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Fifth Edition

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Carol K. S i g e l m a n Elizabeth A. Rider

CHAPTER

I

Understaxiclin^ Life-S p a n H u m a n Development

1

2

Defining Development

H o w D o W e P r o t e c t tlie R i g h t s o f R e s e a r c h Participants?

H o w S h o u l d W e 1 h i n h aLout Develo pment?

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Longitudinal Design 19 Sequential Designs: The Best of Both Worlds 19

2 0

How D o We U n d e r s t a n d Development in Its 2

Conceptualizing the Life Span

Ecological Context?

3

SUMMARY POINTS

Framing the Nature-Nurture Issue 5 EXPLORATIONS: Historical Oranges in Periods of the Life Span 6

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY TERMS

21

24 24

24

M E D I A RESOURCES

25

W h a t Is t h e S c i e n c e o f L i f e - S p a n D eve lo p m e n t ?

Goals of Study

8

CHAPTER 2

8

Tlieories of H u m a n

The Modern Life-Span Perspective 9 EXPLORATIONS: Pioneers of the Study of Life-Span Development 10

D e v e l o p m e n t a l T l i e o r i e s an d tllie Issues

Mow Is D e v e l o p m e n t a l R e s e a r c h Conducted?

J1

The Scientific Method Sample Selection

I hey Raise EXPLORATIONS:

Issues?

II

Where Do You Stand on Major

Developmental

28

Nature and Nurture

I1

28

The Goodness and Badness of Human Nature

Data Collection 12 Verbal Reports 12 Behavioral Observations 12 Physiological Measurements 13 The Experimental and Correlational Methods The Experimental Method ] 4 The Correlational Method 15

27

Activity and Passivity

29

Continuity and Discontinuity

29

Universality and Context Specificity 13

Developmental Research Designs 17 Age, Cohort, and Time of Measurement Effects 17 Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs 17 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cross-Sectional Design .18

Freud: Psychoanalytic T heory Instincts and Unconscious Motives Id, Ego, and Superego

30

Psychosexual Development

31

30

30

29

Strengths and Weaknesses 32 EXPLORATIONS: Freud on Teenage Pregnancy

Individual Heredity

33

The Genetic Code 57 EXPLORATIONS: The Human Genome Project 58 Genetic Uniqueness and Relatedness 59 Determination of Sex 60

Erikson: Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic T h e orv

33

Psychosocial Stages 34 EXPLORATIONS: Erikson on Teenage Pregnancy Strengths and Weaknesses

Learning' T h e o r i e s

Translation of the Genetic Code 35

35 36

Skinner: Operant Conditioning

36

Mutations

Strengths and Weaknesses

40

Influences

41

Estimating Influences Molecular Genetics

43

Contextualâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Systems Theories Vygotsky: A Socioculturai Perspective

Using Developmental'Theories 7eenage Pregnancy 50

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY T E R M S

48

to Prevent

45

71

Temperament and Personality Psychological Disorders

53

72

73

The Merit ability of Different Traits

74

75

Heredity and E n v i r o n m e n t Conspiring Gene-Environment Interactions

53

76

Gene-Environment Correlations 76 Passive Gene-Environment Correlations 77 Evocative Gene-Environment Correlations 77 Active Gene-Environment Correlations 77

53

M E D I A RESOURCES

70

Influences on Heritability

49

APPLICATIONS:

69

Intellectual Abilities

44

Gottlieb: An Evolutionary ^pigenetic Systems View

53

Genetic Influences on Environment

CHAPTER 3

SUMMARY POINTS

55

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY TERMS

Evolution and Species Heredity

77

Controversies Surrounding Genetic Research 78 APPLICATIONS: Prevention and Treatment of Genetic Conditions 79

Genes, E n v i r o n m e n t , a n d Development

69

A c c o u n t i n g f o r I n o. ivicinal D i f f e r e n c e s

44

Strengths and Weaknesses 47 EXPLORATIONS: Gottlieb on Teenage Pregnancy

68

Twin, Adoption, and Family Studies

Stages of Cognitive Development 42 EXPLORATIONS: Piaget on Teenage Pregnancy 43

SUMMARY POINTS

68

Experimental Breeding

Theories in Perspective

66

Studying' G e n e t i c a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l

41

Strengths and Weaknesses

63

Genetic Diagnosis and Counseling 65 EXPLORATIONS: Prenatal Detection of Abnormalities

40

Cognitive Developmental Theory Piaget: Constructivism

63

Chromosome Abnormalities

Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory 39 EXPLORATIONS: Bandura on Teenage Pregnancy

60

Mechanisms of Inheritance 61 Single Gene-Pair Inheritance 61 Sex-Linked Inheritance 62 Polygenic Inheritance 62

35

Watson: Classical Conditioning

57

56

80 80

81

M E D I A RESOURCES

81

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 5

P r e n a t a l I ) evel o p m e n t

T k e Physical Self

and Birth

Building B l o c k s of G r o w t h and

1 3 renatal D evelop m e n t Conception

1) e v e l o p m e n t

8 4

Reproductive Technologies: New Conceptions of 85

Prenatal Stages 85 The Germinal Period 86 The Embryonic Period 86 The Fetal Period 87

Teratogens 91 Drugs 91 Diseases 96 Environmental Hazards The Mother's State

Rapid Growth

97

98

Getting Life Off to a Good Start

Age 98 Emotional Condition Nutritional Condition The Father's State

99 99

100

Possible Hazards 101 Anoxia 101 Complicated Delivery Medications 103

101

101

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY TERMS

109 109

109

M E D I A RESOURCES

110

Newborn Capabilities I 19 Reflexes 119 Behavioral States 121 Sensing and Learning 121 EXPLORATIONS: Are Today's Children (and Adults) Sleep Deprived?

122

The C U d

127 127

T k e Adolescent

105

Identifying At-Risk Newborns 108

I 19

Physical Behavior 128 APPLICATIONS: Promoting Lifelong Health with Phys Activity 128

I lie N e o n a t a l E n v i r o n m e n t

Risk and Resilience

119

Steady Growth

The Mother's Experience 103 Cultural Factors 103 Postnatal Depression 104 The Father's Experience

98

118

Physical Behavior 124 Locomotor Development 124 Manip ulating Obj ects 125 Emergence of Motor Skills 1.26

file Perinatal E n v i r o n m e n t

SUMMARY POINTS

T k e Infant

91

S12

The Nervous System 113 Brain Development 115 The Aging Brain 116 EXPLORATIONS: Can Brain Development Explain Why Adolescents lake More Risks Than Adults?

117 Principles of Growth

1 lie P r e n a t a l J h n v i r o n m e n t

APPLICATIONS:

112

The Endocrine System

84

EXPLORATIONS:

Conception

111

106

105

130

The Growth Spurt

131

Sexual Maturation

131

Psychological Implications

133

Early versus Late Development Physical Behavior h-:

r k e Adult

134

135

Physical Changes 135 Appearance and Structure 135 Functioning and Health 136 Psychological Implications 136 The Reproductive System 137 Female Menopause 137

134

Cultural Differences in the Experience of Menopause 138 Male Andropause 139

T k e Adult

EXPLORATIONS:

Physical Behavior 139 Slowing Down 139 Disease, Disuse, and Abuse SUMMARY POINTS KEY TERMS

Vision 161 Changes in the Pupil 161 Changes in the Lens 161 Retinal Changes 163 Attention and Visual Search 163 EXPLORATIONS: Aging Drivers 164

140

141

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G

141

Hearing 164 Basic Capacities 164 Speech Perception 165 APPLICATIONS: Aiding Adults with Hearing Impairments

141

MEDIA RESOURCES

141

Taste and Smell

CHAPTER 6 P e r c e p t i o n

168

The Adult in Perspective . 168

1 4 3

SUMMARY POINTS

169

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G

144

KEY T E R M S

169

169

M E D I A RESOURCES

169

145

Assessing Perceptual Abilities Habituation 145 Preferential Looking 145 Evoked Potentials 145 Operant Conditioning 145

145

CHAPTER 7

P l a c e t ' s C o n s t r u c t ! vis I A p p r o a e k

Vision 146 Basic Capacities 146 Pattern Perception 147 Depth Perception 148 Organizing a World of Objects 149 The Infant as an Intuitive Theorist 150 EXPLORATIONS: Can Babies Count?

150

What Is Intelligence?

T l ie H i t a n t

Touch, Temperature, and Pain Integrating Sensory Information

174 174

The Development of Object Permanence The Emergence of Symbols

156 156

Influences on Early Perceptual Development Early Experience and the Brain 157 The Infant's Active Role 158 Cultural Variation 158 159

157

TlieClliM

160

175

177

178

The Preoperational Stage 178 EXPLORATIONS: Can There Really Be a Santa Clans?

178 Lack of Conservation 179 Egocentrism 181 Difficulty with Classification 181 Did Piaget Underestimate the Preschool Child?

181 The Concrete Operations Stage 182 Conservation 182 Seriation and Transitivitv 182 Other Advances 183 /

The Development of Attention 159 Longer Attention Span 159 More Selective Attention 159 More Systematic Attention 159

T k e Adolescent

173

Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage

Taste and Smell 153 APPLICATIONS: Aiding Infants and Children with Hearing Impairments 154

1 72

172

How Does Intelligence Develop?

Hearing 152 Basic Capacities 152 Speech Perception 152

Tlie Child

166

167

Touch, Temperature, and Pain

Issues o f N a t u r e a n d N u r t u r e T h e Infant

160

T k e Adolescent

183

The Formal Operations Stage 183 Hypothetical and Abstract Thinking

183

Problem Solving 183 Progress toward Mastery 184 EXPLORATIONS: Children's Humor and Cognitive Development 185 Implications of Formal Thought

T h e Adult

Tke Ckild

Explaining Memory Development 205 Do Basic Capacities Change?

205 Do Memory Strategies Change?

206 Does Knowledge about Memory Change?

207 Does Knowledge of the World Change?

208 Revisiting the Explanations 208

186

188

Limitations in Adult Cognitive Performance Growth beyond Formal Operations?

Aging and Cognitive Skills

205

188

Autobiographical Memory 209 When Do Autobiographical Memories Begin?

Scripts 210

189

190

Eyewitness Memory

Piaget in Perspective Piaget's Contributions Challenges to Piaget

L

Problem Solving

191

Vygotsky's S o c i o e u l t u r a l P e r s p e c t i v e Culture and Thought

Tools of Thought 194 APPLICATIONS: Improving Cognitive Evaluation ofVygotsky CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY TERMS

214

Functioning

214

Autobiographical Memory

193

215

Memory and Aging 215 EXPLORATIONS: Forgetting: What Is Normal and What Is Not? 216 Areas of Strength and Weakness 216 Explaining Declines in Old Age 218 APPLICATIONS: Improving Memory and Study Skills 270

194

196

197 197

197

M E D I A RESOURCES

213

Developing Expertise

192

Social Interaction and Thought

SUMMARY POINTS

T k e Adult

192

210

21 I

T k e A do l e s c e n t

191

Problem Solving and Aging

197

SUMMARY POINTS KEY T E R M S

CHAPTER 8

222

223

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G

223

224

M E D I A RESOURCES

224

Memory and Information CHAPTER 9

Pr 1 lie I n f o r m a t i o n - P r o c e s s i n g ' A p p r o a c h Memory Systems Problem Solving

200

&>

and Creativity

200

Implicit and Explicit Memory

201

W k a t Is I lite Hi cfence i

202

The Psychometric Approach

The Infant

202

Memory 202 Imitation 202 Habituation 203 Operant Conditioning Recall 204 Problem Solving

209

225 226

227

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences EXPLORATIONS: Measuring Intelligence 228 Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Tlie Infant

203

230

232

Developmental Quotients

204

232

Infant Intelligence and Later Intelligence

c

227

232

Tke Ckild

C H A P T E R

233

How Stable Are IQ Scores during Childhood?

233

Causes of Gain and Loss 233 EXPLORATIONS: Early Intervention for Preschool Children

The Adolescent

Mastering Language

Continuity between Childhood and Adulthood

T h e Adult

DQ and Health

239

239

241

265

Mastery Motivation 243

Early Education

265

266

243

T k e Ckild

Race and Ethnicity 244 Culture Bias 244 Motivational Factors 244 Genetic Influences 245 Environmental Influences 246

T h e E x t r e m e s of I n t e l l i g e n c e Mental Retardation

246

247

249

Creativity in Childhood and Adolescence Creative Achievement in Adulthood SUMMARY POINTS CRITICAL T H I N K I N G

252 252

253

M E D I A RESOURCES

253

267

Achievement Motivation 267 Age Differences 268 Parent Contributions 268 School Contributions 269

246

W h a t Is C r e a t i v i t y ?

KEY T E R M S

259

241 The Infant

Home Environment 241 EXPLORATIONS: Family Size and Birth Order

256

How Language Develops 260 The Learning Perspective 260 The Nativist Perspective 261 The Interactionist Perspective 262 A Critical Period for Language?

263 EXPLORATIONS: Language Acquisition among Deaf Children 264

237

F a c t o r s 'That I n f l u e n c e I Q S c o r e s

Giftedness

255

Later Language Development

236

Predictors of Decline 238 APPLICATIONS: IQ Training for Aging Adults Potential for Wisdom

What Must Be Mastered

2bO

The Course of Language Development Before the First Words 256 The First Words 257 Telegraphic Speech 258

235

236

Change in IQ with Age

Social Class

234

236

IQ and Occupational Success

Genes

234

234

IQ and School Achievement

10

250

249

Learning to Read 269 Mastering the Alphabetic Principle 269 Emergent Literacy 270 Skilled and Unskilled Readers 271 How Should Reading Be Taught?

271 Effective Schools 272 Less Important Factors 272 Factors That Matter 272 EXPLORATIONS: Making Integration and Inclusion Work

T l xe A d o l e s c e n t

274

Declining Levels of Achievement Family Characteristics 276 Cognitive Growth 276 Negative Feedback 276 Peer Pressures 276 Pubertal Changes 276 Poor Person-Environment Fit

275

277

274

Science and Mathematics Education Integrating Work and School Pathways to Adulthood

T k e Adult

277

Big Fish in a Little Pond

EXPLORATIONS:

279

Forging a Sense of Identity 300 Developmental Trends 300 EXPLORATIONS: Forging a Positive Ethnic Identity Influences on Identity Formation 303

280

281

Vocational Identity and Choice Achievement Motivation Literacy 9t2

h-i

The Adult

Continuing Education 282 APPLICATIONS: What Can Theory and Research Contribute to Education?

283 284

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY T E R M S

284 284

1 I

CHAPTER an

Conceptualising the Self

Self-Conceptions 305 Age Differences 305 Cultural Differences 307

287

Midlife Crisis?

Perspectives on Personality

Trait Theory EXPLORATIONS:

287

Social Learning Theory

The Infant

The Emerging Self

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G

289

KEY T E R M S

320 320

Forming Personality

T h e Adolescent 297

CHAPTER

296

297

12

,er Ivoles 293

an

exuality

Male and Female

Elaborating on a Sense of Self Self-Esteem 295 Influences on Self-Esteem 296

298

319

290

294

Self-Conceptions

317

320

M E D I A RESOURCES

Temperament 291 Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability 291 Behavioral Inhibition 292 Easiness and Difficultness 292 Goodness of Fit 293 EXPLORATIONS: Goodness of Fit and the Case of Carl

Self-Esteem

SUMMARY POINTS

289

290

The Ckild

314

Personality and Successful Aging

288 A Brief Personality Scale

31 I

Vocational Development and Adjustment Establishing a Career 315 The Aging Worker 316 Retirement 317

287

Psychoanalytic Theory

305

Eriksonian Psychosocial Growth The Path to Adulthood 311 Early Adult Intimacy 312 Midlife Generativity 313 Old Age Integrity 313

Per

Development

304

Continuity and Discontinuity in Personality 307 APPLICATIONS: Stereotypes of Aging and Self-Perceptions in Old Age 308 Do People Retain Their Rankings?

308 Do Mean Personality Scores Change?

309 Why Do People Change or Remain the Same?

311

284

M E D I A RESOURCES

302

281

282

SUMMARY POINTS

299

323

Gender Norms and Stereotypes Are There Gender Differences?

The Infant

326

Differential Treatment Early Learning

327

322

324 324

315

T k e Ckild

C H A P T E R S3

327

Acquiring Gender Stereotypes Gender-Typed Behavior

1 lie A d o l e s c e n t

Social C o g n i t i o n a n d M o r a l

327

328

Development

329

Adhering to Gender Roles

Social Cognition 329

Explaining Gender-Role Development 329 Biosocial Theory 330 EXPLORATIONS: IS the Social Label Everything, or Is Biology Destiny?

332 Psychoanalytic Theory 333 Social Learning Theory 333 EXPLORATIONS: Are Single-Sex Schools Good for Girls?

335 Cognitive Theories 336 An Attempt at Integration 338

T l ie A d L I It

338

Changes in Gender Roles

3 51

352

Developing a Theory of Mind 352 First Steps 354 Desire and Belief-Desire Psychologies Nature and Nurture 355 Describing Other People Role-Taking Skills

357

357

Social Cognition in Adulthood

358

P e r s p e c t i v e s on M o r a l D e v e l o p m e n t

338

b e x u a l i t y over t k e L i f e S p a n

339

341

Are Infants Sexual Beings?

341 APPLICATIONS: Changing Gender-Role Attitudes and Behavior 342 Childhood Sexuality 342 Knowledge of Sex and Reproduction Sexual Behavior 343 Childhood Sexual Abuse 344

343

Moral Behavior: Social Learning Theory 363 EXPLORATIONS: Sample Responses to the Mercy-Killing Dilemma at Kohlbergs Three Levels of Moral Reasoning

The Infant

365

Early Moral Training Prosocial Behavior

T k e Ckild

365 366

366

ÂŤ

Weighing Intentions

366

Understanding Rules

367

Thinking through Kohlberg's Dilemmas

Adult Sexuality

347

Behaving Morally

SUMMARY P O I N T S

349

Nurturing Morality

Applying Theory of Mind

367 367

368 368

349

350

M E D I A RESOURCES

360

Moral Reasoning: Cognitive Developmental Theory Piaget's View 361 Kohlbergs View 361

Adolescent Sexuality 344 Sexual Orientation 345 Sexual Morality 345 Sexual Behavior 346

KEY T E R M S

359

Moral Affect: Psychoanalytic Theory and Beyond

Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny Changes with Age 340 Is Androgyny Advantageous?

341

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G

354

350

I lie A d o l e s c e n t

370

Changes in Moral Reasoning

370

Antisocial Behavior 371 Dodge's Social Information-Processing Model 371 Patterson's Coercive Family Environments 372 Nature and Nurture 373

T k e Adult

375

Moral Development

375

361

364

Influences on Moral Development 375 APPLICATIONS: Combating Youth Violence 376

First Peer Relations

Kohlberg's Theory and Beyond 378 Culture Bias?

378 Liberal Bias?

378 Gender Bias?

378 EXPLORATIONS: Cultural Differences in Moral Thinking Supplementing Kohlberg 380

Tke Ckild

SUMMARY POINTS CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY T E R M S

402

Parent-Child Attachments Peer Networks 379

Play

382 382

383

M E D I A RESOURCES

383

403

Peer Acceptance and Popularity

14

Relationships

Perspectives on Relationships Attachment Theory 386 Nature, Nurture, and Attachment Implications of Attachment 387

407

Attachments to Parents Friendships

384

407

Parent and Peer Influence 386

T k e Adult 387

410

411

Social Networks 41 I EXPLORATIONS: Emotional Experience in Adult Relationships 412 Attachment Styles EXPLORATIONS:

388

Early Emotional Development 389 Nature, Nurture, and Emotions 389 Emotion Regulation 390

413

Internal Working Models of Attachment

Adult Friendships

An Attachment Forms 391 The Caregiver's Attachment to the Infant The Infant's Attachment to the Caregiver Attachment-Related Fears 392 Exploratory Behavior 392

407

Changing Social Networks 408 Cliques and Crowds 408 Dating 409

385

Peers and the Two Worlds of Childhood Piaget 387 Sullivan 387 Harris 388

405

406

T l ie A d o l e s c e n t

A t t a c h m e n t a n d Social

Tile Infant

403

403 Play Becomes More Social 403 Play Becomes More Imaginative 404 Play Becomes More Rule-Governed 405 What Good Is Play?

405

Friendships

CHAPTER

401

414

416

Adult Relationships and Adult Development 416 APPLICATIONS: Building Stronger Social Relationships 417 SUMMARY POINTS CRITICAL T H I N K I N G

391 392

KEY TERMS

Implications of Early Attachment 397 Effects of Social Deprivation 397 EXPLORATIONS: IS Day Care Good for In fant Development?

398 Later Development of Securely and Insecurely Attached Infants 400

419

419

M E D I A RESOURCES

The Quality of the Attachment 392 EXPLORATIONS: Tips for Baby-Sitters Trying to Prevent Stranger Anxiety 393 The Caregiver's Contributions 394 The Infant's Contributions 396 Contextual Contributors 396

418

419

CHAPTER

05

Tlie F a m i l y

421

U n d e r s t a n d i n g ' t k e F a m i ly The Family as a System

422

422

The Family as a System within Other Systems The Family as a Changing System

423

A Changing System in a Changing World

t

423

423

T k e Infant

Remarriage and Reconstituted Families

425

Mother-Infant and Fatherâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Infant Relationships

425

Mothers, Fathers, and Infants: The System at Work 426

Tke Ckild

Parenting Styles 426 Dimensions of Child Rearing 426 Social Class, Economic Hardship, and Parenting Models of Influence in the Family 429 Parent Effects Model 429 Child Effects Model 429 Transactional Model 429 EXPLORATIONS: Genes, Culture, and Parenting Sibling Relationships 430 A New Baby Arrives 431 Ambivalence in Sibling Relationships Contributions to Development 432

T !i e A d o l e s c e n t

433

Grandparenthood

453

435 437

437

CHAPTER

D6

o

gy

^normal?

DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria

T l ie I n f a n t

438

Changing Family Relationships 439 Marital Relationships 439 Sibling Relationships 439 Parent-Child Relationships 440

Diversity i n F a m i l y L i f e

456

442

460

Suspected Causes 461 EXPLORATIONS: Is Autism an Extreme Version of the Male Brain? 462 Developmental Outcomes and Treatment 464 Depression EXPLORATIONS:

Singles

454

Developmental Psychopathology 457 Psychopathologv as Development, Not as Disease Considering Social Norms and Age Norms 458 Developmental Issues 458 The Diathesis-Stress Model 459

435

The Empty Nest

453

W k a t M a k e s D evelop m e n t

Renegotiating the Relationship

The Child-Rearing Family

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G

453

432

433

Establishing the Marriage

427

SUMMARY POINTS

M E D I A RESOURCES

430

449

What Are the Effects of Family Violence?

APPLICATIONS: Battling Family Violence 452

KEY T E R M S

Ripples in the Parent-Child Relationship

T k e Adult

I lie P r o b l e m o f F a m i l y V i o l e n c e Why Does Family Violence Occur?

The Abuser 449 The Abused 450 The Context 450

426

448

464 Failure to Thrive

465

442

Childless Married Couples Dual-Career Families

443

443

Gay and Lesbian Families

444

Divorcing Families 444 Before the Divorce 44-4 After the Divorce 445 EXPLORATIONS: "Good" and "Bad" Divorces: Factors Influencing Adjustment 446

T k e Ckild

466

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Developmental Course 467 Suspected Causes 468 Treatment 468 Depression

469 APPLICATIONS: Challenges in Treating C and Adolescents 470

en

467

457

Nature, Nurture, and Childhood Disorders Do Childhood Problems Persist?

471

T i i e E x p e r i e n c e of B e r e a v e m e n t

472 The Parkes/Bowlby Attachment Model

T h e Adolescent

473

Storm and Stress?

473

Anorexia Nervosa 473 Suspected Causes 474 Treatment 475 &

Some Evidence

496

Tlie Infant

497

Grasping the Concept of Death

475

The Dying Child

477

Aging and Dementia 478 Alzheimer's Disease 4-79 Other Causes of Cognitive Impairment SUMMARY POINTS KEY T E R M S

T k e Adult 481

482

4-83

M E D I A RESOURCES

17

Tlie F m a

enge:

a n d D ym

484

L i f e and Death Issues

485

earn

What Kills Us and When?

Bereavement and Human Development

507

T a k i n g tlie S t i n g O u t o f D e a t h

507

507

SUMMARY POINTS CRITICAL T H I N K I N G KEY T E R M S

508 509 509

509

M E D I A RESOURCES

510

488

T h e o r i e s o f A g i n g : W h y D o We Age 489

EPILOGUE F i t t i n g tlie P i e c e s

489

T o s'etlier

490

Nature and Nurture Conspiring

491

T h e E x p e r i e n c e of Dying APPLICATIONS:

504

506

For the Bereaved

What Is Death?

485 Biological Definitions of Death 485 EXPLORATIONS: Should We Hasten Death?

486 Social Meanings of Death 487

Damage Theories

502

Who Copes and Who Succumbs?

506 Personal Resources 506 The Nature of the Loss 506 The Context of Supports and Stressors

For the Dying

Programmed Theories

501

Challenges to the Grief Work Perspective

483

CHAPTER

and Die?

500

Death in the Family Context The Loss of a Spouse 502 The Loss of a Child 503 The Loss of a Parent 504

482

CRITICAL T H I N K I N G

500

T l i e A d. d e s c e n t

477

498

499

The Bereaved Child

Depression 47?

Age and Sex Differences Treatment 478

495

T l i e Clxi

Depression and Suicidal Behavior

T h e Adult

495

Can We Delay Death?

Kiibler-Ross's Stages of Dying

M a j o r Freiias i n Development

512

491

Infants (Birth to Age 2)

492

Preschool Children (Ages 2 through 5)

492

Criticisms and Alternative Views

511

494

512 513

School-Age Children (Ages 6 through 81) Adolescents (Ages 12 through 19) Young Adults (Ages 20 through 39)

514 514

Middle-Aged Adults (Ages 40 through 64) Older Adults (Age 65 and Up)

5S6

5S3

514

Major

X hemes in H u m a n

Develop m en t

3 S8

Nature and Nurture Truly Interact in Development 518 We Are Whole People throughout the Life Span Development Proceeds in Multiple Directions

518 519

There Is Both Continuity and Discontinuity in Development 519 There Is Much Plasticity in Development

519

We Are Individuals, Becoming Even More Diverse with Age 519 We Develop in a Cultural and Historical Context We Are Active in Our Own Development Development Is a Lifelong Process

520

520

520

Development is Best Viewed from Multiple Perspectives 520

r