> Contents Preface xxv
Part 1 Foundation Concepts
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1 Introduction: What Is International Business?
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> A Typical Day in the Global Economy 3 What Is International Business? 4 What Are the Key Concepts in International Trade and Investment? 5 The Nature of International Trade 5 The Nature of International Investment 7 Services as Well as Products 8 The International Financial Services Sector 9 How Does International Business Differ from Domestic Business? 10 The Four Risks in Internationalization 10 Who Participates in International Business? 12 Multinational Enterprise (MNE) 12 ■ Global Trend: DIESEL: A Smaller Firm’s Smashing International Success 15 Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) 15 Why Do Firms Internationalize? 16 Why Study International Business? 18 Facilitator of the Global Economy and Interconnectedness 18 Contributor to National Economic Well-Being 18 A Competitive Advantage for the Firm 19 A Competitive Advantage for You 19 ■ Recent Grad in IB: Ashley Lumb 20 An Opportunity for Global Corporate Citizenship
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■ Closing Case: Internationalization at Harley-Davidson 21 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 24 Summary 24 Comprehension 25 Apply Your Understanding 25 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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2 Globalization of Markets and the Internationalization of the Firm 28
> Bangalore: IT’s Global Destination
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Why Globalization Is Not New 31 Phases of Globalization 31 Market Globalization: An Organizing Framework Dimensions of Market Globalization 35 Drivers of Market Globalization 36 Technological Advances 40
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Information Technology Communications 41 Manufacturing 42 Transportation 42
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■ Global Trend: Globalization and E-Business in the Online World 43 Societal Consequences of Market Globalization 43 Contagion: Rapid Spread of Monetary or Financial Crises 44 Loss of National Sovereignty 45 Offshoring and the Flight of Jobs 46 Effect on the Poor 47 Effect on the Natural Environment 50 Effect on National Culture 50 Globalization and Africa 51 Firm-Level Consequences of Market Globalization: Internationalization of the Firm’s Value Chain 52 ■ Closing Case: Debating the Merits of Globalization 53 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 55 Summary 55 Test Your Comprehension 56
Apply Your Understanding 56
globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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3 Organizational Participants That Make International Business Happen 58
> The Emergence of Born Global Firms
59 Four Types of Participants in International Business 60 Participants Arranged by Value-Chain Activity 61 Illustrating the International Value Chain Using Dell Inc. 62 Focal Firms in International Business 63 The Multinational Enterprise 64 Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises 65 Born Global Firms 66 International Entry Strategies of Focal Firms 67 A Framework for Classifying International Entry Strategies 67 Other Types of International Entry Strategies 68 Distribution Channel Intermediaries in International Business Intermediaries Based in the Foreign Market 71 Intermediaries Based in the Home Country 72 Online Intermediaries 74
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■ Global Trend: Online Retailers Surge Ahead 75 Facilitators in International Business
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■ Recent Grad in IB: Cynthia Asoka 77 Governments in International Business 79 ■ Closing Case: DHL, FedEx, and UPS: Shifting Fortunes in the Global Logistics Services Industry 80 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 82 Summary 82 Comprehension 83 Apply Your Understanding 83 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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Part 2 The Environment of International Business 4 The Cultural Environment of International Business
> Japan’s Unique Toilet Culture 87 Culture and Cross-Cultural Risk 88 Key Concepts of Culture 91 What Culture Is Not 91 Socialization and Acculturation 91 The Many Dimensions of Culture 92 National, Professional, and Corporate Culture 93 The Role of Culture in International Business 94 ■ Recent Grad in IB: Zhibo (Lawrence) Yu 96 Cultural Metaphors, Stereotypes, and Idioms 97 Cultural Metaphors 97 Stereotypes 97 Idioms 98 Interpretations of Culture 98 High- and Low-Context Cultures 98 Hofstede’s Research on National Culture 99 Subjective versus Objective Dimensions of Culture 101 Values and Attitudes 101 Deal versus Relationship Orientation 101 Manners and Customs 102 Perceptions of Time 102 Perceptions of Space 103 Religion 103 Symbolic Productions 106 Material Productions and Creative Expressions of Culture 106 Language as a Key Dimension of Culture 106 Contemporary Issues in Culture 108 Culture and the Services Sector 108 Technology, the Internet, and Culture 108 Globalization’s Effect on Culture: Are Cultures Converging? 109 Overcoming Cross-Cultural Risk: Managerial Guidelines 109 ■ Global Trend: Minimizing Cross-Cultural Bias with Critical Incident Analysis 111
■ Closing Case: Hollywood’s Influence on Global Culture 112 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 114 Summary 114 Comprehension 115 Apply Your Understanding 116 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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5 Ethics and International Business
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> The Challenge of Corruption Around the World Ethics in International Business 121 The Value of Ethical Behavior 124 Variation in Ethical Standards among Countries
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An Ethical Dilemma 126 Linking Ethics, Corruption, and Responsible Behavior Corporate Social Responsibility 127 The Value of CSR 128
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■ Global Trend: Global Corporate Social Responsibility Rises to the Top of the MNE Agenda 129
The Role of Sustainability in International Operations 129 Corporate Governance and Its Implications for Managers 131 A Framework for Making Ethical Decisions 132 Embracing CSR and Sustainability 133 A Global Consensus 133 Ethics, CSR, and Sustainability in Practice 134 ■ Closing Case: Corruption at Siemens 135 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 137 Summary 137 Test Your Comprehension 138
Apply Your Understanding 138
globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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6 Theories of International Trade and Investment
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> Dubai: The Path to Creating a Knowledge-Based Economy Theories of International Trade and Investment 142 Why Do Nations Trade? 144 Classical Theories 144 How Can Nations Enhance Their Competitive Advantage? Contemporary Theories 151
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■ Global Trend: Moving from Comparative to National Competitive Advantages 157 Why and How Do Firms Internationalize? 157 Firm Internationalization 157 How Can Internationalizing Firms Gain and Sustain Competitive Advantage? 159 FDI-Based Explanations 159 Non-FDI-Based Explanations 164 ■ Closing Case: Hyundai: Leading the Way in the Global Auto Industry 165 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 168 Summary 168 Comprehension 169 Apply Your Understanding 170 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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7 Political and Legal Systems in National Environments
> The Political and Legal Realities of Doing Business in Russia The Nature of Country Risk 174 How Prevalent Is Country Risk? 175 Political and Legal Environments in International Business Political Systems 177 Totalitarianism 177 Socialism 178
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Democracy 179 Democracy’s Link to Economic Freedom and Openness 179 The Relationship between Political Systems and Economic Systems 180 Legal Systems 181 Common Law 182 Civil Law 182 Religious Law 183 Mixed Systems 184 Participants in Political and Legal Systems 184 Government 184 International Organizations 185 Regional Economic Blocs 185 Special Interest Groups 185 Competing Firms 186 Types of Country Risk Produced by Political Systems 186 Government Takeover of Corporate Assets 186 Embargoes and Sanctions 187 Boycotts against Firms or Nations 187 War, Insurrection, and Violence 188 Terrorism 188 Types of Country Risk Produced by Legal Systems 188 Country Risk Arising from the Host Country Legal Environment 188 Country Risk Arising from the Home Country Legal Environment 191 ■ Global Trend: Evolving Legal Aspects of E-Commerce 192 Managing Country Risk 193 Proactive Environmental Scanning 193 Strict Adherence to Ethical Standards 194 Alliances with Qualified Local Partners 194 Protection through Legal Contracts 194 ■ Closing Case: Political, Legal, and Ethical Dilemmas in the Global Pharmaceutical Industry 194
■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 197 Summary 197 Comprehension 198 Apply Your Understanding 198 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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8 Government Intervention in International Business
> India’s Transition to a Liberal Economy
201 The Nature of Government Intervention 202 Rationale for Government Intervention 204 Defensive Rationale 204 Offensive Rationale 205 Instruments of Government Intervention 206 Tariffs 207 Nontariff Trade Barriers 208 Investment Barriers 210 Subsidies and Other Government Support Programs
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Consequences of Government Intervention 213 Evolution of Government Intervention 216 ■ Global Trend: The World Trade Organization and Collapse of the Doha Round 217
Intervention and the Global Financial Crisis 218 How Firms Can Respond to Government Intervention 219 Strategies for Managers 219 ■ Closing Case: Government Intervention at Airbus and Boeing 221 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 223 Summary 223 Test Your Comprehension 224 Apply Your Understanding 224 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises 225
9 Regional Economic Integration 226
> Evolution of the European Union
227 Regional Integration and Economic Blocs 228 Levels of Regional Integration 229 The Leading Economic Blocs 231 The European Union (EU) 231 European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 236 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 236
■ Global Trend: Integrating Eastern Europe and Turkey into the EU 237 El Mercado Comun del Sur (MERCOSUR) 238 The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) 239 Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN) 239 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 239 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 240 Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Agreement (CER) 240 Economic Integration in the Middle East and Africa 241 Advantages of Regional Integration 241 Success Factors for Regional Integration 242 Ethical Dilemmas and Drawbacks of Regional Integration 243 Management Implications of Regional Integration 245 ■ Closing Case: Russell Corporation: Choosing between Global and Regional Free Trade 247
■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 249 Summary 249 Test Your Comprehension 250 Apply Your Understanding 250 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises 251
10 Emerging Markets, Developing Economies, and Advanced Economies 252
> The New Global Challengers: MNEs from Emerging Markets
253 Advanced Economies, Developing Economies, and Emerging Markets 254 Advanced Economies 255 Developing Economies 255
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Emerging Market Economies
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■ Global Trend: China’s Evolving Challenges and Opportunities 262 What Makes Emerging Markets Attractive for International Business Emerging Markets as Target Markets 263 Emerging Markets as Manufacturing Bases 263 Emerging Markets as Sourcing Destinations 264 Assessing the True Potential of Emerging Markets 264 Per-Capita Income as an Indicator of Market Potential 264 Middle Class as an Indicator of Market Potential 266 Risks and Challenges of Emerging Markets 267 Political Instability 267 Weak Intellectual Property Protection 268 Bureaucracy, Red Tape, and Lack of Transparency 268 Poor Physical Infrastructure 268 Partner Availability and Qualifications 268 Dominance of Family Conglomerates 269 Strategies for Emerging Markets 270 Customize Offerings to Unique Emerging Market Needs 270 Partner with Family Conglomerates 271 Target Governments in Emerging Markets 271
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■ Recent Grads in IB: Andrew & Jamie Waskey 272 Skillfully Challenge Emerging Market Competitors 273 Corporate Social Responsibility in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies 274 Foster Economic Development with Profitable Projects 274 Microfinance to Facilitate Entrepreneurship 275 The Special Case of Africa 275 ■ Closing Case: Tata Group: India’s New Global Challenger 277 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 279 Summary 279 Comprehension 280 Apply Your Understanding 280 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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11 The International Monetary and Financial Environment
> The European Union and the Euro
283 Exchange Rates and Currencies in International Business Convertible and Nonconvertible Currencies 285 Foreign Exchange Markets 286 Exchange Rates Fluctuate Constantly 286 How Exchange Rates Are Determined 288 Economic Growth 288 Inflation and Interest Rates 289 Market Psychology 289 Government Action 290 Emergence of the Modern Exchange Rate System 290 The Bretton Woods Agreement 291
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IMF and the World Bank 291 The Modern Exchange Rate System 291 The Monetary and Financial Systems 292 International Monetary System 292 Global Financial System 293 ■ Global Trend: Global Financial Crisis 294 Key Players in the Monetary and Financial Systems The Firm 295 National Stock Exchanges and Bond Markets 296 Commercial Banks 296
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■ Recent Grad in IB: Maria Keeley 297 Central Banks 299 The Bank for International Settlements 299 International Monetary Fund 299 The World Bank 300 ■ Closing Case: AIG and Global Financial Contagion 301 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 303 Summary 303 Comprehension 304 Apply Your Understanding 305 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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Part 3 Strategy and Opportunity Assessment
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12 Strategy and Organization in the International Firm
> IKEA’s Global Strategy
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307 Strategy in International Business 309 Building the Global Firm 310 Visionary Leadership 310 Organizational Culture 312 Organizational Processes 312 The Distinction between Multidomestic and Global Industries 313 The Integration-Responsiveness Framework 314 Pressures for Global Integration 315 Pressures for Local Responsiveness 315 Strategies Based on the Integration-Responsiveness Framework 316 Organizational Structure 319 Centralized or Decentralized Structure? 320 Organizational Structures for International Operations 321 Export Department 321 International Division Structure 321 Geographic Area Structure (Decentralized Structure) 323 Product Structure (Centralized Structure) 324 Functional Structure (Centralized Structure) 325 Global Matrix Structure 325
■ Closing Case: Carlos Ghosn: Leading for Global Success at Renault-Nissan
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■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 330 Summary 330 Comprehension 331 Apply Your Understanding 331 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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13 Global Market Opportunity Assessment
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> Estimating Demand in Emerging Markets
335 Assessing Global Market Opportunities 336 Task One: Analyze Organizational Readiness to Internationalize 338 Task Two: Assess the Suitability of Products and Services for Foreign Markets 340 Factors Contributing to Product Suitability for International Markets 340 Key Issues to Resolve in Measuring Product Potential 341 Task Three: Screen Countries to Identify Target Markets 341 Screening Countries for Exporting 341 ■ Global Trend: Global Macro Trends That Affect International Business 343 Country Screening for Foreign Direct Investment 347 Country Screening for Sourcing 348 Task Four: Assess Industry Market Potential 349 Practical Methods for Managers to Assess Industry Market Potential 350 Data Sources for Estimating Industry Market Potential 350 ■ Recent Grad in IB: Javier Estrada 352 Task Five: Choosing Foreign Business Partners 353 Criteria for Choosing a Partner 353 Searching for Prospective Partners 354 Task Six: Estimate Company Sales Potential 354 Determinants of Company Sales Potential 354 Practical Approaches to Estimating Company Sales Potential 355 In Conclusion 357 ■ Closing Case: Advanced Biomedical Devices: Assessing Readiness to Export 358 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 360 Summary 360 Comprehension 361 Apply Your Understanding 361 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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Part 4 Entering and Operating in International Markets 14 Exporting and Countertrade
Test Your
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> Exporter’s Dogged Pursuit of International Customers An Overview of Foreign Market Entry Strategies 366 Internationalization of the Firm 368 Diverse Motives for Pursuing Internationalization 368 Characteristics of Firm Internationalization 369 Exporting as a Foreign Market Entry Strategy 370 Exporting and the Global Economy 371
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Exporting: A Popular Entry Strategy Service Sector Exports 372 Advantages of Exporting 373 Limitations of Exporting 373
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■ Global Trend: The Emergence of SME Exporters 374 A Systematic Approach to Exporting 374 Importing 377 Managing Export-Import Transactions 378 Documentation 378 Shipping and Incoterms 379 Payment Methods in Exporting and Importing 380 Cash in Advance 380 Letter of Credit 381 Open Account 382 Export-Import Financing 382 Commercial Banks 383 Factoring, Forfaiting, and Confirming 383 Distribution Channel Intermediaries 383 Buyers and Suppliers 383 Intracorporate Financing 383 Government Assistance Programs 384 Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) 384 Identifying and Working with Foreign Intermediaries 384 Working with Foreign Intermediaries 385 When Intermediary Relations Go Bad 386 Countertrade: A Popular Approach for Emerging Markets and Developing Economies 387 Magnitude and Drivers of Countertrade 388 Types of Countertrade 388 Risks of Countertrade 389 Why Consider Countertrade? 389 ■ Closing Case: Barrett Farm Foods: A Small Firm’s International Launch 390
■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 392 Summary 392 Test Your Comprehension
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Apply Your Understanding 394
globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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15 Foreign Direct Investment and Collaborative Ventures
> Deutsche Post DHL’s Rapid International Expansion International Investment and Collaboration 398 Trends in Foreign Direct Investment and Collaborative Ventures 399 Motives for FDI and Collaborative Ventures 400 Market-Seeking Motives 400 Resource- or Asset-Seeking Motives 401 Efficiency-Seeking Motives 401 Characteristics of Foreign Direct Investment 402
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■ Recent Grad in IB: Jennifer Knippen 403 Key Features of Foreign Direct Investment 403 Corporate Social Responsibility and FDI 405 Most Active Firms in FDI 405 Service Firms and FDI 405 Leading Destinations for FDI 407 Factors to Consider in Choosing FDI Locations 407 Types of Foreign Direct Investment 408 Greenfield Investment versus Mergers and Acquisitions The Nature of Ownership in FDI 409 Vertical versus Horizontal Integration 409
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■ Global Trend: FDI in the Global Financial Crisis 411 International Collaborative Ventures 411 Equity Joint Ventures 412 Project-Based, Nonequity Ventures 412 Differences between Equity and Project-Based, Nonequity Ventures Consortium 413 Cross-Licensing Agreements 413 Managing Collaborative Ventures 414 Understand Potential Risks in Collaboration 414 Pursue a Systematic Process for Partnering 414 Ensure Success with Collaborative Ventures 415 The Experience of Retailers in Foreign Markets 416 Challenges of International Retailing 417 International Retailing Success Factors 418
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■ Closing Case: AUTOLATINA: A Failed International Partnership 419 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 421 Summary 421 Comprehension 423 Apply Your Understanding 424 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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16 Licensing, Franchising, and Other Contractual Strategies 426
> Harry Potter: The Magic of Licensing 427 Contractual Entry Strategies 428 Unique Aspects of Contractual Relationships 429 Types of Intellectual Property 429 Licensing as an Entry Strategy 430 Trademark and Copyright Licensing 431 Know-How Licensing 432 The World’s Top Licensing Firms 433 Advantages and Disadvantages of Licensing 433 Advantages of Licensing 434 Disadvantages of Licensing 434 Franchising as an Entry Strategy 435 Who Are the Top Global Franchisors? 437 ■ Global Trend: Internationalization of Franchising: Emerging Markets 437 Advantages and Disadvantages of Franchising 439
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The Franchisor Perspective 439 The Franchisee Perspective 440 Managerial Guidelines for Licensing and Franchising 440 Other Contractual Entry Strategies 441 Turnkey Contracting 441 Build-Operate-Transfer Arrangements (BOT) 442 Management Contracts 442 Leasing 442 The Special Case of Internationalization by Professional Service Firms Guidelines for Protecting Intellectual Property 443
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■ Closing Case: Subway and the Challenges of Franchising in China 446 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 448 Summary 449 Comprehension 450 Apply Your Understanding 450 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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17 Global Sourcing 452
> Global Sourcing of Pharmaceutical Drug Trials
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Outsourcing, Global Sourcing, and Offshoring Decision 1: Outsource or Not? 455 Decision 2: Where in the World Should Value-Adding Activities Be Located? 455 Global Sourcing 456 Offshoring 458 Scope of Global Sourcing 459 Diversity of Countries That Initiate and Receive Outsourced Work 459 ■ Global Trend: China and India: Chief Rivals in the Global Sourcing Game 460 Strategic Choices in Global Sourcing 461 Benefits of Global Sourcing 462 Cost Efficiency 462 Ability to Achieve Strategic Goals 462 Risks of Global Sourcing 465 Strategies for Minimizing the Risks of Global Sourcing 466 Implementing Global Sourcing Through Supply-Chain Management 467 Information and Communications Technology 469 Logistics and Transportation 470 Transportation Modes 470 Global Sourcing and Corporate Social Responsibility 471 Potential Harm to Local and National Economy from Global Sourcing 471 Public Policy on Global Sourcing 472 ■ Closing Case: Wolverine World Wide 473 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 475 Summary 475 Comprehension 476 Apply Your Understanding 476 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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Part 5 Functional Area Excellence
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18 Marketing in the Global Firm 478
> MTV India: Balancing Global and Local Marketing 479 Global Marketing Strategy 480 Targeting Customer Segments and Positioning 481 Standardization and Adaptation of International Marketing 482 Standardization 482 Adaptation 484 ■ Recent Grad in IB: John Dykhouse: Trade Development Manager 485 Standardization and Adaptation: A Balancing Act 486 Global Branding and Product Development 487 Global Branding 487 Global Product Development 489 ■ Global Trend: Growing Role for Marketing in Developing Economies 490 International Pricing 491 Factors That Affect International Pricing 491 A Framework for Setting International Prices 492 Managing International Price Escalation 494 Managing Pricing under Varying Currency Conditions Transfer Pricing 495 Gray Market Activity (Parallel Imports) 496 International Marketing Communications 498 International Advertising 498 International Promotional Activities 500 International Distribution 501 Global Account Management 501
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■ Closing Case: H&M: International Marketing Success Story 502 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 504 Summary 504 Comprehension 505 Apply Your Understanding 505 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises
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19 Human Resource Management in the Global Firm 508
> Johnson & Johnson: A Leader in International Human Resource Management 509 The Strategic Role of Human Resources in International Business Three Employee Categories 510 Differences between Domestic and International HRM 511 Key Tasks in International Human Resource Management 512 International Staffing Policy 513 Recruiting, Selecting, and Developing Talent 514 Cultivating Global Mind-sets 514 Cultural Intelligence 515
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Expatriate Assignment Failure and Culture Shock 516 Preparation and Training of International Employees 516 Preparing Employees for Repatriation 517 Charting Global Careers for Employees 517 International Performance Appraisal 518 Compensation of Employees 518 International Labor Relations 520 Distinctive Features of Labor around the World 521 Cost, Quality, and Productivity of Labor 522 Workforce Reduction 522 Trends in International Labor 523 Firm Strategy in International Labor Relations 524 Diversity in the International Workforce 524 Women in International Business 524 ■ Global Trend: Global Corporate Social Responsibility and the Role of International Human Resource Management 525
Success Strategies for Women Managers in International Business 527 ■ Closing Case: Evolving Human Resource Challenges at Sony 528 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 530 Summary 530 Test Your Comprehension 531 Apply Your Understanding 531 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises 533
20 Financial Management and Accounting in the Global Firm 534
> A Small Firm Rides the Waves of Foreign Exchange
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Key Tasks in International Financial Management 536 Task One: Decide on the Capital Structure 537 Task Two: Raise Funds for the Firm’s International Activities 538 Financial Centers 538 Sources of Funds for International Operations 539 Debt Financing 541 ■ Global Trend: Emerging Markets as International Investment Destinations 541 Intracorporate Financing 543 Task Three: Manage Working Capital and Cash Flow 543 Methods for Transferring Funds within the MNE 543 Multilateral Netting 544 Task Four: Perform Capital Budgeting 545 Net Present Value Analysis of Capital Investment Projects 545 Task Five: Manage Currency Risk 546 Three Types of Currency Exposure 546 ■ Recent Grad in IB: Chip Besse 547 Foreign Exchange Trading 548 Types of Currency Traders 549 Exchange Rate Forecasting 550
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Managing Exposure to Currency Risk through Hedging 551 Best Practice in Minimizing Currency Exposure 552 Task Six: Manage the Diversity of International Accounting and Tax Practices 553 Transparency in Financial Reporting 553 Trends toward Harmonization 554 Consolidating the Financial Statements of Subsidiaries 555 International Taxation 555 ■ Closing Case: International Financial Operations at Tektronix 558 ■ Chapter Essentials: Key Terms 560 Summary 560 Test Your Comprehension 561 Apply Your Understanding 562 globalEDGE™ Internet Exercises 563
Glossary 565 Notes 572 Photo Credits 592 Author Index 594 Company Index 599 Subject Index 603
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