter is NOT true that... a) b) c) d) e)
She’s eighteen. She hates cleaning the house. She likes driving her father’s car. She lives with her father. She dislikes cooking.
2. Mark the correct proposition according to text two. a) b) c) d) e)
He dislikes driving. He lives in a beautiful house. He never works till late at night. Fred does not eat during the day. Fred hates going to old restaurants.
3. Mark the correct proposition according to text 2. a) b) c) d) e)
Fred gets up at twelve o'clock. Fred eats out almost every day. Fred is a website designer. Fred lives far from his work. Fred likes cleaning the house.
4. Answer the question according to text two. a) b) c) d) e)
Does Fred live in a flat? No, he don’t. Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. Yes. he is. No, he isn’t.
5. Which question(s) CAN be answered according to text 2: 01. Who does Fred live with? 02. When was the fashion show? 04. What is the traffic in New York city like?
6 | Pró Floripa
08. Where does Fred live? 16. How old is Fred’s daughter?
6. Text two contains information about Fred’s... 01. daily routine 02. daughter 04. wife 08. occupation 16. habits Text 3: The Mountains The Himalayas are the best-known mountain range in the world and Mt Everest, with a height of 8,880 meters, is the highest mountain. Since Edmund Hillary made the first ascent in 1953, mountaineers from many countries have managed to climb to the peak. Normally they need to take oxygen cylinders to help them breathe and other special equipment including ropes to connect themselves to each other. It’s a dangerous sport and many people have lost their lives, not just in the way up but during the descent as well. Vocabulary: High: alto Height: altura Ascent: subida
7. Mark the correct proposition according to the text. a) The second person who climbed the Everest was Sir Edmund Hillary. b) Some climbers die when coming down the mountains. c) It is an easy sport because the climbers use ropes and other equipments. d) The mountaineers never have to take oxygen cylinders. e) There are avalanches on the Everest.
8. Mark the correct proposition according to the text. a) The Everest is the highest mountain in Brazil. b) There is no need of equipment to climb the Everest. c) People from different nationalities have climbed Mount Everest. d) Edmund Hillary is a famous peak. e) People go snowboarding on the Everest’s slopes.
9. Mark the correct proposition according to the text. a) During the climbing is not difficult to breathe because there is much oxygen available. b) Helmets are important equipment for the climbing. c) In some parts of the climbing the mountaineers use ropes to tie themselves to each other. d) Mt Everest is almost eight hundred meters high. e) Mountain-climbing is not a sport.
10. Which question cannot be answered, according to the text? a) When did Edmund Hillary climb the Everest?
b) c) d) e)
Why do climbers need to take oxygen cylinders? How long is the ascent of Mount Everest? What are the Himalayas? How high is the Everest?
11. Answer the following question according to the text: Does a mountaineer need to take oxygen cylinders? a) No, they don’t. b) Yes, he does. c) Yes, they do. d) No, they didn’t. e) Yes, they does.
12. There are 8 verb conjugation mistakes in the lyrics below. Find them out. UNDER THE BRIDGE (Red Hot Chili Peppers) Sometimes I feel Like I doesn't have a partner Sometimes I feel Like my only friend Is the city I lives in The city of angels Lonely as I are Together we cries I drive on her streets 'Cause she's my companion I walk through her hills 'Cause she know who I am She see my good deeds And she kisses me windy I never worry Now that is a lie I don't ever want to feel Like I did that day Take me to the place I love Take me all the way It's hard to believe That there's nobody out there It's hard to believe That I'm all alone At least I has her love The city she love me Lonely as I am Together we cry I don't ever want to feel Like I did that day Take me to the place I love Take me all that way (Under the bridge downtown) Is where I drew some blood (Under the bridge downtown) I could not get enough (Under the bridge downtown) Forgot about my love (Under the bridge downtown) I gave my life away
SIMPLE PAST TENSE O Simple Past tense é usado para descrever ações acabadas num tempo determinado e para ações habituais no passado. Estrutura: SUJEITO + Verbo no Passado Veja os exemplos: He worked last night. Anna met me at the party. I drank beer after work. -Expressões que geralmente aparecem com o Simple Past:
last
week month night year Saturday
one hour two days a week
ago
Interrogative and Negative forms Para transformarmos em negativo e interrogativo, usamos o verbo auxiliar “did” (a não ser que o verbo principal seja o verbo “to be”) (positive) Helen wrote a letter to me yesterday. (negative) Helen didn’t write to me yesterday. (interrogative) Did Helen write a letter to me yesterday ? Assim observamos que o auxiliar do Simple Past é o “DID” e usamos nas formas Interrogativa e Negativa. O verbo principal da oração fica no infinitivo sem o “to”. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS Regular Verbs Os verbos regulares em Inglês são reconhecidos pela terminação –ed tanto no simple past quanto no past participle. Veja os exemplos: Infinitive Simple past To love (amar) loved To walk (caminhar) walked To work (trabalhar) worked
Past participle loved walked worked #ORGULHODESERPRÓ |7
Há algumas particularidades que você precisa saber com relação aos verbos regulares: Se o verbo terminar em “e”, acrescenta-se apenas o “d”. Infinitive Simple past Past participle To dance (dançar) danced danced To agree (concordar) agreed agreed -
Se o verbo terminar em “y” e for precedido de vogal, deixa-se o y e acrescenta-se “ed”. Infinitive Simple past Past participle To play (jogar, brincar) played played To pray (rezar) prayed prayed Se o verbo terminar em “y” e for precedido de consoante, tira-se o “y” e acrescenta-se “ied”. Infinitive Simple past Past participle To study (estudar) studied studied To try (tentar) tried tried -
Se o verbo terminar em sílaba tônica com “consoante – vogal – consoante” (c-v-c), dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se “ed”. Infinitive Simple past Past participle To stop (parar) stopped stopped To plan (planejar) planned planned
a) You bought a new car two years ago. I - __________________________________________ N - __________________________________________ b) They watched the soccer game yesterday. I - __________________________________________ N - ___________________________________________
PAST CONTINUOUS O Past Continuous é usado para indicar algo que estava sendo feito no passado, por um intervalo de tempo. Pode também indicar ação interrompida no passado. I was studying for my test yesterday. They were having fun at the party. He was watching TV when his mom arrived. A estrutura é: SUJEITO + *was/were+ + verbo com “ing”
-
Irregular Verbs Os verbos irregulares não apresentam regras para a formação do Simple past e Past participle, ou seja, cada um tem uma forma própria de passado. Veja os exemplos: Infinitive Simple past To tell (contar) told To keep (guardar) kept To teach (ensinar) taught
Past participle told kept taught
Ao transformamos uma frase afirmativa para negativa e interrogativa, seguimos a mesma estrutura de sempre: Negativo – I was not studying. Interrogativo – Was I studying?
Text Four An attractive young woman had just deplaned at Los Angeles International Airport, and stood at the gate waiting for someone in the crowd to greet her. After some time had passed, she approached a man who had not yet greeted anyone. “Are you waiting for a girl named Debbie?” she asked cautiously. The man hesitated for a moment, then smiled broadly and gave her a bear-hug and a semi-passionate kiss. Finally he stepped back and, a little sheepishly, replied, “No, I’m not.”
6. Select the incorrect alternative, according to text: 1. (UEL): I ____________ to school every day when I was a child. a) walk b) will walk c) have walked d) walked
2. (UFC): I’m terribly upset. My team _____ its third game this season. a) lose b) loses
c) losing
d) lost
a) The man and Debbie didn’t know each other. b) The woman stood at the gate. c) The girl asked the man if he was waiting for a person called Debbie. d) They left the airport together. e) The girl did not know the person who would pick her up at the airport.
3. Choose the best option to complete the following
7. Which question(s) below cannot be answered, according
sentences: I __________ her six days ago. a) leave b) have left c) left
to the text? 01. Who was the man waiting for? 02. Where did she land on? 04. What’s the girl’s name? 08. How did the man greet the girl? 16. When did she leave Los Angeles?
d) leaved
4. They ___________ to learn Biology last month. a) begin
b) began
c) begun
d) none of them
5. Put the sentences below in the Interrogative and Negative forms:
8 | Pró Floripa
8. The text mentions: 01. The man’s name; 02. The gate number Debbie was waiting;
04. The type of kiss she received from the man; 08. Where she went when she left the airport ; 16. The airport’s name.
Text 5 When Charlie Chaplin was at the peak of his popularity, there was a “Charlie Chaplin Contest” in an American theater. They promised to give a silver cup to the person who made himself look exactly like Charlie. The great artist decided to enter the contest himself. He came second.
1. According to the text, mark the INCORRECT proposition: a) b) c) d) e)
Many people knew Charlie Chaplin. The artist entered in the contest. The contest was in the USA. The prize was a silver cup. Chaplin was American.
Baby I'm So what you trying to do to me It's like we can't stop, we're enemies But we get along when I'm inside you You're like a drug that's killing me I cut you out entirely But I get so high when I'm inside you Yeah you can start over, you can run free You can find other fish in the sea You can pretend it's meant to be But you can't stay away from me I can still hear you making that sound Taking me down rolling on the ground You can pretend that it was me but no Baby I'm preying on you tonight Hunt you down eat you alive Just like animals, animals Like animals-mals Maybe you think that you can hide I can smell your scent from miles Just like animals, animals Like animals-mals Baby I'm
2. The text is in the... a) b) c) d) e)
Simple Past Tense; Simple Present Tense; Simple Future; Present Continuous Tense; Past Perfect Tense.
3. According to the text, the correct answer for the following sentence is... Which contest did Charlie Chaplin participate? a) A contest for participating in a film. b) A contest for participating in a theater play. c) A sport contest. d) An imitation contest. e) A contest for the TV.
4. The interrogative form of the sentence below is ... Charlie Chaplin was a great comedian. a) Was a great Charlie Chaplin comedian? b) Did he was a great comedian? c) Does he be a great comedian? d) Was he a great comedian? e) He wasn’t a great comedian? A Song ANIMALS (MAROON 5) Baby I'm preying on you tonight Hunt you down eat you alive Just like animals, animals Like animals-mals Maybe you think that you can hide I can smell your scent from miles Just like animals, animals Like animals-mals
So if I run it's not enough You're still in my head Forever stuck So you can do what you wanna do I love your lies, I'll eat 'em up But don't deny the animal That comes alive when I'm inside you Yeah you can start over, you can run free You can find other fish in the sea You can pretend it's meant to be But you can't stay away from me I can still hear you making that sound Taking me down rolling on the ground You can pretend that it was me but no Baby I'm preying on you tonight Hunt you down eat you alive Just like animals, animals Like animals-mals Maybe you think that you can hide I can smell your scent from miles Just like animals, animals Like animals-mals Baby I'm Don't tell no lies, you can't deny The beast inside, yeah, yeah, yeah No girl don't lie, you can't deny The beast inside, yeah, yeah, yeah Woah woah woah Just like animals #ORGULHODESERPRÓ |9
6. According to the text, which question CANNOT be
Baby I'm preying on you tonight Hunt you down eat you alive Just like animals, animals Like animals-mals Maybe you think that you can hide I can smell your scent from miles Just like animals, animals Like animals-mals Baby I'm
answered? a) What kind of cars did he drive? b) When was he born? c) What did they fit to Schumacher’s toy kart? d) Where was he born? e) When did he win his first F-1 race?
7. Choose the alternative which contains a CORRECT
Don't tell no lies, you can't deny The beast inside, yeah, yeah, yeah No girl don't lie, you can't deny The beast inside, yeah, yeah, yeah Woah woah woah Just like animals Text 6: Michael Schumacher Michael Schumacher was born in Hurt-Hermuhlheim, Germany, on 3 January 1969. When he was only four years old he was given a toy kart, and later a lawnmower engine was fitted to it. Schumacher’s parents thought he was not safe driving his kart on the pavements around their home so they arranged for him to use the local kart track. At the age of 15, he won his first major championship – the German Karting championship. When he was nineteen, he was driving racing cars and immediately began winning. At the age of 22, he took part in his first Grand Prix, driving a Jordan, but shortly after that he joined the Benneton team. From: Reading Plus – Mary underwood – Macmillian Publishers Lt. 1994.
Vocabulary Toy: brinquedo Lawnmower Engine: motor de máquina de cortar grama To fit: adaptar Safe: seguro Pavements: calçadas To arrange; providenciar Kart track: pista de Kart To win (past- won): vencer To turn on: voltar a atenção para Racing cars: carros de corrida To join: juntar-se Lecture: palestra Words: palavras
5. According to text one, choose the CORRECT alternative: Michael Schumacher’s nationality is ... a) Swiss b) American c) Swedish
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d) Dutch e) German
English translation. a) Ele começou sua carreira na equipe Benneton. He finished his career in the Benneton team. b) Quem é o piloto mais jovem? Who is the newest pilot? c) Ele tem quinze anos. He has fifteen years old. d) Ele foi ferido em um acidente. He was hurt in an accident. e) Ele é um dos melhores pilotos do mundo. He is one of the worst pilots in the world.
SIMPLE FUTURE O Futuro Simples em Inglês é usado para expressar ações futuras, e quase sempre é usado para expressar pedidos, promessas e oferecimentos futuros. Veja os exemplos: Solar energy will be an alternative kind of energy. We will be back soon. She will tell us about the computer. Estrutura: SUJEITO + will + Verbo no Infinitivo Podemos também usar o ’be’ + going to para indicar futuro, ao invés de usar o auxiliar “will”, da seguinte forma: Solar energy is going to be an alternative kind of energy We are going to be back soon Você pode abreviar o “will” da seguinte maneira: I’ll go to the beach tomorrow. Julie’ll travel to Europe. A forma interrogativa do Futuro Simples é feita colocandose o auxiliar “will” antes do sujeito, ou seja , no início da oração. Will solar energy be an alternative kind of energy? Will we be back soon? Will she tell us about the computer? A forma negativa do Futuro Simples é feita acrescentandose o “not “ ao auxiliar (will + not = won’t) . Solar energy will not (won’t) be an alternative kind of energy.
We will not (won’t) be back soon. She will not (won’t) tell us about the computer. Expressões usadas no Simple Future Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Tonight Soon week Next Month Year Monday Veja: He will come soon. She will be back next Saturday. WOULD O auxiliar “would” é muito usado para frases condicionais, assunto que veremos mais a frente, e também é um auxiliar indicativo de futuro. A estrutura da frase é “would” + o infinitivo do verbo principal. Da mesma forma que o auxiliar do Futuro Simples , “would” é usado para todas as pessoas e segue as mesmas regras para a formação de Interrogações e Negações. Veja exemplos: (affirmative) : Helen would listen to music. Their friends would call them at 6:00. (interrogative) : Would Helen listen to music ? Would their friends call them at 6:00? (negative): Helen would not (wouldn’t) listen to music. Their friends would not (wouldn’t) call them at 6:00 Lembrete: usamos “would” em oferecimentos. Would you like some tea? Would you like a piece of cake? Would you like to go to the beach?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS O Future Continuous é usado para expressar uma ação que estará acontecendo por um intervalo de tempo prolongado: Hamilton WILL BE RACING this weekend. Gerson WON’T BE DRIVING tomorrow because he is taking an Uber to go to work. WILL you BE STUDYING tomorrow at 2 pm? Estrutura: Sujeito + will be + verbo com “ing”
1. Put the sentences below in the Interrogative and Negative forms: a) I will drink a lot of milk. _________________________________________ _________________________________________
b) My friends will watch the game tonight. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ c) She would talk to Susan. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ A song: ED SHEERAN SHAPE OF YOU The club isn't the best place to find a lover So the bar is where I go (mmmm) Me and my friends at the table doing shots Drinking fast and then we talk slow (mmmm) And you come over and start up a conversation with just me And trust me I'll give it a chance now Take my hand, stop Put Van The Man on the jukebox And then we start to dance And now I'm singing like Girl, you know I want your love Your love was handmade for somebody like me Come on now, follow my lead I may be crazy, don't mind me Say, boy, let's not talk too much Grab on my waist and put that body on me Come on now, follow my lead Come, come on now, follow my lead (mmmm) I'm in love with the shape of you We push and pull like a magnet do Although my heart is falling too I'm in love with your body And last night you were in my room And now my bedsheets smell like you Every day discovering something brand new I'm in love with your body Oh I oh I oh I oh I I'm in love with your body Oh I oh I oh I oh I I'm in love with your body Oh I oh I oh I oh I I'm in love with your body Every day discovering something brand new I'm in love with the shape of you One week in we let the story begin We're going out on our first date (mmmm) You and me are thrifty So go all you can eat Fill up your bag and I fill up a plate We talk for hours and hours about the sweet and the sour And how your family is doing okay Leave and get in a taxi, then kiss in the backseat Tell the driver make the radio play And I'm singing like Girl, you know I want your love Your love was handmade for somebody like me Come on now, follow my lead #ORGULHODESERPRÓ |11
I may be crazy, don't mind me Say, boy, let's not talk too much Grab on my waist and put that body on me Come on now, follow my lead Come, come on now, follow my lead (mmmm) I'm in love with the shape of you We push and pull like a magnet do Although my heart is falling too I'm in love with your body And last night you were in my room And now my bedsheets smell like you Every day discovering something brand new I'm in love with your body Oh I oh I oh I oh I I'm in love with your body Oh I oh I oh I oh I I'm in love with your body Oh I oh I oh I oh I I'm in love with your body Every day discovering something brand new I'm in love with the shape of you
1. This is one of the... 2. The ancient Greeks and Romans used... 3. They are round and made up of... 4. Their thin skin has to be removed before they... 5. They have a very strong smell and are often used to give...
( ) several layers surrounding each other. ( ) can be cooked or eaten. ( ) oldest vegetables in history. ( ) flavor to soups, sauces, and other dishes. ( ) to eat them raw for breakfast, with a little salt.
The correct sequence(s) from the top to the bottom is (are): 01. 5 – 3 – 1 – 2 – 4 02. 3 – 2 – 5 – 4 – 1 04. 1 – 5 – 3 – 4 – 2 08. 3 – 4 – 1 – 5 – 2 16. 2 – 5 – 4 – 1 – 3
3. (UFPR) A questão abaixo é somatória, ou seja, a resposta a ser dada é a soma dos números das alternativas corretas.
Come on, be my baby, come on Come on, be my baby, come on Come on, be my baby, come on Come on, be my baby, come on Come on, be my baby, come on Come on, be my baby, come on Come on, be my baby, come on Come on, be my baby, come on I'm in love with the shape of you We push and pull like a magnet do Although my heart is falling too I'm in love with your body Last night you were in my room And now my bedsheets smell like you Every day discovering something brand new I'm in love with your body Come on, be my baby, come on Come on, be my baby, come on I'm in love with your body Come on, be my baby, come on Come on, be my baby, come on I'm in love with your body Come on, be my baby, come on Come on, be my baby, come on I'm in love with your body Every day discovering something brand new I'm in love with the shape of you
2. (UFSC) This is the description of a vegetable called onion. Make complete sentences by matching the part of the sentence on the left with the part on the right.
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According to the chart above: 01. The Northeast is the region which had the fewest executions in the United States. 02. There is no death penalty in the Northeast. 04. There were more executions in the Midwest than in the West. 08. Texas is the state with the lowest number of executions. 16. There were executions in five different regions. 32. Excluding the estate of Texas, the South is still the region where there were the most executions in the United States. Text 7: (UFSC) Texto referente às questões de números 4, 5, 6 (questões somatórias). Fast Food The American fast-food culture dates back to the period after the Second World War. During the War, the Americans had developed the production of dehydrated, tinned and powdered food on an industrial scale; most of this was sent abroad to feed troops at the front. When the War ended, the USA found itself with a massive production potential for this type of food but no starving soldiers to eat it – so the manufacturers began to market it
to the general public. Housewives started baking cakes out of packets and made sure they kept up their stock of powdered milk. The present scenario is well known: American fast food and fizzy drinks like Coca-Cola and Pepsi are being successfully exported to countries around the world.
16.
They are really a fruit although many people regard them as a vegetable. They are soft, juicy, red and round. They have a lot of seeds and you can eat them raw in salads, or cooked as a vegetable or in sauces. Food being described: apples.
(Adapted from: Speak Up – no 143. Abril 1999. Insert p. IV)
4. Read the following propositions. Some make sense and some don’t. Select the one(s) that MAKES (MAKE) SENSE, according to the text. 01. As soon as the Second World War ended, the Americans sent their troops abroad. 02. Starving soldiers didn’t eat fast food because they were not sufficiently hungry. 04. Nowadays American fast food is sold all over the world. 08. Housewives refused to use powdered food, therefore they started baking cakes out of packets. 16. The producers of dehydrated, tinned and powdered food decided to market their products to people in general, when they realized that with the end of the War there would be no starving soldiers to eat that kind of food.
5. Identify the proposition(s) which contains (contain) the correct explanation for the expressions from the text. 01. tinned food – food that has been preserved by being sealed in a can. 02. powdered milk – a product from which water has been eliminated through dehydration. 04. fizzy drinks – they are full of little bubbles of gas and make a hissing sound. 08. fast food – food that is already prepared and so is served quickly. 16. massive production – the process of making goods in small quantities. 32. industrial scale – a system in which products are made on a very restricted scale.
6. Read these short descriptions of certain kinds of food and choose the proposition(s) in which the name of the food corresponds to the description. 01.
A food made from flour, water and usually yeast. The mixture is baked in an oven. It is often cut into slices and eaten with butter, jam, etc... Food being described: corn. 02. They are eaten in many countries around the world. They grow in the ground, are round and have a thin skin. They can be cooked in many different ways – boiled, fried or baked. Food being described: potatoes. 04.They are small, round and juicy, green or dark purple in color. You can eat them raw or use them to make wine. Food being described: grapes. 08.This is the seed of a plant grown in warm, wet places. You boil it in water and eat it usually with meat or vegetables. It is eaten everywhere in the world, but particularly in China, Japan, and other Asian countries. Food being described: rice.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE O Presente Perfeito possui diversos usos, sendo eles: 1-Falar de uma ação num passado indeterminado 2-Indicar algo que aconteceu/começou no passado e ainda é a realidade 3-Ação repetida no passado Exemplos: She has studied for the test. We have been friends since August. I’ve seen him on campus several times. Estrutura: SUJEITO + [have/has] + Verbo no Particípio Mais exemplos de como a tensão verbal é usada: 1. 2. 3. 4.
I have been ready since 8 o’ clock. She has lived in California for three years Have you already talked to the teacher MARY: The Blooms have bought a new house. TOM: Really? When did they buy it? MARY: They bought it last week. TOM: Have they moved yet? MARY: No, they haven’t had time for that yet. But their new furniture has already arrived. 5. Have you ever eaten crocodile meat? / Has she ever been to Europe? 6. The soccer match has just finished. / We’ve just arrived from our trip to Canada. (Affirmative form) – She has bought new clothes (Negative form) – She has not (hasn’t) bought new clothes (Interrogative form) – Has she bought new clothes? A song I STILL HAVEN’T FOUND WHAT I’M LOOKING FOR - U2 I have climbed the highest ______________ (1) I have run through the ______________ (2) Only to be with you (x2) I have ____________ (3) I have crawled I have scaled these city _________ (4) (x2) Only to be with you [Chorus] But I still haven't ____________ (5) #ORGULHODESERPRÓ |13
What I'm looking for But I still haven't found What I'm looking for I have __________ (6) honey lips Felt the healing in her fingertips It burned like _________ (7) This burning desire I have spoken with the tongue of angels I have held the ___________ (8) of the devil It was warm in the __________ (9) I was cold as a stone [Chorus] I believe in the Kingdom Come Then all the colours will _________ (10) into one (x2) But yes I'm still running You __________ (11) the bonds and you loosed the __________ (12) You carried the cross And my __________ (13) (x2) You know I believe it
f) My husband _______________ (send) me a bunch of flowers on my birthday two days ago. It was so sweet of him. g) Tracy is so nervous because she ________________ (forget) to read the article about astronomy.
3. Complete the sentences with ALREADY or YET. a) - Have you watched that film ____________? - No, I haven’t watched it ________________. b) They have ______________ sailed for all five continents since January 2000. c) Has Peter been to Paris ________________? d) - Have you ____________ talked to Mary? - No, not ___________. I will do it tonight. e) The president has ______________been to many countries this year.
4. Write since or for these expressions of time. a) b) c) d) e) f)
__________________Wednesday __________________ five hours. __________________ the last world cup. __________________ Many years. __________________ the moment I saw you. __________________ months and months.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Esta tensão verbal é usada para algo que começou no passado, e continua ocorrendo atualmente.
1. Write the verbs from the parentheses in the Present Perfect Tense. a) I know that woman, but I _____________________ (forget) her name. b) Heitor _________________ (be) to Florida many times in his vacations. c) John and Lucas __________________ (go) to Europe in a business trip. They’ll be back soon. d) Hellen ___________________ (work) for a multinational company. e) They _________________ (sell) all the tickets for the show. f) Sandra and Meg ________________ (live) in Canada since 1998.
I have been studying a lot lately. She has been working with a new company for 2 months.
2. Complete these sentences with the SIMPLE PAST or the
O Passado Perfeito é usado para duas situações: -Indicar que algo aconteceu antes de outra coisa também no passado The man who had robbed the bank was arrested by the police. (Ele roubou o banco antes de ter sido preso)
PRESENT PERFECT Tense. a) - John isn’t here, is he? - No, he _______________ (leave) to Rio de Janeiro. b) Angela _________________ (buy) a nice dress at the market place yesterday. c) – Can you lend me some money? I’ll pay you back at the end of the month. - Sorry, I can’t. I ________________ (already / spend) all my money, and I’m completely broke too. d) My parents _______________ (arrive) from Europe last week. They loved the trip. e) Some of the students _______________ (study / not) for the test.
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Estrutura: SUJEITO + *have/has+ been + verbo com “ing”
PAST PERFECT TENSE
-Algo que aconteceu/começou no passado mas não é mais a realidade We had been friends until that moment. (A partir daquele momento no passado, pararam de ser amigos) Exemplos: I had bought a new house. She had hired a maid.
Estrutura: SUJEITO + had + Verbo no Particípio (Affirmative form) – They had spent all their money. (Negative form) – They had not (hadn’t) spent all their money A forma interrogativa normalmente é usada para frases condicionais (Interrogative form) – Had they spent all their money, would they be in trouble?
1. (PUC) Britons are used to ___________ terrible winters. a) to have
b) have
c) had
d) having
2. (UFRS) – He was angry about ___________ failed the test. a) to have
b) having
c) have
d) has
3. (F. Objetivo) – SP – Keep on _______________! a) try
b) to try
c) trying
d) had tried
4. (PUC–RS) – They avoided________to the festival
GERUND A) Usa-se o gerúndio geralmente no início de frases e após preposições (without, for, in, before, on, off, with, behind, at, etc.). Ex. Smoking is a bad habit. Surfing is a beautiful sport. They are tired of swimming. B) Após os verbos: admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, detest, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, keep, mention, miss, practice, resist, suggest, understand, quit. Ex. You dislike driving at night. John should avoid touching those things.
because of the crowds. a) to go b) go c) going
d) goes
5. (FCChagas – SP) – You can’t make an omelette without ________ eggs. a) to break b) break
c) breaking
d) breaks
6. (ITA – SP) He denied__________ seen her before . a) having
7.
b) have
(FMU-SP) She before________. a) pay – traveling b) to pay – to travel c) to pay – traveling d) paying – to travel
c) to have
d) has
made
______the
me
bill
8. (FC Chagas-BA) – After a long argument, we finally
C) Após os verbos Go e Come indicando atividade física. Ex. You should come running. They will go fishing.
decided__________ to Aparecida on Christmas day. a) to go b) go c) going d) goes
USO do INFINITIVO A) Usa-se o infinitivo após os verbos anômalos e os verbos make e let. Ex. I can drive. Let me dance. Make him study.
Mercedes Benz – Janis Joplin Oh Lord, won't you buy me a Mercedes Benz ? My friends all drive Porsches, I must make amends. Worked hard all my __________ (1), no help from my ___________(2), So Lord, won't you buy me a Mercedes Benz ?
B) Usa-se gerúndio após os verbos de percepção: Feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch. Ex. I hear her crying. The man saw the queen writing.
Oh Lord, won't you buy me a ____________ (3) ? Dialing For Dollars is trying to ____________(4) me. I wait for _____________ (5) each day until three, So oh Lord, won't you buy me a ______________(6)?
C) Usa-se infinitivo (com a preposição “to”) ou gerúndio após os verbos Advice, attempt, begin, start, continue, forget, hate, leave, like, love, mean, neglect, prefer, permit, remember, stop, study, try. Ex. He stopped to cry / crying I love to speak English/speaking English.
Oh Lord, won't you buy me a _____________ (7) on the town ? I'm counting on you, Lord, please don't let me ____________(8).
A song
Prove that you love me and _____________ (9) the next round, Oh Lord, won't you buy me a ____________(10) on the town ? Everybody! Oh Lord, won't you buy me a Mercedes Benz ? My friends all drive Porsches, I must make amends, #ORGULHODESERPRÓ |15
Worked hard all my lifetime, no help from my friends, So oh Lord, won't you buy me a Mercedes Benz ? That's it!
1. Rewrite the sentences using much or many: a) Those families have lots of money. _____________________________________________
MUCH / MANY / LITTLE / FEW MUCH ( muito, muita ) - usamos a palavra “much” antes de substantivos incontáveis. Veja os exemplos: I don’t drink much coffee. She drinks much wine at home. A LITTLE ( pouco , pouca ) - usamos também as palavras “a little” antes de substantivos incontáveis.
b) These men lived a lot of years in prison. _____________________________________________
2. Complete with much / many : a) b) c) d) e)
__________ __________ __________ __________ __________
books on the table. milk in the cartoon. women at the restaurant. wine in the botlle. sugar in the coffee.
3. (UEB) Assinale a alternativa correta: There is ________ bread on the tray. a) not many b) not much c) a few
d) many
Veja os exemplos: I have a little money. She is a little angry. Pay –Attention : Little também poderá significar pequeno (-inho). Veja: My little boy – meu pequeno garoto e / ou meu garotinho.
4. (Osec–SP) When they were introduced, electronic
MANY (muitos, muitas) – usamos a palavra “many” antes de substantivos contáveis.
________ money? a) little – many b) very – much
Veja os exemplos: I drink many milk-shakes in summer. Tom reads many books.
6. (ITA-SP) Please, can you give us ________ bit more of
A FEW (poucos, poucas) – usamos também a palavra “few” antes de substantivos contáveis. Veja os exemplos: Robert wants a few potatoes. Jane makes a few mistakes. Veja as seguintes observações: Em interrogações e negações usamos much / many. Em afirmações much / many podem ser substituídos por: a lot of , lots of ou plenty of : muito ( s ) , muita ( s). Se queremos dizer uma quantidade pequena e INSUFICIENTE de coisas, usamos as palavras “little” e “few” (sem o “a” na frente). Note a diferença: Ex: I have little money. (Eu tenho pouco dinheiro) I have a little money. (Eu tenho um pouco de dinheiro) There are few doctors in the country (Existem poucos médicos no país) There are a few doctor in the country (Existem alguns médicos no país)
calculators were less powerful and cost _________ than they do now. a) very few c) very little b) many more d) much more
5. (Vunesp) Do politicians work ________ and earn c) much – few d) little – much
that cake you baked yesterday? a) several b) little c) many
d) a little
7. (UFV– MG) There are ________ dangerous drivers on the streets nowadays. a) a lot of b) a very many
c) very lot of d) very many of
PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS Para formarmos o plural dos substantivos em Inglês precisamos conhecer as regras e saber usá-las corretamente. Veja a seguir como devemos aplicá-las: 1. Regra geral para a formação do plural é o acréscimo de um “s” ao substantivo: Ex.: House – houses Egg – eggs Car – cars Cloud – clouds 2. Usa-se “es” aos substantivos terminados em (s), (ss), (ch), (sh), (x) e (z) : Ex.: Bus – buses Kiss – kisses
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Beach – beaches Topaz – topazes Quiz – quizzes Dish – dishes Ash – ashes Mas atenção: há alguns substantivos terminados em “ch”, com som de “k”, que receberão apenas “s” no plural. Veja: Epoch –epochs Monarch – monarchs Stomach – stomachs Patriarch – patriarchs 3.
Aos substantivos terminados em (Y), precedido de vogal , usa-se apenas “s”. Ex.: Day – days Boy – boys Key –keys Mas se o substantivo terminar em (Y), precedido de consoante, trocaremos o (Y) por (ies) : Ex.: City – cities Baby – babies Enemy – enemies Com nomes próprios : Kelly – Kellys Andy – Andys 4. Aos substantivos terminados em (O), precedido de vogal , usa-se apenas “s”. Ex.: Radio – radios Bamboo – bamboos Studio - studios Mas se o substantivo terminar em (O), precedido de consoante, acrescentaremos “es” . Ex.: Hero – heroes Potato – potatoes Volcano - volcanoes
Ex.: Man – men Woman – women Child – children Ox – oxen Goose – geese Foot – feet Tooth – teeth Louse – lice Mouse – mice Die - dice 7. No caso das nacionalidades terminadas em “man” trocam para “men” no plural. Frenchman – Frenchmen Englishman – Englishmen Irishman - Irishmen Mas, no caso de: German – Germans Roman – Romans Norman – Normans 8. Para a formação do plural dos substantivos compostos, forma-se pluralizando o principal elemento. Ex.: Brother – in – law - brothers – in- law Mother – in- law - mothers – in- law Mas no caso dos substantivos compostos que não são separados por hífen, recebem “s” no plural. Ex.: Armchair - armchairs Bookcase – bookcases 9. Há alguns substantivos que não possuem plural em Inglês, portanto, o verbo que os acompanha é sempre usado no singular. Ex: Information, Progress, Furniture, Advice, Baggage / Luggage, Knowledge. E.g. This furniture is very old. My luggage isn’t heavy.
Algumas palavras de origem grega e latina recebem apenas “s” Ex.: Piano – pianos Photo – photos Kilo - kilos
10. No caso dos substantivos “news, mathematics, optics, physics”, são usados com o verbo no singular, embora pareçam estar no plural. e.g. There is a good news for you. Physics is a very difficult subject.
5. Aos substantivos terminados em (F) ou (Fe), trocamos por (ves) . Ex. Leaf – leaves Loaf - loaves Knife – knives Wife – wives Shelf - shelves
11. Há alguns substantivos que não possuem singular em Inglês, assim o verbo é sempre usado no plural. Ex.: Shorts, Pants, Scissors, Trousers, etc. My scissors are on the desk. Your pants are nice.
Mas há outros que receberão apenas (S). Ex.: Roof – roofs Proof – proofs Dwarf – dwarfs Cliff – cliffs Reef – reefs Belief – beliefs Safe – safes 6. Há alguns substantivos em Inglês que não possuem regras de plural, ou seja, têm formas especiais de plural.
12. Há alguns substantivos em Inglês que são escritos no singular, mas tem sentido plural, assim o verbo que os acompanha fica sempre no plural. Ex: Cattle, Police, People. e.g. The police are coming. There are more than thirty people here. 13. Os substantivos de nacionalidades terminados em “SE” ou “SS”, permanecem na mesma forma do singular. Ex.: a Chinese - three Chinese a Swiss - two Swiss
#ORGULHODESERPRÓ |17
14. Os substantivos de origem Grega e Latina, permanecem o plural de origem.
and belts and jumped into the river. By the time they reached him, he had gone under."
e.g. Agendum – agenda Crisis - crises Phenomenon – phenomena Datum - data Thesis – theses
Lamons said rescue workers retrieved McBride's body about an hour later from about 8 feet to 10 feet of water along with the bag containing stolen goods.
13. De acordo com o texto acima, é correto afirmar:
8. (Cesgranrio) - Mark the item in which all the nouns form their plural by adding an “s” , as year / years: a) leaf – world – tooth – pace b) proof – object – problem – key c) roof – goose – man- day d) life – wife – knife – shelf
9. (UFBA) A palavra que forma o plural pelo simples acréscimo de “s” é: a) man b) woman
c) crisis
d) night
10. (Mackenzie – SP) Which of the following groups consists of nouns which do NOT form their plural in “ves”? a) shelf – calf – thief c) chief – reef – proof b) loaf – wolf – half d) life – knife- leaf
11. (Fuvest –SP) Coloque no plural as palavras indicadas: I bought some ________ , _________ , ________ this morning. ( tomato ) ( cherry ) ( peach ) a) tomatos – cherries – peaches b) tomatoes – cherries – peaches c) tomatoes – cherrys – peachs d) tomatos – cherrys – peaches
12. (FMU –SP) There are many _____ in those ____. a) thieves – citys b) thieves – cities
c) thifs – cities d) thiefs – citys
Text 8: Suspect Thief Drowns Sun Aug 18, 7:35 AM ET
TULSA, Oklahoma (Reuters) - A suspected thief, weighed down with more than 50 pounds of stolen cameras and CDs, among other items, drowned as he attempted to evade police by swimming across the Arkansas River, officials said. The man, identified as Edward McBride, 37, was carrying a bag weighing 50 pounds that contained stolen items and was found Friday with stolen goods also stuffed in his pockets, said Tulsa police spokesman Lucky Lamons. He was being pursued by Tulsa police who suspected him of robbing a Tulsa home when he jumped into the muddy Arkansas River. "He got about 40 yards out and yelled for help," Lamons said. "The officers took off their shirts, shoes
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01. Ao fugir da polícia, McBride caiu involuntariamente no rio. 02. McBride tinha 37 anos e era suspeito de ter assaltado uma casa. 04. O peso dos objetos roubados que carregava consigo contribuiu para o afogamento de McBride. 08. McBride se especializava no roubo de jóias e quadros. 16. McBride foi retirado do rio ainda com vida, mas morreu logo em seguida. 32. Os fatos narrados ocorreram no mês de agosto, em Tulsa, no estado americano de Oklahoma.
14. The text contains information on 01. how McBride died. 02. why McBride died. 04. who rescued McBride, preventing him from dying. 08. when McBride's body was found. 16. how much McBride weighed when he died.
15. According to the text, the police 01. tried to help McBride before he drowned. 02. was able to reach McBride in time to arrest him. 04. shot and killed McBride. 08. pursued McBride. 16. found some evidence that McBride was a thief. Text 9: The development of a baby A fertilized egg is nourished and protected as it develops from an embryo to a fetus during 40 weeks of pregnancy. The placenta, a mass of blood vessels implanted into the uterus lining, delivers nourishment and oxygen, and removes waste through the umbilical cord. Meanwhile, the fetus lies snugly in its amniotic sac, a bag of fluid that protects it against any sudden jolts. In the last weeks of the pregnancy, the growing fetus turns head down: a baby ready to be born.
16. According to text 9 all propositions are correct, except: a) b) c) d)
The word “development” has a suffix. The text is in the present tense. One of the functions of the placenta is to feed the fetus. The fetus feels very uncomfortable inside the amniotic sac. e) There are three different words in the plural form.
17. According to text 9, which question cannot be answered? a) How long does pregnancy last? b) What does the placenta do? c) What are the nutrients of the fetus’ nourishment?
d) What’s nourished in order to become a fetus? e) How does the waste leave the fetus?
18. According to text 9, mark the correct proposition(S). 01. The amniotic sac protects the baby against violent movements. 02. Oxygen is removed through the umbilical cord. 04. When the baby is about to be born, its head must be up. 08. First the fertilized egg turns into an embryo, then into a fetus. 16. The placenta is located in the uterus lining.
19. According to text 9, which words are not verbs? 01. Turns; 02. Vessels; 04. Lies; 08. Jolts; 16. Removes; 32. Protects.
20. According to text 9, mark the WRONG proposition. a) b) c) d) e)
“it” (L. 1) refers to egg. “its” refers to “fetus” (L. 4). “it” (L. 4) refers to amniotic sac. “Removes” refers to the placenta. “develops” refers to fertilized egg.
22. According to the text, what happens in countries where the diet is high in fat? a) There are less sick people. b) The population has a better life. c) People are healthier. d) The rate of heart disease is big. e) People get fatter.
23. The text says that in Spain people eat _____ than in England. a) More food. b) Much more fatty food. c) More energetic food. d) Less food. e) less fatty food.
24. In the sentence “... you will have a better chance of living a long and healthy life”, the verb living is in the... a) Infinitive. b) Present continuous tense. c) Future tense. d) Gerund. e) Imperative form.
Text 10: EAT BETTER, FEEL BETTER It is becoming more and more important to eat the right food. Experts say that the type of food you eat can damage your health. If you eat the right food, you will have a better chance of living a long and healthy life. If you eat a lot of processed food, you will be more likely to have problems with your health. If people eat food with a lot of fat in it, they will have a greater risk of getting heart disease. In some countries, people eat lees fat in their diet. Scientists have shown that fewer people get heart disease in these countries. In Spain and Italy, for example, most people have less fat in their diets than people in England. And in England, the rate of heart disease is double the rate in Spain or Italy. So if you eat less fatty food, you will live longer. You’ll feel better, feel fitter, and have more energy if you change to a simpler and healthier diet. From: Break into English – Michael Carrier & Siman Haines – Hodder & Stoughton, 1987.
21. According to the text, what sort of food is bad for you? a) Italian food. b) Fruit and vegetables. c) Fatty food. d) Simple food. e) Diet food.
CONDITIONALS (if clauses) Frases condicionais são usadas para indicar causa e consequência. Cada tipo tem um propósito específico e usará uma estrutura diferente. Frases condicionais são separadas em duas partes: A “If Clause” e a “Main Clause” A If clause denota a condição, e é onde a palavra “if” é encontrada A Main clause denota a consequência. A ordem das duas não é definida, a “if clause” pode vir antes da “main clause” e vice-versa. If she sees me, I will say hi. [If she sees me,] [I will say hi.] [If clause] [Main clause] Existem 5 tipos de frases condicionais. 0-a) Zero conditional with Imperative 0-b) Zero conditional with Simple Present 1- First Conditional 2- Second Conditional 3- Third Conditional ZERO CONDITIONAL WITH IMPERATIVE O condicional 0-a) serve para dar ORDENS ou SUGESTÕES If you see her, say hi. Call me if you get in trouble.
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Estrutura: If + Simple Present / Imperative ZERO CONDITIONAL WITH SIMPLE PRESENT O condicional 0-b) é usado para indicar FATOS ou ações do cotidiano. Water boils if it reaches 0°C. If you walk in the rain, you get wet. Estrutura: If + Simple Present / Simple Present Observação: Para apenas esse condicional, podemos substituir o “if” por “when”. Isso acontece pois estamos falando de fatos, ou seja, é uma questão de tempo para que as condições aconteçam. Water boils when it reaches 0°C. When you walk in the rain, you get wet. FIRST CONDITIONAL Esse condicional é usado para indicar SITUAÇÕES REAIS PARA O FUTURO, já que fala que coisas que realmente podem ou são muito prováveis de acontecer. If I buy a new car, I will be very happy. If I win the competition, I will get a lot of money. Estrutura: If + Simple Present / Simple Future SECOND CONDITIONAL Esse condicional é usado para indicar SITUAÇÕES IMAGINÁRIAS PARA O PRESENTE OU FUTURO. Situações imaginárias tratam de situações que, como o nome diz, imaginamos. Sejam elas improváveis ou “impossíveis de acontecer, estamos falando do que faríamos se essas situações acontecessem num cenário do presente ou futuro.
If I had won the lottery, I would have paid my bills (Ele não ganhou a loteria, nem pagou suas contas) If he had taken the bus, he would have arrived late. (ele não pegou o ônibus, nem chegou atrasado) Estrutura: If + Past Perfect / would have + verbo no particípio Resumindo os condicionais: Tipo Uso If Clause 0-a Ordens Simple Pres. 0-b Fatos Simple Pres. 1 Sit. Reais p/ Futuro Simple Pres. 2
Sit. Imaginárias p/ Presente ou Futuro
Simple Past
3
Sit. Imaginárias p/ Passado
Past Perfect
Main Clause Imperative Simple Pres. Simple Future Would + verbo infinitivo Would have + verbo particípio
Exercícios de Fixação: 1 - Complete as frases e escreva qual condicional foi usado. a) Call me if you _______ help. (to need) b) If you _______ in the rain, you get wet. (to walk) c) If I arrived after him, I _______ in trouble. (to be) d) If I had known that, I _______ to school. (to go) e) If she _______ you, I will call the police. (to hurt) 2 – Diga o uso das frases condicionais (ordens, fatos, sit, real para o future, etc) a) If you call me, I will tell her. b) If you miss me, call my cellphone. c) If I had gone to the show, I would have seen you.
1. Select the proposition(s) which contains(contain) correct translations for the underlined words.
If I won the lottery, I would pay my bills. If I bought a car, I would arrive on time at my job. Estrutura: If + Simple Past / would + verbo no infinitive Observação: Quando usarmos o verbo “to be” na If Clause, temos que usar “were” sempre, e nunca “was”. If I were you, I would get a tattoo. If he were here, he’d be happy. (‘d é a contração de “would”.) THIRD CONDITIONAL O último condicional é usado para indicar SITUAÇÕES IMAGINÁRIAS PARA O PASSADO, ou seja, com essas frases estamos imaginando situações que poderiam ter acontecido no passado, e agora não têm mais chance de acontecer.
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01. …typical rural dishes, among many others, can be enjoyed in the many different regions… …podem ser divertidos… 02. …In typical environments like mountain resorts… …gostam de hotéis de montanha... 04. …restaurants with beaten earthen floors along the coast. …pisos de chão batido… 08. There are food festivals… …festivais gastronômicos… 16. …you can take part in cold climate activities, such as picking apples and grapes… …tais como plantar maçãs e uvas… 32. …the marine farms and restaurants along the shore… …ao longo da costa…
Text Eleven (UFSC – 2001) PLAY BALL!!! It is hard to believe that a game as fast and exciting as soccer had its origin in a religious ceremony several thousand years ago in Egypt. At that time, the contest was between teams of pretty girls who had first taken part in a beauty contest and parade. After putting on armor, they divided into teams and fought with sticks over a round stone. The stone is believed to have represented the sun, or possibly the head of the goddess of agriculture, and this use of the round stone is thought to be the origin of all ball games. The custom of teams competing for control of a object, or ball, first spread across North Africa, the countries, and Persia. Over the years, it also spread whole world, and probably the most popular team today are soccer, baseball, and basketball.
round Arabic to the sports
Perhaps sports, like music, could be called an international language. Certainly they have done much to bring people from different countries together and to improve understanding among them. Through friendly competition, players and spectators alike have learned that people everywhere are very much the same, and that everyone appreciates good sportsmanship and fair play. From: Let’s Learn English W.Bryce Van Syoc & Florence S. Van Syoc American Book Company. New York, 1971 (Adapted)
2. Considering the topic of the text, choose the introduction(s) that can start it meaningfully. 01. “Stop that kick!”... “Pass the ball!”... “Goal! Goal!” 02. Known simply as “The Boat Race”, this test lasts twenty minutes, but has captured the public’s attention for over 150 years. 04. The fans watch with attention as a player runs down the soccer field trying to kick the ball towards the goal. 08. Inspired by that idea, the fitness director at the Aspen Club came to New York to organize a cross-training program for Central Park. 16. There must be something that limits the number of people that participate in extreme sports. 32. The spectators stand up and cheer enthusiastically as the player nears the goal, then sit in disappointment when an opponent suddenly gets the ball away from him and starts towards the other end of the field with it.
3. Select the correct proposition(s) according to the text. 01. Egyptian men worked hard to invent soccer. 02. Soccer players have a ritual of touching and hugging each other after a goal. 04. It is difficult to accept the idea that soccer originated in a religious ceremony. 08. The players and the spectators enjoyed the game and decided to speak an international language. 16. A round stone was used by the Egyptian girls during the contest. 32. Sports promote better understanding among people from different parts of the world. 64. Ancient people used to wear a protective covering made of metal to kill their opponents.
4. Which of the questions below can be answered according to the information contained in the text? 01. Which are possibly the most popular team sports nowadays? 02. How many girls were there in each soccer team? 04. How long did a soccer game last in Egypt? 08. Where were the first ball games played? 16. Who used sticks to compete for a round stone in Egypt? 32. What kind of music was appreciated by the Egyptians? 64. What is the effect of friendly competition?
5. Read the four summaries below. Which one(s) contains (contain) the same information found in the text? 01. Through the text we conclude that ball games had their origin a few years ago in Egypt and that the Egyptians’ practice spread all over the world. The text also mentions the names of the most famous sports nowadays and it associates music with sports, since both activities contribute to make people rich. 02. From the text we learn about the origin of all ball games and about the probable meanings of the round stone used in the games in ancient times. It also refers to the three team sports that can be possibly considered the most popular ones nowadays. After that, the text compares sports with music mentioning the benefits they bring to people and it expresses approval about friendly competition. 04. The text refers to the history of all sports. It expresses the idea that music and sports have the same importance when we think of bringing people together. 08. The text tells us how soccer and all ball games originated. Besides that, it mentions the names of some team sports and makes a comparison between sports and music. Finally, it refers to friendly competition and its positive effects.
PASSIVE VOICE A voz passiva é usada para tirar o foco do sujeito da oração e passar ele para o objeto que sofreu a ação, ou até mesmo a própria ação. Em português temos [Voz Ativa] Pedro roubou minha bicicleta [Voz Passiva] Minha bicicleta foi roubada (por Pedro)* *Esse complemento é opcional, podemos terminar a frase da voz passiva no verbo. No Inglês a forma de transformar a voz da frase é semelhante ao Português. Podemos seguir a seguinte
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regra:
Seguindo a regra, o primeiro passo é pegar o objeto (quem sofre a ação) e transformá-lo no novo sujeito. Depois disso, passar os auxiliares da frase da voz ativa para a voz passiva, concordando com o novo sujeito. Então é criado um verbo “to be” na tensão do verbo principal da frase na voz ativa. Se o verbo está no presente, o verbo “to be” criado estará no presente e assim por diante. E por último, o verbo principal é colocado no particípio. Vejamos alguns exemplos: I write books. Books are written (by me). She is going to break the car. The car is going to be broken (by her). They bought a house. A house was bought (by them). We are creating a new machine. A new machine is being created (by us). Para ajudar, vamos criar uma tabela com os jeitos que o verbo “to be” pode aparecer.
TEXT Twelve SOME EASY WAYS TO MAKE FRIENDS 1. It’s hard to make friends if you stay home all the time. Get out of the house and do things that will put you in touch with other people. Join a club or play a sport. Attend meetings of neighborhood associations or other groups. It’s easier to make friends when you have similar interests. 2. Learn from people at school or work who seem to have lots of friends. Observe how they make and keep friends. Don’t imitate all the things they do. But try to notice what they do. Then try some of those things yourself. 3. Don’t be afraid to show people what you’re really good at. Talk about the things you like and do best. Don’t hide your strong points. People will be interested in you if there is something interesting about you. 4. Plan things to talk about with people. Find out what’s in the newspaper headlines, listen to the top CDs, learn about what’s new with your favorite TV or movie star. The more you have to say, the more people will be interested in having a conversation with you. 5. Be a good listener. Let people talk about themselves before talking about “me, me, me.” Ask lots of questions. Show an interest in their answers. This alone will make people want to be your friend. 6. Once you start to get to know someone, don’t be friendly one day and then too shy to talk the next day. Be consistent. Consistency is something people look for in friends. 7. Have confidence in yourself. Don’t be self-critical all the time. This will only make the process more difficult. Think of your good qualities. People are attracted to those with selfconfidence. 8. Try to make friends with the kind of people you really like, respect, and admire – not just with those who are easy to meet. Be friendly with a lot of people. From: RICHARDS, J. C. & ECKSTUT-DIDIER, S. Strategic Reading 1. CUP, 2003. (Adapted)
Exercícios de fixação 1 – Que frases estão na voz passiva? 01) Freddie is hunting in the snow. 02) The building was destroyed by Godzilla. 04) Peter loves pizza. 08) I was hurt by her. 16) The song was written. 2 – Passe as seguintes frases para a voz passiva: a) We like the summer. b) Anna and I are going to help Luiz. c) She made dinner. d) I have punched the wall. e) Someone has murdered her. f) Brazil exports coffee. g) We are building a bridge.
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1. Select the correct statement(s) about the text. 01. An important quality of friendship is consistency. 02. People who have many friends are more traditional. 04. It’s better to have a few good friends than to have many friends. 08. Friends can be important when we are shy. 16. It will be more difficult to make friends if you judge yourself too hard. 32. Paying attention to what people say is a good way to start a friendship.
2. According to the text, what advice can help these people? Select the proposition(s) in which the advice is correctly indicated. 01. Tony is never sure what to talk about when he meets people. Advice 4 02. Abby doesn’t always say nice things about her new friend James. Advice 1 04. Rose wants to know why her classmate, Cindy, is so good at making friends. Advice 2
08. Benson is a terrific dancer, but he never tells anyone about it. Advice 3 16. Max talks to a girl in his history class on Monday, but on Tuesday he’s afraid to say “Hi”. Advice 6 32. Jill always talks about herself. Advice 7
3. According to the text, what are some things you can do to make friends? Select the correct proposition(s). 01. Do exactly what people tell you to do, never disagree with them. 02. Read newspapers, watch TV and listen to music in order to be well-informed. 04. Be sociable, get involved in activities in the company of other persons. 08. Look for the most popular people in your group and try to become their friend. 16. Talk mostly about yourself, your problems and what is happening in your life. 32. Let people know the good things about you.
4. Considering the text, compare the meanings of each pair of sentences and select the proposition(s) in which the meanings of sentences A and B are similar. 01. A. People are attracted to those with self-confidence. B. If you believe in yourself, you’ll have more people near you. 02. A. A good idea is to imitate people who seem to have lots of friends. B. Maybe you can copy the behavior of people who seem to have lots of friends. 04. A. Do things that will put you in touch with other people. B. Choose activities that will help other people. 08. A. You can learn the last facts about your favorite TV star. B. One possibility is to find out the news about your favorite TV star. 16. A. This alone will make people want to be your friend. B. When you are lonely, people will see that you need a friend.
5. Select the proposition(s) that can correctly go at the end of advice number 8. 01. For some people, friends have become more important than their family. 02. There are many things you can ask a friend to do for you. 04. That way, you’ll have a bigger group of people to choose your friends from. 08. Good friends do not always have to tell each other the truth. 16. Your chances of making friends will, therefore, be greater.
TEXT 13: BEST FRIENDS 1. Men and women share the exact same view of a best friend a person who is always there for you. Your best friend is someone you can depend on to share your happiness, suffer through your worries, or lessen your sorrow.
2. A great variety of factors play into the birth of a best friendship the age and circumstances under which people meet, what first attracts them, why they remain close, and how they fill each other's needs. Yet I found the dominant themes that define a best friend were remarkably similar across the broadest range of experiences. 3. Safety was a word I heard over and over. A best friend is a safe harbor, a guaranteed comfort zone. You never have to explain yourself to best friends because they really, really know who you are. With best friends, you can be who you are. You can cry too hard or laugh too loud and never worry what they'll think of you because best friends are nonjudgmental. They will give you advice if you want it and a kick in the pants if you need it, but best friends will not judge you or make you ashamed of your behavior. A best friend gives you what you expect from a parent and don't always get: unconditional love. 4. Best friends are loyal and trustworthy. A best friend is a person to whom you can tell your most embarrassing, revealing, and damaging personal secrets with the full confidence they will never be repeated. Best friends can deliver brutally honest answers in the most gentle fashion. 5. Finally, best friends are the family you choose. They love you because they want to, not because they have to. And for many people, a best friend becomes the brother or sister they'd always wanted, but never had. From: RICHARDS, J. C. & ECKSTUT-DIDIER, S. Strategic Reading 1. CUP, 2003. (Adapted)
6. Identify the correct proposition(s) according to the text. 01. When your personal secrets are told to a best friend you can be sure he or she will not reveal them to anyone else. 02. People always call a good friend when they have a doubt. 04. To have best friends means to have people you can trust and by whom you can be advised. 08. Men and women depend on each other to solve their problems. 16. Friends, even best friends, can never replace your family. 32. Age is one of the aspects that influence the development of a friendship.
7. According to the text, select the correct answer(s) for the question below. How can a best friend be described? 01. As a place where you are not in danger. 02. Someone who is usually embarrassing. 04. A best friend follows the fashion most of the time. 08. He or she never tells you the truth. 16. A best friend doesn't ask you for explanations. 32. As a person who is always there to judge you.
8. Choose the proposition(s) in which the definitions of the words below correspond to the meaning used in the text.
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01. lessen (Paragraph 1) if something lessens or is lessened, it becomes less strong. 02. sorrow (Paragraph 1) a feeling of deep sadness or regret. 04. range (Paragraph 2) a group of hills or mountains. 08. advice (Paragraph 3) an opinion which someone offers you about what you should do in a particular situation. 16. kick (Paragraph 3) a new interest, especially one that does not last long. 32. ashamed (Paragraph 3) to feel embarrassed or guilty because of something that you have done. 64. fashion (Paragraph 4) a style that is popular at a particular time, especially in clothes, hair, make-up, etc.
9. Select the proposition(s) which contains (contain) correct answers to the following questions, according to the text. 01. What does a best friend do for you? Among many things, he or she shares our feelings. 02. Why does a best friend become the brother or sister you had always wanted, but never had? Because it is easier to help a friend. 04. How many times did the author of this text hear the word "safety"? A lot of times. 08. When do you have to give an explanation to a best friend? It becomes necessary when we are misunderstood. 16. What kind of judgment does a best friend make on your behavior? A best friend doesn't judge us. 32. Where can a best friend be found? In secret places.
10. Select the proposition(s) which contains (contain) correct references to the following words, underlined in the text. 01. who (Paragraph 1) men 02. them (Paragraph 2) people 04. which (Paragraph 2) a best friendship 08. it (Paragraph 3) a kick in the pants 16. whom (Paragraph 4) you 32. they (Paragraph 4) personal secrets
MODAL VERBS Verbos modais são tipos de verbos auxiliaries, usados para expressar diferentes coisas, dependendo da palavra e do contexto. Aqui estão alguns dos seus usos, com exemplos e os verbos modais usados em cada um.
Capacidade/possibilidade I can play the guitar
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I am able to run very fast I could/was able to play the guitar 5 years ago - passado I will be able to speak English next week - futuro Permissão Can I go to the bathroom? Could I leave the house? May I make a phone call? Pedidos Can you help me? Could you give me a ride home? Would you email me? Will you come with me to the mall? Ofertas Can I help you? May I take your coat? Shall I bring the wine? Sugestões/Conselhos You should be careful You could call her You ought to take your medicine Obrigação You must rest You have to help me You ought to be there for her Deduções This watch might be broken She could be wrong You must be kidding
LINKING WORDS Também chamados de “conectivos”, essas palavras servem para conectar duas orações, dando uma relação entre elas. 1. ADIÇÃO: - and : e - in addition, furthermore, besides, moreover: além disso - as well as: assim como - also: também - apart from: com exceção de - both....and: ambos; tanto como - not only ... but also: não apenas...mas também 2. CONTRASTE/CONCESSÃO/ADVERSATIVA: - but: mas - however, neverthless: entretanto - yet: entretanto, ainda - although, even though, though: embora - nonetheless, notwithstanding: não obstante - despite that, in spite of: apesar de - rather than, instead of: em vez de - whereas: enquanto 3. PROPÓSITO:
- in order to: a fim de - so as to: de modo que 4. CONSEQUÊNCIA/CONCLUSÃO: - therefore: portanto - consequently, as a result: consequentemente - accordingly: de acordo, adequadamente - hence: pois, então, daí - thus: assim - thereby: assim, desse modo - then: então - so: então, pois - finally: finalmente 5. ALTERNATIVA: - otherwise: por outro lado - or: ou - or else: ou então, ou ainda - either ...or: ou...ou - while, whereas: enquanto
1. “...although the Mayas knew about the wheel, they never used it.”(lines 23-24) 01. The Mayas didn’t know about the wheel, therefore they never used it. 02. The Mayas knew about the wheel, but they never used it. 04. The Mayas never used the wheel, however they knew about it. 08. In spite of the knowing about the wheel, the Mayas never used it.
2. “…Catherwood’s drawings revealed that the Mayas
6. REITERAÇÃO: - that is: isto é - in other words: em outras palavras - in short, in brief: em resumo - i.e. : (do latim) isto é - that is to say: quer dizer 7. COMPARAÇÃO: - like, as: como - than: do que 8. ILUSTRAÇÃO: - e.g. (do latim) por exemplo - for instance, for example: por exemplo - such as: tal como - namely: a saber - viz: (do latim) quer dizer
had incredible cities with temples, pyramids, and other buildings as impressive as those of their northern neighbors, the Aztecs”(lines 10-13) 01. Catherwood’s drawings showed that the Mayas had incredible cities with temples, pyramids, and other buildings which made a deep impression exactly like of the Aztecs, who lived in the north. 02. The cities with temples, pyramids, and other buildings of the Mayan civilization did not cause a great impression as the ones from the Aztecs. 04. The Aztecs lived south from the Mayas but both had impressive cities with temples, pyramids, and other buildings. 08. Catherwood’s drawings revealed that the Mayas’ incredible cities with temple, pyramids, and other buildings made a deep impression on the Aztecs, who inhabited another continent.
3. “The Mayas had a highly developed system of
9. CONDIÇÃO: - if: se - unless: se não, a menos que - provided that: uma vez que - on condition that: desde que - as long as: uma vez que - subject to: sujeito a - whether: se
government as well as an incredibly accurate system of measuring time.”(lines 17-20) 01. The Mayas had a highly developed system of government in addiction to an incredibly accurate system of measuring time. 02. The Mayas had both a highly developed system of government and an incredibly accurate system of measuring time. 04. The Mayas had not only a highly developed system of government but also an incredibly accurate system of measuring time. 08. Besides having a highly developed system of government, the Mayas also had an incredibly accurate system of measuring time.
10. CAUSA: - because: porque - because of: por causa de - due to: devido a - as: porque - since: uma vez que, já que
4. “…their civilization came to an end because the Mayas
11. DÚVIDA OU HIPÓTESE: - perhaps, maybe: talvez - possibly: possivelmente 12. TEMPORAL: - when: quando
Nas questões 1 à 4, assinale a(s) alternativa(s) que significa(m) o mesmo que o segmento em itálico extraído do texto “The Mayas”.
-while: enquanto
never developed a proper resistance to local germs and diseases.”(lines 36-38) 01. Due to the fact that the Mayas never developed a proper resistance to local microbes and illnesses, their civilization disappeared.
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02. As the Mayas were unable to resist local germs and diseases in a proper way, their civilization ceased to exist. 04. The Mayas never offered an adequate resistance to local microbes and diseases; for that reason their civilization came to an end. 08. The Mayas were able to develop a proper resistance to local germs and diseases; that’s why their civilization never came to an end.
7. Catherwood’s drawings revealed incredible cities. a) Disrupted. b) Changed the order of. c) Showed. d) Question the existence of.
8. In 1841 a book was published on the remarkable
Os exercícios abaixo se baseiam no vocabulário do texto “The Mayas”. Assinale apenas uma opção que é equivalente à(s) palavra(s) em negrito.
civilization. a) Extraordinary. b) Lost. c) Mischievous. d) Menacing.
5. Mr Brown was on a business journey when he met his
9. What gods do your people worship?
future wife a) deal. b) Newspaper. c) rush. d) trip.
6. The architect was interested in the remains of an ancient church a) ruins. b) rebuilding. c) practical solutions. d) drawings.
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a) Add to b) Adorn c) Adore d) Erode