DSIT B
Daniel Pound
Contents 1
Contextual Analysis -Proposition -Site Analysis -Program Analysis
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Precedent Analysis
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Building Description
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Environmental Issues Strategies
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Structure & Material Strategies
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References
Contextual Analsyis
2016: World Dryland
Marseille
STUDIO
Proposition &concept
CHANGING CLIMATE & MIGRATION
Within the abstract machines studio many of the projects focus on understanding the patterns that present themselves in different situations. The scale of the patterns may range from large emergent settlements to the networks found within microscopic biology.
Through the development and understanding of emergent settlement rules and principles the project aims to explore a new typology for controlled rapid urban growth.
The issue of climate change will likely become the main international focus of the 21st century. With global temperatures predicted to rise by as much as 4oc by the end of the century the effect on where we as humans live will be significant.
When analysing these patterns or trends it is the rule base which presents itself which becomes the most valuable asset to us. This appreciation of rule based systems coupled with the use of parametric computations becomes a drive to replicate the patterns at varying scales. This may be through the use of simulating urban growth or replicating the principles of leaf structures within a facade. At the centre of all successful patterns and rule based systems lies a desire for efficiency, and it is that has had the greatest influence on me as a designer when developing both a projects brief and design.
Based in the city of Marseille, France, the projects will look at the projected rising migration levels as global temperatures rise to inhabitable levels. Should the city receive the migration levels as predicted,then the need for housing would growing in an area that has already sprawled to its natural boundary: the mountains. In order to prevent the development of slums and favelas, the project will focus on creating a suitable infrastructure which allows the development of communities in the mountains surrounding the city.
Dry Sub-Humid Semi Arid Arid Hyper Arid (Desert)
One of the main issues surrounding climate change is the effect on the earth’s Drylands and those currently living in them. Drylands currently cover 41% of the earth’s surface and 35% of the population lives within them. There are currently 1 billion people living in areas under threat of desertification, with that population set to double.
2100: Predicted World Dryland
As a result, it is predicted that within the next 50 years there will be a large scale migration from people looking to live in more suitable areas.
Marseille
Following growth of world drylands it is predicted that the city of Marseille and the south of france will become part of the dry-sub humid drylands, experiencing a climate similar to that of southern spain.
Dry Sub-Humid Semi Arid Arid Hyper Arid (Desert)
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Meso Site Map
Micro Site Map
Site Location The site is located to the north of the city in an fairly poor area know as Les Aygalades. When conducting initial value maps the location proved to be the best due to a number of reasons: - Proximity to city centre and dockland - Connections to transport infrastructure - Gentle gradient of hill compared to others. On a meso scale the site lies in a series of valley that lead to the plateau de mure which overlooks the city of Marseille. However the Mountains seem disconnected from the existing community by the terrain and the canal as a border.
Macro Site Map
The site itself has connectivity to the exiting infrastructure through a tunnel below the canal on the south side. This solitary connection serves the whole of the valley. The site itself is a disused quarry from the 19th century so features a series of flat plateaus and steep cliff faces.
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Marseille Climate Temperatures
Sun Path and Shadow Studies
The current climatic zoning for Marseille classes the region as being Sub-Humid. This means that the area recieves large amounts of humid air. This typically involves warm humid summers and wet mild winters.
The study of sun paths highlights how the levels of shading throughout the year.
Current Average Temperatures
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Predicted Radiation Levels 2050
Solar Radiation
The area will also become part of the SubTropical region.
Marseille
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Looking at the over view for solar radiation within France, it is clear that Marseille is one of the most exposed locations. The predictions show that the level of radiation will further increase as a result of the increasing temperatures.
Average Annual Radiation
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During the summer the site receives little shading from the cliff due to the angle of the sun. This means that large amounts of the site receive no direct shading throughout the day. In the winter the valley receives shading during the majority of the day.
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As a result it is important that the heat is capture from the low winter sun, but shade is provided during the summer months.
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With the projected rising temperature by 3 to 4 degrees, Marseille is projected to become part of the Dry Sub-Humid zoning. This will result in land becoming dryer and agriculture becoming increasingly difficult. The climate will be similar to that of southern spain.
Predicted Average Temperatures (2050)
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Average Annual Radiation
1000 kWh / m2
Opportunities and Limitations
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Valley is orientated south to maximise potential solar gain
Opportunity for collection of solar radiation through photovoltaic panels
The high levels of radiation and sun exposure during the summer means the site is highly exposed to the warm climate
During the summer months the site receives little shading.
Marseille
2000 kWh / m2
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Wind Conditions
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The prevailing wind comes from the north west which is largely as a result of the jet streams influence. This means that the winds are warm and dry as they are coming off of mainland France, not the coast.
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Annual Wind Rose
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The diagram on the right highlights how the site is protected from the prevailing winds by the terrain. This however will create a negative pressure creating a wind flow within the site.
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Marseille, along with the northern Mediterranean is known as a having calm winds.
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Water Analysis
Services and the site
One of the greatest challenges in the development of the Marseille as a city is the lack of natural water sources running through the city. The main river in Marseille, the Huveaune, provides limited fresh water. This resulted in the need to bring water to the city in the form of canals.
Lying on the edge of the current city boundary, the sites interaction with the services is vital. Whilst there is both water and power within 1500m of the site, it is evident that the site should take sustainability and self-sufficiency as a priority.
With limited water sources, the cities rain fall is essential. However, Marseille has mildly wet winters but very dry summers. With the predicted climate change, this supply of water will decrease, therefore increasing the important of collecting rainwater.
Average Monthly Rainfall
Average Monthly Humidity
Water 100%
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The site has both the Canal and reservoir within the immediate locality. This should allow for the distribution of water around the site and network.
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This should however be supplemented by maximising the collection of rainwater.
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Power The bottom of the site is within 300m of a large substation. This should allow for the distribution of power to the site.
Canal de Marseille The development of the Canal de Marseille in 1854 was an important milestone for the city. This involved creating an 80 mile canal snaking its way North West to the river Durance. The importance of the canal to the city can be seen in the Palais de Longchamp (bottom right). This was constructed to celebrate the canals development.
Opportunities and Limitations
The can still provides over two-thirds of the cities drinking water.
MARSEILLE
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Design to be self sufficient to minimise the impact of the existing networks
Close access to water and power network
Rainwater collection and solar power should be maximised to create decentralised supply
Water supply is already heavily stretched
Terrain may prove difficult in the distribution of new services
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Geology
Local Quarries
The geology of Marseille has had a massive effect on the cities development. The surrounding hills have limited the cities growth, preventing the urban sprawl to which cities have been defined.
Whilst the site itself is no longer an active quarry, there is still a large presence within the local area. Within 6km of the site there is still five active limestone quarries.
Limestone Base
The sites past as a quarry impacts the topology compared to around. This means that there is a flat plateau at the centre.
As with the majority of the hills in the area, the main bedrock of the site is Limestone. This is proven by the sites past use as a quarry.
The image to the right highlights the loose nature of the exposed stone.
The map below highlights in yellow limestones presence within the area.
Should any additional material be required, for the first phase, the two nearest quarries are only 500m away. This will provide a sustainable option.
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Impact of the Quarry
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The geology of the ground means that any excavating required for the building would result in a stock of limestone. This could be utilised within the building process.
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Ground Conditions The indicative diagram on the right looks at the ground build up of the site taking into account the sites past history as a quarry.
Loose silt and dirt Disturbed Limestone
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As the quarry was abandoned for feasibility reasons Limestone still remains below. The solid bedrock of Limestone should ensure that there is a suitable base for foundations. This means however, that providing dug services will be a challenge
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Opportunities and Limitations Limestone Bedrock
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Good base for foundations
Excavations will provide additional material for building
Close to local quarries to provide a sustainable material choice
Difficulty in providing infrastructure within the ground
Crumbling cliffs may proide problems
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Topology Micro Analysis
Lying on the northern western boundary of the city, the site is at the foot of the mountainous terrain. The site lies in an area which has previously been left untouched due to the challenges the terrain presents. Unlike the surrounding areas, the terrain is dominated by the sites previous use as a quarry.
The site is dominated by the difference between the NS and EW sections. Running North to south the change of elevation is 13m across the 300m length of the site.
Meso Terrain Analysis
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Running east to west the section is dominated by the 56 meter cliff created because of the quarry.
This results in a site which differs to the rolling hills identified in the meso scale map below. The site lies in a the Vallon De Mure sitting below the Plateau de Mure.
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This gives a clear linear line for development along the site.
Micro Gradient Analysis
Micro Elevation Analysis
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Site Panorama
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Stage 1
Program Analysis
Program Analysis
Following the site analysis, it became increasing clear that the project needed to focus on sustainability and self-sufficiency to allow for the successful development of communities. This means that the housing developments will need to rely on de-centralised infrastructure. This should have sustainability at the core of all developments.
Whilst the building will provide workshops and a market for the community it will also aim to reduce the reliance on the existing city. To this extent the infrastructure will look to grow food through hydroponic systems.
Primary
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Based upon mapping and an understanding of emergent settlements, the development of the inhabitation of Marseilles hills will be a continous development. The primary program of the central infrastructure points will be built first creating an initial network for the inhabitation of of the land.
Secondary
Once complete, the tertiary progrma will grow organically around the network. Following this, further infrastructure will be developed to allow for the continued anticipated organic growth.
Tertiary
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Market
Communal Resources
Hydroponic Systems
Employment
Cycle Paths
Footpaths
Processing Space
The central infrastucture will provide workshops and markets to allow the development of the neighbourhood. It will also have a secondary function of growing hydroponic food. This will provide food and employment to the community
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Communal Space
Housing
Sustainable Economy
Education
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Healthcare
The secondary programme of the site will focus on creating a connected network of hubs. This will aid in the transit of people across a difficult terrain.
The teriary programme is the development of the housing and community spaces around the infrastructure.
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Stage 2
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Central Infrastructure
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Ergonomic Programme Considerations
Program Analysis Within the project the distinction of public and private space is very important. Whilst the aim of the infrastructure project is to provide for the community, there is spaces within the program where degrees of privacy are important.
One of the main ergonomic considerations when assessing the program will be suitable working range within the hydroponic gardens. Efficiency will be maximised by having large floor heights to allow for the stacking of growing systems.
Key Spaces and Programmatic Considerations
However, it is important that those working in the space can work safely. Therefore it is important to assess the reach height of a human to determine a design strategy.
The diagram below aim to address the break down of spaces for the key programmes. It aims to show which spaces are shared and linked. The diagram also highlights the environmental considerations that are involved in the development of these key spaces. Plant Room
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Central Infrastructure
Workshop 760
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1370mm Reach
2130mm + Step Reach
760 1370mm Reach
Whilst the tertiary elements are listed and are essential to the concept, these spaces will not be developed at a building level but cover in the masterplan.
2130mm Reach
The market and walkways will aim to be the focal points of the public space, whilst the workshops and hydroponic farms will be more private elements.
Communal Resources
Market
Storage
Market Hall
Public
Public / Private Analysis
Programme public private Strategies
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Equipment Storage
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Housing Communal Space
Processing Room
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Healthcare Cycle Paths
Growing Racks
Education
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Footpaths
Transportation Hub
in main building
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Covered Transit Route
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Precedent Study
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Gardens By The Bay
Singapore, Grant Associates
Gardens By The Bay Designed by Grant Associates and Wilkinson Eyre Architects the 54-hectare and ÂŁ500 million pound scheme aims to create a sustainable gardens within the warm climate of Singapore. Consisting of both internal and external gardens the scheme is known for the innovative measures taken to modify the environment. Utilising a closed loop cycle across the site, the eco-systems look to create modify the internal and external climates to create spaces suitable for the growth of the plants and facilitate a comfortable user experience.
Super towers and their elevated platform
Inside the cooled conservatories
Renewable Systems Across the site and the environmental systems, there is many differnt aspects which all add up.
Water - Water filtration systems ensure that the water used thoughout the site is cleaned and then returned to the cycle.
Biomass - The waste products from the growing and maintenance of the plants is used to provide fuel for biomass boilers. This is then fed back into the system in the form of fertilisers, aiding the growth of new plants.
Solar - Solar panels are used to harness the energy throughout the day and facilitate the generation of power over night.
Excess Heat - The excess heat generated through the cooling of the conservatories and biomass boilers is used to create windflow across the site.
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Closed loop eco-systems
Supertree Functionality
The eco systems of the gardens has four main aims: - Minimise solar heat gain - Cooling only the occupied zones - De-humidifying the air before cooling - Generating energy and harnessing waste heat
As well as providing the necessary requirements to support the 162,900 plants across the 18 Supertrees, they have a primary aim of effecting the micro-climate. The towers reaching a maximum height of up to 50 meters provide shade in through their form, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground.
As a result of these aims the system incorporates the water, electricity, ventilation and heating as a means of aiding the growth and nurturing of the plants.
NIGHT
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SOLAR PANELS CREATE ELECTRICITY USED TO PUMP WATER TO TOP OF TOWERS
Cooling Effect
The diagram below highlights the systems that are being utilised.
DURING THE DAY
As part of the projects closed loop ecosystem, the super trees play a vital part in reducing the air temperature. Through the emission of flue gases and hot air, the Supertrees create negative pressure at ground level, creating a breeze across the site which lowers the air temperature to the users.
EXCESS HEAT EXPELLED FROM TOWERS
TURBINE CREATES ENERGY FROM WATER SHIFTED DURING DAY TO BE USED DURING THE NIGHT
Power Generation
SUPERTREES PROVIDE SHADING
The Supertrees also play an important part in the generation of electricity using two different methods. Utilising solar panels the towers both create and store electricity.
WARM AIR IS EXPELLED FROM SUPERTREES CREATING SITE WIDE WINDLFOW
HOT AIR PURGED TO ATMOSPHERE
CONSERVATORY SHADING
COOLING BREEZE CREATED
PERFORMED BY SUPPORTING
AT GROUND LEVEL
BEAMS AND BLINDS
During the day, excess solar power is used to pump water to the top of the towers. This is then used overnight to power turbines and create eletricity when solar power is not available. Utilising solar energy in this way creates a loop which allows for the harnessing of solar power throughout the whole day, improving efficiency.
RAINWATER COLLECTION AND
EMPTY WATER TANKS GET
BIOMASS BURNERS CREATE
FILLED OVERNIGHT
POWER FOR SITE
REUSE
IRRIGATION TO GREENHOUSE HOT AIR EXTRACTED FROM COOL CONSERVATORY FLUE GASES DRIVE VENTILATION IN SUPERTREES
Opportunities and Limitations CLEAN WATER DISCHARGED
ELETRICITY GENERATED FOR SITE
TO RESERVOIR
HEAT FOR DEHUMIDIFIER WATER STORAGE AND CLEANING
BIO-WASTE FROM
FERTILISER NEW PLANT MATERIAL FOR
GARDENS BURNT TO
GARDEN AND MARKET
CREATE POWER
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Closed loop system helps improve efficiency
Passively reduces the air temperature through creating a windflow
Highlights how measures can support plant growth
Closed loop system is incorporated through separate structures
The closed loop system needs tailoring to the local climate
Energy systems do not provide all the required power for the scheme
ASH FROM BIOMASS USED FOR FERTILISER
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Metropol Parasol Seville, Jurgen Mayer
Seville Metropol The parasol designed by J Mayer H. Architects for a disused public square in Seville aimed to transform the site into a new social hub. Through the use of an elevated timber structure the architects aimed to replicate the groves of trees that line the streets of Seville. The elevated hybrid structure creates an elevated walkway and restaurant which provides shade for the public space below. Thus resembling the cooling process of the tree groves.
Evaporative Cooling
Micro Climate
One of the most effective techniques used with the parasol for controlling the environment is evaporative cooling.
The design of the parasol creates a micro climate within the public space. The timber waffle structure provides shade to the public square and the timber materiality utilises the low thermal mass to prevent the radiation of heat to the space below. In addition to this, the use of water features allows for evaporative cooling to further reduce the temperature below the areas averages.
Through the use of water pools, the scheme aims to create a cooler environment. The evaporating water cools the passing breeze, reducing the percieved air temperature.
HOT AIR ESCAPES THROUGH LATTICE
LATTICE STRUCTURE PROVIDES
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STRUCTURE
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS
HOT AIR ESCAPES
SOLAR SHADING TO LOWER
THROUGH LATTICE
ACCOMODATION
STRUCTURE
VEGETATION HELPS
WATER FEATURES USED TO
VEGETATION HELPS
CONDITION THE ATMOSPHERE
AIDE WITH ATMOSPHERIC
CONDITION THE ATMOSPHERE
SHADING REDUCES THERMAL
SHADING REDUCES THERMAL
LOAD ON CEILINGS
LOAD ON CEILINGS
COOLING CREATING A COOL HUMID BREEZE
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Timber Structure Super-Structure Foundations
Hybrid Connections
Materiality
Fire Safety
Whilst the parasol is considered a success for its achievements and design, it highlights some of the limitations of working with timber as a structural material. Whilst the laminated veneer lumber provides the main compressive element of the design, steel connections were required.
The choice of timber as the main structural material in the design had a major effect on both the environmental and structural principles of the design. The low thermal mass of the timber allowed for a cooler environment around the parasol as the structure was not radiating heat.
With an elevated timber structure, fire safety was always going to be a great concern. For this reason, along with structural concerns the elevated accommodation and lift/stair cores were required to be a concrete/steel hybrid. This was to provide the relevant compartmentalisation in the event of a fire.
These provided the permanent fixing of the panels along with the necessary diagonal bracing as highlighted in the drawings above. Without the use of these steel connections, achieving the timber structure would not have been possible.
Within the structure Laminated veneer lumber was used to create the timber sections. This was made up with 3mm veneers as this provided the greatest sheer strength available.
A large majority of the timber sections received a polyurethane coating to protect the timber from the weather, although the sections could not be fire coated as this would have had a detrimental effect on the aesthetics of the design.
Opportunities and Limitations
Foundations
Super Structure
The foundations of the Seville Metropol Parasol utilises a hybrid system to support both the elevated parasol and the ground level structure. The ground level museum and public space directly transfers the buildings loads to the ground through a concrete raft.
Whilst the main concept of the parasol is the timber waffle system, the main elevated accommodation relies on a hybrid concrete and steel structure. From this the surrounding waffle structure is suspended, and is not load bearing as it appears.
The elevated hybrid structure is supported through pile foundations and a concrete cap. These give stability to the taller structure and provide a stable base on which to erect the timber frame
The need for the steel and concrete detracts from the impression of a structural timber structure and highlights the limitations of timber when creating a large structure.
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Timber Waffle Structure
The timber waffle structure works on a 1500mm grid and provides the main visual aesthetic of the building but does not act as the primary structural system throughout. The timber is structural supporting the elevated walkways but cannot provide a safe environment for the elevated accommodation.
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The hybrid foundation system would be a suitable choice for the site and design.
The low thermal mass of the timber material provides a positive effect in the micro climate around
Timber structure provides a more sustainable approach to building
Timber construction prresents a greater fire risk that requires special consideration
The use of timber has a limit to the scale. Achieving larger structures presents scaling issues
This project highlights the need for a hybrid stucture to maximise the potential of timber
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Hannover Expo Canopy Thomas Herzog, Hannover
Hannover Expo Canopy, 2000 Designed by Thomas Herzog for the Hannover Expo in 2000 the canopy was designed to cover the main expo area. Covering an area of more than 16,000m2 the ten connecting structures were designed to match the theme of ‘Man, Nature, Technology’ to which the expo focused on.
Trunk / Tower
Branch / Cantilever
In order to create a structure which measured 40m x 40m and 20 metres tall, the designer focused on creating a timber structure that represented the structural principles of a tree: trunk, branch and leaves.
Leaves / Shell
Focusing on creating an efficient structure, Herzog turned to nature for inspiration in the form of trees groves.
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Load Distribution The
Connections
Hybrid Structure
Modularity
Whilst the structure was designed to function as an individual unit, the combined structure became stronger once they were connected together. The steel connections allow the units to perform better when distributing live loads such as wind and snow to the ground.
laminated timber provides the main structural component across the whole design, although the structure relies on steel for the connections. A large steel unit forms the main connection between the tower and cantilever sections.
The construction of the design is facilitated through creating an structure which is manufactured off site. This is then transported as a kit of parts before being assembled on site. This is a feature of large scale timber structures which utilise precision manufactured units.
The steel is required for this and other connections to provide strength and stability in a way which is not possible through the use of timber.
Opportunities and Limitations Natural Tree
Leaf
Branch
Distribution of loads
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Expo Canopy
Trunk
Shell
Cantilever
Distribution of loads
Tower
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Highlights the importance of a progressive structural solution
The use of timber provided a sustainable approach to the canopy.
The modularity of the design allowed for the repetition across the design
Timber construction prresents a greater fire risk that requires special consideration
Size of structure requires extra engineering to create cantilever
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Building Description
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Creating a Network Through the analysis of land value maps the location for a network of infrastructure points was established. The development of the infrastructure points as a network will facilitate the sustainable growth of a new community. Through establishing the principles behind organic settlement growth, the analysis allows for the placement of infrastructure points at the desired locations. This provides the communities with a natural attraction point. The diagram on the right shows the land value analysis at a meso scale. This allowed for the indication of a developing network of infrastructure points among the varying topology. The projects main focus will be upon a single infrastructure point, which will provide a typology which can be replicated along the network.
Micro Analysis Following the establishment of the network principle which will drive the design a Micro Site analysis was completed. This highlighted the land value at a higher resolution than previous scales. This result is as expected dominated by the topology of the site. This creates a desirability for land with a shallower gradient. Following the micro scale analysis, the development of the buildings location within the context could be established. The selected location lies in the centre of the site occupying an area which acts as a transitional point between two plateau’. This allows for the building to interact with both areas whilst also forming a vital transitional point.
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Building Description Taking inspiration from the buildings program of a central sustainable hub for the local community, the timber and concrete hybrid structure aims to maximise the potential of the building. The ground floor and elevated walkway aims to create an open public space. The use of columns and an open structure promotes the market spaces as being an extension to the public realm as opposed to an enclosed space within the building. The Lower basement levels handle the transition of the levels and houses the semiprivate spaces of the processing rooms and workshops. The main feature of the design is the hydroponic growing spaces which rises above the public space. The materiality and openness of the structure aims to promote the sustainability ethos of the project to those around.
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Responding to Context Form and Location
Following the context and program analysis it became clear that the buildings reaction to the context was critical. In site heavily dictated by the topology of the former quarry, it was important that the level of shading received was not too excessive for the program.
Whilst the building is partially places in its location as a threshold between the two levels, the location also provides a position that does not receive excessive solar shading during the winter months. Coupled with the circular nature of the design, this allows the building to maximise the exposure during the cooler winter. It also allows for an even distribution of sunlight throughout the day.
With the design becoming a central infrastructure hub it was also important that the placement of the building complemented the site.
Public / Private Divide
Organising the Program
Looking at the over view for solar radiation within France, it is clear that Marseille is one of the most exposed locations. The predictions show that the level of radiation will further increase as a result of the increasing temperatures.
Looking at the over view for solar radiation within France, it is clear that Marseille is one of the most exposed locations. The predictions show that the level of radiation will further increase as a result of the increasing temperatures.
The area will also become part of the SubTropical region.
The area will also become part of the SubTropical region.
The following diagrams highlight the decision that were taken to ensure the correct placement on site and and the development of an appropriate form.
Semi-Private
Hydroponic Growing Space
Elevated Walkway
Public
Market Communal Space
Semi-Private
Hydroponic Processing Room
Private
Workshop and Plant
Level Changes Within the topology of the site it became very clear that the there was a distinct threshold between the two main areas. Operating withing this threshold allows the building to create connections to both sites. The main significance of the issue is how the building incorporates the 8 meter level change through a series of platforms. Following the route of the existing path, the building provides a series of platforms which allows for the gradual change in level.
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T
BIO-WASTE FROM GARDENS BURNT TO CREATE POWER
S T
T
T
P T
BIO-WASTE FROM GARDENS BURNT TO CREATE POWER
S T
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Environmental Strategies
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Communal Resources / Market
Environmental Program Analysis Following the previous brief development of program and links to environmental issues, the following section will explore in more detail the systems required. The analysis will look a the activity in the spaces and how that effects the different environmental conditions.
the building regulations. The Lighting at work guide recommends the desired lighting levels in spaces dependant on the activities taking place.
The analysis will look at the use of building regulations and the stipulations to which the design will be effected. Fire Safety recommendations will be in line with Part B of
Central Infrastructure
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Space - Plant Room
Areas Considered Cooling
Humidity
Heating
Acoustics
Ventilation
Fire Safety
Lighting
Water
Provide the main plant space to facilitate the provision of power to the building and nearby housing
Space - Storage
Supply storage space for the dry materials and goods which supplies the workshop and market
The storage space will require limited cooling due to the activity levels in there. Temperature should remain around 23oc
The space will require no heating
The room will require low levels of ventilation as a result of the activity levels
There is no specific lighting needs but a general lighting of 100 Lux should be reached
Humidity levels within the space should not regularly exceed 40% to protect the materials and goods being stored.
There will be no specific acoustic requirements
With a normal hazard rating, the travel distances will be 25m in a single direction and 45 with two directions of escape.
There will be no specific water needs within the space
Market
Space - Cool Stores
Supply storage space for the fresh perishable goods grown in the hydroponic gardens for sale at market.
The space will require cooling to prevent the overheating. Excess heat from the plant will be the main concern
The space will require no heating
Ventilation should ensure that any emissions from the plant is removed regularly through regular air changes
There is no specific lighting needs but a general lighting of 100 Lux should be reached
The cold storage space should maintain a temperature of 5oc.
The space will require no heating
The room will require low levels of ventilation as a result of the activity levels
There is no specific lighting needs but a general lighting of 100 Lux should be reached
The humidity levels within the space will require no specific treatment.
The space will require acoustic insulation to prevent the noise of plant effecting surrounding spaces.
The space will be a significant fire risk and should be compartmentalised. A travel distance of 9m single direction, 35m two directions
The plant will form part of the water treatment process and will have connections to inter-seasonal heat stores
Humidity levels within the space should remain between 40 and 60% to prevent the produce drying out.
There will be no specific acoustic requirements
With a normal hazard rating, the travel distances will be 25m in a single direction and 45 with two directions of escape.
There will be no specific water needs within the space
Communal resources
Space - Workshop
During the summer months the workshop will require cooling due to the climate.
During the winter month the space may require heating to maintain a suitable working environment
Ventilation and extraction points will be important in the workshop environment. This will remove odours and dust from the air
The workshop will require a 200 Lux light level to allow for the safe use of machinery
Due to the semi-open nature of the market hall, the space should be cooled through a mixture of natural and mechanical ventilation methods
During the winter months, the space may require mechanical ventilation to help increase the temperature within the space
The natural ventilation within the space may require supplementation through mechanical systems.
Within the market hall a general lighting of 100 Lux may be supplemented with increased lighting within individual market spaces.
Humidity levels within the space should not regularly exceed 40% to protect the materials and machinery in the workshop
The space will require acoustic insulation to prevent the noise of machinery effecting the surrounding spaces.
Due to the machinery involved in the workshop space, it will be classed as a high risk industrial. Therefore, a 12m single direction and 25m two direction escape distance.
The workshop will require adequate water supply to provide cleaning stations for those using the workshop
The humidity levels will be linked to the external climate. However, measures should be taken to prevent it passing 80% humidity
There will be no specific acoustic requirements
Falling under the category of shop/commercial space, the travel distances will be 18m in a single direction and 45 with two directions of escape.
There will be no specific water needs within the space.
Provide space for the community to construct the parts required to build the community housing
Market
Space - Market Hall
Supply storage space for the fresh perishable goods grown in the hydroponic gardens for sale at market.
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Hydroponic Growth
Multiple spaces at different levels will provide storage for equipment needed for the hydroponic growth process.
Central Infrastructure
Space - Transportation Hub
Provide links as infrastructure to elevated transport network and market
The storage space will require limited cooling due to the activity levels in there. Temperature should remain around 23oc
The space will require no heating
The room will require low levels of ventilation as a result of the activity levels
There is no specific lighting needs but a general lighting of 100 Lux should be reached
The semi-open nature of the hub should be designed to increase shading whilst allowing for natural ventilation to cool the environment
The space will require no heating
The space should on natural cross ventilation
rely site
There is no specific lighting needs but a general lighting of 100 Lux should be reached
Humidity levels within the space should not regularly exceed 40% to protect the materials and goods being stored.
There will be no specific acoustic requirements
As a result of the product stored in the space, it will be classed as high risk storage. Therefore, a 12m single direction and 25m two direction escape distance.
Previsions for cleaning facilities and should be provided within the store
The humidity levels will be linked to the external climate. However, measures should be taken to prevent it passing 80% humidity
There will be no specific acoustic requirements
The space will be considered as an open space.
There will be no specific water needs within the space.
Hydroponic Growth
Space - Processing Room
Allow for the processing of the produce ready for selling at market
Central Infrastructure
Space - Covered Transit Route
Connect central infrastructure points within an elevated transport network allowing for organic settlement growth below
The process room should maintain a temperature of 15oc. This will require
The space will require no heating
The room will require medium levels of ventilation as a result of the activity levels
A general light level of 100 Lux will be acceptable. Task specific lighting will be needed to increase plant yield.
The open nature of the walkway should be designed to increase shading whilst allowing for natural ventilation to cool the environment
The space will require no heating
The space should on natural cross ventilation
rely site
There is no specific lighting needs but a general lighting of 50 Lux should be reached overnight to provide safety to the users
Humidity levels within the space should remain between 40 and 60% to prevent the produce drying out.
There will be no specific acoustic requirements
With a normal hazard rating, the travel distances will be 25m in a single direction and 45 with two directions of escape.
Water facilities for washing the produce should be available
The humidity levels will be linked to the external climate. However, measures should be taken to prevent it passing 80% humidity
There will be no specific acoustic requirements
The space will be considered as an open space.
Infrastructure may be used to transport water from reservoir to infrastructure locations.
cooling throughout majority of the yeah.
the
Hydroponic Growth
Space - Growing Racks
Provides space for the hydroponic growth of edible plants within a controlled environment
is optimal for plant growth
In the winter months heating will be required to prevent the space between 25oc and 28oc. This
is optimal for plant growth
There will be large amounts of natural and artificial ventilation required within the growing racks.
A general light level of 100 Lux will be acceptable. Task specific lighting will be needed to increase plant yield.
During the day humidity levels should be maintained at 80-90%. This will reduce to 70-80% overnight
The spaces main acoustic output will be the noise of the ventilation systems
With a normal hazard rating, the travel distances will be 25m in a single direction and 45 with two directions of escape.
This will have the highest water demand within the building. Hydroponic systems are more efficient than conventional plant growth.
In the summer months cooling will be required to prevent the space between 25oc and 28oc. This
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Space - Equipment Storage
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Principles of Hydroponic Growth Methods PLANTS SUSPENDED IN TRAYS
Hydroponic Plant Growth
Carbon Capture Cycle
CO2 CO2
One of the main environmental drivers of the design will be creating the ideal conditions for the hydroponic growing of food. Through the use of hydroponics the design should help create a self-sufficient community. Hydroponics has its advantages as the process yields up to 11x more produce. However, this comes at a cost as the energy required is significantly higher. Therefore, a sustainable passive means of creating the correct conditions would be the ideal situation
3.9
Kg / m / y
L / Kg / y
RESERVOIR
20
12.5 x More Efficient
L / Kg / y
kJ
81 x Less Efficient
/ Kg / y
kJ
CO2
CO2
2 CO2 CO
CO2 CO2
CO2
90,000
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
1,100
CO2
However, recent developments have highlighted its potential role within a green house environment.
WATER SOLUTION RETURNS TO
WATER SOLUTION PUMPED TO TRAYS
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 2 2 CO CO
This process involves the passing of air through the filters. A special resin then captures the CO2, removing around 33% from the air passing through. Once this is then placed in a humid environment, the CO2 is released. Once released it is traditional used to create fuels.
PLANT ROOTS ABSORB FLOWING SOLUTION
Kg / m2 / y
250
CO2
With an increasing consciousness towards the effect of carbon dioxide on the environment scientist have been looking at developing ways in which we can capture and store this gas. German scientist Klaus Lackner has developed filtering techniques that can be use to capture and then release the CO2 from the atmosphere.
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11 x More Efficient
2
CO2
CO2
2
CO
CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2
RESERVOIR HOLDS SOLUTION READY FOR CIRCULATION
/ Kg / y
Hydroponics in Marseille
Hydroponic Process
The climate of Marseille is well suited to the process of hydroponics. The diagrams below show that relations ship between the climate and the desired conditions. The main advantage is that the climate is not consistently too warm for the process which would require significant cooling throughout the year.
The process of hydroponics involves the growing of plants in a controlled soil-free irrigation system. This provides the plants with the ideal conditions and nutrient to allow for maximum growth.
WASTE WATER & PRODUCE
SERVICES TO HOUSING
ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE WATER TREATMENT
Integrating the Cycle Integrating the carbon capture process into the environmental strategy will help increase potential hydroponic yields by up to 25%.
380 PPM
Monthly Temperatures 100%
+10oC
80%
MARKET SALES
PLANT GROWTH
60%
J M -20oC
J -30oC
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F
M
A
J
J
A
1000 PPM
Humidity Levels
+20oC
-10oC
25% increased yield
S
40%
O N
D
F
O M
A
M
J
J
A
N
EXCESS HEAT USED TO CREATE WINDFLOW
D
One of the benefits of the process is that the system does not require mechanical ventilation, just a wind flow. As natural ventilation techniques should be part of the environmental strategy, integrating the carbon capture process should become seamless.
S
20%
0%
BIO-WASTE TO BIO-FUEL
Desired Humidity 80-90%
CREATING EMPLOYMENT AND ENTERPRISE
GREEN HOUSE PRODUCTION
ENHANCED CARBON CAPTURE PROCESS
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The cooling strategy aims to use passive wind flow connected to an inter-seasonal heat store to cool the spaces without the need for air conditioning
The facade of the design will encourage solar gain during the winter months. Bio-mass boilers will also provide heating to the building
At the heart of the strategy will be sustainability where passive methods are encourage and supported.
The building will be designed to maximise rainwater collection. It will also look to filter and clean the water for the local community
At the heart of the strategy will be the creation of a passive stack wind flow which will be used for ventilation
The tower design will aim to incorporate many of the principle identified in the Gardens by the Bay precedent. This will allow for the strategy to focus on a creating a stack effect which can benefit ventilation. Though introducing a thermal labyrinth, the incoming air can be conditioned prior to distribution.
Along with solar power, the main source of electricity will come from a bio-mass boiler linked to the hydroponic system.
The design will aim to maximise natural lighting to limit the need for artificial light.
Environmental Strategy
BIO-MASS FLUE GASES USED TO CREATE SITE WIDE WINDFLOW
SOLAR PANEL CREATE ENERGY FOR THE SPECIALIST
The environment strategy will aim to provide power and resources to both the infrastructure project and the surrounding community.
EXCESS HEAT PURGED
LIGHTING
WATER TANKS COLLECT RAINFALL AND PROVIDE STORED POWER USED OVERNIGHT
STRUCTURE PROVIDES ADAPTABLE SHADING ALLOWING FOR CLIMATE CONTROL WITHIN GROWING SPACE
CAPTURED CARBON RELEASED IN GREENHOUSES
The main power source will be a Bio-mass boiler which will benefit from the waste product of the growing process. This will then in turn provide fertiliser, creating a closed loop system.
WATER SUPPLIED FOR IRRIGATION
STACK EFFECT CRETES
CO2
WINDFLOW ACROSS SITE
ELEVATED WALKWAY RECIEVES
Carbon capture will benefit from the ventilation strategy and help improve the efficiency of the growing process.
SHADING CREATING A COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT
WARM AIR IS DRAWN INTO THERMAL
Thermal Labyrinth
LABYRINTH DUE TO
COOL AIR COOLS
LOW PRESSURE
PUBLIC SPACE
The integration of a thermal labyrinth will allow for the passive conditioning of air entering the building.
CO2 CARBON CAPTURE PROCESS WORKS WITH NATURAL AIR FLOW
TURBINES GENERATE ELECTRICITY
PLANTS PROCESSED AFTER GROWTH
EXCESS WATER SUPPLIED TO HOUSING
NEW PLANT MATERIAL FOR GARDEN
WATER STORAGE AND CLEANING
BIO-WASTE FROM GARDENS
BIO-MASS PROVIDE
BURNT TO CREATE POWER
POWER AND HEAT TO
EXCESS POWER SUPPLIED TO HOUSING EXCESS HEAT GOES TO INTER-SEASONAL
Connected to inter-seasonal heat stores the labyrinth will be able to heat or cool the air entering depending on the desired conditions. This work through creating a large surface area of a material with large thermal mass such as concrete or stone. This heated/cooled material then radiates to the passing air, changing the temperature. When connected to a heat source, the labyrinth can become a highly sustainable method of controlling the climate of a building.
COLD AIR IS DRAWN INTO THE
COLD AIR IS DRAWN INTO THE
THERMAL LABYRINTH AS A
THERMAL LABYRINTH AS A
RESULT OF THE NEGATIVE
RESULT OF THE NEGATIVE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
COLD INTER-SEASONAL HEAT STORE COOLS THE CONCRETE THERMAL LABYRINTH
THE AIR EXITS THE LABYRINTH
THE AIR EXITS THE LABYRINTH
COOLER AS LABYRINTH
WARM AS A RESULT OF THE
CONCRETE ABSORBS THE
THERMAL RADIATION FROM
HEAT IN THE AIR
THE CONCRETE
HEAT STORES AND HOUSING
BUILDING
WASTE ASH USED AS FERTILISER WATER USED FOR IRRIGATION OF PLANTS INTER-SEASONAL HEAT STORE INTERACTS WITH THERMAL LABYRINTH
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Structural & Material Strategies
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Strategies
Precedent Influence Seville Metropol Parasol
Following the site and precedent analysis it is important that a clear design strategy is developed. The program of the building an extremely strong influence on both the form and aesthetical feel of the building as it promotes sustainability.
Gardens by the Bay
Material Considerations
SUPERTREES PROVIDE SHADING
WARM AIR IS EXPELLED FROM SUPERTREES CREATING SITE WIDE WINDLFOW
HOT AIR PURGED TO ATMOSPHERE
CONSERVATORY SHADING
COOLING BREEZE CREATED
Material
PERFORMED BY SUPPORTING
AT GROUND LEVEL
BEAMS AND BLINDS
RAINWATER COLLECTION AND REUSE
IRRIGATION TO GREENHOUSE HOT AIR EXTRACTED FROM COOL CONSERVATORY FLUE GASES DRIVE VENTILATION IN SUPERTREES
Durability & Design Life
Build Ability
Programmatic Suitability
Fire Integrity
Experiential Considerations
Utilising the on site stone will provide a long lasting and permanent structure.
Using the stone in a traditional sense will require specialist masons. However, the use of gabions will provide a simple structural material that is easy to build
Using the on site stone will be suitable to the program for the lower basement parts of the design but will not be suitable for the tower.
The use of limestone provides a high level of fire integrity.
The limestone would create a direct connection to the history of the site as a quarry.
Concrete is an extremely durable material when not exposed to high amounts of moisture.
Concrete provides a flexible material during the construction process whether use in situ or pre-cast
Minimising the use of concrete within the design would suit the environmental program.
Concrete remain a high level of fire integrity
The use of exposed concrete would not compliment the natural aesthetic of the design
Under the right conditions timber can be a highly durable material. However, it does not respond well to impact
Timber is a highly flexible material that can be use for small joinery projects or large scale engineered designs.
Timber provides the most suitable programmatic material out of the options.
Timber is generally highly flammable. However, treatments can be applied to prolong it exposure to fire for safety.
Timber as a material would create a great link between the ethos of the design and project.
Steel is a highly durable and resistant material
The use of steel would suit the site as the parts would be created of site. This would reduce the amount of work happening in the difficult terrain.
Steel would be suitable to the verticality of the design but using large amounts would not match the ethos
Steel provides more resistance to fire than timber structures but its integrity is limited by the protection applied
The use of steel in small amounts as a hybrid structure would suit the design, giving it a high-tech appeal
ETFE is not as durable as glass but provides a more flexible option.
ETFE is a lightweight material that can be utilised in many different forms during the building process
The environmental and lightweight nature of the design would make the use of ETFE ideal. It would be useful for its capabilities in controlling the internal climate
ETFE as a material is flame retardant and does not burn
ETFE would provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to glass
CLEAN WATER DISCHARGED
ELETRICITY GENERATED FOR SITE
TO RESERVOIR
HEAT FOR DEHUMIDIFIER WATER STORAGE AND CLEANING
FERTILISER
BIO-WASTE FROM
NEW PLANT MATERIAL FOR
GARDENS BURNT TO
The following section will explore the influence of precedents, program and site on the overall design strategy and material choices.
Hannover Expo Canopy
GARDEN AND MARKET
CREATE POWER
ASH FROM BIOMASS USED FOR FERTILISER
The precedent highlighted the need for a hybrid structure when creating large scale timber projects. One of the main reasons for this is to promote user safety.
Gardens by the Bay developed an understanding of the environmental systems that can be deployed. It set a benchmark for sustainability efforts and has become a key driver within the design.
The Expo Canopy highlighted the potential of engineered timber. Through analysing nature and attempting to replicate the principles in an engineered method, the design created a highly efficient structure.
Limestone
Concrete
Developing a Typology Following on from the analysis three main areas became apparent and critical to the success of the design. Following these drivers when making decisions should ensure that the true spirit of the deign is realised
Sustainability
Timber
Responsive to Site
Lightweight & Efficiency
Steel
Where possible, the design should incorporate sustainable methods. These principles will drive the program and form of the building and overall site masterplan
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With a challenging site and overall site masterplan it is important that the design interacts with it context.
The use of lightweight material and designs should be a priority to ensure the sustainability ethos is maintained. This will promote efficiency within the design.
ETFE
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Super Structure Strategy
Strip Foundations
With a Limestone base a strip foundation would provide sufficient support for the basement walls. However, it would not provide a solid base for the construction of a thermal labyrinth.
Raft Foundations
A raft foundation would be required in the design in order to provide a base for the thermal labyrinth. This would also distribute the load of the building more evenly.
Following on from the environmental strategy the design aimed to have a sustainability at the core of the design. This promoted the use of timber as the best option for sustainability.
Following precedent studies it became apparent that the use of timber for large scale systems required the use of steel and concrete support structures.
The use of a full concrete and steel structure would provide a design that is against the environmental drivers.
This has lead to the development of a timber and concrete hybrid system. The concrete provides the core of the building provide compressive strength and a shear wall.
Raft Foundations
Pile foundations are typically used for poor ground conditions in order to gain friction. In this case they may be required to provide stability to the tower, allowing for the distribution of wind and torsion loads to the ground.
The timber is then utilised in both tension and compression, providing the floor plates of the hydroponic growing space and the bracing facade.
Timber Facade
Working in a di-grid pattern, the modular timber facade is a compressive structure that provides bracing to the floor plates. Utilising Glulam timber the pieces would be engineered of site.
Choice of Foundations Looking at the options of foundations available along with the precedent of the Metropol Parasol, it is clear that a hybrid system should be used.
Concrete Core
The concrete core at the centre of the design provides the main compressive element. The concrete cap at the top allows for the suspension of floor plate. This maximises the potential of the concrete.
A mixture of a raft foundation to benefit the thermal labyrinth and lower floor, and piles below the tower columns. This should allow for the even distribution of load to the load bearing limestone, and stability to the tower.
Suspended Timber Plates
The structure of the floor plates consist of metal decking sitting on timber structure. This timber structure is suspended from the concrete capping plate using steel wires.
Basement Structure
B Twisting Loads IO WASTE FROM GARDENS
BURNT TO CREATE POWER
The structure of the basement is a hybrid concrete and stone structure. The strategy utilises the on-site stone in gabions. This creates a sustainable option as the material is on site an requires little processing.
The use of pile foundations should provide the necessary support to prevent the tower moving whilst under loads from the wind. The piles transfer the loads to the ground bearing limestone.
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Structural Systems The following diagrams aim to show the structural systems intended to be deployed. It will focus on the role of each element and highlight the way in which the building handles the dead and live loads applied to the structure.
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Foundations and Thermal Labyrinth
Concrete Superstructure
Timber Superstructure
Timber Shell
Working as a composite unit, the thermal labyrinth works with the raft and pile foundations to create a base from which to build. Lying on solid limestone the foundations should have little movement or settlement allowing the to distribute the loads evenly.
The concrete superstructure provide the main structural element. The core rising the height of the tower along with the concrete cap provide the opportunity to hang the floor plate. This creates an efficient structure where materials can be minimised to reduce weight.
The lightweight suspended timber structure consists of a suspended ring beam which is connected to the concrete core. This means the floor plates act both in compression and tension. The weight upon the ring beams is transferred to the upper concrete cap and core.
The timber facade system acts as its own compressive element. The system is connected to the timber ring beams providing both the internal structure and itself diagonal bracing.
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References
Online Information Solar info - http://solargis.com/products/maps-and-gis-data/ Climate data - https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/week/ marseille_france_2995469 Geological info - http://infoterre.brgm.fr/viewer/MainTileForward.do Precedents Gardens by the bay - http://www.gardensbythebay.com.sg/en.html Metropol Parasol - http://www.jmayerh.de/19-0-metropol-parasol.html Hannover Pavilion - https://www.herzogdemeuron.com/index/projects/ complete-works/076-100/088-contribution-to-hanover-expo-2000.html Books - Deplazes, A (2005) Constructing Architecture, Materials Processes Structures a Handbook. Birkhauser Publishing. - Clakings, M (2009) Materials for Sustainable Sites. JohnWiley & Sons Publishing. - Tucker, L (2015) Sustainable Building Systems and Construction for Designers. Bloomsbury Publishing. - Littlefield, D (2012) Metric Handbook, Planning and Design Data. Routledge Publishing. - Ross, J (2012) Vitamin Green. Phaidon Press
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