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KENNEDY'S PATENT OUTLINER, &S®S)®@®®®®®®®®@®®^)®S>®®®S&S>(S)®&S>®@®^^

T

T

THE IJGienee

of

Coat and Vest Catting CONTRINING

Notes and Explanations OIF

KENNEDY'S Patent Outliner IFOR.

DRAFTING COATS AND VESTS v^ith:

Diagrams

of

the Different Garments

AND OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION FOR THE CUTTER

HEKRY

G.

KENNEDY

Published by the Author.

,

n

')

<t.

^

PREFACE. '

pN iL

placing

work before the

this

accuracy and rapidity with

>tC

fraternity

common

'

I

have endeavored to combine simplicity,

sense, omitting

all

superfluous matter and avoid-

ing mere theories, giving only those principles which have been tested with the most satisfactory results

by

cutters of

The Outlincr has been

my

known

ability.

the result of fifteen years' constant experiment, during which time

is

constant aim to perfect a system of cutting that would

the cutter to a minimum, and at the same time enable him fitting

garments without the aid of

The diagrams

test

knowledge

to acquire a thorough

In conclusion,

I

the Outliner, rendered

was worked

of the

turn

reduce the labor of out

the

most perfect

measures or notes of any kind.

working of the Outliner have been prepared

illustrating the practical

with the view of enabling those cutters

to

it

who cannot

take advantage of personal instructions

System by a few hours study of the work.

have to thank those cutters who, during the experimental stage of

mc much

valuable assistance by practically testing each point as

out, thus insuring the

complete success which has crowned

my

efforts.

it

Believ-

ing that this system will prove a boon to the experienced cutter, as well as to the young

man

just starting out,

I

respectfully submit

it

to the consideration of the trade.

H. G.

'^^A ^3-^P

KENNEDY.

DESCRIPTION OF

Kennedy's Patent Outliner. ><

ÂŤ

THE PRINCIPLE. The Outliner

is

a combination

scales, so

of

arranged

as

to

produce

points for any size or style of coat and vest, in from eight to ten seconds. all

other systems

known

to the trade.

sary changes in the draft for the most

It

fits

all

awkward form without any

the cutter.

draw on

experience or judgment for

its

It

necessary

from

differs

forms with equal ease, making the neces-

In other words, no matter what form of draft

his

the

is

work of

variation in the

desired, the cutter has not to

production, but simply to follow the directions

as given for drafting a proportionate coat.

The plan apply them that the

name

of drafting rests wholly on the measures, all

and the Outliner enables us to so

the points are arrived at without the aid

implies, the points are

construction

of

produced on the outlines of the garment

lines,

direct.

or,

It

is

as

not

necessary to find a square or angle in order to produce the circle of a scye or curve of a gorge.

Each point

is

independent, so that should a mistake be

not affect the others, but will immediately

i

show

itself

made

in

any point

it

does

and may be corrected when forming.

i

t

GENIUS AND TASTE. >4

GENIUS

consists in the

priateness of in his profession

In the

first

power

C

of executing.

symmetry and beauty.

The

'

in

cutter

who aims

has every iiulucenient to exercise

place, he should aim to

produce

the power to judge of the appro-

Taste

all

secure

the genius and

a perfect fitting

plished to his satisfaction, which the Outliner will

to

draft.

the

place

he possesses.

taste

When

first

this

is

accom-

enable him to do, he will have secured

a basis on which to work out the ideal of beauty he desires.

In

many

instances good

draft before you,

good

taste

will

taste will suggest

not

demand an accurate

where to add on or take

fit,

but

with

off so as to

appearance of your customer by giving style to the garment without endangering

a

correct

improve the its

balance.

i

^ JUDGMENT. â&#x20AC;˘

A

:>

*

C

'

good many cutters have a great deal to say about using judgment consider that

if

a rule will draft to

fit

every form they

will

in

have very

drafting,

and

use for

little

the exercise of this faculty.

However employ

all

perfect the science of cutting

the judgment he possesses.

of the customer's taste,

that will

rrot

and

prejudice his

order to lessen or enlarge called

upon

to

use his

it

own it

is

may

cutter

His profession makes

it

will

have to

generally

necessary for him to judge

always good policy to comply with his wishes to a degree

reputation.

He must

to insure the correct size,

judgmentâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; notwithstanding

knowledge of the science of

be, the

cutting.

^

judge of the

and the

in

he

to

cut

in

numerous other ways he

will

be

fact

that

fabric

he

is

may have

a

perfect

EXERCISE TACT.

pT

has been said that tact consists

iL

stances.

members

may

It

made about

facts,

younger

the

These disparaging remarks excite a natural indignation

his work.

who has

make

a proper sense of what

the offender understand that he

and that he has made

a

is

due

and

it,

the

But instead

to his self-respect.

be to restrain

in

in a

courteous

laboring under a misapprehension as to the

is

To do

a mistake.

is

and sometimes, the aggravating remarks that

as to the unfair criticisms,

of every one

to

circum-

to

dealing with the average customer

in

of giving expression to this feeling, our object should

way

adapt our conduct

to

not be amiss to address a few words on this subject to

who has had some experience

cutter

competent witness

mind

skill

of the profession.

The

are

having the

in

this,

and

same time

at the

to avoid offend-

ing your customer, will call for the exercise of tact.

community there

In every

are

certain

subject of style in dress.

Occasionally

offered.

happen that

It

As

fully.

will

n(Jt

a rule,

if

often

you can explain

it

may

)'ou

be good

do

tiiiist

so,

an agreeable

in

and what you know to be the correct

individuals

style,

who have

peculiar

policy to accept wlien

but

way the

your customer

Every man who

po.s.sesses

good

you

If

taste desires

you

to

him.

Do

thing

that

on the

suggestions

between

difference

it

his

grace-

views

be persuaded to accept your

will

own

trade.

be not only well dressed, but also

will ascertain

what

is

the taste of each customer

know, when necessary, how to modify or change the style

will

the

you must, do

opinion, and will learn to respect your superior knowledge concerning your

according to the prevailing mode.

ideas

for

the

season, to suit

not allow him to leave your store with the impression that he has ordered some-

he

does

to give

him

a

details,

you

will

not

altogether

garment that

will

like,

if

please him, well

accomplish your object,

your work to each one of

but

his friends.

viz.:

to

you convince

made and

him that

is

your aim

carefully finished in the minute

make him disposed

to

recommend you and

Thus every garment you send out

tisement that will bring you new customers.

it

will

be an adver-

t

IMPORTANCE OF THE PROFESSION.

you have a proper conception of the importance of your profession,

it

will

be j-our

I,;F

ambition to attain to the perfection which

is tlie

reward, as well as the result, of careful

attention to every detail connected with your business, and

you

will

have earned a reputation as a master

bring you a definite yearly income,

munity

-*-

in

in

in

in

the

course

of

a

few years

your special department of trade that

will

proportion to the numbers and wealth of the com-

which you are carrying on business.

t

MEASURING.

'

T

IIS

is

taken

produce

the most important part in

a perfect-fitting

Because attribute the in

this particular.

cutters,

blame of

If

of

> <

'

successful cutting, and

too

much

care

cannot be

you do not have the correct measures, how can you

garment? as

a

rule,

are

a badly-fitting

not

careful

garment

enough

to the system,

measuring would have produced the most gratifying

in

taking

whereas

results.

the

measures,

they

a little care exercised

There

is

no necessitj- to

take an unreliable* measure.

Personal instructions are desirable, but not indispensable.

The explanations given

are so complete that

you cannot

fail

to understand them.

10

i

UNNATURAL

POSITIONS.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Âť<'-

T"T

1

is

a well

known

unnatural position.

as a rule,

it

fact

that

many gentlemen, when about

The majority

would be useless to

not standing naturally, you

may

call

will straighten

to be measured,

assume an

up and swell out the chest.

While,

the attention of your customer to the fact that he

is

get him to do so by placing your hands in a gentle man-

ner on his shoulders, preparatory to taking his measure, and

the latter fact by a reference to the weather, or

11

some other

diverting

his

attention

interesting topic.

from

CUTTING.

q^IlKRK (

I

)

are a few rules that should be obser\'eci in cuttintr:

Make up your mind

to

blame no one but yourself

for a mis-fit, or an

aw kward-

lookinjr garment.

(2)

Cut every piece the

(3)

Let the cur\e Of one piece

e.\act length for its position.

fall

to invite the shears of the

(4)

gracefully into the curve

of another, so as not

journeyman.

Avoid, as much as possible, force work, such as holding on, shrinking, stretching, etc.

(You can

fit

better without such work, and the garment

will

keep

its

easy, graceful

appearance much longer.)

-J-

J.

A LAST

WOU

WORD BEFORE COMMENCING TO

can confidently trust that the Outliner

ing shoulders, figure; therefore let

fit

equally well

the long neck and slop-

neck and high shoulders, the crooked back, corpulent or lean

short

me

will

DRAFT.

urge _\ou not to de\iate from

Depend wholly on your measures and the In changing from one

method

it

Oiittiiicr for

for an\- form.

the fitting of

all

garments.

to another, a great man\- cutters are apt to think

this

or that ought not to be so, and change a point here and a point there before giving the

new

method

a fair trial.

cutter will be guided is

claimed for

make one

it

As

a

consequence, they seldom obtain satisfactor\-

by the following

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; always

instructions, he will

find

this

results.

Now

system to bp

all

if

the that

remembering that the mere possession of an arithmetic does not

a mathematician.

13

-*-

TABLE OF PROPORTIONS FOR MEN'S COATS.

TABLE 01tMl*(i^'ORriONS Hv

if

V *

for

BOYS' and YOUTHS' COATS.

TAYLOR.

Ul'I'KK SllOLI.DEK

MkASUKK.

Lower Suoui.dek Measure.

16 i

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

.1

DIRECTIONS FOR MEASURING.

""AKE measures over the

'

vest,

For the

except for overcoats.

I

* ures,

over the body coat, or add two inches to the shoulder, breast, waist and if

seat

meas-

taken over the coat.

Make

mark one inch below height

a

Measure from point

part of waist.

at

say

2,

25,

shown by Figure

of

collar

desired,

neck to waist and

shoulder measure from point at neck around Figure

measure

take the

latter,

full

and also

Icntjth,

say

at

i6, 28.

hollowest

Take upper

under the arm to same place as shown by

and lower shoulder from center of back around arm to center of back, as say

3,

Mea.sure

25.

for

sleeve

from center of back to elbow and

by placing square under the arm and measuring to hand, say

length, or

the

ig,

full

Breast

31.

measure, say 36; waist, 32; seat, ^6%.

Sack coat measure

\%

yA As

put

down

16

as taken above:

28

25

25

19

36

31

cases

Vest:

19

12^

3'

iS 16

3

13

25

where the cutter has not taken a shoulder measure

|

25

suppression.

obtained for a proportionate form by dividing the breast measure by inch, thus:

13

Vest,

16

In

36>^;

for drafting:

28

2%

32

36

i2X'A=\2y2

17

the 3

latter

can

and adding

in

be Vj

t

t

TO TAKE SUPPRESSION MEASURE.

r^LACE *

would be

sidebody

in

To apply

Thus, 3^^ inches

2.

2.'H-

Measure

up center of back.

hollowest part of waist.

divide by 2

straight edge

this to drafting,

neck and

in at

in

I

'4

neck to

at

shirt

collar;

also

at

add both measures together and

'n at waist

would make 4^, divided by

This would be the amount of suppression as taken out between back and

skirt coats, or

between back and side seam nine inches below waist measure

on sacks.

In cases

where the cutter has

neck point to natural

waist, the

to

same

work on old measures, using the long balance from result

may

be obtained by adding two inches to the

balance measure and subtracting from the amount obtained of back through shoulder point

to

natural

waist, or

where no balance measure has been

taken, by referring to proportion scales for suppression.

19

by measuring pattern from top

c3^ RsitioH

/5i PcUiop,

I

I

IJ

I

I

I

I

I

2^ Po^itiun ,

TllKKE rosITIOiNS

I

I

I

Ol''

I

!)

^

OUTI.IMCK.

20

T

T

t -*-

TO USE THE OUTLINER.

Always Draft bv

Lower Shoulder Measure.

one-hali- of

TO FIND SHOULDER GORGE AND SCVE POINTS OF ANY COAT OR VEST. Commence by

placing Oiitliner on back

Square across top and mark points A.

Mark point 2d.

V.

and

G.,

3d.

and

at

Place

O

in

first

position.

C, using lower shoulder measure, say

corner of Outliner on D. point.

lower shoulder

13.

Mark

line

point

to C.

line D.

H.

Square by

N.

Mark

points E.

P.

line

H.

P.

B.,

Mark

and from A. to C, and make

Round up shoulder one-half

as shown, from C. through E. F. and G. to B.

inch.

points

Hollow shoulder seam

to complete draft, refer to directions for style of coat desired.

21

line

L

Form gorge L through

slightly.

Now

13.

I.

13.

from point L through

same width as from A.

Square by

point at H. and draw line to

Place * corner of Outliner on

Now draw Form scyc

B.

shown

D. and draw line to corner, N.

lower shoulder measure,

J.,

line, as

of

H. J.

back

t

MORNING COATS.

3

SACK COATS. Vest, i6

18

19

28

16

25

18^ Find shoulder scye and gorge points as directed on page inch always;

I

to 2

5

is

J^

6

is

yi breast measure from

is

J^

inch from

Square down to

Form 8

is

3

is

natural waist from

down from

measure and

inches from 8 and

is

breast and 2 inches from center of back. line J<j

10,

waist and 2

side

seam

Sweep from line 1^4

3

9.

11.

15

from

'4^

inches from

5,

6 and

12.

as shown.

under arm cut

Add

inch.

8 to 9.

II

Draw

^

6.

seat

If

length and

7.

is

Form

full

5.

10

is

is

3.

Apply suppression measure from

13

4

back.

9 inches

Draw

2;

21.

is

used, close top of sidebody

to 16 15 to

by shoulder point. where sweep crosses

inches for Single, as

Double Breasted, taking out

and back.

V

at

16.

shown by dotted

at J.

For Box coats, straighten side seam to

taste.

35

lines,

and from 2>4 to

3

inches

for

FROCK COATS.

Draft the same as for

through

5

To at

3,

Morning Coat, adding on

^4

inch to

get front spring of skirt, go up from where sweep crosses

and back

as

4,

5

inches, as from 3 to

I

rounding up

shown by dotted

lapel,

to 2

is

lines.

sweep from gorge point to ajii';

5

to 6

is

2>.;;

front

line

'/<

inch, as

4.

F"orm top of skirt as shown.

For

line,

to gorge point.

Place square with corner touching edge of lapel, and short

and

breast

7 to 8 is

7

by

2%.

5.

arm extending though

3

DRESS COATS.

Draft the same as for Morning Coat.

X 6

yi breast

is is

6 inches from spring

Draw 2

is

measure from back

line

^

from

5

to 6

line.

line.

and round out as shown, from X.

inch back from front

line.

Rt)und out from

2,

nothing at gorge.

Make

strap of skirt 1^4

inches wide and form as shown.

29

^/i

Drop

^

inch to

inch between

l

3.

and

4

to

t

t

30

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;*-

t

SLEEVE FOR

Square from

O

to

Mark

A

is

I

A to O, ^ inches scye on

size of

K

Square across from

O

to

B

is

Place

N

Mark

size of

Draw

line

N

is

where

in

y^

Sweep by

Form

K=i8, to B.

O

L

to

18.

to L.

B by

K N

B. for top of sleeve

(see

dotted

line),

and form

as

shown,

inch from O.

Apply width

R, S

always.

line crosses

O

to K.

square down.

scye on

from

O

SCYE.

scye^g.

B and

on

Sweep from going

of

>^

and from

i8

is

half

of

back to O;

find length to

way between N and K, from

size of cuff.

as shown, going out y,

inch at

P.

elbow

at P,

2 to R, for

and

full

bottom of

length and sleeve.

>4

inch to

2.

COLLARS. DIAGRAM Draw of

roll,

as

the crease line for lapel from

from * to

Draw the

inch in advance of the shoulder point to end

'4

2.

crease line for collar from point

of the shoulder point.

The stand

is

All collars are drafted in the

ij^t

I

fat

men

with

Crease line for lapel Crease line for collar

Make

the stand

-Ji

is

is

from

* to

the

it

is

as

follows:

curved from

1

through the dot.

inch and curve as represented.

line of collar

obtain the end of

desired

it

roll,

from point

i

3.

line

of

from

lapel

the

*

to

end

of

through the dot.

place lapel even with forepart opposite the hole to which

should turn, as represented.

DIAGRAM To

i'/ÂŁ.

2.

Draw crease

To

inch back

2.

For Double Breasted Frocks, draw crease as to

'/{

2.

collar

DIAGRAM roll,

is

same way.

necks, draft

short

through the dot, which

inch and the leaf

DIAGRAM For

I.

4.

get the right angle for end of collar, place

the

lapel

forepart at end of gorge, and shape end of collar to overlap

33

it

in a '4

closing

inch.

position, with

TO DKAIT VEST FROM COAT PATTERN.

1

is

Yz

inch in from waist point.

2

is

Vi

waist measure and

3 is

J4

inch over breast

4 is

>^

waist and

â&#x20AC;˘ Dot is

5

is

full

open and length and

Sweep from

Form

as

l

5

to 6

i

inch from

i.

line.

inch from

3.

inch.

i

i

by

inch.

6 to 8

7.

shown by dotted

lines,

is

swept by

dropping

'4

g.

inch from

top

of

back, and

taking

^

inch off width of shoulder and enlarging scye.

To adding

i

find

open and

full

inch to measures for

length, measure

make

top of back

up.

^m 36

and

apply on shoulder point,

.1

TO DRAFT SEPARATE VEST.

Find shoulder gorge and scye points as for a coat.

Top

of back to

i

is

natural waist.

waist and

to 2

is

'4

2 to 3

is

suppression measure and

1

i

inch. ,'4

inch

for

each

inch

difference

between breast

and waist.

3 to 4 is

^

waist and

to 6

y2

breast measure and 2]i inches.

5

Draw

is

line

from gorge point. side

inch.

from 6 through

Apply open and

Form

i

full

4.

length measures to shoulder point, adding

Narrow shoulder straps

seams and hollow back

as

Yx

and enlarge scye

shown on

plate.

y,.

i

inch.

Sweep bottom

T

t

38 i

t

FAT MAN'S COAT.

Begin by drafting as

for an ordinary Sack,

only go

applying waist measure from that and running spring

Sweep from

Where sweep I.

Mark down

by

i

i-%

Form

as to

5

to 6

This

is

will

the edges, and

3 to

line.

2,

letting long

arm touch

front line.

5,

6 and

7,

and lap from nothing

at 6 to dotted

of distance from 3 to breast line.

shown by dotted

where the pocket goes

lines. in.

be found to throw a fullness where it

back

3.

amount

front as

line parallel with

crosses breast line, apply corner of square on

cut forepart through from 4 to

lines at 7 the

the suppression at the waist,

back of shoulder point.

Measure the distance from

Now

in

also does

away with the surplus

it

is

wanted without having to shrink

draperj- in skirt.

39

i

TO DRAFT A CAPE.

Find I

full

length from top of back to

2.

Square across to

5.

Round up from

inch 3 to 4 is 4>i

inches.

Form from 6

to top of back.

7 to 8

is

3 to

414 inches.

Measure length

Sweep from

8

scam of back and apply from which is inch back of shoulder

of side

by

...

.

41

. ,

to 9

point,

and ,0 t6 8

and form as shown.

6

T

"^ J*

V ^

DISPROPORTION.

SHORT NECK AND HIGH SHOULDERS. As

in

tlic

la.st,

the onl)- difference occurs

in

the shoulder and gorge points.

EXAMPLE. Lower shoulder,

13;

Mark both

on Scale L or shoulder point.

two measures, effect of

sizes

droj) that

upper, I2>^

amount below the

I2>j or

upper shoulder measure.

dropping the point down and back, as shown by solid

point also drops

down

a

lines

on

plate.

This has the

The gorge

corresponding amount, and the top of back does the same.

43 i

Whatever the distance between the

DISPROPORTION.

LONG NECK AND When

there

is

a difference

SLOl'ING SHOULDERS.

between the upper and lower shoulder measures, the

onlj'

difference in drafting occurs in the shoulder and gorge points.

EXAMPLE. If

the upper

is

13'..

and the lower

13,

mark both

sizes

on Scale

ever the distance between 13 and 13V2. raise the same amount over

from that point, as shown by solid a

lines

on plate.

Also

raise the

l^'/,

I,

and then, what-

and form shoulder

gorge and

toj)

of

back

corresponding amount.

â&#x20AC;˘).".

i

t

I +.-

.

-:*

ALTERATIONS.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

s^j-

A FF.W REMARKS TO YOUNG CUTTERS. If the back scnvt of a coat appears s/iort, thus causing wrinkles from top of sidcbod)- to and an inclination to kick off behind, the necessary alteration is to drop the sideseam of forepart until wrinkles disappear. This will necessitate the shortening of forepart from sideseam to nothing at edge at bottom, and also tiie taking off shoulder seam of back from nothing at shoulder point whatever amount the back has passed up at top of sidebody. front of hips

This latter will do away with the surplus cloth at back of scye caused by the dropping of sideseam. This same alteration may be effected by shortening shoulder-strap from nothing at back scye, but will necessitate the taking off from edge from nothing at breast to Ijottoni,

and the deepening of gorge, which

in

the case of a finished coat

is

not practicable.

If a coat appears too long in back, and has a tendency to crowd up on neck and appear between shoulders, throwing wrinkles from front of scye to waist point of back, the neccssar)- alteration is to pass the back down at sideseam, cutting off the amount at bottom The same effect can be arrived at by of back and at the top 'of sidebody of forepart. lengthening shoulder-strap, but it entails so many other changes that it is a serious alteration, particularly as the effect is the reverse from the short back; that is, it will fall off at front, necessitating the taking off of spring and adding to forepart from bottom to nothing at breast, which in the case of a made-up coat would be an impossible alteration.

full

If a coat falls off at tcaist and breaks back, .shortening the strap until coat lifts

ill

front of scye,

alter

by passing shoulder point

This will also ease scye. and put in a piece at scye at back pas.ses out amount it of shoulder the width Cut gorge, unless there has been an inlay left, in which case it can be let out until it reaches top of back at shoulder point. Al.so deepen the gorge as much as necessary. This is equivalent to taking off from blade down through the sideseam and adding on to front from waist to nothing at breast point, or to straightening shoulder on draft by moving shoulder point forward and down and deepening gorge. into

place

at

waist.

off

If a coat breaks f-om shoulder point to scye, but is all right in the balance, the collar be on too short, but if not, rip out shoulder seam and let the strap pass out at back may breaks disappear, and put in piece at gorge. The trouble is the shoulder has until scye been cut too crooked, but short enough in strap to hold the coat in at waist.

If a coat throzvs a bidge at bottom of front scye, but is otherwise all right, fip out shoulder and pass forward on back, taking off at gorge point and letting out strap at scye until it becomes same width as back. The coat has been cut too straight in shoulder, but long enough in strap to balance.

If a coat catches from front of scye to seat, h\x\i is otherwise spring, or the same may be caused b>- too tight a scye.

4G

%

all

right,

it

requires

more

1

INDEX.

....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .....

TO TEXT.

Preface,

Hagc.

4

Description of the Outliner,

5

Genius and Taste, Judgment,

6

Tact,

8

Importance of

tiie

7

Profession,

9

Measuring, Unnatural Positions, Cutting,

A

10 1

12

,

Last Word,

13

M

Proportion Measures for Men's Coats, Proportion Measures for Boys' and Youths' Coats, Directions for Measuring, Suppression Measure,

To

use the Outliner,

Morning Coats— to Sack P>ock Dress

"

draft,

"

"

.... .... ..... .... .

•

15

17

19 21

23

C * t

25

27 •

Sleeve

31

Collars

Vest from Coat Vest separate Fat Man's Coat

29

•

-J^ ft

33 35

•

37

39

Cape

41

Disproportion, Alterations,

.

43-45 46

TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Shoulder Measures, Suppression Measures,

16

The

20

18

Outliner,

Morning Coats, Sack Coats, Frock Coats,

22 24 .

Dress Coats, Sleeve, Collars,

Vest with Coat, Vest separate.

Fat Man's Coat, Cape, Disproportion,

26 28

•

30 32 34

36 38

40 42-44

.>

x^

PCTTiaONC. WCLtS & CO.

PR NTERS, I

CHICACO.

48

1

r

LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS I

III

iMm^'^i 014 082 759 9

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