Daniel Kiss
TERRITORIAL FORMATIONS
ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE LANDSCAPE URBANISM MArch Term one 2018-2019
TERRITORIAL FORMATIONS
Daniel Kiss with Yasmina Yehia (Social formations) Rafael Caldera (Landscript) Swadheet Chaturvedi (Manufactured Grounds)
DIRECTORS Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico
STUDIO MASTER Clara Oloriz Sanjuan
SEMINAL TUTOR Clara Oloriz Sanjuan
TECHNICAL TUTOR Gustavo Romanillos Claudio Campanille
ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE LANDSCAPE URBANISM MArch Term one 2018-2019
4
CONTENT
MANUFACTURED GROUNDS
01 AQUACULTURE PLATFORM: Swadheet Chaturvedi & Daniel Kiss
06 08 10 12
A PLATFORM-BASED AQUACULTURE SEA STATION SITE: MORAY FIRTH APPLICATION TO THE PLATFORM
SOCIAL FORMATIONS
02 GRIDDED POLICIES: Yasmina Yehia & Daniel Kiss
16 18 22 24 26
A POLICY-BASED AGRICULTURAL NETWORK GLOBAL & DOMESTIC RELATIONS CASE STUDIES: LAXTON & OLDHAM GREATER MANCHESTER INTERACTIVE TOOL DEVELOPMENT
LANDSCRIPT
03 TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS: Rafael Caldera & Daniel Kiss
28 30 34 36
EXPERIMENTS ON SPEY RIVER, SCOTLAND SEDIMENTOLOGY AND DEPOSITIONS SIMULATIONS: PRINCIPLES SIMULATIONS: IN-SITU
41
REFERENCES
5
WORKSHOP: MANUFACTURED GROUNDS
AQUACULTURE PLATFORMS
FIG. 01 / SECTION OF PLATFORM BASED AQUACULTURES
6
PLATFORM-BASED OPEN OCEAN AQUACULTURE
AQUACULTURE PLATFORMS
SWADHEET CHATURVEDI & DANIEL KISS
01 MANUFACTURED GROUNDS:
Platform-based open ocean aquaculture on the North Sea Over the next years, thousands of wells will be plugged and hundreds of platforms removed, but is removing the best idea? Because marine life has grown - on these surrogate reefs with very rare aquatic species - as platform ecosystems are evolving to mimic those in the wild. Dismantling could also spill toxic wastes on the seabed. So we should really leave them be, and probably think of innovative ways of actually using them to mimic natural processes by maybe incorporating healthy aquaculture to it.
7
by: Daniel Kiss & Swadheet Chaturvedi
FIG. 02 / SEA STATION
WORKSHOP: MANUFACTURED GROUNDS
AQUACULTURE PLATFORM
THE SEA STATION
SEA STATION FIG. 02 / SEA STATION
WORK PLATFORM CHIMNEY SECTION
Sea Station fish pens designed by INNOVASEA helps farm operators reduce the total cost of grow-out on medium-to-high energy aquaculture sites. Sea Station’s security and long service life allows capital costs to be spread across many years and harvests
RIM
15
Benefits of being fully submerged pens: Producers can introduce air into central spar to raise the pen in a controlled way or remove air to lower it. It avoids strong currents and weather. Since it can come to the surface of water, it is easy to harvest fish and convenient to do maintenance job on the pens.
27.2
A prototype for aquaculture
BALLAST WEIGHT 12000 Kg
34.8
TRADE ROUTE TO USA
27
21 34.8
OPEN BLUE HATCHERIES, PANA MIRAMAR TRADE ROUTE TO USA
8 NM
27.2
27
15
OPEN SEA FARM
21
34.8
12.2
27.2
15
27
21
12.2
These pens have been deployed in various configurations, starting with the one-way mooring system, which did not really work well as it was difficult to control. Then the three-way mooring system was stable until the storm came. Finally it was tensioned from all the 4 sides, which eventually was configured in a grid.
27
PANAMA CITY
FIG. 04 / MOORING SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
8
27
21
PAN
12.2
by: Daniel Kiss
12.2
15
27.2
27
21
12.2
34.8
TRADE ROUTE TO USA
34.8
27 27.2
27 27.2 34.8 21
12.2
27 27.2
Panama Open Blue Sea Farms 15
21
6400 M3 12.2
15
34.8
21
12.2
27.2
15
3100 M3
FIG. 04 / CONFIGURATIONS
34.8
21
15
Launch date: 1999 Gulf of Mexico Ocean Spar Technologies
12.2
27.2
600 M3
15
by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 03 / PEN SIZES
FIG. 03 / PEN SIZES
21
12.2
34.8
15
27.2
HARVEST RING
FIG. 08 / LOCATION The one of the largest open ocean aquaculture farms in the world is located 8 nautical miles from the Open Blue Hatcheries at Miramar, called Open Sea Farm. The farming operations are fully submerged at depths of up to 250 feet. Situated in a protected no-take zone of 2,500 acres of water.
by: Daniel Kiss
OPEN BLUE HATCHERIES, MIRAMAR
OPEN SEA FARM FIG. 08 / LOCATION
OPEN SEA FARM
8 NM
PANAMA CITY FIG. 05 / LOGISTICS
by: Daniel Kiss & Swadheet Chaturvedi by: Daniel Kiss & Swadheet Chaturvedi
Sea Station can be raised for harvesting or cleaning by filling the spar with air.
FIG. 06 / STRUCTURE
FIG. 06 / STRUCTURE
by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 05 / LOGISTICS
Fish are raised in their own controlled hatcheries. Then they are transferred into a box and transported to the vessel. Lastly, the fish are made to swim into the pens through a broad pipe which was attached to the pen by the zippers.
FIG. 07 / MOORING SYSTEM
TRADE ROUTE TO USA
AQUACULTURE PLATFORM
Air hose / feeding tube. Surface float 1000 Kg net buoyancy Sea Stations are equipped with zip entries to allow divers access to the cage Cages are attached to a grid of steel wires held in place by multiple anchors. Netting is made from DSM Dyneema - Ultra High Molecular Polyethylene (UHMwPE). It is 15 times stronger than steel on a weight-for-weight basis, 40% stronger than aramid and floats on water. Therefore it is predator proof as well.
FIG. 07 / MOORING SYSTEM
Grid corner Grid line Anchor line
Bridle lines
Anchor chain
Crown lines
9
AQUACULTURE PLATFORM
SITE: MORAY FIRTH
There were other design factors involved such as clean water, no trade routes obstructions, adequate energy supply and so on. However, solving this logistical issue was one of the main parameters for us while choosing an appropriate site in the UK. We looked into the North Sea, and we found a network of existing oil rigs - commissioned and decommissioned as well. In the British sector alone, there are almost 470 platforms, in which 200 are going to be decommissioned by 2025. Hence, our intention is to use the existing infrastructure of an abandoned rig, instead of actually dismantling it and impacting the ecosystem created by it as a surrogate reef.
10
Sea Station Aquaculture site deployment
North Sea oil fields and rigs
BEATRICE OIL FIELDS
by: Daniel Kiss & Swadheet Chaturvedi
FIG. 08 / SITE SELECTION
WORKSHOP: MANUFACTURED GROUNDS
FIG. 08 / SITE SELECTION
LEGEND WIND FARMS OIL FIELDS DECOMMISSIONED WELL PRESENT WELL FERRY ROUTES
BEATRICE ALPHA
BEATRICE BRAVO
13/30 - A
13/30 - B
LEGEND
BEATRICE CHARLIE
FIG. 09 / SITE MAP: BEATRICE OIL RIGS
13/30 - C
Beatrice Oil Rigs
OIL FIELDS WIND FARMS FERRY ROUTE
12 NM LIMIT
Our site selection criteria is overlapping in one specific location, North-East Scotland, in the Moray Firth, namely the Beatrice Oil Fields. Located perfect distance from shore and all of the platforms are decommissioned. This area is boosted by the abundance of wind energy available, in the form of existing infrastructure, planned and an under-construction wind farm of 84 turbines which is going to cater to 4,50,000 households and to our proposed Aquaculture Farm.
11
by: Daniel Kiss
SITE: MORAY FIRTH
FIG. 09 / BEATRICE OIL RIGS
AQUACULTURE PLATFORM
AQUACULTURE PLATFORM
APPLICATION: OIL RIGS + SEA STATION
FIG. 10 / ADAPTATION TO THE RIG
APPLICATION TO THE OIL RIGS
The deployment is based on the idea, where the cages are movable in a circulated way for the purpose of maintaining the whole process of fish production.
Utilization of decommissioned Beatrice Oil rigs
12
13/30 - B BEATRICE BRAVO
ACCESS TO PLATFORM
As support facilities
13/30 - A BEATRICE ALPHA
Whilst we were trying to configure the perfect grid anchored to the Platforms Alpha, the priority was to have an unobstructed access to the pens along with maintaining stability and flexibility in the grid itself.
SEA STATIONS 600
by: Daniel Kiss & Swadheet Chaturvedi
FIG. 10 / ADAPTATION TO THE RIG
WORKSHOP: MANUFACTURED GROUNDS
FIG. 11 / BEATRICE OIL RIGS
by: Daniel Kiss by: Daniel Kiss
The idea of circulation is derived from the fact that how convenient for the users to access the pens for harvesting and maintenance. On each side we created a node which is connected to all of the 5-5 Sea Stations and to the bridge.
FIG. 12 / PULLEY SYSTEM
CIRCULATION OF PRODUCTION
FIG. 11 / CIRCULATION OF PRODUCTION Fish introducing and harvesting
Maintainance on the bridge POSITION LOADING
Cages are moved by pulley system
PULLING THE CAGE
Pulling the cage
The fish are raised in cages
Cages in anchored position CAGES IN ANCHORED POSITION
AQUACULTURE PLATFORM
FIG. 12 / PULLEY SYSTEM
Fish intruducing and harvesting
Cages are moved by pulley system
The fish are raised in cages
Each Sea Station can be pulled by the existing pulley system operated on the rig and brought to the bridge in order to be processed.
13
AQUACULTURE PLATFORM
THE PLATFORM
THE PLATFORM
ACCESS OUT
HATCHERIES
ACCESS IN
LOADING PLATFORMS 14
HARVESTING
FIG. 13 / AXONOMETRIC VIEW OF THE PLATFORM
by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 13 / AXONOMETRIC VIEW OF THE PLATFORM
WORKSHOP: MANUFACTURED GROUNDS
FIG. 14 / FUNCTIONING OF THE PLATFORM
15
ACCESS OUT
FEEDING STORAGE
BROODSTOCK RECIRCULATORY TANKS
LARVAE AND JUVENINE TANKS
LOADING PLATFORM
STORAGE TANKS
HATCHERIES
SAND FILTER
PUMP HOUSE
ACCESS IN
This is how the Rigs actually function as Hatchery and a Harvesting units. Alpha A is where the water is pumped and filtered into the storage tanks, followed by the actual hatcheries on the level above. Whereas Alpha B is where the Larvae and Juvenile tanks are maintained.
by: Daniel Kiss & Swadheet Chaturvedi
FIG. 14 / FUNCTIONING OF THE PLATFORM
AQUACULTURE PLATFORM
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MANCHESTER
TRAFFORD
AGRICULTURE NETWORK IN GREATER MANCHESTER
BOLTON
GRIDDED POLICIES
WIGAN
WORKSHOP: SOCIAL FORMATIONS
FIG. 15 / HYDROLOGY MAP OF GREATER MANCHESTER The green belt one of the most important topics as part of Greater Manchester Spatial Planning policy. The farms which are responsible for Feeding Greater Manchester strategy are located within the green belt. In addition, flood control is a topic of concern within the Spatial Planning policy - since flooding has been inherited - due to decrease of woodlands and increase of agriculture practices.
LEGEND GREEN BELT FLOOD RISK
02 SOCIAL FORMATIONS:
GRIDDED POLICIES YASMINA YEHIA & DANIEL KISS
Policy-driven agriculture network in Greater Manchester Our goal is to understand impacts of consumption and production patterns and how they are interchanged with agricultural practices. In Greater Manchester a well-organized food network is maintained for several purposes. On of them is to provide a sustainable food network for the purpose of giving a wide range of availability of local food for the community of Greater Manchester. Our intention is to understand how this agricultural practices is maintained relating to all economic, cultural, environmental and social aspects.
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FIG. 15 / HYDROLOGY MAP OF GREATER MANCHESTER by: Daniel Kiss
GREEN BELT
TAMESIDE
GRIDDED POLICIES
WORKSHOP: SOCIAL FORMATIONS
GRIDDED POLICIES
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GLOBAL RELATIONS
FIG. 16 / GLOBAL RELATIONS OF FOOD INDUSTRY
FIG. 18 / IMPORT-EXPORT RATE
19
IMPORT 46238
EXPORT 22023
* Million pounds
FIG. 18 / IMPORT-EXPORT RATE by: Yasmina Yehia
FIG. 17 / FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY BY COUNTRIES
FIG. 17 / FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY BY COUNTRIES by: Yasmina Yehia
The UK ranks low at 61% compared to Argentina ranking at 273% in its food self-sufficiency ratio. In relation to global trade it seems that the UK imports twice more than it exports.
by: Yasmina Yehia & Daniel Kiss
GLOBAL RELATIONS
FIG. 16 / GLOBAL RELATIONS OF FOOD INDUSTRY
GRIDDED POLICIES
GRIDDED POLICIES
AGRICULTURE IN UNITED KINGDOM
CROPPABLE FIG. 20 / LAND USE RATIO CROPPABLE 6131 In thousand hectares. In 2017 6131
PASTURE PASTURE 3883 3883
Agriculture in UK
by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 19 / AGRICULTURE LAND USE
AGRICULTURE IN THE UK
by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 20 / LAND USE RATIO
WORKSHOP: SOCIAL FORMATIONS
While looking at the agriculture and livestock areas covered throughout the UK, it turns out that UK is mostly constituted of arable crops on the east and pasture lands in the west due to its topography.
CATTLE CATTLE 901 901
PIGS PIGS 868 868
SHEEP SHEEP 301 301
CEREAL CEREAL 318 318
RAPESEED RAPESEED 59 59
POTATO POTATO 14.5 14.5
While we looking at the agricultural production we see an obvious adoption of monoculture practices.
*thousand *thousandtons tons
FIG. 19 / AGRICULTURE LAND USE
LEGEND ARABLE LAND PASTURE LAND
20
OTHER OTHER 66.1 66.1
RAPESEED RAPESEEDPOTATO POTATOOTHER OTHER 59 14.5 66.1 59 14.5 66.1
*thousand tons *thousand tons
PASTURE 3883
CROPPABLE 6131
PIGS 868
PASTURE 3883
CATTLE SHEEP PIGS 901 301 868
PIGS SHEEP SHEEP 868 301 301
CROPPABLE 6131
SHEEP CATTLE 301 901
PASTURE 3883
SHEEP FIG.PIGS 21 / LIVESTOCK 868 301 The diagram describes the livestock quantity in the UK.
CROPPABLE 6131
CATTLE CEREAL CEREAL CEREAL RAPESEEDRAPESEED CEREAL POTATO POTATOOTHER RAPESEED POTATO CEREAL RAPESEED POTATO OTHER OTHER 318 59 318 14.5 59 14.5 318 318 318 59 59 14.5 66.1 14.5 66.1 66.1 *thousand*thousand tons *thousand tons tons
PIGS 868
CATTLE SHEEP 901301
CEREAL 318
RAPESEED 59
CEREAL POTATO 31814.5 *thousand tons
PIGS 868
OTHER RAPESEED 66.1 59
0-258
*thousand tons 259-541
PASTURE 3883
SHEEP OTHER RAPESEED 66.1 59 0-1246
*thousand tons
1260-2195
937-1735
2196-3178
PIGS 868
POTATO CEREAL 14.5 318
SHEEP CATTLE 301 901
OTHER RAPESEED 66.1 59
PIGS 868
POTATO CEREAL 14.5 318
OTHER 66.1
1247-1259
542-936
SHEEP CATTLE 301 901
POTATO 14.5
SHEEP 301
OTHER FIG.RAPESEED 22 / AGRICULTURALPOTATO PRODUCTION OTHER 66.1 59 66.1 The diagram describes what14.5 amount of crops are produced
*thousand tons in the UK.
*thousand tons
WHEAT
BARLEY 0-159
1-41
160 - 219
42-64
220 - 335
65-134
336 - 468
135-179
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55+
FIG. 23 / DIET BY AGE The diagram shows the diet trends by different age groups.
LEGEND FLEXITARIAN* VEGETARIAN VEGAN
21
* Meat reduction. Usually flexitarians consume meat twice a week.
CATTLE CATTLE CATTLE PIGS 901 868 901 901
CATTLE 901
thousand tons
PASTURE 3883
FIG. 21 / LIVESTOCK by: Daniel Kiss In thousand heads, 2017.
CEREAL CEREAL 318 318
CROPPABLE 6131
FIG. 22 / AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION by: Daniel Kiss In thousand tonnes, 2017.
CATTLE CATTLE PIGS SHEEP SHEEP PIGS CROPPABLE PASTURE 868 PASTURE CROPPABLE CROPPABLE PASTURECROPPABLE PASTURE 301 901 901 868 301 6131 3883 3883 6131 6131 3883 6131 3883
FIG. 23 / DIET BY AGE by: Yasmina Yehia
CROPPABLE 6131
GRIDDED POLICIES
GRIDDED POLICIES
CASE STUDIES
FIG.24 / LAXTON, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
12 KM
Laxton where the medieval manor still runs as it used to in the 16th century . But due to changes in consumer needs, the inhabitants of Laxton are outsourcing their food due to lack of variety of production although supply is met through their crops.
SYKES AND GRASS TRACK
12 KM
BUILDINGS OPEN FIELDS MOOR FOREST FARMS ROADS DISTANCE TO PRODUCE
by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 24 / LAXTON, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, CASE STUDY
WORKSHOP: SOCIAL FORMATIONS
12 KM 12 KM
DISTRIBUTION
DIET PER WEEK
12 KM
OUTSOURCING
LAXTON
MEAT
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
EAST MIDLAND
FIG. 25 / OLDHAM, GREATER MANCHESTER RESTAURANTS
by: Yasmina Yehia
FIG. 25 / OLDHAM, GREATER MANCHESTER, CASE STUDY
300 PEOPLE
VEGETABLES
12 KM
Oldham has followed the Greater Manchester re-branding strategy highly relying on making its cities food sustainable. It functions through online platforms which feed into a network of farms, allotments, restaurants, shops and farmer markets with a goal of minimizing outsourcing and adopting a less meaty diet.
WHOLEFOODS
40 km 42.46%
ALLOTMENTS SHOPS FARMER MARKETS
40 km 42.
FARMS NETWORK OF DISTRIBUTION DISTANCE TO PRODUCE
20 km 18.24%
20 km 18.2
DISTRIBUTION
DIET PER WEEK
40 km 42.46%
OLDHAM 40 km 42.46%
20 km 18.24%
OUTSOURCING
VEGETABLES
MEAT
20 km 18.24% 2.4462% .46% 0 k4m 40 k4m
OLDHAM
OLDHAM
Restaurants Wholefoods 14244,9 HA Allotments Shops Farmer markets 233,800 PEOPLE Farms 15.8 PEOPLE PER HA Network of distribution Distance to produce
Restaurants Wholefoods Allotments Shops Farmer markets Farms Network of distribution Distance to produce
GREATER MANCHESTER
WEST MIDLAND
Restaurants Wholefoods Allotments Restaurants Shops Wholefoods Farmer markets Allotments Farms Shops
22
OLDHAM
8.2148% .24% 0 k1m 20 k2m
GRIDDED POLICIES
CASE STUDIES FIG. 26 / BRITISH MANOR by: Yasmina Yehia
Comparing two case studies: On the one hand, Laxton that accounts for the last manor in which polyculture practices are maintained. In comparison, the ideal food network in Oldham for supplying Greater Manchester.
Crop rotation / polyculture
FIG.26 / BRITISH MANOR
Historically in British medieval manors, polyculture techniques also known as the three course rotation crop system existed. Essentially 2/3 of the land was meant for autumn/spring and fallow crops, 1/5 for common pasture and 1/5 meadows.
Implications on the English Landscape Decisions related to agriculture in the UK have fragmented the English landscape through time, with an almost complete disappearance of manors from the 17th century to the 20th century. This has resulted to larger cities and larger and monoculture and animal farms.
PASTURE
GREATER MANCHESTER MANOR
MANOR
MANOR
WOODLAND
CROPS
FALLOW
MEADOW
WOODLAND
17TH CENTURY
LAXTON MANOR GREATER MANCHESTER
BARLEY (ALL YEAR)
SHEEP
CATTLE
WHEAT (ALL YEAR)
SHEEP
SHEEP
WHEAT (ALL YEAR)
20TH CENTURY
RESTAURANT FARMER SHOP MARKET ALLOTMENTS
POST 2014
FIG. 27 / TEMPORAL SECTION by: Yasmina Yehia & Daniel Kiss
FARMS
FIG. 27 / TEMPORAL SECTION: MANCHESTER - LAXTON
LEGEND Agriculture
Land Use
LIVESTOCK
NATURE
ARABLE LAND
WOODLANDS
ALLOTMENTS
WATER BODIES
Population density MANORS
23
CITIES
GRA
Greater Manchester agricultural land use profile
CIT Y
CO 42% PRIMARY PRODUCTION UN11% PROCESSING CIL 5% PACKAGING 7% RETAIL 7%TRANSPORT & DISTRIBUTION 1% DRIVING TO SHOP 11% HOME REFRIGERATION 10% HOME COOKING 4% CATERING ENERGY USE 2% WASTE DISPOSAL
SOW THE CIT Y
FIG. 27 / THE POTENTIAL OF GREATER MANCHESTER The diagram describes how Greater Manchester re-inventing its food practices.
ESTA - Causes and impacts of GHG related to food consumption and production in Greater Manchester.
DISTRIBUTION
PACKAGING
FEEDING MANCHESTER
MANC HES TER
CIT Y
SOW THE CIT Y
G NNIN PLA L A TI SPA
E PL EO
R TE ES H NC N TIO MA R CIA O E S T AS EA LS GR OI
FEEDING MANCHESTER
S
CO UN CIL
42% PRIMARY PRODUCTION 11% PROCESSING 5% PACKAGING MANC HES 7% RETAIL TER CIT 7%TRANSPORT & DISTRIBUTION YC OU 1% DRIVING TO SHOP NC IL 11% HOME REFRIGERATION 10% HOME COOKING SOW THE 4% CATERING ENERGY USE CIT Y 2% WASTE DISPOSAL ESTA - Causes and impacts of GHG related to food consumption and production in Greater Manchester.
E PL EO
VE GM AN CH ES TE R
P
LABOR
P
R TE ES H NC N TIO MA R CIA O E S T AS EA ILS GR O S
CEREAL GENERAL CROPPPING
ING ANN
PIGD POULTRY DAIRY
L PL TIA A P S
HORTICULTURE
GREATER MANCHESTER AGRICULTURAL LAND USE PROFILE *AREA (HA)
HORTICULTURE
E PL EO
FEEDING MANCHESTER
CEREAL GENERAL CROPPPING
VE FIG. 27 / THE POTENTIAL OF GREAATER MANCHESTER GM AN by: Yasmina Yehia & Daniel Kiss CH ES TE R P
S
MANC HES TER
CEREAL GENERAL CROPPPING
L TIA SPA R E ST HE C N AN TIO RM CIA O E S T AS EA LS GR OI
OTHER
ESTA - Causes and impacts of GHG related to food consumption and production in Greater Manchester
G NNIN PLA
GRAZING LIVESTOCK (LOWLANDS) MIXED
POLICIES OF GREATER MANCHESTER
PIGD POULTRY DAIRY GRAZING LIVESTOCK (LFA)
POLICIES AND PRACTICES
*AREA (HA)
HORTICULTURE
LAND USE PROFILE GRIDDED POLICIES
VE GM AN CH ES TE R
RY CHANGES
GREATER MANCHESTER AGRICULTURAL
WORKSHOP: SOCIAL FORMATIONS
GREATER LAND USE *AREA (H
GREATER MANCHEST LAND USE PROFILE *AREA (HA)
SOIL QUALITY
CROP ROTATION
DIETARY CHANGES
LABOR
DISTRIBUTION
42% 11% 5% 7% 7% 1% 11% 42% PRIMARY 10% 11% PROCESS 4% 5% PACKAGIN 2%
PACKAGING
7% RETAIL 7%TRANSPOR ESTA - C 1% DRIVING TO food con 11% HOME RE Manches 10% HOME CO 4% CATERING 2% WASTE DIS
ESTA - Causes and i food consumption Manchester.
SOIL QUALITY
SOIL QUALITY
CROP ROTATION
CROP ROTATION
24
DIETARY CHANGES
DIETARY CHANGES
LABOR
LABOR
DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
PACKAGING
PACKAGING
FIG. 28 / STUDY AREAS OF GREATER MANCHESTER
FIG. 29 / SELECTED AREA BOLTON by: Daniel Kiss
Four strategic patch are located - each of them are 12*12 km within greater Manchester encompassing farms and their neighbouring cities.
FIG. 28 / STUDY AREAS OF GREATER MANCHESTER by: Daniel Kiss
GRIDDED POLICIES
FIG. 29 / SELECTED AREA: BOLTON ALLOTMENTS FARMER MARKETS SUPERMARKETS FARMS HIGH FLOOD RISK LOW FLOOD RISK
25
GRIDDED POLICIES
INTERACTIVE TOOL: GRIDDED POLICIES by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 30 / GRIDS OF STUDY AREAS
FIG. 31 / GRID OF BOLTON
by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 31 / GRID OF BOLTON
FIG. 30 / GRIDS OF STUDY AREAS
WORKSHOP: SOCIAL FORMATIONS
The 50x50 grid is created in which each squares has certain data in order to utilize them for the interactive tool.
LEGEND 50*50 240*240 M NETWORKS HIGH FLOOD RISK LOW FLOOD RISK
26
INTERACTIVE TOOL DEVELOPMENT
GRIDDED POLICIES
Using Java-based Processing, the tool has been developed which allows us to understand the different networks relating to the food network in greater Manchester. With the purpose of understanding its social formation through its different policies – we’ve understood that these policies which pass through different agents have an implication on socio economic and environmental related layers where they generate a certain outcome.
POLICIES LISTINGS RELATED TO A CERTAIN FARM
LABOURING RELATED TO THE FARM
IMPACTS ON DIETARY BY THE FARM
IMPACTS ON DIETARY ACCORDING TO THE POLICY
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
27
FIG. 32 / INTERACTIVE TOOL DEVELOPMENT by: Yasmina Yehia & Daniel Kiss
FIG. 32 / SCREENSHOTS OF THE TOOL
WORKSHOP: LANDSCRIPT
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
28
EXPERIMENTS ON SPEY RIVER
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
FIG. 33 / SPEY RIVER Sedimentation process
LEGEND STREAMS SPEY RIVER CHANNEL RIVER WATERSHED
03 LANDSCRIPT:
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS RAFAEL CALDERA & DANIEL KISS
Experiments on Spey River Our project is to understand morphodynamical aspects of a specific braided river using physical tank simulations where we are doing experimentation on river flow manipulation. The 170 km long Spey river is located in North Eat Scotland. Our main project is to study the interrelations of natural sedimentology and human interventions. We are focusing on the estuary of the river because the main issue is related to the sediment deposition which derives from the highly eroded barren lands and accumulating in lowlands, particularly into the estuary.
29
FIG. 33 / SPEY RIVER by: Rafael Caldera & Daniel Kiss
BARREN UPLANDS
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 34 / FLUVIAL DYNAMICS ON SPEY RIVER
WORKSHOP: LANDSCRIPT
30
CATALOGUE OF FORMATIONS
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS 452m
452m TIDAL FORCES 0m 171Km
0Km
171Km
TIDAL FORCES
0m
452m
452m TIDAL FORCES
FIG. 36 / DEPOSITION PROCESSES by: Rafael Caldera
0Km
0m 0Km
171Km
TIDAL FORCES
0m 0Km
171Km
FIG. 36 / DEPOSITION PROCESSES This diagram shows in sections the typical deposition process above, where the sediments are historycally accumulated along the river.
Deposition Process SPEY RIVER SECTION (DIAGRAM)
With regard the flooding deposition below, it shows how the sediments are pushed forward, mainly to the estuary of the river.
Deposition Process SPEY RIVER SECTION (DIAGRAM)
BRAIDED Human intervention
BRAIDED High deposition
CATALOGUE OF FORMATIONS BRAIDED
FIG. 35 / MORPHODYNAMICAL DIAGRAMS The big amount of bed material is causing channel changes and sudden avulsions. There are different types of rivers through its path. On the South, mainly meandering river is flowing, with side depositions. However, closer to the estuary to the North, there are a huge load of unstable depositions shown by yellow.
BRAIDED Side deposition
Our focusing area is the North part of the river where the sediments are deposited due to the flow speed and the type of material.
31
FIG. 33 / MORPHODYNAMICAL DIAGRAMS by: Daniel Kiss
Island formation
WORKSHOP: LANDSCRIPT
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
FIG. 36 / SPEY RIVER BAY Sedimentation
LEGEND FLOOD PLAIN WOODLAND AREA URBAN SETTLEMENT GRAVEL SEDIMENT
by: Rafael Caldera
FIG. 36 / SPEY RIVER BAY
GRASS SEDIMENT
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HISTORICAL CONDITIONS
FIG. 37 / AREIAL PHOTO https://www.speymouthangling.com/
HISTORICAL FORMATIONS The Spey Bay Study by Keith J Riddel. Fuller Historically, there is a natural tendency of the river to shift westwards towards Kingston, driven by the migration of the spit and interaction within the ocean. The constant channel migration occurs mainly by the erosion processes.
FIG. 37 / AERIAL PHOTO Since the viaduct was built the river channel has been shifted to the East. This issue raises the question whether how the human interventions affects the river.
1857 VIADUCT SPEY RIVER
1870 FIG. 38 / HISTORICAL FORMATIONS DIAGRAM COASTAL SPIT FORMATION COASTAL SPIT FORMATION
1946
1971
2002
2017
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FIG. 38 / HISTORICAL FORMATIONS DIAGRAM by: Rafael Caldera
ER VIADUCT
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
WORKSHOP: LANDSCRIPT
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
SIMULATIONS: PRINCIPLES
SIMULATION TANK
by: Rafael Caldera & Daniel Kiss
FIG. 39 / SINGLE CHANNEL
SIMULATIONS: THE PRINCIPLES FIG. 39 / SINGLE CHANNEL 0° water Erosion vs Deposition Process
SIMULATION ONE
SIMULATION TWO
SIMULATION TWO
100 sec
400 sec
600 sec
3 |ANALYSIS
ISLAND
3 |ANALYSIS
3 |ANALYSIS
ISLAND
ISLAND
3 |ANALYSIS
ISLAND
SIMULATION ONE WATER SOURCE
SIMULATION SIMULATION TWO ONE WATERWATER SOURCE SOURCE
SIMULATION THR SIMULA WATER SOURCE WATER
3 |ANALYSIS
by: Rafael Caldera & Daniel Kiss
FIG. 40/ MEANDERING CHANNEL
SIMULATION ONE WATER SOURCE
ISLAND
SIMULATION THREE SIMULATION ONE SIMULATION TWO SIMULATION SIMULATION ONE TWO WATER SOURCE WATER SOURCE WATERWATER SOURCE SOURCE WATER SOURCE
SIMULATIONTWO THREE SIMULATION WATER WATER SOURCE SOURCE
SIMULATION THREE WATER SOURCE
FIG. 40 / MEANDERING CHANNEL 45° water Erosion vs Deposition Process
SIMULATION ONE
SIMULATION TWO
SIMULATION TWO
100 sec
400 sec
600 sec
2 |ANALYSIS
MEANDERING
2 |ANALYSIS 2 |ANALYSIS MEANDERING
2 |ANALYSIS
MEANDERING
MEANDERING
SIMULATION ONE WATER SOURCE
SIMULATION TWO WATER SOURCE
MEANDERING
SIMULATION THREE WATER SOURCE
2 |ANALYSIS
2 |ANALYSIS
MEANDERING
2 |ANALYSIS
MEANDERING
by: Rafael Caldera
MEANDERING
FIG. 41/ SEQUENTIAL PROCESS ANALYSIS
2 |ANALYSIS 2 MEANDERING |ANALYSIS
2 |ANALYSIS
2 |ANALYSIS
MEANDERING
MEANDERING
SIMULATION ONE WATER SOURCE
SIMULATION ONE SIMULATION ONESIMULATION ONE WATER SOURCE WATER SOURCE WATER SOURCE
34
SIMULATION TWO SIMULATION TWOSIMULATION TWO WATER SOURCE WATER SOURCE WATER SOURCE
SIMULATION SIMULATIONONE TWO WATER WATERSOURCE SOURCE
SIMULATIONTHREE THREE SIMULATION SIMULATION THREE WATERSOURCE SOURCE WATER WATER SOURCE
SIMULATION SIMULATION TWO THREE WATER SOURCE WATER SOURCE
LINE 4
FIG. 42 / SINGLE CHANNEL FORMATION
LINE 3
0° water Erosion vs Deposition Process
LINE 2 LINE 1
LINE 1
FIG. 42 / SINGLE CHANNEL FORMATION by: Rafael Caldera & Daniel Kiss
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
3.08X
2.11X
LINE 2
X
LINE 3
LINE 4 1.75X
LINE 1
2.25X
LINE 2
2.83X
LINE 3
rmation
FIG. 43/ MEANDERING CHANNEL FORMATION by: Rafael Caldera & Daniel Kiss
0° | 600s TION PROCESS LINE 4
eandering Process Meandering Process
A6 A5 A4 A3 A2
A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
A1
FIG. 44/ BANK AMPLITUDE PROCESS by: Rafael Caldera
A6 2.5x A5 2.1x A4 1.7x A3 1.5x A2 1.3x A1x
A6 2.5x A5 2.1x A4 1.7x A3 1.5x A2 1.3x A1x
MEANDER BELT AXIS
FIG. 44 / BANK AMPLITUDE PROCESS
45° water Erosion vs Deposition Process
MEANDER BELT AXIS
FIG. 43 / MEANDERING CHANNEL FORMATION
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6.1x
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6.1x
A5 A6
A4 A2A3 A1A5 A6
A4 A2A3 A1
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
SIMULATIONS: IN-SITU
FIG. 45 / PATCH OF THE SITE
by: Rafael Caldera
FIG. 45/ PATCH OF THE SITE
WORKSHOP: LANDSCRIPT
SIMULATION: IN-SITU Re-creation of the site In order to get more genuine results we literally reproduced the site conditions.
by: Rafael Caldera & Daniel Kiss
FIG. 46/ CATALOGUE OF IN-SITU SIMULATION
We have used multichannel water source. Â As for the accuracy we have used a tool which allows us to let three different channels flow in parallel, and interact them in a braided way.
FIG. 46 / CATALOGUE OF IN-SITU SIMULATION ONE
36
1 | 100 SECONDS
2 |600 SECONDS
3 | 1100 SECONDS
4 | 1600 SECONDS
5 | 2100 SECONDS
6 | 2600 SECONDS
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
FIG. 47/ SIMULATION SETUP by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 49 / SIMULATION SETUP
A5
A2A3
A3A2A1
A6A5
A4
A6
A6 A5
A4
A1
A2A3
A4A5 A6
FIG. 48 / IN-SITU SIMULATION ONE
A6
1 |ANALYSIS
ON PROCESS
A6 A5
A4
A1
A2A3
A4A5 A6
A6 A5 A6 A6 A5 A5
A4 A4 A4
A1 A1 A1
A2A3 A2A3 A2A3
A4A5 A6 A4 A4A5 A5 A6 A6
A6 A6 A6
A5
A1 A4
A2A3
A3A2A1
A6A5
A4
A5 A5 A5
A1 A4 A1 A4 A1 A4
A2A3 A2A3 A2A3
A3A2A1 A3A2A1 A3A2A1
A6A5 A6A5 A6A5
A4 A4 A4
A4A1A5A2A6 A3
A4A1A2A5A3A6 A1A3 A4 A2A6
In-Situ Analysis EROSION vs DEPOSITION PROCESS In-Situ Analysis In-Situ In-Situ Analysis Analysis
EROSION vs DEPOSITION PROCESS EROSION EROSION vs vs DEPOSITION DEPOSITION PROCESS PROCESS
WO
HREE
2 |ANALYSIS
A4A1A5A2A6 A3
A4A1A2A5A3A6
A4A1A5A2A6 A4A1A5A2A6 A3 A4A1A5A2A6 A3 A3
A4A3 A1A2A5A3A6 A1 A4A6 A1A2A5 A6 A5A3 A4 A2 A4A1A2A5 A3A6
SIMULATION ONE
Single Water Source SIMULATION ONE 2600 seconds SIMULATION ONE SIMULATION Single Water Source ONE No obstacles Single Water Source Single seconds Water Source 2600 2600 seconds 2600 seconds No obstacles No No obstacles obstacles
A1A3 A1A3 A4 A2 A6 A1A6 A3 A4 A2 A4 A2A6
A1A2
A5
1 |ANALYSIS 1 |ANALYSIS 1 |ANALYSIS 1 |ANALYSIS
A4 A3
A4 A3 A1A2 A4 A4 A3 A4 A3 A1A2 A3 A1A2 A1A2
FIG. 48 / IN-SITU SIMULATION ONE by: Rafael Caldera & Daniel Kiss
Single water source 2600 second No obstacles
ysis
ONE
A1 A4
A5 A5 A5
2 |ANALYSIS 2 |ANALYSIS 2 |ANALYSIS 2 |ANALYSIS
A5 A5
3 |ANALYSIS
SIMULATION TWO
Triple Water Source SIMULATION TWO No Obstacles SIMULATION TWO SIMULATION Triple Water Source TWO Triple Water Source Triple Water Source No Obstacles No No Obstacles Obstacles
3 |ANALYSIS
A6A4 A3A1A2A5
3 |ANALYSIS 3 |ANALYSIS 3 |ANALYSIS
A6A4 A6A2 A4A5 A3A1 A6A2 A4A5 A3A1 A3A1A2A5
4 |ANALYSIS 4 |ANALYSIS 4 |ANALYSIS 4 |ANALYSIS
A4 A5 A1 A6 A2 A4 A4 A5 A1 A4 A1 A5 A6 A2 A5 A2 A1 A6 A6 A2
4 |ANALYSIS
SIMULATION THREE
Triple Water Source SIMULATION THREE With Obstacles SIMULATION THREE SIMULATION Triple Water Source THREE Triple Water Source TripleObstacles Water Source With With With Obstacles Obstacles
10
20
10
20
30
10 10 10
20 20 20
30 30 30
30
40
40
A2 A1A5A3 A6A4
60
50
A2 A1A5A3 A6A4 40 40 A2 A1A5A3 40 A2 A1 A5 A3 A6 A4 A2 A1A6 A5A4 A3 A6A4
60 60 60
50 50 50
50
60
70
70
80
90
100
70 70 70
80 80 80
90 90 90
100 100 100
80
90
100
37
A3 A3 A3 A3
A5 A5 A5
A6 A2 A1A4 A3
A6 A2 A1A4 A3
A6A4 A4 A6 A2 A3A1 A2A1 A5 A6 A3 A2 A1A4
A6 A1 A4 A2 A5 A6 A1 A6 A2 A1 A4 A6 A5 A1 A2 A4 A4 A5 A2 A5
A6 A2 A1A4 A3 A3
A3 A3 A3 A3
A4 A5 A1 A6 A2 A3
A4A1 A5A2 A6A3 A4A1 A1 A4 A5A2 A4A1 A5A2 A6A3 A5A2 A6A3 A6A3
A4A1 A5A2 A6A3
A6 A1 A3 A4 A2 A5 A3A2 A1 A6A5A4 A3A2 A1 A3 A2 A1 A6A5A4 A3A2 A1 A6A5A4 A6A5A4
A3A2 A1 A6A5A4
WORKSHOP: LANDSCRIPT
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
SIMULATIONS: IN-SITU
by: Daniel Kiss
FIG. 49/ SIMULATION SETUP
FIG. 49 / SIMULATION SETUP
A3 A4 A2 A5 A1 A6 A3 A2 A1 A3 A2 A1 A3 A2 A1
A4 A5 A6 A4 A5 A6 A4 A5 A6
Triple water source 5 min 10 sec No obstacles by: Rafael Caldera & Daniel Kiss
FIG. 50/ IN-SITU SIMULATION TWO
FIG. 50 / IN-SITU SIMULATION TWO
A3 A1 A6 A2 A2A4
A5 A5
A6A5 1 |ANALYSIS
A1 A6 A5
A6 A3A1A2A4
A5
A3 A4 A2 A5 A1 A6
In-Situ Analysis A5
A6 A3A1A2A4
A1 A6 A5
A5
A6 A3A1A2A4
A1 A6 A5
A5
A6 A3A1A2A4
A1 A6 A5
EROSION vs DEPOSITION PROCESS A6 A5 A1 A3 A6 A2 A6 SIMULATION ONE A3 A5 A4 A2 A4
Single Water A3 Source A5 A2 A4A6 A1 A3 A6 seconds 2600 A5 A2 A4 No obstacles A3 A5
2 |ANALYSIS
2 |ANALYSIS
A6 A5
A1 A3A2 A4A6 A2 A4
A6 A5
A3 A5 A1 A3A2 A4A6 A2 A4
2 |ANALYSIS
A5 A1 A3 A5 A2 A4A6 A3 A2 A6 A4 A5 A3 A5 A1 A3 A2 A6 A2 A4 A4A6
2 |ANALYSIS
A5 A1 A3 A5 A4A6 A2 A3 A2 A6 A4 A5 A1 A3 A5 A2 A4A6
A3 A5 A2 A4A6
2 |ANALYSIS
3 |ANALYSIS
3 |ANALYSIS
A1 A3 A5 A4A6
A1 A3 A5 A2 A4A6
A1 A3 A5 A4A6
A1 A3 A5 A2 A4A6 A1 A3 A5 A2 A4A6
A1 A3 A5 A4A6
A1 A3 A5 A1 A3 A5 A2 A4A6 A2 A4A6
A1 A3 A5 A4A6
A1 A3 A5 A2 A4A6 A2 A4A6
A1 A3 A5 A4A6
3 |ANALYSIS
SIMULATION TWO A1 A3 A5
3 |ANALYSIS
Triple Water Source No Obstacles
3 |ANALYSIS
A1 A3 A5 A2 A4A6
A5 A1A4 A1 A3 A5 A2 A2 A4A6 A1 A3 A2 A4 A5 A1 A3 A2 A4 A5
A5 A1A4 A1 A3 A5 A2 A2A6 A4A6 A6 A1A3
A1 A3 A5 A2 A4 A6 A6
A1 A3 A2 A4 A5
A5A3 A1A4 A1A6 A3 A5 A6 A1 A2 A2 A4A6
A1 A3 A5 A2 A4 A6 A6
A6 A1A3
A1 A3 A5 A2 A4 A6 A6
A1 A3 A2 A4 A5 70 A3 A4 A2 A5 A1 A6
80
90
100
70 A3 A2 A1 70 A3 A2 A1 70 A3 A2 A1
80
90
100
80
90
100
A4 A5 A6 A4 A5 A6 A4 A5 A6
80
90
100
A1 A3 A5 A2 A4 A6 A6
A5A3 A1A4 A1A6 A3 A5 A6 A1 A2 A2 A4A6
A6
4 |ANALYSIS
A1 A3 A2 A4 A5
SIMULATION A2 A6 A5 THREE A6A2 A5 A3A4 A5
A3A6
A3A6 A4
A5
A3A6 A4 A6 A5 A3A6 A4
A6A2 A5 A3A6 A4 A6A2 A5 A3A6 A4
A6 A5 A3A6 A4
A6A2 A5 A3A6 A4
A4 Triple Water Source With Obstacles A2 A6 A5 A3A4 A3A4 A5
A2
A3A4 A5
A2
10
38
20
30
A4 A5 A2A1A6A5 A3 A3 A4
40
A6 A5 A4 A3 A1 A2
50
60
70 A3 A4 A2 A5 A1 A6
80
90
100
A3A4 A5
A A
ACUPUNCTURE SYSTEM
FIG. 53 / POST-PROCESS OF FORMATIONS by: Daniel Kiss
TERRITORIAL MANIPULATIONS
As a territorial manipulation
FIG. 51 / SEQUENTIAL PROCESS ANALYSIS Erosion vs Deposition process
0° OBSTACLE
45° OBSTACLE
180° OBSTACLE
Simulation x 5 / 250 sec
Simulation x 5 / 250 sec
Simulation x 5 / 250 sec
FIG. 52 / SIMULATION: ACUPUNCTURE SYSTEM by: Rafael Caldera & Daniel Kiss
FIG. 52 / SIMULATION: ACUPUNCTURE SYSTEM
FIG. 51 / SEQUENTIAL PROCESS ANALYSIS by: Rafael Caldera
Finally, our project is to physically manipulate these formations by controlling the channel evolution. Setting obstacle acupuncture system leads us to territorial manipulation which is capable of ordering and organizing naturally the channel evolution.
Triple water source 45 min. 10 sec With obstacles
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40
REFERENCES
MANUFACTURED GROUNDS: AQUACULTURE PLATFORMS www.openblue.com www.innovasea.com Innovasea, Leading the deep blue revolution Scott D. C. B., Muir, J. F., 2000, Offshore cage systems: A practical overview. Irish, J. D., Paul, W. Ostrom, W. M., Chambers, M., Fredriksson, D. W., Stommel, M., 2000, Deployment of the Northern Fish Cage and Mooring, University of New Hampshire, Open Ocean Aquaculture Program Fullerton, Brett, 2004, Design and analysis of an automated free-buoy for submerged cages. Fredriksson, D. W., 2004, The design and analysis of a four-cage grid mooring for open ocean aquaculture.
SOCIAL FORMATIONS: GRIDDED POLICIES https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/ agriculture-in-the-united-kingdom https://www.globalmeatnews.com/Article/2018/03/02/ Industry-welcomes-Commission-s-plans-for-EUprotein-strategy https://ec.europa.eu/eip/agriculture/sites/agri-eip/files/ fg2_protein_crops_final_report_2014_en.pdf https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/articles/ opinion/could-protein-crops-save-eu-agriculture Clapp, J., 2016, Food self-sufficiency: Making sense of it, and when it makes sense Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs, 2016, British food and farmint at a glance Fallows, S. J., Wheelock J. V., 1982, Improved Efficiency, A policy for food self-sufficiency in the United Kingdom
SOCIAL FORMATIONS: GRIDDED POLICIES
Czajka, A., Nรกdudvari, ร ., 2016, Antropogenic influences on the morphodynamics of the upper Odra channel Redolfi, M., 2014, Sediment transport and morphology of braided rivers: steady an d unsteady regime Riddel, K. J., Fuller, T. W., 1994, The Spey Bay Geomorhppological Study Willis, B. J., 2005, Tide-influenced River Delta Deposits
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