urban terrain
title
3SRT_A sustainable vehicle concept for the individual need of mobility in urban areas Concept Development focus „Design
& Sustainability“
Bachelor Thesis Industrial Design FH JOANNEUM University of Applied Sciences, Graz academic year 2013/14 Rebecca Eveline Daum supported by
Lutz Kucher Julian Herget Georg Wagner
declaration of academic honesty I declare, that I have made the present work independently and only with the aid of the reported resources. Information derived from published and unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references. Also artwork that was not created by myself or a team member was identified as such. Graz, 31.05.2014
Rebecca Eveline Daum
abstract The 3SRT represents a new category of vehicles based on the advantages of the automobile and the Quad . Thanks to its variable wheelbase, its compact lightweight design and the ability to customize it, it embodies the lifestyle of the urban trendsetter and meets the requirements of a sustainable lifestyle. This document shows the process from the emergence of the idea to the finished model with a focus on research and conception. Der 3SRT stellt eine neue Fahrzeugkategorie basierend auf den Vorteilen des Automobils und des Quads dar. Dank seines variablen Radstandes, seiner kompakten Leichtbauweise und der MĂśglichkeit zur individuellen Gestaltung verkĂśrpert es den Lebensstil des urbanen Trendsetters und wird den AnsprĂźchen an einen nachhaltigen Lebensstil gerecht. Dieses Dokument zeigt den Prozess von der Entstehung der Idee bis zum fertigen Modell mit einem Schwerpunt auf dem Bereich Konzeption und Research.
content
1. Introduction 2. Research & Conception 3. Technical Package 4. Design 5. Virtual Modelling 6. Modelmaking 7. Results
intro
12 Intro_Team
team
Team_Intro 13
David Samuel Weiskopf 23 years, from Tirol, Austria
Rebecca Eveline Daum 27 years, from Graz, Austria
Christopf Heinrich Sagkob 31 years, from Germany
Focus and main responsibilities:
Focus and main responsibilities:
Focus and main responsibilities:
_CAD modelling (exterior details) in Rhino _CAD modelling (technical components) in Solid Works _Package and technical concept _Model making, hardmodel
_Research and conception _Interior design _Interaction design _Colour & Trim
_CAD modelling (exterior and interior) in Rhino
14 Intro_Project
Benelli off the road & in the snow
project
Due to current developments in the market, an extension of the product range including ATVs and snowmobiles make sense, on the one hand to strengthen the brand Benelli, on the other hand to use synergies in product development. The strategy is that the future vehicle provides a clear functional added value for the customer in compere to the vehicles of the competitors. The project will be carried out as a competition. There will be groups of 2-3 students each. The three most outstanding project results will receive a prize in the amount of EUR 3.000, -
Both product segments have a strong archetypical orientation, which have hardly changed over the past decades. New vehicles are usually optical variations of the previous models. Real innovation is not found. Therefore, it is about a visionary approach to create innovative vehicle concepts. The focus is on the application and the usage behaviour of customers, the Benelli brand must be clearly visible .
Option A Create a vehicle for one to three persons for offroad use. This is about the product segment „Quad „ (Latin quadri- „four“) or „ATV“ (short for „All Terrain Vehicle“)
Model
Sustainability in ecological as well as in the social sense is also an issue for Benelli . In all considerations, a time horizon of 5-10 years should be used.
All design concepts will be developed as physical models in scale 1:5 and presented.
Option B Make a vehicle for one to three persons for use in the snow. This is about the product segment „Snowmobile“.
task
Project_Intro 15
Sustainabilty The fifth semester project is dedicated to the topic „Design & Sustainability“. Definition „Sustainability“ Sustainability is to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. _the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world‘s poor, to which overriding priority should be given; _the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment‘s ability to meet present and future needs. This is the definition of sustainability as created by the World Commission on Environment and Development.
Invention
technical invention
Innovation
new concept
New Product Development
new package
Re-Design
new functionalities
Styling
facelift
CTG
color trim graphic
Invention
Re-Design
An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process. It may be an improvement upon a machine or product, or a new process for creating an object or a result. An invention that achieves a completely unique function or result may be a radical breakthrough. [1]
To equip an existing product with new functionalities is a way of a re-design. It could be the successor to an existing product, which can be equipped with new features due to more technical developments.
Innovation While something novel is often described as an innovation, in economics, management science, and other fields of practice and analysis it is generally considered a process that brings together various novel ideas in a way that they have an impact on society. [2]
New Product Development A new product development in context of vehicle design is creating a new package.
Styling Styling (derived from engl. Style = „style“) is called in design the purely aesthetic revision of a product. The essential purpose of the styling in the design is the beautification of a product to give this a higher resale value.
CTG (Color, trim and graphics) CTG is a cost-effective refresh of an existing, established product on the market. New materials, colors and graphics are used, depending on current trends and the target group for existing products. CTG don’t contains a re-design of the general shape.
focus placement
16 Intro_Process
research
virtual modelling_
package
conception
October 2013
design
November 2013 Decision on concept
December 2013 Approval Engineering
model making_
January 2014 Designfreeze
CAD Modell ready for print
Printet parts produced
Research
Conception
Package
Design
virt. Modelling
Modelmaking
Briefing Project focus Market analysis Status quo Customer analysis Brand values Trend analysis
Usage scenarios
Setup Shape & Shift function Hydraulic Frame construction 1:1 Mock-Up Protoyps Version 1 - 3 (Lego technik) Engineering experts approval
Exterior _Sketching _Textile Experiments _Prototyping (wire model)
Modelling Rhino _Exterior _Interior
3D printing Postprocessing of print parts Coating Textile elements Assembling
for 3 Concepts _User research _Interviews _Persona _“Day-in-a-Life“ _User needs _Product requirements _Product positioning _Design positioning _Design attributes _Reference aestetics
Interior _Sketching Tape Rendering Interface Design Colour & Trim
Modelling Solid Works _Technical Components _Frame construction _Interior Details _Exterior Details
Process_Intro 17
present
document
Phase
parallel activities
Milestone
important intermediate goal
Workload
high vs. low
Responsibility
low involvement medium involvement
February 2014 Final presentation held
May 2014
main resposiblity
Bachelors thesis ready for print
Presentation
Documentation
Final presentation Feedback
Documentation already during the project Detailed documentation as bachelor thesis
process
research conception
&
think.
20 Conception
&market concepts
usage scenarios & user needs
require ments
gather
design attributes
Conception 21
product features
discuss
conclude
22 Conception_Benelli Benelli Watercraft is a manufacturer and distributor of Personal Watercraft (PWC). It’s a brand in the premium segment and its most important values are performance, dynamics and innovative design.
“Reliability, performance and italian design make the difference” 2004 Austria. Hydrospace is born, the only European manufacturer of personal watercrafts. From 2006 onwards, countless World Championship titles are being won until today. Benelli Motori is acquired and Hydrospace becomes HSR-Benelli. 2009 Italy. Located in the middle of the most important motorcycle and marine area, Pesaro becomes the new home of Benelli‘s headquarters. Benelli‘s new PWCs, are the result of our passion for Italian design and our commitment to outstanding performance. 2013 Thailand. Benelli changed name to BELASSI. BELASSI is a combination of Benelli (Manufacturer) and Lasselsberger Engineering (Sales). Not only the name of Benelli has changed but also the headquarter and production plant. Hemaraj in Thailand is the new headquarter of BELASSI as well as a production plant. [3]
stand up
runabout
benelli
Benelli_Conception 23 At the moment Benelli is in a high performance segment of personal water crafts. So the current terrain that Benelli represents is the water.
offroad
snow
The project task defined by Benelli was to either design a snowmobile or an ATV. The decision that we wanted to got for the ATV / quad direction was made quite quickly, as we see a bigger target group in the ATV / quad sector. Furthermore, nobody of us has ever experienced an environment where the usage of a snowmobile is required. So when making decisions we would have to rely totally on third person’s statements and opinions. At a first step of our research we took a look at the current ATV and quad market. We were analysing the types of quads that are existing and were looking at future competitors of Benelli. We could categorize the existing ATVs by their usage (professional vs. leisure) and there package (side-by-side vs. motorcycle seat). We found an already quite saturated market in all segments. From well established brands (like Honda, Kawasaki,...) to a huge number of no-name lowcost suppliers from countries such as China everything is represented. The more we move to a usage of quads on the streets, the more space for a new provider seems to be left on the market.
offroad
onroad
So our conclusion was to establish Benelli in a city and suburban terrain. In this environment the future will also bring a lot of challenges concerning transportation. With the sustainable project focus in our mind, we identified a lot of potential in entering urban terrain.
...enters urban terrain
24
Conception_Trends
{
growing cities
Desire for individual mobility remains
more traffic cots rising €
{ {
more restrictions §
noise, pollution, lack of space, stress
To sum up the results of our research and analysis phase there is no doubt that cities are growing even more in the future. This is accompanied by growing traffic. In addition to that, the costs of individual transport are rising (fuel, insurance, taxes). There will also be more restrictions for individual traffic (bans, city toll and legislation). Noise, environmental pollution (especially the air), lack of space and stress are the results. Quality of life will sink. These are facts that we might have in mind, but our wish for total mobility and flexibility is still the same. The life in our society also requires form everybody of us to be totally flexible. So individual transportation will always be something we are longing for and that we need.
Let‘s go!_
One result of this desire for flexibility is already visible now. In a car today there are in average 1.2 persons.
1.2 persons / car short ranges
qualitiy of life sinks :-(
conflict
The megatrend documentation of the :zukunfts|Institut ÂŽ is a detailed collection of important data, facts and forecasts about the biggest, global processes in economy and society.
Trends_Conception 25
The 11 megatrends: _individualisation _female shift _silver society _new learning _new work _health _neo-ecology _connectivity _globalisation _urbanisation _mobility We have looked at these issues in more detail and first collected more data and facts to get a picture of the current situation and the future . The most important trends connected to the project task are
individualization urbanization new-ecology mobility
trends
[4]
254,4 million vehicles registred in the US
Washington D.C. Los Angeles San Francisco New York Boston Houston Atlanta Chicago Philadelphia Seattle
67 h 61 h 61 h 59 h 53 h 52 h 51 h 51 h 48 h 48 h
Moscow Istanbul Warsaw Brussels Stockholm Marseille Rome Paris Palermo Lyon
127 h 118 h 110 h 103 h 102 h 99 h 97 h 97 h 90 h 90 h
Hours spend in traffic jam (2012) US americans stuck 500,000 years in traffic jam (2007)
1 in 5 urban crashes is related to searching for parking.
$ 87.2 billions fuel and productivity loss
85 % of all transportation costs in the US are related to private automobiles
traffic
Stroke
40% 40%
Heart
17% Lungs
Death reasons
Annual average of particles (mg) per cubic meter of air Global Ahwaz, Iran Ulaarbaatar, Mongolia New Delhi, India Beijing, China
372 279 198 121
Ulaanbaatar
...
Europe Plovdiv, Bulgaria Sofia, Bulgaria Krakow, Poland Pleven, Bulgaria Thessaloniki, Greece
70 68 64 57 56
... Paris London Berlin
US Bakersfield, CA Fresno, CA Riverside, CA Fairbanks, AK
38 29 26 38 35 28 27
... Los Angeles Chiicago New York
25 22 21
London 29 New York 21
Ahvaz 372
279 121 Beijing
198 New Delhi
Death by air pollution / 1 million (2012)
pollution
2 person per second
move into a city
There are currently 23 megacities with population over 10 million Tokyo Mumbai Mexico City New York Sao Paulo Shanghai Kolkata Delhi Beijing Chongqing London Dhaka
Buenos Aires Los Angeles Karachi Cairo Rio de Janeiro Paris Rhein-Ruhr Osaka Manila Moscow Istanbul
Tokyo Mumbai Shanghai Beijing Delhi
1900 | 1990 | 2010 | 2030 | 2050 | urban country
Top
5 cities in 2025
36 cities more than 10 mio. inhabitants in 2025 (now 23)
urbanization
-30 % CO2 EVs impact (with US energy mix)
Norway Netherlands France Estonia Iceland Japan Switzerland Sweden Denmark United States
5,75 0,83 0,79 0,73 0,69 0,51 0,39 0,30 0,28 0,28
Top BEVs countries
percentage of total new car sales in the country in 2013, hybrids not included
United States
up to 10 miles 15 to 30 miles 30 to 45 miles 45 or more miles
15% 51% 28% 6%
Average miles driven per day (US) High school or less Some college, no degree Associate degree Bachelor‘s degree Post-graduate degree
Education level of EV owners (US)
Japan China Netherlands France Norway
172,000 74,124 38,598 28,673 28,560 29,486
Top EVs countries 2% 7% 4% 35% 52%
Total number of sales of BEV and PEV since 2008
emobility
34 Conception_Car vs Quad
+
+
compact
image
status
acceptance
low costs (TCO)
dangerous
security
high costs (TCO)
weather dependent
weather independent
easy handling
The biggest competitor of a quad in an urban environment is at the moment still the car. Let’s take a closer look at advantages and disadvantages of each vehicle.
vs
size
The car is so popular because of its undeniable advantages. But the times are changing. A car, which is in some areas of the world (f.e. China) still a status symbol, is seen more and more critical in urban areas of the western world, especially in Europe.
The advantages of a quad are
On the other side a quad has a lot of disadvantages
The advantages of the car are
On the other side a car has a lot of disadvantages
_compact size _lightweight _low costs (TCO) _easy handling _field of view _short stopping distance _recreational fun
_image _dangerous _weather-dependent _suitable for daily use _max. 2 persons _noise _smell
_status _weather-independent _gadgets + comfort _flexibility + storage _safety _up to 5 Persons or more _long distances _customization
_acceptance _high costs (TCO) _fuel consumtion _size _handling _field of view _prohibitions/restrictions
Car + Quad_Conception 35
compact size
3SRT
S ustainable
weather protection
S uburban
lightweight
S hort
driving pleasure
R ange
storage
T ransport
low costs (TCO) field of view
There is a crucial disadvantage of a quad, that makes it unattractive for the majority of the people, and that is its image. We all heard of terrible accidents happening. Often there are also quite young drivers and kids involved in accidents, as there is no kind of legal restriction on riding a quad on a private land. The most recent scenario is that an unsafe handled quad flips over and lands on top of the driver. This can cause serious injuries.
Imagine a vehicle that combines the advantages of the quad with the advantages of a car. A vehicle like that would be _driving enjoyment _compact size _lightweight _weather-protection _storage room _lower TCO than car _field of view As it is neither a quad nor a car, we will create a new category of vehicle. 3SRT – Sustainable Suburban Short Range Transport
+
36 Conception_Target group
trend setter
early adopter
trendsetter essentials
follower With our concept we want focus on the trendsetters. These people are very powerful in when it comes to establish brands. A good example is the Hipster movement; maybe you have heard about it, those fixie driving, lumberjack shirt wearing people, that fancy music on vinyl.
Some years ago the Brand “Ray Ban� (a company that was founded in the late 30ies) was not so popular anymore, but due to these hipsters now this brand is back, Ray Ban is everywhere! By getting the attention of trendsetting people, they will bring Benelli into the cities and make it attractive for everybody.
attractive for 30%
Target group_Conception 37
7%
7%
liberal intellectual upper class upper middle class
10%
conservative established
7%
social ecological
14%
average middle class
liberal intellectual
7%
performer
7%
expeditiv
9% adaptiv pragmatic
10%
conservative established
14%
social ecological
14%
bourgeois middle traditional
7%
15%
14%
traditional
expeditiv
adaptiv pragmatic average middle class
15% lower middle class lower class
precarious reorientation
upper class upper middle class
9%
9%
9%
modernisation individualisation
7%
hedonistic
precarious traditional
performer
bourgeois middle
hedonistic lower middle class lower class
7%
traditional
modernisation individualisation
reorientation
Sinus-Milieus®, Germany, 2014 As a next step we took a look at the Sinus-Milieus. The Sinus-Mileus is an important marketing instrument to define target groups. The segmentation of the target group is done by two dimensions: _Social class (upper, middle and lower class) _Basic orientation of values _(traditional, modernism, _new orientation) As a fitting target group we took the so called “Performer”.
The “Performer” is described as _multi-optional, _efficiency oriented _with global-ecological thinking _stylistic avantgardists If we can reach this target group, they will influence the groups „adaptiv pragmatic“ first and finally, the „bourgeous middle“. In total the product would be interesting for 30% of the people.
target group
38
As part of the research an interview on „Urban Mobility“ was performed. Questions asked: _Do you live in the city? _What are the ways you need to cover? _How do you move right now (bike, public transport, car,...)? _Are you satisfied? _Are there any problems? _How important is the issue of „sustainability“? _Do you see yourself as trend-conscious? _How important are trends for you? _Do you know quads? _Could you imagine driving such a thing? 4 people from the target group (2 x male, 2 x female) were interviewed During the interviews audio recordings were made. Here the discussions were summarized. (The pictures are not of the interviewed people.)
„You can have a quad for fun, but that’s it, it’s in conflict to a city environment!“ has been living in the city center in Graz for 1 ½ years, came to study
„ I used to ride the tram but recently I bought a bike, I love it, annoying is only the weather“
sustainability is not the purpose of taking the bicycle, but it’s cheap and fast uses a mac book because of pragmatic reasons (programms apps for mac) not because he want to be a hipster Zhaid 28 years, from Sarajevo, Bosnien Web-Programmer
I hate using the public transport, its too crowded! I alway want to be on time to meetings, and I like beeing outside, so I use my bike! In winter and when it rains the bike is problematic, but it‘s possible with good clothes!“
Alexander lives in the city center the ways he has to do are usually short, maximum 15 to 20 minutes walking, he usally walks or uses the bike, he hates the public transport because it is to crowded, feels safe on the bike in the city, but used to feel more safe in his old city, Vienna than in Graz Sustainability is very important, tries to buy everything he needs second hand (except the underwear) buys local food he sometimes is in conflict with sustainablity when it comes to buying things like a electronics, etc. but even there he buys second hand he doesn‘t know what a quad is, in his opinion it is a leisure time fun vehicle
Alexander 35 years old, from Graz, Austria works in creative industries
„I am currently writing my diploma thesis about sustainable cities development.“ the topic is very interresting (also discusses topics like shared spaces, like the one in Graz at the university area) recycling, vegetarien, local food, no excotic fruits, shopping stop (no consuming)
„I once was on a quad in central americas outback, but in the city?“
Christina 27 years, from Graz, Austria Student, Studies of Environmental Systems Sciences
Target group interviews_Conception 39
„
„A Quad today is a fun vehicle, I dont see a benefit in every-day life“
lives in the city center of Graz typical every-day routes are to work and back home, to university and back home dont leaves Graz very often because her sister also lives here from time to time (once in a Month) goes to Lienz zu visit her parents, for that she uses the train always uses her bike, she only uses the public transport when the weather is bad (thinks that public transport is to expensive) is annoyed because there are not many bike tracks in Graz (used to live in Münster bevore and the situation for biking were much better) feels quite safe even though to bike lanes are too narrow and the tracks of the tram are a problem Sustainablility is very important, is something she got from her parents, studies envirionmental science
I dont wanna life in a throwaway society
„
lives in city center goes to work by bike goes with the train into the suburbs on the weekends bike is practical, a car is luxury, in Graz a car is useless sustainability is very important sustainability in all areas of life is important, cooking, living, ... dont want to life in a throw-away-society quad is not practical in traffic quat is cool in a parcour, but not in a city envirionment
„I use a bike, a car for me is luxury.“
Mario 24 years, from Hitzendorf, Austria Chef in a Bio - Restaurant
40 Conception_Target group
As a result of the interviews, the topic sustainability is a very important factor in the target group’s life. When we are talking about a sustainable lifestyle, we can say that the times of slipper wearing hippies are over. The eco aware person of today has a high demand on fashion and quality of the products they consume, and is willing to pay above-average prices for the products that fulfil their requirements.
eco style
anno
1980
today
Target Group_Conception 41
„
Sustainable is cool!
„
Johan Bohman self-employed IT-Consultant Suburban area in a relationship As a representative of our target group we chose Johan. He’s in his mid-thirties and he’s living in the outskirts of a city. He is a self-employed IT specialist and is in a relationship. He is a typical representative of the target group of the “Performer”. He has a clear statement - „Sustainable is cool!“
42 Conception_A day in the life
urban
suburban
urban
high
8:00
low
9:00
13:00
15:00
18:00 8:00
sunshine
tasty coffee
great girl
project finished
leisure time
traffic jam
78 new mails
find parking space buy parking ticket
find parking space buy parking ticket
traffic jam
Johan is on his way to work. It’s a bright and sunshiny day. But he is stuck in traffic.
Johan and his business partners have rented an area in a coworking space in midtown. The first thing he does when he arrives at work, is grabbing a cup of hot black coffee. And he will also need it, as there are 78 new mails in the inbox.
This day Johann meets his girlfriend for lunch. He picks her up at her workplace and then they drive to her favourite organic restaurant. They are wasting precious time together with searching a parking space. The price of the tickets has increased again it seems….
A meeting with a customer is up next. Johan The end of the working day is here and Johan is and his colleague are going to present the hitting the road. But it’s going to take some time finished project in a café in downtown. Again until he can relax as he is stuck in traffic. they have to search for a parking space but they don’t wanna be late for the appointment!
A day in the life_Conception 43
suburban low
high
18:30
20:00
22:00
action
beer with friends
time to sleep
forgot the milk
lost the fight
tired
rain
Today Johan has Kendo lessons. He packs his sports bag and his boken and drives to the gym. He isn‘t in best form today.
After the training he is having a beer with his dudes, just one, as he has to drive.
traffic density
23:00
done groceries
He decides to do the groceries during the rush hour and stops at a nearby store. He is happy that he has done something useful instead of being stuck in traffic.
area
Johan had a great day and is looking forward to sleep. On his way home it starts to rain.
schedule
things to transport
44 Conception_Brand values_User needs
benelli
emotional
rational
align with brand values
flexibility
role model / trendsetting
representative
using the tiniest parking space
representing lifestyle
sportive
saving time / space
ecological
progessive / innovative
being quicker in city traffic
electric drive engine
in addition to brand values
quality
lightweight
durable material
driving enjoyment
focus on newest technologies
feel the acceleration
So what kind of vehicle does the target group need? The target group has a high demand for mobility and flexibility. They don’t want to waste time in traffic jam or searching for a parking lot. The target group likes to see itself as a pioneer. The vehicle should represent the visionary approach towards technology and ecological thinking of the owner.
On the other hand they are aware of their responsibility for the environment. The future user of our vehicle also has a high demand on fashion and quality of the products they consume. So another important factor is that the overall appearance of the vehicle must adapt to their contemporary style and should offer them a possibility to express themselves.
sustainability all-day-use suitable for the mass The vehicle we create should represent the already established Benelli brand values like being sportive and progressive and innovative. Our concept would add values that would be new in context of Benelli like sustainability, all-day-use and suitablity for everybody. Benelli is now only represented in leisure time with its PWCs portfolio. With our concept Benelli would find its way into people’s every-day life.
brand user values needs
individualisation
Product requirements_Conception 45
registration as quad
weather protection
low TCO
„greenhouse“ made out of textile
short wheelbase and upright sitting position for the city
room for 1+1 persons incl. luggage
overview in city traffic, parking in smallest spaces
sports bag, groceries, notebook...
longer wheelbase and low center of gravity for longer distances
possiblity of individualisation
increases safety, dynamic driving experience
e.g. handy cover
The registration of the vehicle as a quad, and not a car, is a real powerful argument, because it makes it affordable (lower taxes and cost for insurance). For the usage in urban areas the short wheel base of the vehicle and a more upright sitting position has a benefit in using less space, finding a parking space easily and helps you keeping the overview in city traffic.
If the vehicle is used in suburban areas or on freeways a long wheel base increases safety and provides a more dynamic way of driving. As the vehicle should be part of your every-day-life a weather protection is needed which allows an all-year-use of vehicle. The vehicle needs to offer space for 1+1 persons and their
belongings (luggage, shopping bags, sport equipment, etc.). The vehicle needs to offer a way to be individualized to express the personal style of the owner.
product requirements
46 Conception_Product positioning low
premium
3SRT
dynamic
static
traditional
hight
innovative
3SRT
active
cheap
sportiness The 3SRT has a sportive and a city apperance, but in both modes it should look dynamic and sportive.
safety A durable frame construction and a monocoque will ensure savety in case of an accident. permanent
single-seater
electric
big
passive
traditional
material look & feel Love to detail and high quality materials will make an overall premium look of the 3SRT.
loud
combustion
innovative
3SRT
compact
open
closed
3SRT 3SRT quiet
engine An electric engine is a standard for a state-of-the-art vehicle nowadays for the adressed target group.
3SRT multi person
size The 3SRT will provide space for two persons but will still be very compact.
positioning
temporary
weather independent Depending on the weather situation it is possible to have an open vehicle or a closed greenhouse.
Conception_Key concept 47
One core feature of the 3SRT is the ability to transform and adapt to the environment and the usage scenario. The 3SRT will offer a mode that is optimized for driving fast and save on freeways in the suburban area. Therefore, the wheelbase will increase and the centre of gravity of the vehicle will be low. This will also result in a sportive and agile driveability. Driving pleasure guaranteed.
weather protection
shape & shift
For the usage in dense city traffic the wheelbase will be shortened and the seat will move into an upright position. This offers a good field of view that is needed to navigate through this environment. The higher sitting position will also give the driver a feeling of security between the regular cars. The 3SRT is able to shrink to a minimum size when it’s parking so that every tiny little space can be used. No time-consuming searching for parking space anymore.
shape & shift
3SRT key concept storage solution
individual
The goal is to make the 3SRT as lightweight as possible to use less material to produce it, and to use less energy while it’s running. This will be reached by the usage of modern high performance material and a lightweight but durable frame construction. We want to replace body parts, usually made out of metal, by textiles wherever it is possible (when taking the factor security into account).
lightweight
The 3SRT will solve the problem concerning lack of storage that most of the current quads have. A flexible, integrative storage solution to transport a large volume of goods will be provided.
lightweight
key concepts
storage solution
To make the 3SRT suitable for every season and weather condition, it will offer a flexible weather protection (containing attachable body parts and greenhouse). The 3SRT will be a reliable fellow in your everyday life all year round.
weather protection
The 3SRT will offer a variety of customization possibilities, so that everybody is able to adapt the vehicle to his or her personal style and needs. You will be proud to say „This is my 3SRT“.
individual
technical
package
50 Technical package_Prototype
Prototype version 1 very simple prototype
Prototype version 2
consists of parallelogram frame includs seat adjustment
Prototype version 3
includes hydraulic cylinder automatic shapeshift triggerd via switch
Package_Technical package 51
Parallelogramm frame and hydraulic system
To provide the shape shift function we developed a variableparallelogram-system as a solution. Similar to the damping system of a downhill bicycle we use a movable frame construction with a redirection system and a commercial hydraulic cylinder.
Electric wheel hub motors
To avoid noise and pollution we decided to use electric wheel hub motors instead of a gas motor. „The basic principle behind a vehicle equipped with in-wheel electric motors is simple. The internal combustion engine normally found under the hood is simply not necessary. It‘s replaced with at least two motors located in the hub of the wheels. These wheels contain not only the braking components, but also all of the functionality that was formerly performed by the engine, transmission, clutch, suspension and other related parts.“ [9] Advantages _far more acceleration than normal engine _power goes straight to the wheel - no long way round _20% efficiency combustion engine _90% efficiecy in-wheel electric motor Disadvantage _weight of the electric motors increase the unsprung weight _no long term tests (reliability, durability and safety ) [10,11]
Wheel suspension
Also the wheel suspension is used as a design element. By placing the front dampers in a horizontal way it gave us the option to reduce the height of the whole vehicle and to enhance the individual look of our 3SRT.
Steer by wire
We decided to use a steer by wire system to reduce the needed space of technicl parts of a standard steering wheel system. This fact allows us to enhance the legroom and to reduce the length and the weight of our vehicle. [12]
Disc brake
Also an aspect of safety is shown by the disc brakes. We use text on this page by it at the back wheels of your vehicle as a support to the wheel David Weiskopf hub engine.
disc brake tires wheel hub motor shock absorber wheel suspension
luggage seats batteries frame and hydraulic system
package
52 Technical package_1:1 Mock-up
1:1 mock – up To see which dimension the package we want to implement will require, we build up a very quick mock up. It was used to get a feeling for the future dimensions of our vehicle.
Cruise mode Length: 2.3 m Height: 1.3 m 1.3 m Width:
cruise
City mode Length: Height: Width:
1.8 m 1.5 m 1.3 m
city
Park mode Length: Height: Width:
1.2 m 1.3 m 1.3 m
park
„
„
let‘s go, 3SRT!
53
design
As our main goal for the vehicle was to be as lightweight as possible, textiles seemed to be a good alternative to replace metal as the material for body elements. Textiles require a totally different treatment than metall. But they also offer new scopes of design. We were looking at examples, in which textiles get a sculptural character. We were looking at the usage of textile and fabrics in _fashion _interior design _architecture _transportation design _and other design related fields
textile2 sculpture
To ensure that the design we worked out on paper will also work out later for the scaled model and also for the real vehicle, we had to learn more about the behaviour of different types of textiles, when they are stretched over a frame structure. _What kind of surfaces can be created? _What tension will result on the surfaces? _Is it possible to work with gathers? _What is the effect of overlapping layers? _etc. After this exploration we could redesign our approaches concerning the new gained knowledge.
textile shape
60 Design_Exterior
The overall paradigm of the design is “form follows function�. The core frame has to be shaped in a specific way to offer the shape-shift functionality. The vehicle needs to look aesthetical in the different modes when it transforms. The surrounding frame elements have to be formed in a way to have as much stability to be secure and contain all technical components. The textile surfaces are dependent on the frames shape and the pull intensity.
Every component of the exterior influences every other in a very strong way. Every component has to be carefully synchronized with every other one. Prototyping is a must already during ideation. Furthermore we have to create a Benelli form language that could be established in the next 5 to 10 years. The heritage of the brand, and also significant quad stile elements have to be visible.
Exterior_Design 61
exterior
62 Design_Storage solution
storage
The challenge in the design of the storage solution was to provide a large volume for the transportation and storage of objects on the one hand, but on the other hand it has to fit to the dynamic design of the vehicle. A clever solution to expand the storage only when needed was the best way to solve the problem. Here textiles were also beeing used to provide the volume.
Storage solution_Design 63
step 1
step 2
1
When not used the storage solution is completely invisible and sunk in the backrests of both seats.
2
First you have to fold up the cover. An indicated handle in the backrest of the seats shows you where to open it.
3
Afterwards the storage volume can be unfolded by pulling out the cover plate. Textiles will cover the side parts of the storage.
4
Inside the storage a floor panel flaps automatically and locks with the backplate. This gives stability to the storage.
step 3
step 4
64 Design_Interior
Interior_Design 65
shell approach
One approach to design and build the interior of the vehicle is a hard shell monocoque, like it is also done in Formula 1 race cars. It protects the driver in a case and offers optimal protection. The dashboard is either part of the monocoque or hung on the central frame. The advantage of this solution will be a high level of security, which is very important for the usage in dense city traffic and on fast freeways.
interior
66 Design_Interior
Interior_Design 67
frame approach
The other possibility for the design of the interior could also be a frame approach like it is done for the exterior. For example the seat would consist of a frame, and the seating area and the backrest will be created by covering the frame with textiles, leather, etc. The dashboard is hung on the central frame. The advantage of this design approach is that it would result in minimal weight and material consumption.
interior
68 Design_Steering wheel
Benelli tablet_Design 69
The 3SRT is usually open, that means there is no permanent closed greenhouse that would offer optimal protections for the interior. This brings some security issues, which we had to consider when designing the dashboard and the steer kit, etc. These concerns lead us to our solution - the Benelli tablet.
dash board
Plan your journey on your Benelli tablet already at home.
plan.
Take the Benelli tablet with you to your 3SRT.
go.
Attach the tablet to the steering wheel.
attach.
Now you can drive. You have all your control and navigation elements on the device. You also have your personal settings always with you.
drive.
When arrived at your destination, detach the tablet from the steering wheel.
detach.
Take the tablet with you.This is also an advantage in security. Use the Benelli tablet in your everyday life.
enjoy.
virtual
modelling
72 Virtual modeling
This capter is worked out in detail in Christoph Sagkobs thesis.
Virtual modeling 73
step 1
step 2
step 3
step 4
step 5
step 6
The CAD model was built mainly in Rhino. Technical components and details like the inner frame and the wheels where build in Solid Works. The renderings in this thesis where done mainly with Maxwell Render, some of the renders were done with Key Shot.
modelling
model
making
76 Modell making
Modell making 77 Finally we built a scale model in proportion 1 to 5. Because of the complexity and the level of details we wanted to have in the model we decided to print our model with a stereolitography printer. Stereolithography is one of the most widely used rapid prototyping techniques. Rapid Prototyping (RP) is the process of making models and prototypes from 3D model data by joining materials layer by layer. [13] To get the whole model printed you need to prepare the CAD file. The important thing is to use a data format called STL Standard Tessellation Language. STL files ‚cut up‘ CAD models, giving the 3D printing machine the information it needs to print each layer of an object. The CAD models must be broken up into layers before being printed in three dimensions. [14] There are often problems by converting one data format to another so you need to do good work by building up your CAD-model.
text on this page by David Weiskopf
We needed to divide the whole model into separate parts. This was needed because of the limited space of the printer.
After the drying process the white mock-up needs some sanding. You use sandpaper with different grit sizes.
Definition: 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model. [15]
If you are satisfied with the surface the next step after sanding is to prepare the model for the painting process. The first layer is the coat. The coat smoothens the unevenness and after sanding again the surface is ready for the final paint.
In our case it was a cast-printer. This printer creates models with no support-structure as for example a plastic printer does. So how does this cast-printer work. It uses two areas full of cast and a special liquid to create the model layer by layer. The required working time for a model depends on the type of the printer, the size, and the surface quality of the printed cast model. When the printer is finished you need to carefully dig out the pieces. You need to be careful, because the cast can easily break. The solution to get a solid model is to infiltrate it with a mixture of resin and hardener.
If you use different colours, as we do, you need to cover any areas which should not get in touch with the colour. After the paint is dry you repeat the whole process with the other areas and another colour. As a last step you need to protect the applied colour with a clear or matt varnish. After a certain drying time you can glue the single parts of your model to one piece. In our case we finished our model with a pair of tights (simulating the fabric) and the Benelli-button. Combining the fabric, button and the painted cast our model gets closer to the reality.
results
shape shift
82 Results_Shape & Shift
One core feature of the 3SRT is the ability to transform and adapt to the environment and the usage scenario. The 3SRT will offer a mode that is optimized for driving fast and save on freeways in the suburban area. Therefore the wheelbase will increase and the centre of gravity of the vehicle will be low. This will also result in a sportive and agile driveability. Driving pleasure guaranteed. For the usage in dense city traffic the wheelbase will be shortened and the seat will move into an upright position. This offers a good field of view that is needed to navigate through this environment. The higher sitting position will also give the driver a feeling of security between the regular cars. The 3 SRT is able to shrink to a minimum size when it’s parking so that every tiny little space can be used. No time-consuming searching for parking space anymore.
modes
Cruise mode Length: 2.3 m Height: 1.3 m 1.3 m Width:
cruise
Shape & Shift 83
City mode Length: Height: Width:
1.8 m 1.5 m 1.3 m
city
Park mode Length: Height: Width:
1.2 m 1.3 m 1.3 m
park
84 Results_Park scenario
Step 1 Drive into parking lot and get out of the car.
The 3 SRT is able to shrink to a minimum size when it’s parking so that every tiny little space can be used. No time-consuming search for parking space anymore. Drive into the parking lot, get out of the car and push the „park mode“ button on your Benelli tablet. The 3SRT will shrink to its minimum size of 1.2 meter.
park
park scenario
Step 2 Push the „park mode“ - button on your Benelli tablet. The 3SRT will compress to its minimum size and lock.
Park scenario_Results 85
light weight
88 Results_Lightweight
Lightweight_Results 89
In our research we found out that most people prefer a normal seat instead of a quad- or motobike seat. So it was clear which way we want to go. The monocoque design was really complex. We were trying to minimize the similarities to a classical car package but not to lose the comfort which the setup of a car offers. We ended up in a side by side seat-situation. The driver will be protected in the front area, but wins a lot of space on both side parts. To keep the roughness of a quad seat, the whole piece looks reduced and simple. The angular mono, should also act as a contrast to the curved forms of the stretched fabric.
monocoque
By using doors, the 3SRT gets a protection frame similar to the frame body of a car. The whole body gets more stable in the case of a crash and that is a big aspect of safety. In order not to increase the weight we used carbon-fibre. To fulfil our attribute of space-saving we used folding doors. The doors open to the top, not to the sides. With this technitext on this page by cal construction, the driver gets the option to use really small David Weiskopf parking areas.
doors
storage solution
92 Results_Storage solution
step 1 When not used the storage solution is completely invisible and sunk in the backrests of both seats.
step 2 First you have to fold up the cover. An indicated handle in the backrest of the seats shows you where to open it.
step 3 Afterwards the storage volume can be unfolded by pulling out the cover plate. Textiles will cover the side parts of the storage.
step 4 Inside the storage a floor panel flaps automatically and locks with the backplate. This gives stability to the storage.
Storage solution_Results 93
storage
capacity
2
x
max. handluggage size trolley
2
x
big sportsbag
4x
beer crate
2
50 l beer barrel
x
weather protection
96 Results_Weather protection
We combine two different advantages by using fabric in our concept. One benefit is the possibility to individualize our vehicle. The material is used in four different body panels _the two doors _the bonnet _and some parts of the storage solution The idea behind all this is that you get an easy and cheap way to customize your vehicle as you wish. If you like green, dress it in green. If you feel like metal, colour it in copper. And if you want to attract attention, graffiti pattern might be your style.
customizing
But there is one more advantage of using textiles. It is not only used to customize and individualize your vehicle. It is also used as weather protection. “Dress” your vehicle in different looks - skimpy, casual, and formal – depending on the protection you need. Light Think of a nice summer day. It is really hot, the sun is shining and you would love to feel a nice breath of air on your skin. Casual A look for every day. Not too much and not too less. It’s a perfect look for work and leisure time. Formal For certain situations, you need special clothes. This look keeps you dry in every situation.
weather protection
Another design element which is used in combination with the fabric is the Benelli-Button. It is placed in the front section of the foldable-doors and forces the fabric in the opposite direction to the flow of the doorframe.
Benelli button To complete the topic of protection we decided to design a windscreen. It’s a lightweight one-piece construction that can be attached quickly and easy on the dashboard when needed.
windscreen
text on this page by David Weiskopf
Weather protection_Results 97
style
formal
style
casual
style
light
individual izing
100 Results_Individualization_C&T
color &trim
2013
2012
Emerald Tangerine Tango
2011
Honeysuckle
This chapter is all about colour and material.In the colour & trim phase of the project, we were looking at current trends that are attractive for our target group. Out of these trends the colourthemes for possible 3SRT configurations have been taken. We have also been looking at trendcolours and colour of the years (e.g. PANTONE).
2010
Turquoise
2009
Mimosa
2008
Blue Iris
Mass Customization as a new businessmodel more and more replaces mass production because customers want individualized products, services or combination of both. This is also suitable for Benelli and the 3SRT. Especially the trendsetting target group has a strong wish for individualized products to express themselves and their style. It is also possible to have „collections“ of new textiles, colours and patterns twice a year like it is done in fashion.
101
heritage style
neon lights
shades of grey
pastell dream
all
black
purple yellow
PANTONE Radiant Orchid
metall mood
pink shock
green deep
cooperations with fashion brands possible
110 Results_Interface
plan.
Plan your journey on your Benelli tablet already at home.
go.
Take the Benelli tablet with you to your 3SRT.
attach.
Attach the tablet to the steering wheel.
drive.
When you drive you have all your control, navigation elements and your personal settings on the device.
detach.
enjoy.
When arrived at your destination, detach the tablet from the steering wheel.
Take the tablet with you. Use the Benelli tablet in your everyday life.
interface
Navigation mode
The speed and the battery charge level are always visible in every mode of the Benelli tablet when you are driving. In the navigation mode, the main area of the screen will be used for guiding you. The navigation icon in the icon bar on the bottom is highlighted.
Interface_Results 111
Incoming call
If you get a call, it will be indicated by a pop-up-bubble.
Videocall mode
You can expand the incoming call and have a video conversation. The icon in the bottom icon area changed to the phone symbol. By wiping along the screen you can switch back to naviigation mode.
List of references
List of third party images
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention
[3] Company profile http://www.belassi-group.com
Page 13, Photo Rebecca http://www.vonsteinbauer.at/ Photo David bene Photo Christoph Martin Pabis
[4] Data for infographic traffic http://www.statista.com
Page 22, all jet-ski images http://www.belassi-group.com
[5] Data for infographic pollution http://infographics-inspiration.blogspot.se/2010/12/ air-pollution-info graphics.html http://qz.com/136606/here-are-the-worlds-worst-cities-for-air-pollutionand-theyre-not-the-ones-youd-expect/
Page 25, trendmap http://www.zukunftsinstitut.at/
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation
[6] Data for infographic urbanization http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/interactive/2012/ oct/04/rise-of-megacities-interactive http://udconnect.net/2050-urbanization/ [7] Data for infographic emobility http://www.mein-elektroauto.com http://cleantechnica.com/2012/11/11/the-most-successful-electriccar-cities-infographic/ http://www.iiea.com/blogosphere/electric-vehicles-in-the-eu [8] Sinus Milieu http://www.sinus-institut.de/
Page 26 http://www.hdtabletwallpapers.com Page 28 http://wallpapersus.com/smog-new-york-city-united-states/ Page 30 http://www.abimages.de/project/new-york-2k12/ Page 32 http://wallpapersus.com/highway-traffic-at-night/ Page 38, 39 http://bleubirdblog.com/ http://skyethelimit.wordpress.com/2012/01/24/romain-duris/ http://annacotta.com/2011/01/24/the-marketplace/ Page 40, 41 http://blog.trashness.com/page/40 rest of the pictures via www.pinterest.com
[9] http://auto.howstuffworks.com/in-wheel-motor.htm [10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_hub_motor [11] http://auto.howstuffworks.com/in-wheel-motor.htm [12] http://www.intellimec.com/myconnectedcar/files/2012/10/nissansteer-by-wire-system4-600-001.jpg [13] http://manufacturing.materialise.com/stereolithography [14] http://www.livescience.com/38190-stereolithography.html [15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
Page 42, 43 all of the pictures via www.pinterest.com Page 56, 57 Moodboard textiles http://thejewelrystory.tumblr.com/post/15838914701 http://totalinspiration.blogspot.se/ http://yinggao.ca/collections/post-vernissage/ http://www.lanciatrendvisions.com/it/article/abitare-il-vestito https://sphotos-a.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ash3/564425_56273124375853 2_1301643991_n.jpg https://www.bright.nl/meetkundige-mode-van-nieuwe-van-herpen http://www.darkbeautymag.com/2013/12/fabio-bozzetti-those-who-arewaiting/ http://exercicedestyle.tumblr.com/post/66003369788/feyrouza-ashoura http://lawandfashion-trialbyjury.tumblr.com/post/65985558568/showstudio-yohji-yamamoto
http://www.carbodydesign.com/archive/2008/06/11-bmw-gina-light-visionary-model/BMW-Gina-Light-Visionary-Model-46-lg.jpg http://ideas.vdolevke.ru/posts/8090/ http://www.arch2o.com/js-bach-chamber-music-hall-zaha-hadid/ Page 81, Moodboard shape & shift http://exp.lore.com/post/36895796436/one-amazing-creature-that-armadillo-striking http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=5922833 http://www.awwwards.com/cool-gadgets-for-creative-offices-ii.html http://www.domusweb.it/en/design/2012/05/28/light-algorithms.html http://firewireblog.com/category/furniture/ http://thedesignerpad.com/blog/2010/10/13/the-folding-game.html Page 87, Moodboard lightweight http://skullandbone.tumblr.com/post/57836341188/moshita-hunterianmuseum-ii-joakim-blockstrom http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/66/2b/fa/662bfa8f0bdb3da 230a5e24e0b0732d8.jpg http://mdfs.tumblr.com/post/32221392040/design-iris-van-herpen-ingroninger-museum http://www.dezeen.com/2014/01/29/fragile-beasts-curved-folding-papersculpture/ http://annsymes.tumblr.com/ http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/a6/be/1c/a6be1c6cdf3b0234a982016ea70efe33.jpg http://goldboroughstudio.tumblr.com/ http://www.notcot.com/archives/2010/11/mercedes-benz-sculptureexperi.php http://architecturepastebook.co.uk/post/19298259123/via-dezeen-blogarchive-western-concourse-at http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/fb/cf/99/fbcf99b24eec11e9da3b34f0d45faae3.jpg Page 91, Moodoard storage solution http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m3mu6xBj5P1qh6hioo1_1280.jpg http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/82/ce/ae/82ceae2a0519db 3bb8f56ea530116a83.jpg http://www.urdesign.it/index.php/2013/08/05/omni-bag-by-kumeko-multipurpose-foldable-bags-inspired-by-origami/ http://www.dezeen.com/2012/01/10/static-bubbles-by-nendo-for-carpenters-workshop-gallery/ http://www.lagarconne.com/store/item. htm?itemid=23993&sid=1494&pid= http://www.curiositiesbydickens.com/a-pocket-filled-with-cuteness/ Page 95, Moodboard weather protection http://crossingislandnatur.tumblr.com/post/67269779552
http://www.garancedore.fr/en/2014/04/30/splash/ http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/e1/59/c0/e159c0301506ff7 d3938248d90c43775.jpg http://joyful101.tumblr.com/post/85302461914 https://www.flickr.com/photos/luminous-lu/4465254916/in/faves-29073060@N04/ http://pixdaus.com/photographer-pretty-nature-plants/items/view/124579/ http://wallpoper.com/wallpaper/water-drops-on-feather-450350 http://images2.alphacoders.com/262/262052.jpg Page 99, Moodboard individualizing http://www.etsy.com/de/listing/116633750/grosse-poster-drucken-50-x70-cm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Fingerprints_taken_ by_William_James_Herschel_1859-1860.jpg http://whatatroopa.tumblr.com/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/svatoslav_vrabec/8277367348/ http://eat-well-travel-often.tumblr.com/post/40600342526 http://scoutmob.com/p/stay-true-upcycled-banner-art?ref=cat_new &m=HardPin&cid=950&sort=recommended&signup=0&via=HardP in&source=Pinterest&medium=HardPin&campaign=type276&utm_ source=Pinterest&utm_medium=HardPin&utm_campaign=type276&utm_ content=950 http://www.pinterest.com/pin/450430400204220137/ Page 100, Pantone radiant orchid http://www.pantone.de/pages/index.aspx?pg=21129 Page 101, Moodboard heritage all moodboard pictures via http://www.pinterest.com Page 102, Moodboard neon Neon bowls http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/59/79/9e/59799e54a056e3 250e0900f23e5de0e7.jpg Neon painting http://amberinteriordesign.blogspot.se/2012/02/office-extreme-makeoverin-week.html all other moodboard pictures via http://www.pinterest.com Page 103, Moodboard shades of grey http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_l2kmv37NZ71qau50i.jpg Colour cans http://www.ratedpeople.com/blog/50-shades-of-grey-not-so-dull-after-all/ Drawer http://www.fromscandinaviawithlove.com/post/3873833083/photo-fromikea-livet-hemma all other moodboard pictures via http://www.pinterest.com Page 196, Moodboard pastel
Pastel Kodak http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/5d/79/77/5d7977da7a40fd 6a437a56e75b057079.jpg Pastel lips http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/736x/de/7e/a8/de7ea8bcdc9a61482493cf628cff7a78.jpg Pastel tile http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/4d/de/b7/4ddeb79a4422a1 0505edc28bbfb55563.jpg Hello adventure http://www.etsy.com/de/listing/107108894/kunstdruck-der-typografiegrafik-design?ref=tre-2723814370-3 all other moodboard pictures via http://www.pinterest.com Page 105, Moodboard all black Balloons http://www.jirigeller.com/works/happy6.html Happy colour http://mennlay.com/2013/02/01/happy-black-history-month-boo/ girl glasses http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/30/5b/74/305b74ccc663e6 96fe7ca193861d64b2.jpg Fixie http://future-wolves.tumblr.com/post/47455751481/fixieporn-black-radials-are-killing-it-needs all other moodboard pictures via http://www.pinterest.com Page 106, Moodboard purple all moodboard pictures via http://www.pinterest.com Page 107, Moodboard metall http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/b8/1d/ae/b81daeb68a235fd2fcfa996f5f4fe29c.jpg http://nicolas3298.tumblr.com/image/43310056788 http://www.outblush.com/women/fashion/shoes/lanvin-copper-toe-basketshoes/ http://lloso.blogspot.se/2012/11/copper.html http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/david-derksen-design/porcelain-contemporary-pendant-lamps-copper-118933-1107705.html all other moodboard pictures via http://www.pinterest.com Page 108, Moodboard pink all moodboard pictures via http://www.pinterest.com Page 109, Moodboard deep green http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/c7/e6/f3/c7e6f3a917e1703a4aea50d9bda192e0.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/kincaidj/6047546522/ all other moodboard pictures via http://www.pinterest.com
credits
you
thank
© Rebecca Eveline Daum Graz, 2014