PRAXIS
European City of Culture
Praxis
Contents
01
Introduction
03
European Capital of Culture - Precedents - Funding - Successful Bids
21
Leeds’ Bid - Bid Team - Mohammad Dastbad - Direction
29
Mapping - Cultural Strands - Spacing - Proximities - Coverage - Connections Leeds Analysis - Macro - History - Population - Access - Quarters - Selecting a site
77
89
Site Analysis - Meso - Site Images - History - Site Analysis
109
Masterplan - Development
Introduction
Project Introduction With Leeds bidding for the European Capital of Culture, this book looks as the bidding process, the existing culture within Leeds and the potential for expansion of different cultural strands. Using tracing and mapping the cultural offer of Leeds will be explored. The advantages and disadvantages of the bid for the European Capital of culture will be explored, as well as defining what is required for a successful bid. This process will facilitate the selection of a site or sites for eight proposed buildings which will enhance the cultural landscape of Leeds. The site will have the potential to regenerate the urban fabric and have enough space to provide new facilities and the provision of a new public space.
European Capital of Culture
European Capital of Culture : A Brief Introduction
What...
• • •
•
Who...
• •
•
The European Capital of Culture programme was launched in the summer of 1985 where Athens was crowned the first title-holder. It is a scheme where European cities compete for the opportunity to be designated ‘Capital of Culture’ for a year. Throughout the period of holding the title the city is expected to organise and hold a series of culture events with a strong European dimension. The programme aids to generate cultural, social and economic benefits as well as encouraging urban regeneration and improving the city’s image.
Athens: 1985
The programme began at the initiative of the Greek Minister of Culture Melina Mercouri. By 2019, 60 cities across Europe will have been crowned ECoC, with the UK winning twice before in 1990 [Glasgow] and more recently 2008 [Liverpool]. The bid for each city entering is led by a steering group and supported by several advisory groups. These people are selected specifically according to their cultural backgrounds and influence.
When...
Melina Mercouri
• • •
The ECoC takes place every year, however the next available bid date for a UK city is 2023. Up until 2007 only one city would hold the title (apart from the exception of 2000 where 9 cities were awarded). From 2021 the new framework allows for a potential candidate to hold the title every 3 years. Krakow
Helsinki
Santiago de Compostela
05
ECoC : The Application Procedure D E S IGN ATION A S EC OC
9 YEAR PERIOD
06
The selected host member states publish a call for applications, usually through their Ministry for Culture. Cities that are interested in participating in the competition must submit a proposal for consideration.
P R E- SE LE CT ION (S HORTLISTING)
THE FORMAL CALL
Within the ‘selection’ stages candidates start to accumulate their “bid book”. These set out the candidates objectives, programme, financial plans, management structure etc. Pre-selection candidates present their bid to the Panel. At the end of the meeting the Panel announce who they recommend to proceed to the Final Selection.
This process is similar to the Pre-selection one. Candidates have 7-8 months to revise their bids. A lot more detail is required at this stage, another “bid book” is submitted, along with a presentation. A delegation of the Pannel may visit each of the cities and report back. At the end of the meeting the Panel announce its recommendation.
G OV ER N ME NT O F M EM BER STATE R EC O MM E NDAT IO N
FINAL SELEC T ION
RULES OF PR OC ED U R E PUBLISH ED
Through experience, most successful ECOCs have started their preparation 2-3 years before the formal call.
6 YE AR S B EFO R E THE TITLE YEAR
2 YEAR S BEF OR E F OR M AL C ALL
S E L E C T I ON & DESIGNAT ION PROCESS
The government of the Member State will formerly designate the recommended city as the European Capital of Culture. The European Commission then publishes a list of the designated cities within 2 months of the notification. The candidate can call itself “European Capital of Culture”.
E VAL.
The European Commission decide whether to award the prize to the designated city. At the 3rd monitoring meeting the Panel considers whether to recommend that the European Commission make the payment.
A LL E CO C s A RE RE QUIRED TO H AVE A N E VAL U ATI ON
THE MELIN A M ER C OU R I PR IZ E IS AWARDED
After each meeting the Panel produces a report.
E U RO PE AN PAYM E NT TO THE E C OC
This is the Panel’s role for the candidates. There are 3 meetings between the Panel & the ECOC.
A few months before each meeting the European Commission asks for a progress report. An ECOC needs to maintain as much of its commitments as possible.
M EETIN G 3: 2 M ON T H S BEF OR E YEAR
The Panel play a constant role so to maintain the reputation of the ECOC brand.
ME LIN A ME R C OU R I PR IZE
M EE T IN G 2 : 1 8 M O NTHS BEFORE T H E YE AR
M EETIN G 1: 3 YEAR S BEF OR E YEAR
This four year period is necessary for the planning and preparation for a complex event.
A CR I TI C AL F RI EN D
ECOCs SELEC T ED 4 YEAR S BEFORE AC T U AL YEAR
T H E M O N I TORING PHASE
Summary The bid for the European City of Culture begins up to 9 years before the year that the city will be ECoC, with the first formal call being 6 years before. If a candidate is successfully short listed they will have 7-8 months to revise their bids and create a detailed “bid book”. 4 years before the ECoC the two cities will be chosen. During these 4 years there are 3 monitoring meetings, the final meeting is when the panel considers whether to recommend that the European Commission make the payment for winning the bid. After the ECoC year, an evaluation must take place.
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Precedent City: Liverpool 2008 HOW DID LIVERPOOL BECOM E AN EC OC ?
Liverpool is a city of around 435,500 people situated in the North West of England. Traditionally, it was an important port city, with a strong industrial base which grew hugely in the 19th and early 20th centuries on the back of the industrial revolution and trade within the British Empire. During this time there was rapid population growth with immigration from those seeking better economic prospects from nations including Ireland, Poland and China, as well as transient populations hoping to move to North America. Liverpool’s theme for the ECoC application was ‘the world in one city’. It aimed to accomplish several things: 01 A desire to be seen as a cultural city & improve the city’s reputation 02 Promotion of tourism in Liverpool 03 Promotion of Liverpool’s regeneration through culture
Superlambanana Sculptures
La Princesse Procession
Liverpool undertook a wide programme of public consultation to raise the profile of the application and increase public buy-in. The decision was taken to consult the public on what they felt were the best things about Liverpool, and this was used as the basis for the ECoC bid. It is clear through Liverpool’s success that interacting with the local residents and the wider public helped it excel in becoming the European City of Culture. The team developing the bid played a prominent part in publicizing this opportunity to all groups of society. They held a series of open meetings, placed postcards in libraries and doctors’ surgeries and visited every primary school to engage people in the process. The neighborhood management areas around Liverpool were particularly targeted, through advertisements on the side of buses and discussion groups held in neighborhood locations. Local firms were involved in discussions through the city’s business forum.
08
Impacts 08 Liverpool ‘s theme indicated that the city wanted to look at the broader European context; this involved the European Commission guidelines & engagement with ECoC stakeholders from the rest of Europe. Liverpool received £800k from the EC to support directly the European dimension. Evaluation reports suggest that the overall concept of the ECOC doesn’t yet reflect sufficiently the “Europeanness” of the ECOC scheme. Liverpool primarily sought to make the European dimension of ECOC visible through the creation of partnerships with other European cities and through collaborations, co-productions and exchanges within a broader international approach. To help gaining interest in different parts of the cultural process, Liverpool programmed themed years in advance of the ECoC year. This enabled a clear programme that focussed on certain aspects that specific events could be built into. Themes are: 2000-2002: Bid Preparations 2003: Year of Learning & official nomination 2004: Year of Faith 2005: Year of the Sea 2006: Year of Performance 2007: Year of Heritage 2008: European Capital of Culture Year Preceding years: 2009: Year of the Environment 2010: Year of Health, Well-Being & Innovation
Li v e r p ool’ s E C oC Total Funding Commercial Programming 10%
Liv er p o o l’ s EC o C Exp en d it ur e
Miscellaneous 3%
Other 8% Overhead / Administration 15%
European Union 11%
Programme 60%
Liverpool City Council 61%
Other grants 15%
Promotion & Marketing 17%
Funding To gain funds, Liverpool employed two dedicated fund raisers, one for raising private sector funds, and one for the public sector. Liverpool City Council was the main funding body, with inputs of £75.1m, followed by grants from other organizations including the North West Development Agency and the EU, totalling £30.8m. Smaller organizations felt aggrieved that the larger organizations received the majority of the additional funding available. Commissioning smaller and more local cultural organizations could have provided some scope for reducing overall costs.
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Precedent City: Liverpool 2008 276 highlight events in 2008 were listed in the official Liverpool 08 Yearbook 830 events in 2008 were listed on the Liverpool 08 website The full Liverpool ECoC programme totalled 7000 activities in 2008, 41,000 between 2005-2008. Half of these activities were workshops, education sessions or training days.
A u d i e n c e Or i gi n at Liverpool ECoC Events
International Rest of UK North West Merseyside
Event Highlights: 2008 - Opening of Kings Dock arena - World premiere of new choral work by Sir John Tavener - Leap 08 – Liverpool’s annual contemporary dance festival - The Liverpool Sound – A special concert on the waterfront featuring world famous artists playing music that Liverpool exported to the world. - Tate Liverpool’s 20th birthday
Liverpool
- Splatterfest – Festival of theatre for children - Major theatrical event at Liverpool Cathedral produced by the Everyman and Playhouse
2007
- Finale of Tour of Britain cycle race. 2008
The types of events conducted over the course of the ECoC explains why there was such an influx of people. Many events were aimed at a variety of age groups over a range of activities. The graph above demonstrates that over a period of a year audiences have come further afield. Particularly the rest of the UK, this might be due to media coverage & marketing.
- RIBA Stirling Prize – held at the newly opened Arena and Convention Centre at Kings Dock. - Halloween Lantern Carnival - Best of Liverpool at the Bluecoat – A showcase of visual art practice in the region.
Liverpool Sound Concert
Halloween Lantern Festival
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Tour of Britain
CREATING AN IM PACT - THE FAC T S
Cult ur a l Ac c es s & Pa rt ic ipat io n
- Liverpool generated the highest amount of sponsorship & earned income of any other ECoC
- By 2009, 66% of Liverpool residents took part in at least one ECoC event Regional 45%
- £4.1 million earned income - £22.3 million received from sponsorship - Liverpool had an extensive partnership across, public, private & third sectors resulting in its success.
2007 20.7 million visits
Beyond region 17%
Local Residents 33%
2008 27.7 million visits
- Attracted 9.7 million additional visits to Liverpool.
Im a g e & Per c ep t io n 60% 53%
- Generated an economic impact of £753.8 million.
C u ltu r a l Vib rancy & Stainab ility
2008
2007
20%
2007
E c on om y & Tourism
International 5%
14%
2008
Gov e r n a n c e & Delivery Process
Impressions of Liverpool
- 15 of the events were judged to be ‘world class’ or ‘excellent’ - Liverpool culture stories have diversified from the traditional focus on popular music and the built heritage to the visual and performing arts, and growing references to Liverpool’s creative industries. - Cultural stories have diversified in the media, referring to Liverpool’s creative industries. - Total audience among the largest arts and cultural organizations in the city topped 5.6 million.
- 99% of visitors liked the general atmposphere
11
Precedent City : Pilsen 15
About Pilsen The royal city of Pilsen was founded in 1295 by Wenceslas II at the confluence of four rivers – the Úhlava, Úslava, Radbuza and Mže. Its advantageous location at the crossroads of major trade routes contributed to the rapid economic development of the city, which soon became a centre of cultural and humanistic traditions. Today, Pilsen is the dynamic and modern metropolis of western Bohemia. Pilsen covers 138 km2, and with nearly 170 thousand inhabitants, it is the fourth largest city in the Czech Republic.
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Precedent City : Pilsen 15
Frequently asked questions
Why did Pilsen win? • • •
• •
•
• •
Why did Pilsen win out over Ostrava in What are the main ideas of the Pilsen the competition? 2015 project?
It met the project evaluation criteria of the international jury. • A European dimension – European ties and experience of the team members. The city and its citizens – active participation in the candidature and support of a wide range of agents representing various interests. The city made use of culture as a catalyst for development. The city found an excellent balance between cultural projects planned for the year 2015 and regeneration of the city. • Pilsen has a great creative potential and tradition, while still needing a new impulse to create a home for contemporary art. It has what it takes to represent the CzecW Republic in 2015 and can become • an asset and inspiration for the EU. The title will help to solve even the more complex problems of the city such as integration of foreigners, motivation of students to stay or settle down in Pilsen and much more.
The Pilsen 2015 project is mainly aimed at helping cities that are likely to benefit from the project in the ensuing years as well. Pilsen is striving toward this e.g. with the plan of the multi-functional centre Světovar, which will bring to life the former barracks premises not only in the year 2015, but, thanks to the wellprepared concept of future use, it will serve the citizens as a community and cultural space in the long term. The European dimension of the project is also important. Pilsen cooperates with more than 70 cities and towns in Europe and this cooperation is planned to develop and grow into the future. Last but not least, a reason for our success was the enthusiasm of Pilsen’s inhabitants and passion of the team, which conceived the vision of the Pilsen 2015 project. The originality and ingenuity was also accentuated by the jury in its final substantiation of the decision.
Fulfilling the vision of an open, cultural city (in all the senses of the word “culture”) is the main goal. The motto of the project is “Pilsen, Open Up!”, I.e. openness to new ideas, innovation, creativity and new streams of art geared toward its own citizens as well as Europe, including a strong programme of transparency. It is about opening up new space for minority genres and directions, multi-cultural society, inter-generation dialogue, connection of art and business, science and play, culture and education, art and technologies, creativity and relaxation, public space and art and the like.
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Precedent City : Pilsen 15
The Four Pilsen Streams
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1
2
3
4
Arts and Technologies
Relationships and Emotions
Transit and Minorities
Stories and Sources
The focus of the first stream of the programme, Arts and Technologies, is on the creation of sustainable jobs in the creative and cultural branch and the build-up of the city’s image in European contexts. Pilsen 15 concentrates on the value of responsibility and promote the creative domain in general, and matters such as skill and creativity more specifically.
The programme stream Relationships and Emotions focuses on public space in general – the transformation of the physical public space in a collective effort with citizens, officials and architects – as well as on moderating a discussion of European issues.
The third stream of the programme, Transit and Minorities, shows the power of diversity and multiculturalism through projects centred on minorities and a series of moderated discussions, open workshops and exhibitions.
The last stream of the programme is Stories and Sources, intended to promote tourism based on personalities connected with Pilsen, such as Adolf Loos and Ladislav Sutnar. It also attracts attention to the Pilsen Region where the city utilises the riches of the vast Baroque heritage.
Precedent City : Pilsen 15
Projects
Projects 2015+ /Loos interiors
The Return of Ladislav Sutnar
Japan Fest 2015
Foster the City
Buildings for Pilsen
Flagship project: Imagination Factories
Flagship project: Jiří Trnka
Flagship project: Gottfried Lindauer
Projects 2015+ /The Creative Incubator
Projects 2015+ / Everfund
Kulturquell
Projects 2015+ /KREKR
Flagship project:
Pilsen for Bees
Open calls
Projects 2015+ /OPEN A.i.R.
OPEN UP! Creative Place-making Festival
Bus Line 2015
Regio 2015
Flagship project: The Cultural Wealth of Pilsen
Flagship project: New Circus Season
Flagship project: Public space
Flagship project: Hidden city
The Hospitality of Pilsen
Baroque Beauty of West Bohemia
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Income : Sources Research into the source of funding of several capitals of culture revealed varying patterns in terms of income sources for organizing each city’s European Capital of Culture (ECoC) event. There are three main sources of funding: (1) Sponsors & Earned Income; (2) City Council; and (3) Other Public Sectors.
What is unsettling is that for all case studies, the least amount of financial support comes from Sponsors & Earned Income. There are two conclusions that were drawn from this. Firstly, sponsors were concerned that any perceived failures by the ECoC host city would have a negative impact on their brand. Secondly, sponsors expressed concern about the legacy of the ECoC, and that there were no firm plans for the years following the ECoC.
The reason for the differing percentage of income streams is resultant from each city’s strategy (as indicated in their bids to host the ECoC).
1 - Lille, France (2004)
2 - Luxembourg, Luxembourg (2007)
Sponsors & Earned Income
18%
S&EI City Council
30%
4 - Liverpool, United Kingdom (2008)
Sponsors & Earned Income City Council
22%
11%
Other Public Sectors
Other Public Sectors
58%
58%
28%
City Council
38%
34%
5 - Linz, Austria (2009)
S&EI
Sponsors & Earned Income
Other Public Sectors
70%
52%
16
22%
Other Public Sectors
Other Public Sectors
20%
8%
City Council
3 - Stavanger, Norway (2008)
6 - Plzeň, Czech Republic (2015)
City Council
31%
Sponsors & Earned Income
31%
City Council
46% Other Public Sectors
33%
Expenditure There are three streams of distribution of funds: (1) Programming; (2) Promotion & Marketing; and (3) Overheads/Administration. In terms of expenditure, all ECoC case studies follow the same pattern. The bulk of the funds are allocated to Programming, whereas the remaining funds are evenly distributed between Promotion & Marketing and Overheads/Administration (and in
1 - Lille, France (2004)
2 - Luxembourg, Luxembourg (2007)
Promotion & Marketing
Programming
10%
80%
3 - Stavanger, Norway (2008)
Promotion & Marketing
Programming
18%
71%
Promotion & Marketing
Programming
21%
66%
Overheads/ Administration
Overheads/ Administration
Overheads/ Administration
10%
11%
13%
4 - Liverpool, United Kingdom (2008)
5 - Linz, Austria (2009)
Promotion & Marketing
Programming
some cases, with Promotion & Marketing having a slightly higher percentage). Overheads/Administration expenses stem from a requirement for every selected ECoC host city to establish an organization/culture company responsible for implementing the project, and to have a relationship with the city authorities.
14%
73%
6 - PlzeĹˆ, Czech Republic (2015)
Promotion & Marketing
Programming
19%
62%
Promotion & Marketing
Programming
15%
75%
Overheads/ Administration
Overheads/ Administration
Overheads/ Administration
13%
19%
10% 17
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Conclusion : Successful Bid
Theme
“Pilsen Open Up”
Both of the case studies for successful bids have had an overarching theme. This theme encapsulates the main ideas of the bid and enables both the bid team to have a target, and the participants to understand the reasons for the event
“The World in One City”
Build up to and awareness of the Event Arts and Technologies Relationships and Emotions Transit and Minorities Stories and Sources
All of the successful bids that have been looked at had a large emphasis on the build up to the bid year. This increases awareness of the bid, as well as increasing repeat participants form the local area
Faith Sea Performance Heritage
Participation
30% increase in visitors in the year of European Capital of Culture
In all of the previous bids the key aspect of the bid is to increase participation and tourism in the city. This participation comes in the from of local people as well as people visiting the city for the fact that it is the European Capital of Culture.
34% increase in visitors in the year of European Capital of Culture
Funding Involving other local authorities in the bid ensured that they received the largest amount of public funded money ever.
Gaining the interest of both public and private investors is critical in achieving a successful bid. The majority of the money available comes from private investors so it is essential that the council works with local business to gain their support.
Highest overall funding due to successful work with partners and sponsors
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Leeds’ Bid
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Leeds’ Bid : Introduction
Why...
•
• • •
To build on the momentum and profile gained from the successful hosting of high profile events (such as Tour de France, The Leeds International Piano Competition and British Art Show). Create the opportunity to profile culture in the rich and varied communities of Leeds, offering new ways to engage. Accelerate a series of plans already in development to achieve Council’s Best City by 2030. Provide an international platform for boosting the city’s profile and legacy.
Who...
• The Leeds 2023 steering group consists of 14 individuals who will drive and shape the eventual bid to be put forward to the judges in 2018. • The team is led by Artistic Director of Phoenix Dance Theatre Sharon Watson. • There are also members of the councils and Professors from both the University of Leeds & Leeds Beckett University. • 5 advisory groups will work in support of the main steering group.
How...
Independent Chair
Leeds 2023 Steering Group
• Develop
proposals for establishing a framework to further the spirit of engagement and city-wide conversation. • Work with the people of Leeds, stakeholders and partners to create a cultural strategy for the period 2017-30. • Establish a time line, business plan and communications strategy for the bid.
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The Bid Team: Structure THE STEERING GROUP The Steering Group will drive and shape the final bid. They will decide how to showcase Leeds to the judges & ensure the whole city has ownership of the bid.
The five Advisory Groups will look at a particular dimension in the Leeds bid and through their respective chairs, advise the main Steering Group. Independent Chair
Artistic Subgroup Chair
Professor
Professor
Engagement Subgroup Chair
Artist & Performer
Deputy Chair
Comms. & Marketing Subgroup Chair
Lawyer
Finance European Subgroup Chair Subgroup Chair
Choreographer
Councillor /Solicitor
Councillor
Art is t i c Pro g ra m m e Adv i s o ry G r ou p
E n ga g ement A d v i s ory Group
Comms. & M ark eting Advisory Group
Eu r o p ea n Ad v is ory Gr o up
F un d - r a is in g Ad v is o ry Gr oup
Chair
Chair & Steering Group Member
Chair & Steering Group Member
Chair & Steering Group Member
Chair & Steering Group Member
+ 11 Members
+ 10 Members
+ 5 Members
Steering Group Members
+ 11 Members
+ 16 Members
The Leeds 2023 Champions Programme ensures that everyone who applied to join the Steering Group and Advisory Groups but wasn’t selected, can still play an active role in the Leeds Bid.
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Interview : Mohammad Dastbaz Mohammad Dastbaz is one of the members of Leeds’s European Capital of Culture 2023 steering group which works to agree the vision, focus and themes of the bid before it is submitted to the judging panel. Prof. Mohammad Dastbaz is the Pro Vice Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of the Arts, Environment and Technology, at Leeds Beckett University. He has a wide ranging experience relating to Art and Cultural issues including Fine Arts, Architecture, Performing Arts, Music, Film, Dance, and Creative Technologies. Mohammad has wide range of experience working on European Projects and was the proposer of EU’s innovative PANDORA project. Talking through the ideas of the steering group highlighted the fact there is no established theme on which the bid is based. This provides us with the opportunity to establish a suitable theme for the bid.
Why do you believe Leeds should be ECOC?
Leeds currently has not yet met its full potential. There is a rich culture currently throughout Leeds which is not fully taken advantage of or even known about
Has Leeds chosen a specific strand to focus their bid on?
As of yet Leeds has not settled upon a cultural strand to focus on. We are still 7 years from the ECOC year and so we are currently focussing on building awareness of the bid
Have there been any areas marked for regeneration?
One key area which we are looking at is the area surrounding the Tetley gallery. This is an already upmarket area which lends itself towards more cultural development but it is still too early to decide on such things.
What would you like to see developed having read the brief?
Professor Mohammad Dastbaz Dean & Pro Vice Chancellor Faculty of Arts, Environment & Technology Member of the ECOC Steering Group
Currently the UK film industry is based around London based Pinewood studios. The waiting list for Pinewood studios is approximately 2 years and still there is demand. I would like to see a Leeds version of this to take full advantage of surrounding spaces, such as the moors, which are so readily available to movie sets.
What is a key aspect for the designs in your opinion?
The key aspect should be that all designs are financially viable. They should be able to self sustain themselves as there is no money available to fund them
What is the key area of funding currently?
At the moment funding is aimed almost entirely at the staging of events to raise the profile of the Capital of Culture Bid. Any new developments which have been announced are funded privately by sponsors such as Burberry.
Do you believe there are any examples of developments which we could take inspiration from? The Barbican in London is a good example of several elements working in harmony together.
Is there a cultural strand which you believe is already improving?
Currently the strand which is making the most improvement in my eyes is the Festival strand. The Yorkshire festival is looking at a more inclusive broader spectrum to include more participation.
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Leeds Future : Leeds Best City 2030
“For me Leeds just isn’t as good as some of our neighbours at shouting about itself. Some of our neighbours (in the North West) just aren’t actually as good as they make out, too … how can we start now, creating better connections across the city and the creative / culture industries. Get music talking to the arts, talking to films, design and digital” Simon Fogal I Like Press, Quarry Hill
Cities which are bidding for the European Capital of Culture are required to have a cultural strategy in place ‘Leeds Best City 2030’ sets a clear and bold ambition for the city to move forward after the European Capital of Culture. Although the city has a long term strategy, there is currently very little detail about Leeds’ bid for 2023. Although there have been some small installations there is not as of yet an overarching theme that has been disclosed to the general public.
Installations and cultural pieces in Leeds 2015-2016
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Balbir Singh Dance Company Synchronised
Northern Ballet Swan Lake
David Shearing The Weather Café
British Art Show 8
International Piano Competition
MOBO Awards 2015
Leeds Lads Carriageworks Theatre
Great Expectations West Yorkshire Playhouse
Conclusion : Direction Theme Currently there is not an overarching theme for Leeds bid for the European Capital of Culture. Due to the success of this aspect in previous years A theme has been decided for this project:
Educate and Innovate Educate
Innovate
The concept of education within the bid will give intellectual, moral, and social instruction to the designs and provide facilities within the community to give someone training in or information on a particular subject.
The intention of innovation within the bid will allow the buildings to either make changes in something already established, especially by introducing new methods, ideas, or products. Or it will allow the designs to introduce something new to the community.
Build up to and awareness of the Event
Participation The site for our development should keep in mind the importance of the mass participation and the awareness of the event. This should be reflected in the location of the site and the ease of accessibility for the target participant groups.
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Mapping Culture
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Cultural Analysis : Strands
In order to analyse the existing culture within Leeds the areas of interest were separated into nine cultural strands. The selection of these strands was based on some of the previous successful cities bids. It was clear based on previous bids that it was important to not only include high culture such as theatre, music and dance, as well as historical culture of the city like textiles, fashion, museum, and heritage. It was also important to include popular culture such as film, TV, and sport, as well as some of the more recent additions to culture such as the digital strand.
Chosen Strands:
I0I0
Digital
Festivals & Events
Film & TV
Food & Drink
Museums & Heritage
Sport
Textiles & Fashion
Theatre, Music & Dance
Art in the City
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Art Locations in Leeds Centre
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Art in the City : Locations 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
Leeds College Of Art
Leeds Art Gallery
3.
Henry Moore Institute
4.
Arts Council England
5.
Craft Centre & Design Gallery Leeds
6.
Northern Ballet (Phoenix Dance)
The city has a vast spectrum of art from many different artistic sub cultures, to high end art. The city is most well known for its contribution to the performing arts, specifically ballet. A recent grant from Arts Council England offers the award from ÂŁ1,000 to ÂŁ100,000 to support a wide variety of arts-related activities, from dance to visual arts, literature to theatre, music to combined arts.
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Art in the City : Analysis
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Spacing
Proximities
The art facilities in Leeds are spread widely across the city and although there are some outliers, most of the locations in the city that host art based events are within the city centre. The main locus for this cultural strand is within a 5 minute walk from the train and coach stations and is located within the shopping area of Leeds.
This shows the proximities and densities of the art cultural strand as a volume topography. As is shown, the highest densities and proximities are in the centre of the city, and as we move further from the city centre the level of art available to general public is reduced.
Coverage
Connections
This diagram shows the area covered by the pedestrian walkway and road systems. It shows how far a person can walk within 10 minutes (1km) from each location in the city that host art based events. This shows that the art coverage for the city is not only very widespread but also has a fairly even coverage. Therefore the art strand is easily accessible from almost anywhere within the city.
Here we can see the connections and links between each of the cultural points for art. We can see the route that a person would have to take to travel between each art based location and the spread of the routes between the North-West and the South-East.
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Digital Locations in Leeds Centre
I0I0 36
Digital : Locations
Gaming -Leeds is home to 32 game design companies -The majority of these companies are small with only a few members of staff -The largest company, Rockstar, developed the fastest selling video game of all time: Grand Theft Auto V -Grand Theft Auto V generated over $1Bn in 3 days -Rockstar is located just outside of the city centre limit as shown in the maps overleaf
The Breakdown of the digital businesses in Leeds In the City Centre
8
Infrastructure -Based in Leeds is IXL (internet Exchange Leeds) -This is the only internet exchange in the UK based outside of London (3 in the UK) -This means that 33% of all UK internet travels through Leeds -This is a giant factor in Leeds’ digital industry as it allows for the fastest internet speeds -The Internet exchange is a physical collection of servers that allows for communication between ISP’s and CDN’s
1 Gaming
4
1 Infrastructure
Marketing
Web Design
Marketing -In the new age of the internet digital marketing has exploded into a big business -It is the best represented in the city centre -Companies such as Epiphany are employed by Virgin Travel and Pandora -The largest, twentysixdigital, represent Playstation, P&G and Talk Talk -This is a business which is easily set up and well represented in Leeds -The marketing cn often overlap with Web Design
Web Design -The most represented in the digital sector in Leeds as a whole -Experiences an overlap with Digital Marketing -The largest company, CDS, work with National rail and the ministry of Defence -This is also a business which is widely represented in Leeds -The businesses require little office space or staff and so the market is saturated
In the whole of Leeds
140 32 Gaming
190
1 Infrastructure
Marketing
Web Design
37
Digital : Analysis
38
Spacing
Proximities
The digital facilities in Leeds are not spread widely across the city but are focussed towards the south area of the city centre. The main locus for this cultural strand is again located within a 5 minute walk from the train and coach stations, however the digital hub of the city is much closer to the river and the south of the city.
This shows the proximities and densities of the digital cultural strand as a volume topography. As is shown, the highest densities and proximities are towards the south of the city, and as we move further from the city centre the level of digital facilities available to general public is reduced. The highest proximities and densities are towards the South-East of the city.
Coverage
Connections
This diagram shows the area covered by the pedestrian walkway and road systems. It shows how far a person can walk within 10 minutes (1km) from each location in the city that host digital events and facilities. This shows that the digital coverage for the city is fairly widespread but as previously demonstrated, is focussed towards the south meaning the digital strand is easily accessible from the train station, but less easily from the main bus routes.
Here we can see the connections and links between each of the cultural points for digital. We can see the route that a person would have to take to travel between each digital based location and the spread of the routes over the SouthWest and the South-East of the city.
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Festival and Events Locations in Leeds Centre
40
Festivals & Events: Locations The key points that came out of the research into festivals held in close proximity to the Leeds city centre: •
Festivals focused on one cultural strand or created an event that combined two or more cultural strands.
•
Made in Leeds Festival, Leeds International Beer Festival, The Garden Party and Grapeful Leeds Wine Festival used one venue to hold their event(s).
•
The remaining festivals make use of multiple venues and external spaces in order to run a programme of events across the city that are designed to be as accessible to the public as possible.
Made In Leeds Festival (MiLF)
Slam Dunk Music Festival
Library Fest
Leeds International Film Festival
Light Night
I0I0
Thought Bubble Festival
Leeds International Beer Festival
The Garden Party
Leeds Waterfront Festival
Grapeful Leeds Wine Festival
41
Festivals & Events: Analysis
42
Spacing
Proximities
The festivals and events in Leeds are spread widely across the city and although there are some outliers, most of the locations in the city that host art based events are within the city centre. The main locus for this cultural strand is within a 5 minute walk from the train and coach stations and is located in the centre of Leeds.
This shows the proximities and densities of the festivals and events as a volume topography. As is shown, the highest densities and proximities are in the centre of the city, and as we move further from the city centre, particularly in the South-west, the level of festivals and events available to general public is reduced. The highest proximities and densities focussed in the civic quarter of the city, North of the shopping area.
Coverage
Connections
This diagram shows the area covered by the pedestrian walkway and road systems. It shows how far a person can walk within 10 minutes (1km) from each location in the city that host festivals and events. This shows that the festival coverage for the city is not only very widespread but also has a fairly even coverage. Therefore the art strand is easily accessible from almost anywhere within the city, as well as branching further out towards the south and the north of the city.
Here we can see the connections and links between each of the locations of the festivals and events. We can see the route that a person would have to take to travel between each festival based location and the spread of the routes over the North-West and the South-East of the city.
43
Film and TV Locations in Leeds Centre
44
Film & TV : Locations
• • • •
In regards to film Leeds has a vast selection of screenings, events and activities dotted around the city, with Leeds International Film Festival being the biggest in the UK (outside of London). Leeds also has a rich history of film production and is a notable landmark due to the first ever recorded film being shot in the city. There are various independent recording studios located along the river, with the likes of Screen Yorkshire and Studio 81 leading the wider-spread industry. The education sector is also firmly established with the Northern Film School being one of the best in the UK, making innovative and award winning films for 25 years.
Leeds Film Festival
Roving Cinema
Live Screening
Swimalong Cinema
The city holds various events throughout the year to engage and involve the public. Leeds film festival takes place once a year and in the most recent years has attracted more than 40,000 visitors. The roving cinema & swimalong cinema allow people to experience film in a different environment than can usually be expected, whereas live screenings incorporate the public into the filming itself.
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Film & TV : Analysis
46
Spacing
Proximities
The film and TV locations in Leeds are spread evenly over the west of the city. The main locus for this cultural strand is again within a 5 minute walk from the train station, but not the coach station due to the fact that the focus is shifted to the west and the coach station is further east of the city.
This shows the proximities and densities of the film and TV cultural strand as a volume topography. As is shown, the highest densities and proximities are towards the west of the city, and the lowest proximities and densities are in the NorthEast and South-East.
Coverage
Connections
This diagram shows the area covered by the pedestrian walkway and road systems. It shows how far a person can walk within 10 minutes (1km) from each location in the city that host film and TV events. This shows that the film and TV coverage for the city is not widespread however branches quite significantly out of the west of the city. The strand is more easily accessible to those living on the west side of the city, however it is comparably more difficult to access from the city centre.
Here we can see the connections and links between each of the locations of the film and TV cultural strand. We can see the route that a person would have to take to travel between each film and TV based location and the spread of the routes linking the west, south and centre of the city.
47
Gastronomy Locations in Leeds Centre
48
Gastronomy: Locations
Michelin Star: A hallmark of fine dining quality and restaurants around the world. A Michelin star is one of the most prestigious awards a restaurant can receive. AA Rosette: A long established scheme which recognises successful cooking at different levels nationwide. Trip Advisor: A travel website providing reviews of travel-related content including food. Created by user-generated assessment, and a 5 star review system.
Conclusions:
Leeds is currently limited in terms of the number of gastronomy venues with prestigious awards, however the Leeds food scene is relatively strong. The city centre has many restaurants and cafĂŠs available from small bistros to larger restaurants, and although the number of highly awarded restaurants is limited, there are hundreds of independent eateries thriving alongside larger chains. There are also several food festivals available in Leeds from monthly food festivals, such as the Belgrave Feast, to annual festivities, for example the Leeds Indie Food Festival, The Yorkshire Food & Drink Show, or the Leeds Castle Food Festival.
49
Gastronomy: Analysis
50
Spacing
Proximities
The gastronomy locations in Leeds are spread throughout the city centre. The main locus for this cultural strand is central and is again within a 5 minute walk from the train and coach stations, as well as the main bus stops.
This shows the proximities and densities of the gastronomy cultural strand as a volume topography. As is shown, the gastronomy in the city is fairly evenly spread in the centre but is lacking towards the south-west of the city.
Coverage
Connections
This diagram shows the area covered by the pedestrian walkway and road systems. It shows how far a person can walk within 10 minutes (1km) from each location in the city that hosts gastronomy. This shows that the gastronomy coverage for the city is widespread and branches more significantly towards the south-east of the city. The strand is more easily accessible to those living on south of the river than some of the other strands.
Here we can see the connections and links between each of the locations of the gastronomy cultural strand. We can see the route that a person would have to take to travel between each gastronomy location. The routes between each of the locations cover a considerably smaller area than some of the other cultural strands and are centrally located.
51
Museum and Heritage Locations in Leeds Centre
52
Museum & Heritage : Locations
Leeds City Museum
Royal Armories Museum
Leeds Industrial Museum
Leeds Discovery Centre
Abbey House Museum
Museums in Leeds : • Leeds City Museum has only recently opened again, in 2008. Due to its position in the town centre it is easily accessible to pedestrians, but parking vehicles would be restricted. It is approximately a 10-minute walk from the main train station. • The other ‘central’ museum is the Royal Armouries Museum situated south of the river, below the train station. Parking is provided for visitors, therefore it is more accessible for people coming from outside of Leeds, it is also walk-able from the train station. Few museums are in the centre and this may be due to the lack of space and the need for car parking facilities and main access roads. These museums are site specific and are linked with the building that they are housed in: • Abbey House Museum is sited at Kirkstall Abbey, on the outskirts of Leeds. • The Leeds Industrial Museum at Armley Mills. Currently within Leeds there does not seem a great demand or a need for another museum. To keep visitors interested, many museums continuously host new exhibitions and events throughout the year.
Thackray Medical Museum
M&S Company Archive
Leeds Corn Exchange
Leeds Town Hall
Leeds Bridge & the Waterfront
Leeds Central Station Lifting Tower
Many of the museums in Leeds can be placed into the Heritage category, along with some key historical buildings that are a significant part of Leeds’ history. The places above are found all over the city centre, particularly around the south which suggests that the city itself has spread north through growth. These buildings are all listed and were built during the Victorian Era. A lot of the past revolved around the original Central Station and the waterways. The Leeds Waterfront played a vital part in Leeds’ growth as a city and its industrialisation.
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Museum & Heritage : Analysis
54
Spacing
Proximities
The museum and heritage locations in Leeds are very widely spread, stretching over the city centre and surrounding areas. The main locus for this cultural strand is fairly central, however there are more locations out of the city centre than some of the other cultural strands.
This shows the proximities and densities of the museum and heritage cultural strand as a volume topography. As is shown, the museum and heritage sites are spread closely over the north-west, the centre, and the south-east of the city but are significantly lower in other areas.
Coverage
Connections
This diagram shows the area covered by the pedestrian walkway and road systems. It shows how far a person can walk within 10 minutes (1km) from each museum and heritage location. This shows that the museum and heritage coverage for the city is very widespread however the fact that the locations are so far spread from each other can make them more difficult to walk to.
Here we can see the connections and links between each of the locations of the museum and heritage cultural strand. We can see the route that a person would have to take to travel between each museum and heritage location. the routes between each of the locations cover a large area, however do follow a relatively liner route, which would be easy to navigate between the north-west and south-east of the city.
55
Sport Locations in Leeds Centre
56
Sports : Locations
• • • •
Leeds is home to various sporting activities, however the more centrally located sports (found on the map overleaf) include martial arts such as karate, thai chi & kung fu, a football ground (powerleague), tennis (for kids), a snooker centre and a skate park. There are large playing field areas and sports centres throughout the city, plus golfing facilities and wetherby racecourse. Leeds holds a strong sporting heritage with the Rugby Football League headquarters based at the outskirts of the city, as well as important games being held at the Headingley & Elland Road Stadiums. Currently there are 17 leisure centres, 11 gyms, 14 swimming pools & over 400 fitness classes available to keep the locals healthy and active.
Leeds Half Marathon
Rugby Union World Cup
Tour de France
Wimbledon Final
BMX/Skate Events
A selection of significant sporting events have taken place in Leeds. Tour de France departed from the city centre in 2014 bringing together thousands of people, locals and visitors. Leeds also hosted the Rugby Union World Cup in 2015 and since its success has been asked to hold the ‘Columbia Threadneedle World Triathlon Series’ which departs on 11th/12th June 2016.
57
Sport : Analysis
58
Spacing
Proximities
The sport locations in Leeds show the most unusual spread of all the strands, stretching over surrounding areas, but not the city centre. The main locus for this cultural strand is fairly central, however the actual location of the points are much further from the central point than any other cultural strand analysed.
This shows the proximities and densities of the sport cultural strand as a volume topography. As is shown, the sport sites are spread over the north-west and the north-east of the city but are significantly lower in other areas, particularly south of the river.
Coverage
Connections
This diagram shows the area covered by the pedestrian walkway and road systems. It shows how far a person can walk within 10 minutes (1km) from each sports location. This shows that the sports coverage for by foot is very limited. Most of the sports location are clustered together but are not linked to each other. There is good coverage over the north of the city, but little, to nothing, in the city centre and south of the city.
Here we can see the connections and links between each of the locations of the sport cultural strand. The routes between each of the locations cover a very large area, and spread across most of the city, this distance would take a long time to cover by foot, making this strand the most difficult to access from the city centre and train station.
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Fashion and textiles Locations in Leeds Centre
60
Fashion & Textiles : Locations
The above map shows the combined areas that can be reached within 05.km of all the fashion stores in Leeds city centre. It is clear that the industry is still thriving and there is no shortage of places to buy new clothing/ accessories. So what is missing? What could a new cultural centre in Leeds include to enhance and link together what is already available?
In this map the three fashion areas have been separated:
= high street
= vintage
= high end
Each can be clearly distinguished from the others, with slight overlaps connecting them all together. The selected site (outlined above) is located just NorthEast of the high-end fashion area.
61
Textile & Fashion : Analysis
62
Spacing
Proximities
The textile and fashion locations in Leeds are very widely spread, stretching over mainly the east side of the city, with a few larger buildings to the west of the city. The main locus for this cultural strand is closer to the east of the city, and there are more locations further from the city centre than some of the other cultural strands.
This shows the proximities and densities of the fashion and textiles cultural strand as a volume topography. As is shown, the industry in the city is fairly evenly spread in the centre but is lacking towards the south-west of the city.
Coverage
Connections
This diagram shows the area covered by the pedestrian walkway and road systems. It shows how far a person can walk within 10 minutes (1km) from each fashion and textile location. This shows that the coverage by foot is restricted. Most of the fashion and textile locations are clustered together but, similarly to sport, are not linked to each other. Generally there is good coverage by foot, however there is little in the city centre jointing each of the clusters.
Here we can see the connections and links between each of the locations of the fashion and textiles cultural strand. The routes between each of the locations cover a large area, and spread across most of the east and centre of the city, these distances would take a relatively long time to cover by foot.
63
Fashion & Textiles: Textile Development The Below maps show the varying density of textile factories over-layed on a modern day map to illustrate the effects of the textile industry on the growth of Leeds 1 - 1300-1700 The woollen industry is dominant with Leeds being the centre of woollen finishing, with Fulling Mills and dye houses built on the banks of the river. The map shows Leeds prior to the diversion of the river for Leeds Rail Station
2 - 1700-1780 The woollen industry continued to build in Leeds, but was mainly a cottage industry in Leeds and the surrounding areas as family businesses attached to the clothiers cottage. Wool was bought at the market then washed and dyed.
3 - 1780-1850 (The Industrial Revolution) Woollen industry thrived in Leeds as demand increased for home and export. England was at war with France, requiring military uniforms further growing Leeds’ textile dominance. Which in turn grew the engineering in Leeds as was required for production of materials.
4 - 1850-1900 Decline in the Textile industry caused many factories to close, with clothing manufacturing and footwear grew in importance. But new textile companies were set up with improved machinery
5 - 1900-1950 The textile industry continues the decline, but is revitalised briefly with the 2nd world war, but couldn’t keep the textile industry strength in Leeds, due to cheap imports.
6 - 1950-Present Day The last of the textile factories in Leeds closed down due to imports being much cheaper. However a £50m investment from Burberry to bring manufacturing back into the centre with quality trench coats
Temple Mills
64
Fashion & Textiles : Historical Locations The below image shows the 62 locations of textile mills throughout history in Leeds overlayed onto a current day figure ground map. This shows the vast influence of textiles within the industrial growth of Leeds, textiles was the largest influence in the growth of Leeds.
65
History : Textiles Time Line Prior to the industrial revolution Leeds is surrounded by fields, with woollen manufacturing still a cottage industry 1782
Lord of the Manor built a fulling mill for cotton, powered by water from the River Aire 1322
A Group Young merchants obtained charter of incorporation for Leeds, controlling manufacturing and standards for trading and quality 1626 Richard Paley built 2 cotton mills in bank area using steam power. 1790
Leeds York Wakefield
Also Benjamin Grott builds 1st combined woollen factory
Population increases to more than Wakefield and York
1356 The 2nd fulling mill powered by water from the River Aire was built
1684 Cloth is now principle industry in Leeds and has outgrown Leeds bridge and moved to Lower Briggate
1810 The cotton industry in Leeds has died, whilst the woollen industry is thriving with new engineering technologies, causing a large boom of engineering in Leeds. 1704 Leeds becomes so prosperous that it Completes the build of the Aire & Calder Navigation making the river Aire navigable to Hull by use of locks
66
Leeds becomes the centre of the British flax industry with 37 factories using 10% of all imported flax 1850
Montague Burton’s factory becomes the largest clothing manufacturing factory in Europe 1921
Engineering becomes Leeds largest employment section due to the requirement in textile industry 1900
Clothing production in Leeds dies at the hands of cheap imports. 1960s/1970s
TextileIndustry Declines ClothingIndustry Booms
1910 Textiles now only employed 1/10 of the workforce in Leeds. Leeds is now 2nd most important fashion capital in Britain
1945 After a brief reconciliation of clothing production during the war with Burtons providing military uniforms, the clothing industry in Leeds begins to decline
2019 Burberry plan to reinvigorate the clothing industry in Leeds back to an industrial scale with ÂŁ50m investment in Temple Works with an aim to bring the clothing manufacturing in Leeds back to fruition 1876 Lots of textile factories closed during the 1876-1890 depression as businesses move abroad for greater profit
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Future : Burberry Investment
The following sequence looks at the process taken to prepare the pieces ready for manufacturing. This follows the process for the 1:10 scale model that was produced, although the same steps are taken for full scale manufacturing.
How Much Investment
Aim
£50m
• Create 200 new jobs in the city
Reasons for investment To retain quality British made fashion
What will the return on investment be Futher investment from abroad with over £34m turnover coming from abroad
Location Temple Mills, an icon in Leeds
centre from 2019 in new factory and 800 from the closing factories • Revive Leeds once-mighty textile trade • Committed to keeping manufacture in Yorkshire to retain the fundamental appeal of iconic products • Customers wanted “authenticity” and that meant “Made in Britain” to keep Burberry Thriving following the ‘Fear from the East’
How could this reinforce the Leeds 2023 bid
• Prosperous jobs to Leeds • Reinvigorate the textiles in Leeds
attracting new labels to do the same • Inspire up and coming Leeds designers to aspire to the same with investment available from the Leeds Fashion Initiative
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Future : Independent Fashion
The following sequence looks at the process taken to prepare the pieces ready for manufacturing. This follows the process for the 1:10 scale model that was produced, although the same steps are taken for full scale manufacturing.
Current Independent Fashion in Leeds Unique small retailers in an exciting growing community
What is it Lacking? A Creative Hub
Financial Stability
Production Technologies
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Theatre, Music and Dance Locations in Leeds Centre
70
Theatres, Music & Dance : Locations The dance scene in Leeds is concentrated towards the East of the city with many well established companies such as Northern Ballet and Phoenix Dance being the leading groups. Whilst all types of dance are catered for by the various organisations, ballet is one the more well established forms of dance in Leeds. Working with the Grand Theatre, Northern Ballet regularly showcase classics such as the Nut Cracker along with other original performances.
Number of venues
5
4
9
Theatre
Music
Dance
Moving forward, my research will focus on ballet, looking in particular at the motion with a very strict dance form.
Companies within Leeds
71
Theatres, Music & Dance : Analysis
72
Spacing
Proximities
The theatre, music and dance locations in Leeds are spread over the centre and east of the city. The main locus for this cultural strand is fairly centrally located and although there are some outliers, most of the locations in the city that host theatre, music and dance based events are within the city centre.
This shows the proximities and densities of the theatre, music and dance cultural strand as a volume topography. As is shown, the highest densities and proximities are towards the centre and east of the city, and the lowest proximities are in the south-west.
Coverage
Connections
This diagram shows the area covered by the pedestrian walkway and road systems. It shows how far a person can walk within 10 minutes (1km) from each location in the city that host theatre, music and dance events. This shows that the coverage for the city is relatively evenly spread over the city centre. The strand is easily accessible from the city centre, as well as from the train and coach stations, and the main bus routes.
Here we can see the connections and links between each of the locations of the theatre, music and dance cultural strand. We can see the route that a person would have to take to travel between each location and the spread of the routes linking the locations in the east of the city to the city centre.
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Cultural Locations : Combined
This graph shows the overall spread of each of the strands compared to the number of locations belonging to the strand. The festival strand has a large number of locations spread over a comparably small space, whereas the sport strand has fewer locations spread over a much larger area.
This map shows the locations of all of the cultural points identified during this process. There is a fairly even spread over the city with a central cluster in the north of the city centre.
10
20
Locations
Number of Locations
Quality and Spread
Spread of Locations
I0I0
74
Coverage
Connections
This diagram shows the overall coverage of all of the nine strands. It is clear that these strands cover almost all of the city, meaning that wherever someone is within the city they are always within a ten minute walk of a cultural venue. The most significant outlier is the sport strand which covers a large portion of the north east of the city.
Here we can see the connections and links between each of the locations of the cultural strands. Almost all of the cultural strands use the Headrow as a main connection route. This is a key link by bus to the outer areas of Leeds, and therefore should be considered when selecting a site.
Conclusion The mapping and analysis of the cultural strands chosen within Leeds highlighted the concentration around the city centre area. Many of the strands were located towards different peripherals of the city but were mainly concentrated in the centre. This highlights how the city has developed, focusing on culture within the city centre.
75
Leeds Analysis - Macro
Leeds : History 1086 •
Leeds (previously named Loidis) began as a Saxon village and by 1086 had a population of about 200. By the standards of the time this was quite a substantial size.
•
In 1207 a new town was founded in Leeds during a time of when trade and commerce were increasing in England.
•
In Medieval Leeds there were markets and annual fairs where people would come to from all over Yorkshire to buy & sell products.
•
The main industry in Leeds was the production of wool, however many of the residents made their money from farming. The town housed around 1,000 people.
•
Leeds grew rapidly during the 16th century, mainly due to the growth in the woollen cloth industry. By the early 17th century the population had reached 3,000 people.
•
During the 17th century Leeds was considered a wealthy town the houses were a substantial size and built of stone.
•
Various other industries started to develop during the 18th century - pottery, brick making and several craftsman trades.
•
In 1801, the year of the first census the population had reached 30,000 and by 1851 it was 101,000. Leeds grew rapidly but the standard of housing and living was of a poor quality.
•
Life in the 19th century gradually improved for Leeds, with gas lamps lighting the streets, construction of the town hall, better connected rail systems and the availability of medicine.
•
The growth of Leeds continued to increase rapidly, reaching 178,000 by 1901. The council employed 19,000 people by 1946 a massive percentage of the population.
•
However during the 20th the main industries in Leeds started to diminish as the importance of the manufacturing industry declined.
•
The late 20th century brought large amounts of tourism to the city, with Leeds Playhouse opening in 1970. New shopping arcades were built and various museums opening.
•
During the 21st century the population of Leeds had risen to 715,000 as the city continues to flourish.
Today
78
Leeds : Urban Growth
1850
1890
1900
1930
1950
1960
79
Tracing : Population & Housing Density
In this map, the light blue areas of highest density range from 30,000 to 150,000 persons per square kilometre. In those areas, if the people were spread out evenly across the area, there would be just 4 to 9 meters between them. Very high density areas exceed 7,000 persons per square kilometre. High density areas exceed 5,200 (ppsqkm), low density areas exceed 3,330 (ppsqkm), and very low density areas exceed 1,500 (ppsqkm).
Residential land-use for the city is shown, expressed as housing density. Housing density is divided into three categories: high, medium, low. In Leeds, high density is defined as 150 square meters of land area per dwelling or less. Medium density is defined as 151 - 349 (sqmpd), low density is 350 (sqmpd) or more.
Conclusion : These maps show that the residential population within Leeds is mainly found outside of the city centre. With Leeds being built around an industrial-focused background housing locations were situated towards the outer areas of the city and public transport links were strengthened for efficient access. By analysing this information it shows the importance of having a site that can be sufficiently accessed by pedestrians, ensuring it is well connected to bus and train links.
80
Tracing : Housing Density
This map shows where senior populations are found throughout Leeds. Areas with more than 10% seniors are highlighted with a blue shading while a bright blue dot representation reveals the number of seniors and their distribution.
This map shows where youth populations are found throughout Leeds. Areas with more than 33% youth are highlighted with dark blue shading while a bright blue dot representation reveals the number of youth and their distribution.
Conclusion : Analysing population ages in Leeds has provided some interesting data when considering the dominant target audience for our project. Comparing the two maps shows that the senior population is fairly evenly spread across Leeds, whereas the youth density appears to be slightly more grouped in particular areas, majority being north-west of the centre. In general there is a fairly even balance of both senior and youth residents that will have to be considered in the location and development of a building proposal.
81
Tracing : Access Routes
This diagram shows the access routes into the city centre via bus. It shows the Nearby train Stations (other than Leeds Train Station) which could provide additional access to Leeds city centre via connecting bus services. It is clear that there is considerably more bus access from the north of the city, however this is where most of the housing is in the surrounding areas.
This map shows the vehicular access to Leeds City Centre. The Motorway shows the main inner ring road for Leeds, and provides the main access to the city centre from the north. Access from the south is primarily from A-roads, and most roads within the city centre are B-roads.
Motorways A-roads B-roads
82
Tracing : Designated “Quarters�
Education Hospital Civic Offices
This map shows the council designated areas of the city. It is clear that currently the largest areas are the shopping, offices and education. The cultural quarter is small in comparison with the other areas, and is the only quarter to be separated over two sites. This is something to take into consideration when deciding on a suitable site.
Shopping Cultural
83
Tracing : Potential Sites This diagram shows the possible sites to choose from, they are currently either areas of brownfield site, disused land, or large car parking areas. Some of these sites are too large, too far from the city centre, or have developments already planned, after eliminating these sites it was clear that there were two sites that were available and suitable for this proposal.
Site A - Pros
Site B - Pros
Waterfront views Space to expand site if necessary Close to train station Encourages expansion of Leeds Can be seen from trains pulling in to the station
In the existing cultural quarter Close to the bus links and coach station Encourages Expansion of Leeds On the main road with heavy footfall Close to additional site space if necessary Other new developments also in the area
Site A - Cons
Site B - Cons
Further from city centre No existing culture in the area Is located in the office quarter
Regenerating 84
Close to a motorway would need to demolish existing buildings
VS.
Adding to existing
Tracing : Strategies
Connections
Strategy
Both of the potential sites chosen benefit from good connection links within the city. This is an important part of the considerations to ensure that the intervention is as easy to access as possible.
Each of the two site available would bring a different emphasis to the overall strategy.
Site B is the most accessible of the two site, within a 15 minute walk of both the bus and train station. Located just off of Eastgate and Briggate, the site is adjacent to two of the busiest streets in Leeds city centre.
Site B provides the more promising and long lasting strategy to fill the void in the current cultural quarter. This will allow for the firm establishment of the cultural zone that currently partially exists.
15
Mi nu te
alk W alk W
alk eW
5 M inu t
10
Mi nu t
e
+ +
85
86
Tracing : Chosen Site
The dominating reason for the selection of site b was the proposal to fully establish a cultural quarter within Leeds. The left hand diagram below shows the current ‘cultural and entertainment’ zones, highlighted in black, as declared by the local council. It becomes apparent that there is a potential space between the two zones that could be generated to fill in the ‘cultural gap’ of Leeds. As stated previously site b also has excellent access and transport links due to its central location.
Site B
87
Site Analysis - Meso
90
Site Analysis : Photos
91
Site Analysis : Photos
92
93
Urban Grain : Analysis
1850
1950
1960
1990
Conclusion : From these diagrams it can be concluded that the urban density on site has diminished over time, transforming from a high density residential and industrial area into an open plan car park surrounded by a few shops and derelict buildings. There is also an obvious grid layout that has remained prominent throughout the history of the site, which also resonates over the plan of Leeds city centre.
94
Site Analysis : Listed Buildings
Grand Arcade, Grade II Listed: Shopping arcade. 1897, altered and restored 1992. By Smith and Tweedale. Cast-iron structure with brick external walls, sandstone details
Leeds and Holbeck Building Society, Grade II Listed: Former Bank, and offices, 1932, to designs by Sir Reginald Blomfield. Red brick with extensive stone facings and dressings and a slate roof.
76-88, Vicar Lane, Grade II Listed: Shops, workshops and hotel. Early C20, altered late C20. Brick, banded terracotta, grey slate roof with 3 tall moulded brick stacks
Templar House, Grade II Listed: Wesleyan Methodist Association chapel, now warehouse. 1840. By James Simpson. Red brick, stone dressings, slate roof.
Petrol station, Grade II Listed: Petrol station, 1932. Designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield. Red brick, ashlar details, copper and slate roof, hexagonal plan
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Site Analysis : Acoustic Analysis The noise maps on this site have been produced by the Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Through noise mapping, we have determined that the site is exposed to environmental noise from road sources, the majority of of which is directed from the A64(M) dual carriage-way north of the site.
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1 - Road Noise Level Map Legend for Lden
2 - Road Noise Level Map for Lden (day/ evening/night average)
3 - Total Noise Population ExposureLden
1 - Road Noise Level Map Legend for Lnight
2 - Road Noise Level Map for Lnight
3 - Total Noise Population ExposureLnight
Site Analysis : Climate
Analysing the temperature, precipitation, wind speed and wind direction allows us to more suitably position the buildings when designing the master-plan. The wind direction and speed should be taken into account when considering building locations and heights. The precipitation and temperature should be considered when looking at the openness and exposure of the public spaces and individual buildings.
Average monthly temperatures
Average monthly precipitation
30 °C
100 mm
20 °C
20 °C
18 °C
15 °C
10 °C 7 °C
2 °C
2 °C
10 °C
9 °C
10 °C 7 °C
14 °C
12 °C
11 °C
12 °C
75 mm
20 °C
18 °C
8 °C
6 °C
5 °C
4 °C
3 °C
50 mm
10 °C 7 °C 3 °C
0 °C
25 mm
-10 °C
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Mean daily Temperature
Jun
Jul
Hot days
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
0 mm
Dec
Cold nights
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Precipitation
Wind Speed
Wind Direction
N NNW
NNE 1000
30 days
NW
NE 750
25 days 500
WNW
20 days
ENE
250
15 days
W
E
10 days
WSW
5 days
0 days
Jan >0
Feb >3
Mar >7
Apr
May >12
Jun >17
Jul
Aug >24
Sep
Oct >31
Nov
Dec
ESE
SW
SE
>38 mph SSW
SSE S
>0
>3
>7
>12
>17
>24
>31
>38 mph
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Site Analysis : Cultural Zones
Zooming in to the selected site and looking at the strands located within close proximity to the proposed cultural hub confirms that the area is rich with visitor attractions and events. By establishing a centre in this district it provides the public with quick access routes from the other points of interest situated in Leeds. Each of the highlighted areas represents a distance of 250m from a particular building or place of cultural significance. 98
Site Access : Routes
These maps show the access routes for people that will be arriving by coach, bus, train, car and foot. Most of the main access points are from either the south, south-west, and north-west, with a few routes from the north-east. When producing the master-plan for this site, the access points should be taken into consideration. 99
Site & Building Heights This drawings shows the site, and the levels within the site. The overall change in level across the site is approximately 10m which should be taken into a account with the master-plan. The highest point is on the north-west, and the lowest point is in the southeast
Section 1 goes from south to north of the site
Section 2 goes from west to east of the site 100
Site & Building Heights
5 Story
4 Story
3 Story
2 Story
Analysing the surrounding building heights it is clear that the overall vernacular mirrors the topography of the site. Moving from two storey buildings on the west of the site, to three and four storey buildings towards the east end of the site. All buildings within the proposed master-plan should respect the surrounding buildings by not exceeding five storeys.
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4 5
8
3 2 1
9
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6
Materiality : Building Materials Around the chosen site the majority of building materials include, Brick, Limestone, Sandstone and Concrete. These are all readily available in and around Leeds during time of construction, making them locally sourced and relatively cost effective to build with.
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Materiality around site : Brick A large majority of the site is constructed in red brick, a cheap and readily available material that can be constructed with a relatively unskilled workforce.
Manufacture Process
Sand + Water Metal Grid Clay
Roller
Wire Cutter
Or
Bricks
Mould
Drying Oven Cooling Chamber
Kiln
Kiln 24-48hr
Lower Eastgate 48-72hr
High
Moderate
Packaging Delivery
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Materiality around site : Portland Stone There is a large amount of Portland Stone used on the site as banding course and highlight elements within brickwork. This is a more expensive material to source, adding a certain monetary value and influence aesthetic to the local area.
Manufacture Process
s
Face Survey
Drill Shot Holes
Checking Holes
Charge explosives
Detonate Explosives
Stockpile Ready for Squaring
Squaring of Stone
Square stone delivered for use
Eastgate Millennium Fountain
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4
5 6
7
8
9
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Water & Rain : Meanwood Beck Passing underneath the site is an underground beck, Meanwood Beck. Below illustrated the photos of the beck as it meanders underneath Leeds city centre.
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
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Masterplan Development
Masterplan : Development The following sequence looks at the process taken to prepare the site for development.
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1. Existing Site, Car Parks and Buildings in Disrepair
2. Site Clearance
4. Creation of ‘Green’ Buffer Zone to Motorway for acoustic buffering and visual elimination of eyesore
3. Site Levelling - Usable Space 19600m²
7. Site lines depicted by existing building and new determined circulation routes between key circulation points
9. Usable Space on Site
8. Usable space then divided by the determined circulation
10. Creating a public square in the centre, and splitting to usable site levels
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Masterplan : Development
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9. Usable Space on Site
10. Creating a public square in the centre, and splitting to usable site levels
11. Spiting the remaining space into plots following the historical urban grid.
12. Each type of building on site film, digital, textile and fashion and food
I0I0
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