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Carol K. S i g e l m a n Elizabeth A. Rider
CHAPTER
I
Understaxiclin^ Life-S p a n H u m a n Development
1
2
Defining Development
H o w D o W e P r o t e c t tlie R i g h t s o f R e s e a r c h Participants?
H o w S h o u l d W e 1 h i n h aLout Develo pment?
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Longitudinal Design 19 Sequential Designs: The Best of Both Worlds 19
2 0
How D o We U n d e r s t a n d Development in Its 2
Conceptualizing the Life Span
Ecological Context? 3
SUMMARY POINTS
Framing the Nature-Nurture Issue 5 EXPLORATIONS: Historical Oranges in Periods of the Life Span 6
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY TERMS
21
24 24
24
M E D I A RESOURCES
25
W h a t Is t h e S c i e n c e o f L i f e - S p a n D eve lo p m e n t ? Goals of Study
8
CHAPTER 2
8
Tlieories of H u m a n
The Modern Life-Span Perspective 9 EXPLORATIONS: Pioneers of the Study of Life-Span Development 10
D e v e l o p m e n t a l T l i e o r i e s an d tllie Issues
Mow Is D e v e l o p m e n t a l R e s e a r c h Conducted?
J1
The Scientific Method Sample Selection
I hey Raise EXPLORATIONS:
Issues?
II
Where Do You Stand on Major
Developmental
28
Nature and Nurture
I1
28
The Goodness and Badness of Human Nature
Data Collection 12 Verbal Reports 12 Behavioral Observations 12 Physiological Measurements 13 The Experimental and Correlational Methods The Experimental Method ] 4 The Correlational Method 15
27
Activity and Passivity
29
Continuity and Discontinuity
29
Universality and Context Specificity 13
Developmental Research Designs 17 Age, Cohort, and Time of Measurement Effects 17 Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs 17 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cross-Sectional Design .18
Freud: Psychoanalytic T heory Instincts and Unconscious Motives Id, Ego, and Superego
30
Psychosexual Development
31
30
30
29
Strengths and Weaknesses 32 EXPLORATIONS: Freud on Teenage Pregnancy
Individual Heredity
33
The Genetic Code 57 EXPLORATIONS: The Human Genome Project 58 Genetic Uniqueness and Relatedness 59 Determination of Sex 60
Erikson: Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic T h e orv
33
Psychosocial Stages 34 EXPLORATIONS: Erikson on Teenage Pregnancy Strengths and Weaknesses
Learning' T h e o r i e s
Translation of the Genetic Code 35
35 36
Skinner: Operant Conditioning
36
Mutations
Strengths and Weaknesses
40
Influences
41
Estimating Influences Molecular Genetics
43
Contextualâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Systems Theories Vygotsky: A Socioculturai Perspective
Using Developmental'Theories 7eenage Pregnancy 50
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY T E R M S
48
to Prevent
45
71
Temperament and Personality Psychological Disorders
53
72
73
The Merit ability of Different Traits
74
75
Heredity and E n v i r o n m e n t Conspiring Gene-Environment Interactions
53
76
Gene-Environment Correlations 76 Passive Gene-Environment Correlations 77 Evocative Gene-Environment Correlations 77 Active Gene-Environment Correlations 77
53
M E D I A RESOURCES
70
Influences on Heritability
49
APPLICATIONS:
69
Intellectual Abilities
44
Gottlieb: An Evolutionary ^pigenetic Systems View
53
Genetic Influences on Environment
CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY POINTS
55
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY TERMS
Evolution and Species Heredity
77
Controversies Surrounding Genetic Research 78 APPLICATIONS: Prevention and Treatment of Genetic Conditions 79
Genes, E n v i r o n m e n t , a n d Development
69
A c c o u n t i n g f o r I n o. ivicinal D i f f e r e n c e s
44
Strengths and Weaknesses 47 EXPLORATIONS: Gottlieb on Teenage Pregnancy
68
Twin, Adoption, and Family Studies
Stages of Cognitive Development 42 EXPLORATIONS: Piaget on Teenage Pregnancy 43
SUMMARY POINTS
68
Experimental Breeding
Theories in Perspective
66
Studying' G e n e t i c a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l
41
Strengths and Weaknesses
63
Genetic Diagnosis and Counseling 65 EXPLORATIONS: Prenatal Detection of Abnormalities
40
Cognitive Developmental Theory Piaget: Constructivism
63
Chromosome Abnormalities
Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory 39 EXPLORATIONS: Bandura on Teenage Pregnancy
60
Mechanisms of Inheritance 61 Single Gene-Pair Inheritance 61 Sex-Linked Inheritance 62 Polygenic Inheritance 62
35
Watson: Classical Conditioning
57
56
80 80
81
M E D I A RESOURCES
81
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
P r e n a t a l I ) evel o p m e n t
T k e Physical Self
and Birth
Building B l o c k s of G r o w t h and
1 3 renatal D evelop m e n t Conception
1) e v e l o p m e n t
8 4
Reproductive Technologies: New Conceptions of 85
Prenatal Stages 85 The Germinal Period 86 The Embryonic Period 86 The Fetal Period 87
Teratogens 91 Drugs 91 Diseases 96 Environmental Hazards The Mother's State
Rapid Growth
97
98
Getting Life Off to a Good Start
Age 98 Emotional Condition Nutritional Condition The Father's State
99 99
100
Possible Hazards 101 Anoxia 101 Complicated Delivery Medications 103
101
101
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY TERMS
109 109
109
M E D I A RESOURCES
110
Newborn Capabilities I 19 Reflexes 119 Behavioral States 121 Sensing and Learning 121 EXPLORATIONS: Are Today's Children (and Adults) Sleep Deprived? 122
The C U d
127 127
T k e Adolescent
105
Identifying At-Risk Newborns 108
I 19
Physical Behavior 128 APPLICATIONS: Promoting Lifelong Health with Phys Activity 128
I lie N e o n a t a l E n v i r o n m e n t
Risk and Resilience
119
Steady Growth
The Mother's Experience 103 Cultural Factors 103 Postnatal Depression 104 The Father's Experience
98
118
Physical Behavior 124 Locomotor Development 124 Manip ulating Obj ects 125 Emergence of Motor Skills 1.26
file Perinatal E n v i r o n m e n t
SUMMARY POINTS
T k e Infant
91
S12
The Nervous System 113 Brain Development 115 The Aging Brain 116 EXPLORATIONS: Can Brain Development Explain Why Adolescents lake More Risks Than Adults? 117 Principles of Growth
1 lie P r e n a t a l J h n v i r o n m e n t
APPLICATIONS:
112
The Endocrine System
84
EXPLORATIONS:
Conception
111
106
105
130
The Growth Spurt
131
Sexual Maturation
131
Psychological Implications
133
Early versus Late Development Physical Behavior h-:
r k e Adult
134
135
Physical Changes 135 Appearance and Structure 135 Functioning and Health 136 Psychological Implications 136 The Reproductive System 137 Female Menopause 137
134
Cultural Differences in the Experience of Menopause 138 Male Andropause 139
T k e Adult
EXPLORATIONS:
Physical Behavior 139 Slowing Down 139 Disease, Disuse, and Abuse SUMMARY POINTS KEY TERMS
Vision 161 Changes in the Pupil 161 Changes in the Lens 161 Retinal Changes 163 Attention and Visual Search 163 EXPLORATIONS: Aging Drivers 164
140
141
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G
141
Hearing 164 Basic Capacities 164 Speech Perception 165 APPLICATIONS: Aiding Adults with Hearing Impairments
141
MEDIA RESOURCES
141
Taste and Smell
CHAPTER 6 P e r c e p t i o n
168
The Adult in Perspective . 168
1 4 3
SUMMARY POINTS
169
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G
144
KEY T E R M S
169
169
M E D I A RESOURCES
169
145
Assessing Perceptual Abilities Habituation 145 Preferential Looking 145 Evoked Potentials 145 Operant Conditioning 145
145
CHAPTER 7
P l a c e t ' s C o n s t r u c t ! vis I A p p r o a e k
Vision 146 Basic Capacities 146 Pattern Perception 147 Depth Perception 148 Organizing a World of Objects 149 The Infant as an Intuitive Theorist 150 EXPLORATIONS: Can Babies Count? 150
What Is Intelligence?
T l ie H i t a n t
Touch, Temperature, and Pain Integrating Sensory Information
174 174
The Development of Object Permanence The Emergence of Symbols
156 156
Influences on Early Perceptual Development Early Experience and the Brain 157 The Infant's Active Role 158 Cultural Variation 158 159
157
TlieClliM
160
175
177
178
The Preoperational Stage 178 EXPLORATIONS: Can There Really Be a Santa Clans? 178 Lack of Conservation 179 Egocentrism 181 Difficulty with Classification 181 Did Piaget Underestimate the Preschool Child? 181 The Concrete Operations Stage 182 Conservation 182 Seriation and Transitivitv 182 Other Advances 183 /
The Development of Attention 159 Longer Attention Span 159 More Selective Attention 159 More Systematic Attention 159
T k e Adolescent
173
Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage
Taste and Smell 153 APPLICATIONS: Aiding Infants and Children with Hearing Impairments 154
1 72
172
How Does Intelligence Develop?
Hearing 152 Basic Capacities 152 Speech Perception 152
Tlie Child
166
167
Touch, Temperature, and Pain
Issues o f N a t u r e a n d N u r t u r e T h e Infant
160
T k e Adolescent
183
The Formal Operations Stage 183 Hypothetical and Abstract Thinking
183
Problem Solving 183 Progress toward Mastery 184 EXPLORATIONS: Children's Humor and Cognitive Development 185 Implications of Formal Thought
T h e Adult
Tke Ckild
Explaining Memory Development 205 Do Basic Capacities Change? 205 Do Memory Strategies Change? 206 Does Knowledge about Memory Change? 207 Does Knowledge of the World Change? 208 Revisiting the Explanations 208
186
188
Limitations in Adult Cognitive Performance Growth beyond Formal Operations? Aging and Cognitive Skills
205
188
Autobiographical Memory 209 When Do Autobiographical Memories Begin? Scripts 210
189
190
Eyewitness Memory
Piaget in Perspective Piaget's Contributions Challenges to Piaget
L
Problem Solving
191
Vygotsky's S o c i o e u l t u r a l P e r s p e c t i v e Culture and Thought
Tools of Thought 194 APPLICATIONS: Improving Cognitive Evaluation ofVygotsky CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY TERMS
214
Functioning
214
Autobiographical Memory
193
215
Memory and Aging 215 EXPLORATIONS: Forgetting: What Is Normal and What Is Not? 216 Areas of Strength and Weakness 216 Explaining Declines in Old Age 218 APPLICATIONS: Improving Memory and Study Skills 270
194
196
197 197
197
M E D I A RESOURCES
213
Developing Expertise
192
Social Interaction and Thought
SUMMARY POINTS
T k e Adult
192
210
21 I
T k e A do l e s c e n t
191
Problem Solving and Aging
197
SUMMARY POINTS KEY T E R M S
CHAPTER 8
222
223
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G
223
224
M E D I A RESOURCES
224
Memory and Information CHAPTER 9
Pr 1 lie I n f o r m a t i o n - P r o c e s s i n g ' A p p r o a c h Memory Systems Problem Solving
200
&>
and Creativity
200
Implicit and Explicit Memory
201
W k a t Is I lite Hi cfence i
202
The Psychometric Approach
The Infant
202
Memory 202 Imitation 202 Habituation 203 Operant Conditioning Recall 204 Problem Solving
209
225 226
227
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences EXPLORATIONS: Measuring Intelligence 228 Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Tlie Infant
203
230
232
Developmental Quotients
204
232
Infant Intelligence and Later Intelligence
c
227
232
Tke Ckild
C H A P T E R
233
How Stable Are IQ Scores during Childhood?
233
Causes of Gain and Loss 233 EXPLORATIONS: Early Intervention for Preschool Children
The Adolescent
Mastering Language
Continuity between Childhood and Adulthood
T h e Adult
DQ and Health
239
239
241
265
Mastery Motivation 243
Early Education
265
266
243
T k e Ckild
Race and Ethnicity 244 Culture Bias 244 Motivational Factors 244 Genetic Influences 245 Environmental Influences 246
T h e E x t r e m e s of I n t e l l i g e n c e Mental Retardation
246
247
249
Creativity in Childhood and Adolescence Creative Achievement in Adulthood SUMMARY POINTS CRITICAL T H I N K I N G
252 252
253
M E D I A RESOURCES
253
267
Achievement Motivation 267 Age Differences 268 Parent Contributions 268 School Contributions 269
246
W h a t Is C r e a t i v i t y ?
KEY T E R M S
259
241 The Infant
Home Environment 241 EXPLORATIONS: Family Size and Birth Order
256
How Language Develops 260 The Learning Perspective 260 The Nativist Perspective 261 The Interactionist Perspective 262 A Critical Period for Language? 263 EXPLORATIONS: Language Acquisition among Deaf Children 264
237
F a c t o r s 'That I n f l u e n c e I Q S c o r e s
Giftedness
255
Later Language Development
236
Predictors of Decline 238 APPLICATIONS: IQ Training for Aging Adults Potential for Wisdom
What Must Be Mastered
2bO
The Course of Language Development Before the First Words 256 The First Words 257 Telegraphic Speech 258
235
236
Change in IQ with Age
Social Class
234
236
IQ and Occupational Success
Genes
234
234
IQ and School Achievement
10
250
249
Learning to Read 269 Mastering the Alphabetic Principle 269 Emergent Literacy 270 Skilled and Unskilled Readers 271 How Should Reading Be Taught? 271 Effective Schools 272 Less Important Factors 272 Factors That Matter 272 EXPLORATIONS: Making Integration and Inclusion Work
T l xe A d o l e s c e n t
274
Declining Levels of Achievement Family Characteristics 276 Cognitive Growth 276 Negative Feedback 276 Peer Pressures 276 Pubertal Changes 276 Poor Person-Environment Fit
275
277
274
Science and Mathematics Education Integrating Work and School Pathways to Adulthood
T k e Adult
277
Big Fish in a Little Pond
EXPLORATIONS:
279
Forging a Sense of Identity 300 Developmental Trends 300 EXPLORATIONS: Forging a Positive Ethnic Identity Influences on Identity Formation 303
280
281
Vocational Identity and Choice Achievement Motivation Literacy 9t2
h-i
The Adult
Continuing Education 282 APPLICATIONS: What Can Theory and Research Contribute to Education? 283 284
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY T E R M S
284 284
1 I
CHAPTER an
Conceptualising the Self
Self-Conceptions 305 Age Differences 305 Cultural Differences 307
287
Midlife Crisis?
Perspectives on Personality
Trait Theory EXPLORATIONS:
287
Social Learning Theory
The Infant
The Emerging Self
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G
289
KEY T E R M S
320 320
Forming Personality
T h e Adolescent 297
CHAPTER
296
297
12
,er Ivoles 293
an
exuality
Male and Female
Elaborating on a Sense of Self Self-Esteem 295 Influences on Self-Esteem 296
298
319
290
294
Self-Conceptions
317
320
M E D I A RESOURCES
Temperament 291 Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability 291 Behavioral Inhibition 292 Easiness and Difficultness 292 Goodness of Fit 293 EXPLORATIONS: Goodness of Fit and the Case of Carl
Self-Esteem
SUMMARY POINTS
289
290
The Ckild
314
Personality and Successful Aging
288 A Brief Personality Scale
31 I
Vocational Development and Adjustment Establishing a Career 315 The Aging Worker 316 Retirement 317
287
Psychoanalytic Theory
305
Eriksonian Psychosocial Growth The Path to Adulthood 311 Early Adult Intimacy 312 Midlife Generativity 313 Old Age Integrity 313
Per
Development
304
Continuity and Discontinuity in Personality 307 APPLICATIONS: Stereotypes of Aging and Self-Perceptions in Old Age 308 Do People Retain Their Rankings? 308 Do Mean Personality Scores Change? 309 Why Do People Change or Remain the Same? 311
284
M E D I A RESOURCES
302
281
282
SUMMARY POINTS
299
323
Gender Norms and Stereotypes Are There Gender Differences?
The Infant
326
Differential Treatment Early Learning
327
322
324 324
315
T k e Ckild
C H A P T E R S3
327
Acquiring Gender Stereotypes Gender-Typed Behavior
1 lie A d o l e s c e n t
Social C o g n i t i o n a n d M o r a l
327
328
Development
329
Adhering to Gender Roles
Social Cognition 329
Explaining Gender-Role Development 329 Biosocial Theory 330 EXPLORATIONS: IS the Social Label Everything, or Is Biology Destiny? 332 Psychoanalytic Theory 333 Social Learning Theory 333 EXPLORATIONS: Are Single-Sex Schools Good for Girls? 335 Cognitive Theories 336 An Attempt at Integration 338
T l ie A d L I It
338
Changes in Gender Roles
3 51
352
Developing a Theory of Mind 352 First Steps 354 Desire and Belief-Desire Psychologies Nature and Nurture 355 Describing Other People Role-Taking Skills
357
357
Social Cognition in Adulthood
358
P e r s p e c t i v e s on M o r a l D e v e l o p m e n t
338
b e x u a l i t y over t k e L i f e S p a n
339
341
Are Infants Sexual Beings? 341 APPLICATIONS: Changing Gender-Role Attitudes and Behavior 342 Childhood Sexuality 342 Knowledge of Sex and Reproduction Sexual Behavior 343 Childhood Sexual Abuse 344
343
Moral Behavior: Social Learning Theory 363 EXPLORATIONS: Sample Responses to the Mercy-Killing Dilemma at Kohlbergs Three Levels of Moral Reasoning
The Infant
365
Early Moral Training Prosocial Behavior
T k e Ckild
365 366
366
ÂŤ
Weighing Intentions
366
Understanding Rules
367
Thinking through Kohlberg's Dilemmas
Adult Sexuality
347
Behaving Morally
SUMMARY P O I N T S
349
Nurturing Morality
Applying Theory of Mind
367 367
368 368
349
350
M E D I A RESOURCES
360
Moral Reasoning: Cognitive Developmental Theory Piaget's View 361 Kohlbergs View 361
Adolescent Sexuality 344 Sexual Orientation 345 Sexual Morality 345 Sexual Behavior 346
KEY T E R M S
359
Moral Affect: Psychoanalytic Theory and Beyond
Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny Changes with Age 340 Is Androgyny Advantageous? 341
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G
354
350
I lie A d o l e s c e n t
370
Changes in Moral Reasoning
370
Antisocial Behavior 371 Dodge's Social Information-Processing Model 371 Patterson's Coercive Family Environments 372 Nature and Nurture 373
T k e Adult
375
Moral Development
375
361
364
Influences on Moral Development 375 APPLICATIONS: Combating Youth Violence 376
First Peer Relations
Kohlberg's Theory and Beyond 378 Culture Bias? 378 Liberal Bias? 378 Gender Bias? 378 EXPLORATIONS: Cultural Differences in Moral Thinking Supplementing Kohlberg 380
Tke Ckild
SUMMARY POINTS CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY T E R M S
402
Parent-Child Attachments Peer Networks 379
Play
382 382
383
M E D I A RESOURCES
383
403
Peer Acceptance and Popularity
14
Relationships
Perspectives on Relationships Attachment Theory 386 Nature, Nurture, and Attachment Implications of Attachment 387
407
Attachments to Parents Friendships
384
407
Parent and Peer Influence 386
T k e Adult 387
410
411
Social Networks 41 I EXPLORATIONS: Emotional Experience in Adult Relationships 412 Attachment Styles EXPLORATIONS:
388
Early Emotional Development 389 Nature, Nurture, and Emotions 389 Emotion Regulation 390
413
Internal Working Models of Attachment
Adult Friendships
An Attachment Forms 391 The Caregiver's Attachment to the Infant The Infant's Attachment to the Caregiver Attachment-Related Fears 392 Exploratory Behavior 392
407
Changing Social Networks 408 Cliques and Crowds 408 Dating 409
385
Peers and the Two Worlds of Childhood Piaget 387 Sullivan 387 Harris 388
405
406
T l ie A d o l e s c e n t
A t t a c h m e n t a n d Social
Tile Infant
403
403 Play Becomes More Social 403 Play Becomes More Imaginative 404 Play Becomes More Rule-Governed 405 What Good Is Play? 405
Friendships
CHAPTER
401
414
416
Adult Relationships and Adult Development 416 APPLICATIONS: Building Stronger Social Relationships 417 SUMMARY POINTS CRITICAL T H I N K I N G
391 392
KEY TERMS
Implications of Early Attachment 397 Effects of Social Deprivation 397 EXPLORATIONS: IS Day Care Good for In fant Development? 398 Later Development of Securely and Insecurely Attached Infants 400
419
419
M E D I A RESOURCES
The Quality of the Attachment 392 EXPLORATIONS: Tips for Baby-Sitters Trying to Prevent Stranger Anxiety 393 The Caregiver's Contributions 394 The Infant's Contributions 396 Contextual Contributors 396
418
419
CHAPTER
05
Tlie F a m i l y
421
U n d e r s t a n d i n g ' t k e F a m i ly The Family as a System
422
422
The Family as a System within Other Systems The Family as a Changing System
423
A Changing System in a Changing World
t
423
423
T k e Infant
Remarriage and Reconstituted Families
425
Mother-Infant and Fatherâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Infant Relationships
425
Mothers, Fathers, and Infants: The System at Work 426
Tke Ckild
Parenting Styles 426 Dimensions of Child Rearing 426 Social Class, Economic Hardship, and Parenting Models of Influence in the Family 429 Parent Effects Model 429 Child Effects Model 429 Transactional Model 429 EXPLORATIONS: Genes, Culture, and Parenting Sibling Relationships 430 A New Baby Arrives 431 Ambivalence in Sibling Relationships Contributions to Development 432
T !i e A d o l e s c e n t
433
Grandparenthood
453
435 437
437
CHAPTER
D6
o
gy
^normal? DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria
T l ie I n f a n t
438
Changing Family Relationships 439 Marital Relationships 439 Sibling Relationships 439 Parent-Child Relationships 440
Diversity i n F a m i l y L i f e
456
442
460
Suspected Causes 461 EXPLORATIONS: Is Autism an Extreme Version of the Male Brain? 462 Developmental Outcomes and Treatment 464 Depression EXPLORATIONS:
Singles
454
Developmental Psychopathology 457 Psychopathologv as Development, Not as Disease Considering Social Norms and Age Norms 458 Developmental Issues 458 The Diathesis-Stress Model 459
435
The Empty Nest
453
W k a t M a k e s D evelop m e n t
Renegotiating the Relationship
The Child-Rearing Family
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G
453
432
433
Establishing the Marriage
427
SUMMARY POINTS
M E D I A RESOURCES
430
449
What Are the Effects of Family Violence? APPLICATIONS: Battling Family Violence 452
KEY T E R M S
Ripples in the Parent-Child Relationship
T k e Adult
I lie P r o b l e m o f F a m i l y V i o l e n c e Why Does Family Violence Occur? The Abuser 449 The Abused 450 The Context 450
426
448
464 Failure to Thrive
465
442
Childless Married Couples Dual-Career Families
443
443
Gay and Lesbian Families
444
Divorcing Families 444 Before the Divorce 44-4 After the Divorce 445 EXPLORATIONS: "Good" and "Bad" Divorces: Factors Influencing Adjustment 446
T k e Ckild
466
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Developmental Course 467 Suspected Causes 468 Treatment 468 Depression
469 APPLICATIONS: Challenges in Treating C and Adolescents 470
en
467
457
Nature, Nurture, and Childhood Disorders Do Childhood Problems Persist?
471
T i i e E x p e r i e n c e of B e r e a v e m e n t
472 The Parkes/Bowlby Attachment Model
T h e Adolescent
473
Storm and Stress?
473
Anorexia Nervosa 473 Suspected Causes 474 Treatment 475 &
Some Evidence
496
Tlie Infant
497
Grasping the Concept of Death
475
The Dying Child
477
Aging and Dementia 478 Alzheimer's Disease 4-79 Other Causes of Cognitive Impairment SUMMARY POINTS KEY T E R M S
T k e Adult 481
482
4-83
M E D I A RESOURCES
17
Tlie F m a
enge:
a n d D ym
484
L i f e and Death Issues
485
earn
What Kills Us and When?
Bereavement and Human Development
507
T a k i n g tlie S t i n g O u t o f D e a t h
507
507
SUMMARY POINTS CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY T E R M S
508 509 509
509
M E D I A RESOURCES
510
488
T h e o r i e s o f A g i n g : W h y D o We Age 489
EPILOGUE F i t t i n g tlie P i e c e s
489
T o s'etlier
490
Nature and Nurture Conspiring
491
T h e E x p e r i e n c e of Dying APPLICATIONS:
504
506
For the Bereaved
What Is Death? 485 Biological Definitions of Death 485 EXPLORATIONS: Should We Hasten Death? 486 Social Meanings of Death 487
Damage Theories
502
Who Copes and Who Succumbs? 506 Personal Resources 506 The Nature of the Loss 506 The Context of Supports and Stressors
For the Dying
Programmed Theories
501
Challenges to the Grief Work Perspective
483
CHAPTER
and Die?
500
Death in the Family Context The Loss of a Spouse 502 The Loss of a Child 503 The Loss of a Parent 504
482
CRITICAL T H I N K I N G
500
T l i e A d. d e s c e n t
477
498
499
The Bereaved Child
Depression 47? Age and Sex Differences Treatment 478
495
T l i e Clxi
Depression and Suicidal Behavior
T h e Adult
495
Can We Delay Death?
Kiibler-Ross's Stages of Dying
M a j o r Freiias i n Development
512
491
Infants (Birth to Age 2)
492
Preschool Children (Ages 2 through 5)
492
Criticisms and Alternative Views
511
494
512 513
School-Age Children (Ages 6 through 81) Adolescents (Ages 12 through 19) Young Adults (Ages 20 through 39)
514 514
Middle-Aged Adults (Ages 40 through 64) Older Adults (Age 65 and Up)
5S6
5S3
514
Major
X hemes in H u m a n
Develop m en t
3 S8
Nature and Nurture Truly Interact in Development 518 We Are Whole People throughout the Life Span Development Proceeds in Multiple Directions
518 519
There Is Both Continuity and Discontinuity in Development 519 There Is Much Plasticity in Development
519
We Are Individuals, Becoming Even More Diverse with Age 519 We Develop in a Cultural and Historical Context We Are Active in Our Own Development Development Is a Lifelong Process
520
520
520
Development is Best Viewed from Multiple Perspectives 520
r