Applied Statistics
Contents
Contents Preface 1
8
Descriptive Statistics
10
Outline
10
1.1 Introduction
10
1.2
Descriptive Statistics
13
1.3
Frequency Distributions
14
1.4
Graphical Presentation
18
1.5
Summation Notation
28
1.6
Numerical Methods for Summarizing Quantitative Data
31
1.7
Some Properties of the Numerical Measures of Quantitative Data
41
1.8
Other Measures for Quantitative Data
43
1.9
Methods of Counting
47
1.10
Description of Grouped Data
50
CHAPTER 1 EXERCISES
55
TECHNOLOGY STEP-BY-STEP
62
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Applied Statistics
Contents
2 Random Variables and Probability Distributions
67
Outline
67
2.1 Introduction
67
2.2 Probability
69
2.3
Operations and Probability calculation on Events
72
2.4
Random Variables
78
2.5
Expected Value and Variance of a Random Variable
79
2.6
Some Discrete Probability Distributions
84
2.7
Normal Distribution
94
CHAPTER 2 EXERCISES
107
TECHNOLOGY STEP-BY-STEP
111
3
Estimation
117
Outline
117
3.1 Sampling
118
3.2
Point Estimation
122
3.3
Interval Estimation
127
3.4
Confidence Interval about One Parameter
128
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Applied Statistics
Contents
3.5
Sample Size Determination
133
3.6
Confidence Interval about two Parameters
136
CHAPTER 3 EXERCISES
149
RANDOM NUMBERS TABLE
156
TECHNOLOGY STEP-BY-STEP
156
4
Testing of Statistical Hypotheses
162
Outline
162
4.1 Introduction
163
4.2
Fundamental Concepts
163
4.3
Methods in Testing a Statistical Hypothesis
167
4.4
Hypothesis Testing About One Parameter
169
4.5
Hypothesis Testing Concerning Two Parameters
192
CHAPTER 4 EXERCISES
211
TECHNOLOGY STEP-BY-STEP
215
5 Simple Linear Regression and Correlation
226
Outline
226
5.1 Introduction
227
5.2
230
Regression Models
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Applied Statistics
Contents
5 .3
Fitting a straight line (First order Model)
232
5.4
Correlation
237
5.5
Hypothesis Testing in Regression Analysis
240
5.6
Confidence Interval on β0 and β1 249
CHAPTER 5 EXERCISES
253
TECHNOLOGY STEP-BY-STEP
258
6 Other Tests and Analysis Of Variance
261
Outline
261
6.1 Introduction
262
6.2
Goodness-of-Fit Tests
264
6.3
Contingency Tables
268
6.4
The one-Way Analysis of Variance
271
CHAPTER 6 Exercises 278
7
Appendix A Tables
282
8 References
300
7