Chicago, Project on a City: Natural Events

CHICAGO, 1830-2010

6 SCOPES, 20 TOPICS, 44 STUDENTS

Spring 2011 Architecture 461 Urbanism Faculty: David Karle Teaching Assistant: Krissy Harbert University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Architecture

Every reasonable attempt has been made to identify owners of copyright. Errors or omissions will be corrected in subsequent editions.

CHICAGO, 1830-2010

6 SCOPES, 20 TOPICS, 44 STUDENTS

CITY

14

ECOLOGIES

52

DENSITY

78

PHOTO ESSAY

92

Population Density Housing Urban Grain Building Heights Architectural History/Movements City Limits

Water (lakes + rivers edges) Natural Events (floods, blizzards, Fire) Parks (green space) Olmsted in Chicago

Race Age

INDUSTRY

130

TRANSPORTATION

150

REGION

170

Land use Land Value Income

Interstate highway + Roads Trains Subway / Elevated Train

Great Lakes (mega-region) Great Lakes watershed

Through history, three distinct configurations of industry have shaped North America; from the concentrated city of the 19th and early 20th century, to the decentralized city in the mid-20th century, and the distributed city at the end of the 20th century.

This poses the question, what will influence the 21st century city? Charles Waldheim states in Logistical Landscape, “the industrialized city of the 19th and 20th century has informed the modern day understanding of the urban form�. But with new focus on service, experience, and quality of life, how will cities adapt and change? Will landscape become the model and medium through which the contemporary city and urbanism is viewed; with an urban core that is situated, sustained, and altered by an active and dynamic set of cultural, technological, economical, social and ecological processes? This conceptual framework is the basis for the Urbanism Adjunct course taught at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

What information do we need to better understand and “see� the city? How do we organize this information in a clear and productive way? How do we ensure our research is pertinent and relevant? This research project set into motion a series of tasks that will enable us to clearly and directly understand the city.

This project asked students to critically observe, record, and comprehend the patterns and relationships of Chicago. The class analyzed the city through a series of connected networks, conditions, infrastructures, and spatial constructs. To better understand these relationships the class reorganized them into a time-line making connections between decades, movements, and global influences.

1850 / President Fillmore signed a land grant for the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad (IC).

1850 / The first train of the CB&Q Railroad run from Batavia (IL) to Chicago.

1890 / The Chicago Grand Central Station opened.

1850 / The Northern Indiana and Chicago Railroad (NICR) was chartered.

September 1850 / The G&CU Railroad branch to Aurora opened.

1830 / Hall and Parlor House, Rectangular two-room structure.

1830 / Balloon Frame Construction.

1830 / the official filing of the plan of Chicago 1830s / The Erie Canal provides access for the transportation and distribution of northern woods.

1833 / the first shipload of cottonwood boards from St. Joseph, Michigan is shipped to Chicago.

1830 / Land Survey / Surveyor James Thompson laid out the town for the Canal Commissioners in preparation for the sale of lots to finance the proposed Illinois and Michigan Canal.

1834 / Chicago’s first movable bridge constructed at Dearborn and the river.

1840 / age 20-29 / 31.4% / 3,201 After Chicago was founded in 1837 the sixth census of the United States followed just three years later.

1841 / Chicago was the only harbor settled on Lake Michigan.

1860 / age 1-9 / 30.1% / 43,649 As Chicago grew, there was a shift to a younger population.

February 1851 / An amended was approved as the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad (C&RI).

1862 / The Erie Canal was enlarged between 1836 and 1862.

October 8-10, 1871 / The Great Fire of Chicago / As Chicago grew, residents built taller buildings and raised the streets to install a sewer system.

1870 / Wing and T House / Dominant rural house from simple one story buildings to elaborate structures.

February 1851 / The Illinois portion of The Chicago and Milwaukee Railway (C&M) was chartered as the Illinois Parallel Railroad.

1841 / Settlers pouring in rapidly to Lake Ports causing a significant increase in commerce, especially in Detroit and Chicago.

1844 / Floods took out most bridges and damaged the rest, resulting in little transportaion.

1862 / The first iron Propeller ship is built.

1863 / Immigrants from Norway begin journey heading en route to Chicago, but land and settle in Detroit.

April 29, 1844 / Grant Park / Originally named Lake Park, this is a 319 acre park located in the Loop area of Chicago.

1834 / The first mail route went from Chicago to Rock River.

1863 / South Town is annexed into Chicago October 1851 / The construction of the C&RI Railroad starts.

1836 / The first neighborhood change in Chicago took place. The Indians moved out of the area.

January 16, 1836 / The first railroad constructed out of Chicago, the Galena and Chicago Union (G&CU), was chartered to connect Chicago and the lead mines in Galena.

1851 / The G&CU Railroad was completed 80 miles away from Chicago.

1850 / West Chicago suburbs / Sidehall houses with greek revival details.

1847 / The Milwaukee and Waukesha Railroad was founded, with headquarters in Chicago. It would soon change its name to Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad.

1848 / The construction of the G&CU Railroad starts.

1852 / The Chicago and Aurora Railroad was given expanded powers to extend from Aurora to a point north of LaSalle.

1852 / The Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad (FW&C) was chartered in Indiana as a further extension west to Chicago.

1892 / The direction of part of the Chicago River was reversed by the Army Corps of Engineers with the result that the river and much of Chicago’s sewage flowed into the canal instead of into Lake Michigan.

1880 / The C&RI and other various lines merged to the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (CRI&P).

1892 / The Metropolitan Sanitary District begins construction of the Sanitary and Ship Canal.

1880 / Factory Products / Factory products dramatically increased supply of building components available to local carpenters ( started building more elaborate houses in the Western suburbs like Naperville).

1892 / South Side Rapid Transit, Chicago’s 1st “L”.

1870 / The Bungalow: Chicago’s First modern, urban house form, using box frame construction.

1880 / Urban markets grew and factories flourished allowing for more of a variance in housing types.

1870 / City limits are extended and develement grew in fingerlike pattern’s along half a dozen horse

1880 / Lincoln Park is expanded further into Lake Michigan.

1863 / The Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad was connected with the Green Bay, Milwaukee and Chicago Railroad to form the Chicago and Milwaukee Railway (C&M).

1864 / Lincoln Park, the Chicago cemetery was converted into a park and was named after Abraham Lincoln. This park is the largest park in Chicago, consisting of 1,200 acres of lake front land facing Lake Michigan. Some of the buried bodies still remain beneath the park because locations were lost due to the Great Fire.

1890 / Jackson Park / The park was choose to host the World’s Columbian Exposition. Olmsted and Burnham teamed up to lay out the fairgrounds. The World’s Fair opened for six months before the site was transformed back into parkland.

October 8-10, 1871 / The Great Chicago Fire / The fire destroyed 4 square miles and caused $222 million in property damage. The cities overuse of wood, a previous drought, strong winds, and the cities slow reaction time were all factors aiding in the fire’s spread.

1893 / Chicago hosts the World’s Fair which brought many visitors from foreign lands, including Spain and Scandinavia.

1900 / Northwestern Elevated, the fourth “L”; Newspaper trains operate to suburbs.

1900 / Sanitary and Ship Canal is completed, reversing the flow of the Chicago River and diverting sewage away from Lake Michigan and toward the Mississippi River.

December 30, 1903 / Iroquois Theater Fire / Recoreded at the time as the deadliest building fire in US history killing 602 people. The building was billed as “absolutely fireproof” but had obvious firereadiness downfalls.

1,698,575

1985 / Home Insurance Building, Office Use, Destroyed 180 ft. tall 1883 / Chicago, Milwaukee and North Western Railway was absorbed into the C&NW.

1900s / The decline of the lumber industry begins when lumber merchants anticipate the exhaustion of forests in the Upper Great Lakes region.

October 9, 1901 / Grant Park / Lake Park renamed Grant Park in honor of Ulysses S. Grant.

1880 / Jackson Park, name changed from South Park to its current Jackson Park in memory of the countries seventh president, Andrew Jackson.

1880s / The “Cattle Kingdom” caused more growth for Chicago due to meatpacking plants and stockyards that were located in Chicago for the

1900 / The complete reversal of Chicago´s river’s flow was accomplished when the Sanitary and Ship Canal was opened.

Figure 1a

1836 / Construction on the Illinois and Michigan canal began , although it was stopped for several years due to an Illinois state fiscal crisis related to the Panic of 1837.

1836 / Construction begun on the Illinois and Michigan Canal.

1836-1862 / Erie Canal / The The expanded canal was now 70 feet wide and 7 feet deep allowing boats to carry 240 tons.

1837 / March 4th Illinois legislature approved Chicago’s city charter. The city boundaries were fixed over what today is mostly a business district.

1839 / The emergence of fast running steam boats provides quicker trade routes between port cities.

1839 / Lake ports at this time included Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky, Perrysburg, Maumee, Toledo, Detroit City, Monroe, Chicago, Milwaukee, Michigan City, Huron, Dunkirk, and Buffalo, being the largest with 20,000 people.

1920s / The increase in industry in Chicago causes a dramatic increase in the city’s African American population from southern states, boosting the population by more than 150,000.

1911 / Construction begins on CalSag Channel. It was designed to pull polluted water away from Lake Michigan and drain into the Illinois River system.

1920: “L” operates freight service 1924: Four “Ls” united as Chicago Rapid Transit

August, 1911 / Grant Park / Chicago International Aviation meet took place within the Grant Park.

1920 Michigan Avenue Bridge is completed.

1921 / Chicago Theater

1911 / Chicago Elevated Railways takes over four “Ls” 1913 / CER introduces transfers, through routes 1914 / “L” buys first steel-bodied cars

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$700,000 Downtown $12,055 City

1930s / Chicago continues to grow and experience international acknowledgement. In 1932, Chicago Midway Airport was deemed the “World’s Busiest”. Chicago also celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress World’s Fair of 1933-1934.

1941 / Midway Airport Expansion New runway construction at Midwa Airport reroutes the tracks of th Chicago and Western Indian Railroad marking the evolution o Chicago as a national transportatio hub.

$1,198,500 Downtown $46,349 City

1941-1945 / WWII

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1940s / In addition to Midway Chicago also began construction on what would one day be the Chicago O’Hare Airport.

1920 / Garfield Park / A major addition was incorporated to Garfield Park.

1912 / North American Building

/ the Comprehensive 1940 Superhighway System of Chicago was approved by Chicago Cit Council

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1850

1848 / The first westbound train out of Chicago departed on the G&CU Railroad.

1849 / The Aurora Branch Railroad was chartered to construct a branch from the G&CU to Aurora.

1848 / The Illinois and Michigan Canal was finished, ran 96 miles (155 km) from the Bridgeport neighborhood inChicago on the Chicago River to LaSalle-Peru, Illinois.

1848 / Chicago’s first locomotive arrives from Buffalo on October 10, 1848.

1848 / The Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed and finally opens to traffic. This makes Chicago an alternative market with access to St. Louis. Traffic can now go east-west instead of just north-south along the Mississippi.

1860

1852 / Chicago became a major hub because companies wanted to establish themselves to facilitate cattle eastward. The development of the refrigerated boxcar caused a boon to centralization in Chicago.

1853 / The extension of the Chicago and Aurora Railroad is completed.

1853 / North Town is annexed into Chicago 1853-1855 / Sault Ship Canal / The first passage on the Sault Ship Canal was on June 18, 1855 by the steamer Illinois. The construction of the canal significantly increased traffic on the Great Lakes.

112,172

1865 / The C&NW Railroad officially merged with the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad.

1867-1868 / Increased Ship Production, and the conversion of the steamer Illinois into a barge for the first time in history.

1880

1890

1871 / Brick Cottages, old frame cottages raised on new brick foundations, creating multi-family apartments.

1871 / Debris from the Chicago Fire extends the shoreline of Lake Michigan. Much of the eastern sidewalk sits on top of debris including the Art Institute.

1881 / Washington Park / Name changed from South Park to its current Washington Park in memory of the countries first president.

1885 / Cholera + Typhoid Epidemic / A stom washes city sewage into Lake Michagan, the city’s sorce of drinking water creating an outbreak of Cholera and Typhoid killing 90,000.

1855 / The Chicago and Aurora Railroad changed its name to Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q).

1888 / The first Whaleback vessel was built for $40,000 signaling the prosperous years in business and the decrease in accidents.

1855 / Chicago decided to raise the level of the city district seven feet.

1855 / Street Raising / Streets on the majority of the South Side and certain parts of the North and West Sides were raised as high as eight feet to allow for drainage and sewers. Land owners were responsible for raising exhisting buildings.

1868 / Village of Riverside, Olmstead 1869 / Washington Park, Olmstead 1869 / Jackson Park, Olmstead 1869 / West Town is added to the city by the Legislature

1900

1871 / The Illinois and Michigan Canal was deepened to speed up the current and to improve sewage disposal.

1854 / Rock Island was reached in the C&RI Railroad.

1871 / Locks on the Saint Lawrence allowed transit of vessels 186 ft (57 m) long, 44 ft 6 in (13.56 m) wide, and 9 ft (2.7 m) deep.

1871 / Fire spurred reconstruction began almost immediately and spurred economic developement in chicago. Chicago began to transition to construction of steel skyscrapers.

1871 / South Park / The South Park Commision hired Olmsted and Vaux to convert 1,055 acres in southern Chicago to parkland.

1856 / Completion of the IC Railroad, the longest line in the World by then.

1849 / Cholera Outbreak / In 1849 a cholera outbreak resulted in killing 3% of the Chicago population.

1870

1865 / Hammond (suburb), Industries built on the periphery of the city allow for home-ownership for the working class. Began a business slaughtering cows and shipping them east in refrigerated train cars.

1889 / In response to the epidemics, the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago is created to protect the city’s drinking water and to find a suitable way to dispose of wastes.

June 29, 1889 / Annexation / The largest annexation expanded Chicago boundaries to include 125 additional square miles and 225,000 people. Larger jurisdiction created increased public demand for urban services.

May 1 - October 30, 1893 / World’s Columbian Exposition / Olmsted transformed the marshy conditions of Jackson Park into a system of lagoons and waterways for transportation fed

by Lake Michigan. A shaded “Woody Island” was designed to give respite to visitors. The Midway Plaisance served as the center of amusement for the fair.

1893 / The Frontage consent ordinances were based on nuisance doctrines, required that the majority of residential owners on a block provide consent before certain land uses would be permitted. Only applicable along blocks where 2/3rds of the property was in residential use.

1893 / Building Height Limit / The city adopted an ordinance placing a height limit of 130 feet on downtown buildings

1910

1903-1918 / Barge Canal / The Erie Canal was enlarged to include three other canals systems: the Champlain, the Oswego, and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals. With its completion in 1918 the canal was now 200 feet wide and 14 feet deep allowing barges to carry 3,000 tons.

1874 / Garfield Park / The 40 acre segment of Garfield Park was formally opened to the public. It was originally known as Central Park.

1905 / Sherman Park / At 60 acres, Sherman Park was one of the largest of the parks. The Olmsted Brothers transformed its low and wet site into a beautiful landscape with a meandering waterway surrounding an island of ballfields.

1906 / Charter funeral trains to western suburbs; Last horse cars and cable cars run.

1922 / The Metropolitan Sanitary District succeeds in reversing the flow of the Calumet River with the completion of the Cal-Sag Channel.

1922 / One of the first State Highways, U.S. Hwy 20, a main thoroughfare was paved.

1940

1933 / May 27th the Opening of Progress Exposition in Burnham Park.

1933 / Illinois and Michigan’s function was largely replaced by the wider and shorter Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1900 and it ceased transportation operations.

1933 / Cal-Sag Channel is dredged nine feet lower to allow for cargo ship traffic. It also connected to the Sanitary and Ship Canal.

1934 / US Highway 45 opens.

1916 / Navy Pier is created extending into Lake Michigan and because a historical landmark.

1918 / the first highway bond.

1922 / Tribune Tower Competition / Though Hood and Howells is an oft admired gothic addition to the Chicago skyline, the other entries to the competition were likely just as important.

1926 / US Highway 14 opens (originally called the “Black and Yellow Trail” because it connected the Black Hills and Yellowstone Park).

1907 / Ravenswood Branch opens on Northwest Side.

1908 / the street grid for Chicago was laid out.

1909 / Both Grant and Burnham Parks are expanded.

1909 / The City Club of Chicago publishes Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett’s Plan of Chicago.

1889 / the largest annexation made of four of the five townships were annexed to the city, The townships included Jefferson, Lake View, Lake, and Hyde Park

1914 / Morgan Park annexed.

1930

1925 / Tribune Tower, Office Use 463 ft. tall

1934 / Park Consolidation Act / Parks started to fall victim to the Great Depression and the need for better efficiency of services became apparent.

1936 / C&NW, UP and SP jointly inaugurate the City of San Francisco streamliner running between Chicago and Oakland.

19

1942 / Zoning Ordinance Revised/ The 1923 ordinance proved insufficient to handle the growing complexity of the city, so the ordinance revised, but didn’t help with the drastic changes made by the automobile.

1943 / State subway opens, despite WWII; Number of stations peak a 227

1945 / Residential Finance / Housing legislation under the New Dea replaced the five-year balloon loan with the long-term mortgage loan.

1945 / Chicago Transit Authority created.

1948 / CTA starts streamlining, close branches; CTA runs A/B skip-sto service.

1947 / CLCC created / Plans to rejuvenate the downtown and innercity neighborhoods were afoot to dramatically the scale of the city’s redevelopment activity.

1937 / CHA / Chicago Housing Authority is established. The CHA is responsible for all public housing in the city of Chicago.

1918 / Completed the Erie Canal- 12 to 14 feet deep, 120 to 200 feet wide, and 363 miles long, from Albany to Buffalo. 57locks were built to handle barges carrying up to 3,000 tons of cargo, with lifts of 6 to 40 feet.

1871 / Washington Park / Olmsted and Vaux designed 372 acres between 51st and 60th Streets as a picturesque park.

1869 / Chicago Water Tower

1920

November 7-10, 1913/ Great Lakes Strom of 1913 / The 4 day strom was the deadliest and most destructive natural disater to affect the Great Lakes killing over 250 people and destroying 19 ships.

1915 / Clearing annexed.

1871 / The first successful telegraphic communication was received in June.

1857-1859 / Financial Panic / The commercial interests suffer causing a two year decline in profits.

1858 / All-rail link between New York City and Chicago opened.

June 1859 / The Chicago and North Western Railway (C&NW) was chartered.

Figure 1b

1920 / Modern Cottage / Cottages modernized to include plumbing and electricity. Bungaloes were the more stylish type in the newer sections of the city (i.e. Villa District).

1910 / Grant Park / Land in fill within the park provided sites for the Field Museum of Natural History in Shedd Aquarium, which were eventually linked together at the museums campus.

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1930 / Chicago River straightening project completed, which was part of Burnham’s Chicago Plan.

$830,000 Downtown $17,786 City

$66,666 Downtown $1,314 City

Population

1840

1910 / Edison Park annexed

1930 / Little change occurs until after 1940 due to the economic effects of the depression.

514,268 / 1-9

Female’s Age Data Male’s Age Data

1830

January 6, 1910 / The Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad (OCT) was created to purchase the CTT at foreclosure, giving the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad control of the both the terminal railway system, as well as Grand Central Station.

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$108,333 Downtown $6,817 City

$14,000 average Downtown $153 average entire city

1920s / By the end of the 1920s, the lumber industry in Chicago has ceases to be significant on a national distribution level and is merely a local supply system. The development of the assembly line and automobile industry in Detroit opened a new possibility for new autopart making companies to succeed in Chicago, which became home to over 600 companies that supplied parts to automobile manufacturers.

1910 / Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House

1895 / Prairie School / Anchored by the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, the work of the Pairie School architects was characterized by strong horizontals, integration with the landscape, craftsmanship, and disciplined use of ornament.

1896 / Grant Park / The park was extended after the excavated materials from constructing buildings in the parkland was dumped into Lake Michigan.

1909 / Grant Park / Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago considered the railroad property to be so untouchable that he developed the Grant Park portion of the plan around it.

1909 / Chicago Plan / A collaborative publication proposed the “Burnham Plan” consisting of a system of parks and broad avenues that transcended the street grid.

1918 / Worldwide flu epedimic prompts smoking ban; After 26 years, original five-cent fare increases.

1919 / Glackin Law gave municipalities the authority to regulate land use if they had the approval of neighborhood property owners.

1927 / Burnham Park / This park consist of 598 acres of land connecting Grant Park to Jackson Park. It was an outgrowth from the 1909 Plan of Chicago. It is home to Soldier Field and McCormick Place.

1929 / River Straightening / The east ward bend in the Chicago River south of the Loop is straightened. This was deemed necessary, as the existing bend in the river caused multiple north-south streets to be cut off, as well as irregularly-shaped plots of land not desirable for Chicago’s rigid grid pattern.

1937 / Public Housing Projects / First public housing projects (Public Works Administration and Federal Housing Act of 1937).

1949 / Chicago Railroad Fair: 10 years of Train.

1937 What would be renamed Lakeshore Drive opens.

1949 / Interstate 290 opens o December 7.

1938 / Construction begins on two subways.

Late 1940’s / Chicago Park District The Ten Year Plan led to the additio of dozens of new parks throughou the city.

1951 / The Chicago Regional Port District created. Construction of port facilities at Lake Calumet started.

1960 / Projects / Modernist highrise projects are built in super blocks, 15-19 stories (no superflous decorations).

1952 / Modernism / Lake Shore Apartments - Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, 1952 Sears Tower - SOM, 1974

1960 / Deindustrialization began to take a toll on the suburban communities around Chicago causing them to shrink.

1954 / The construction of St. Lawrence Seaway begun. System of locks, canals and channels that permits ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the North American Great Lakes. Not a continuous canal.

1963 / Last interurban stops operating on “L”.

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1973 / Regional Transit Authority created as overseer of “L”

1984 / “L” extended to O’Hare International Airport.

2003 / Union Pacific opens a new $181 million Chicago region intermodal facility in Rochelle, Il.

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2002 / Asian carp threat

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1955 / American Society of Civil Engineers selects the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago as one of the seven engineering wonders of the United States.

April 13, 1992 / The Chicago Loop Flood / A whirlpool in the Chicago River around Kinzie St. appeared to be the source of the flood sometime around 7:00 am. It left 250 million gallons of water gushing into the freight tunnels running undernieth the loop. It took 3 days and an estimated $1.95 billion to clean up.

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1961 / Post Modernism / Bringing the concept of complexity and contradiction to the city, Post Modernism broke away from the rigid, orthogonal grid and the norms set by Modern precedents.

1955 / Grace Abbott Homes / Largest high rise project: 1200 apartments in 40 buildings covering 10 city blocks.t 1955 / Eisenhower Expressway Construction of the expressway system.

2000 / Zoning Initiative / Chicago launched an initiative to overhaul its zoning ordinance on July 26, 2000 to deal with the boom of residential construction.

1961 / CTA inaugurates one-person crews .

1962 / Marina City 1 and 2, 1962 Residential, 588 ft. tall, Bertrand Golberg

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1973 / The Lakefront Protection Ordinance was created to establish more control of the density of residential along the lakefront.

2000 / By the turn of the century Chicago residents inhabit what is labeled as a dual metropolis encompassing 293 municipalities over 4401 square miles.

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August 28, 1990 / Only F5 Tornado in Chicago Area / The tornado formed near Oswego and went on a 16 mile path through Plainfield and Joilet.

The tornado killed, injured 350 and caued over $165 million in damages.

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1955 / One Prudential Building

1973 / Aon Center, Office Use, 1136 ft. tall

1980 / 20-29 / 18.4% / 1,012,361 As the baby boom generation ages, so too does the population of Cook county as seen from the census of 1980 in which the age period of 2029 is seen to have the most residents within it (1,012,361- 18.4%).

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1951 / Partially complete Dearborn subway opens

1990 / Larger Metro / Chicago’s Metropolitan area surrounds the center of the city where little or no farms are within 40 miles of Chicago’s downtown in all directions.

1980 / The CRI&P Railroad ceased operations.

1960 / The Kennedy Expressway (originally named Northwest Expressway for its general direction of travel) opens on November 5.

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1950: Suburbs began developing in response to the post war boom

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1950 / Lincoln Park / Final landfill extension was added to Lincoln Park between Foster Avenue and Ardmore Avenue.

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Mid 1950s / The Baby Boom / Seventy-six million American children were born between 1945 and 1964.

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1970s / The closing of the stockyards in Chicago were an eventual result of the refrigerated boxcar and increased the efficiency of slaughtering.

622,277 / 20-29

1960

1970

1980

1990

1974 / CTA hires first women conductors

1956 / Traffic begins at the International Port at Lake Calumet.

1956 / O’Hare airport area annexed.

1957 / Public Housing / Public housing in chicago faces failures due to the size and density of the high rise apartments.

1957 / Public Housing / Public housing in chicago faces failures due to the size and density of the high rise apartments.

1957 / Zoning ordinance was a critical moment in city planning history. It used scientific measures such as floor-area ratios to assess the desirability of developments.

1957 / Wounded by the increased use of automobiles after World War II, the CA&E quite abruptly ended passenger service.

1957 / Last wooden “L” cars retired.

1958 / Last streetcars retired; “L” opens in Congress Expressway median.

1962 / Beginning of local tradition of dyeing the Chicago River green on Saint Patrick’s Day. 1964 / The Stevenson Expressway (named for former governor of Illionois after his death) was opened on October 24.

1964 / The Rock Island selected Union Pacific to pursue a merger plan to form one large ‘super’ railroad stretching from Chicago to the West Coast.

1974 / Willis Tower, Office Use 1730 ft. w/ antenna, 1451 ft. w/o

1984 / Snurfit Sloan Building, Office Use, 582 ft. tall

1993 / McCormich Tribune Campus Center at IIT - Rem Koolhaas

Figure 1d

1986 / Highway Reconstruction

1996 / Huge fire destroys Wilson

1988 / Quincy station renovated to 1897 appearance

1997 / Millennium Park / This park is a recent addition to Grant Park’s northern edge. The park is a total of 24.5 acres. It was previously a rail yard for the Illinois Central Railroad until 1997.

2004 / New Urbanism incorporates the principles of walkability, mixed use development, sustainability and increased density.

1975 / Harbor Point, Residential, 551 ft. tall 1975 / Tunnel and Reservoir Plan begins. It is a massive project to control storm water and prevent sewage backup.

1977 / Loop “L” experiences most notorious accident; Clarke House moved over tracks and gets stuck.

1998 / April 18th Illinois governor Jim Edgar and Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed “Bob Bell Day” naming Addison street, between Western Avenue and the Chicago River “Bob Bell Way”

1967 / Interstate 57 is completed January 26-27, 1967 / The Chicago Blizzard / From 5:02 am Thursday morning to 10:10 am Friday it snowed a total of 23 inches.

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2010

2004 / Millennium Park / The construction of Cloud Gate began by Indian born architect Anish Kapoor.

1977 / Four Chicago civil groups proposed the ‘Lakefront Gardens for Performing Arts’. The proposed park included a performing arts pavilion.

1958 / The Chicago Skyway (a $101 million project) opens on April 16.

2000

1992 / The Great Chicago Underground Flood creates havoc in downtown Chicago, flooding the old freight tunnels and the basements of many Loop buildings, and producing a transportation nightmare.

2006 / Washington Park / Mayor Richard Dayley announced that the Olympic Stadium was proposed for Washington Park. In which Chicago bid for the 2016 summer Olympics.

2007 / The Chicago Terminal Railroad (CTM), a switching and terminal railroad operating over former Milwaukee Road and Chicago and North Western trackage, started operating.

2010 / Remodeling of bungaloe houses in less affluent sections of the city.

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1989 / AT & T Corporate Center, Office Use, 1007 ft. w/ antenna, 886 ft. w/o April, 1999 / Millennium Park / Frank Gehry accepted the design commission for the J. Fitzger Pritzker Pavilion.

1958 / State Street Corridor / State Street Corridor is a narrow zone of public housing, 4 miles long (stateway gardens).

1959 / Wagner Park / This park and 250 other properties were transferred into the Chicago Park District. To this day it one of the only remaining parks in Chicago that is noncontinuous.

2009 / Aqua Tower

1969 / John Hancock Tower built

Chicago becomes a crucial element to the concept of megaregions as views shift from city scales to regional scales.

Figure 1c

1850 / President Fillmore signed a land grant for the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad (IC).

1850 / The first train of the CB&Q Railroad run from Batavia (IL) to Chicago.

1890 Station

1850 / The Northern Indiana and Chicago Railroad (NICR) was chartered.

September 1850 / The G&CU Railroad branch to Aurora opened.

1830 / Hall and Parlor House, Rectangular two-room structure.

1830 / Balloon Frame Construction.

1830 / the official filing of the plan of Chicago 1830s / The Erie Canal provides access for the transportation and distribution of northern woods.

1833 / the first shipload of cottonwood boards from St. Joseph, Michigan is shipped to Chicago.

1830 / Land Survey / Surveyor James Thompson laid out the town for the Canal Commissioners in preparation for the sale of lots to finance the proposed Illinois and Michigan Canal.

1834 / Chicago’s first movable bridge constructed at Dearborn and the river.

1840 / age 20-29 / 31.4% / 3,201 After Chicago was founded in 1837 the sixth census of the United States followed just three years later.

1841 / Chicago was the only harbor settled on Lake Michigan.

1860 / age 1-9 / 30.1% / 43,649 As Chicago grew, there was a shift to a younger population.

February 1851 / An amended was approved as the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad (C&RI).

1862 / The Erie Canal was enlarged between 1836 and 1862.

October 8-10, 1871 / The Great Fire of Chicago / As Chicago grew, residents built taller buildings and raised the streets to install a sewer system.

1870 / Wing and T House / Dominant rural house from simple one story buildings to elaborate structures.

February 1851 / The Illinois portion of The Chicago and Milwaukee Railway (C&M) was chartered as the Illinois Parallel Railroad.

1841 / Settlers pouring in rapidly to Lake Ports causing a significant increase in commerce, especially in Detroit and Chicago.

1844 / Floods took out most bridges and damaged the rest, resulting in little transportaion.

1862 / The first iron Propeller ship is built.

1863 / Immigrants from Norway begin journey heading en route to Chicago, but land and settle in Detroit.

April 29, 1844 / Grant Park / Originally named Lake Park, this is a 319 acre park located in the Loop area of Chicago.

1834 / The first mail route went from Chicago to Rock River.

1863 / South Town is annexed into Chicago October 1851 / The construction of the C&RI Railroad starts.

1836 / The first neighborhood change in Chicago took place. The Indians moved out of the area.

January 16, 1836 / The first railroad constructed out of Chicago, the Galena and Chicago Union (G&CU), was chartered to connect Chicago and the lead mines in Galena.

1851 / The G&CU Railroad was completed 80 miles away from Chicago.

1850 / West Chicago suburbs / Sidehall houses with greek revival details.

1847 / The Milwaukee and Waukesha Railroad was founded, with headquarters in Chicago. It would soon change its name to Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad.

1848 / The construction of the G&CU Railroad starts.

1852 / The Chicago and Aurora Railroad was given expanded powers to extend from Aurora to a point north of LaSalle.

1852 / The Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad (FW&C) was chartered in Indiana as a further extension west to Chicago.

1892 Chicag Army result Chicag canal i 1880 / The C&RI and other various lines merged to the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (CRI&P).

1892 Distric Sanita

1880 / Factory Products / Factory products dramatically increased supply of building components available to local carpenters ( started building more elaborate houses in the Western suburbs like Naperville).

1892 Chicag

1870 / The Bungalow: Chicago’s First modern, urban house form, using box frame construction.

1880 / Urban markets grew and factories flourished allowing for more of a variance in housing types.

1870 / City limits are extended and develement grew in fingerlike pattern’s along half a dozen horse

1880 / Lincoln Park is expanded further into Lake Michigan.

1863 / The Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad was connected with the Green Bay, Milwaukee and Chicago Railroad to form the Chicago and Milwaukee Railway (C&M).

1864 / Lincoln Park, the Chicago cemetery was converted into a park and was named after Abraham Lincoln. This park is the largest park in Chicago, consisting of 1,200 acres of lake front land facing Lake Michigan. Some of the buried bodies still remain beneath the park because locations were lost due to the Great Fire.

1890 was c Colum Burnha fairgro for six transfo

1880 / Jackson Park, name changed from South Park to its current Jackson Park in memory of the countries seventh president, Andrew Jackson.

1880s / The “Cattle Kingdom” caused more growth for Chicago due to meatpacking plants and stockyards that were located in Chicago for the

October 8-10, 1871 / The Great Chicago Fire / The fire destroyed 4 square miles and caused $222 million in property damage. The cities overuse of wood, a previous drought, strong winds, and the cities slow reaction time were all factors aiding in the fire’s spread.

1893 Fair wh foreign Scand

1985 / Home Insurance Building, Office Use, Destroyed 180 ft. tall 1883 / Chicago, Milwaukee and North Western Railway was absorbed into the C&NW.

$ $

1,099,85

$108,333 Downtown $6,817 City

Female’s Age Data Male’s Age Data $14,000 average Downtown $153 average entire city

1830

1840

1836 / Construction on the Illinois and Michigan canal began , although Figure 1a it was stopped for several years due to an Illinois state fiscal crisis related to the Panic of 1837.

503,185

$66,666 Downtown $1,314 City

Population

298,977

1850

1848 / The first westbound train out of Chicago departed on the G&CU Railroad.

1849 / The Aurora Branch Railroad was chartered to construct a branch

1860

1852 / Chicago became a major hub because companies wanted to establish themselves to facilitate cattle eastward. The development of the refrigerated boxcar caused a boon to centralization in Chicago.

112,172

1870

1865 / Hammond (suburb), Industries built on the periphery of the city allow for home-ownership for the working class. Began a business slaughtering cows and shipping them east in refrigerated train cars.

1880

1871 / The Illinois and Michigan Canal was deepened to speed up the current and to improve sewage disposal.

1890

Seventy-six million American children were born between 1945 and 1964.

1950 / Lincoln Park / Final landfill extension was added to Lincoln Park between Foster Avenue and Ardmore Avenue.

1950: Suburbs began developing in response to the post war boom

/ The Chicago Grand Central n opened.

/ Jackson Park / The park choose to host the World’s mbian Exposition. Olmsted and am teamed up to lay out the ounds. The World’s Fair opened x months before the site was ormed back into parkland.

/ The direction of part of the go River was reversed by the Corps of Engineers with the that the river and much of go’s sewage flowed into the instead of into Lake Michigan.

/ The Metropolitan Sanitary ct begins construction of the ary and Ship Canal.

/ South Side Rapid Transit, go’s 1st “L”.

1951 / Partially complete Dearborn subway opens

1900 / The complete reversal of Chicago´s river’s flow was accomplished when the Sanitary and Ship Canal was opened.

1900s / The decline of the lumber industry begins when lumber merchants anticipate the exhaustion of forests in the Upper Great Lakes region.

1900 / Northwestern Elevated, the fourth “L”; Newspaper trains operate to suburbs.

1900 / Sanitary and Ship Canal is completed, reversing the flow of the Chicago River and diverting sewage away from Lake Michigan and toward the Mississippi River.

October 9, 1901 / Grant Park / Lake Park renamed Grant Park in honor of Ulysses S. Grant.

/ Chicago hosts the World’s hich brought many visitors from n lands, including Spain and dinavia.

December 30, 1903 / Iroquois Theater Fire / Recoreded at the time as the deadliest building fire in US history killing 602 people. The building was billed as “absolutely fireproof” but had obvious firereadiness downfalls.

1,698,575

1920s / By the end of the 1920s, the lumber industry in Chicago has ceases to be significant on a national distribution level and is merely a local supply system. The development of the assembly line and automobile industry in Detroit opened a new possibility for new autopart making companies to succeed in Chicago, which became home to over 600 companies that supplied parts to automobile manufacturers.

1910 / Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House January 6, 1910 / The Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad (OCT) was created to purchase the CTT at foreclosure, giving the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad control of the both the terminal railway system, as well as Grand Central Station.

1910 / Edison Park annexed

1920s / The increase in industry in Chicago causes a dramatic increase in the city’s African American population from southern states, boosting the population by more than 150,000.

1911 / Construction begins on CalSag Channel. It was designed to pull polluted water away from Lake Michigan and drain into the Illinois River system.

1920: “L” operates freight service 1924: Four “Ls” united as Chicago Rapid Transit

August, 1911 / Grant Park / Chicago International Aviation meet took place within the Grant Park.

1920 Michigan Avenue Bridge is completed.

1921 / Chicago Theater

1911 / Chicago Elevated Railways takes over four “Ls” 1913 / CER introduces transfers, through routes 1914 / “L” buys first steel-bodied cars Value

1954 / The construction of St. Lawrence Seaway begun. System of locks, canals and channels that permits ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the North American Great Lakes. Not a continuous canal.

1940 / the Comprehensive Superhighway System of Chicago was approved by Chicago City Council 1940s / In addition to Midway, Chicago also began construction on what would one day be the Chicago O’Hare Airport.

1930s / Chicago continues to grow and experience international acknowledgement. In 1932, Chicago Midway Airport was deemed the “World’s Busiest”. Chicago also celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress World’s Fair of 1933-1934.

$46,349 City

1955 / One Prudential Building

1941 / Midway Airport Expansion / New runway construction at Midway Airport reroutes the tracks of the Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad marking the evolution of Chicago as a national transportation hub.

1955 / Grace Abbott Homes / Largest high rise project: 1200 apartments in 40 buildings covering 10 city blocks.t 1955 / Eisenhower Expressway Construction of the expressway system.

1955 / American Society of Civil Engineers selects the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago as one of the seven engineering wonders of the United States.

1941-1945 / WWII

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50

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1930 / Chicago River straightening project completed, which was part of Burnham’s Chicago Plan.

$1,198,500 Downtown

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1952 / Modernism / Lake Shore Apartments - Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, 1952 Sears Tower - SOM, 1974

1920 / Garfield Park / A major addition was incorporated to Garfield Park.

1912 / North American Building

Land

1930 / Little change occurs until after 1940 due to the economic effects of the depression.

1920 / Modern Cottage / Cottages modernized to include plumbing and electricity. Bungaloes were the more stylish type in the newer sections of the city (i.e. Villa District).

1910 / Grant Park / Land in fill within the park provided sites for the Field Museum of Natural History in Shedd Aquarium, which were eventually linked together at the museums campus.

nal Natio

1951 / The Chicago Regional Port District created. Construction of port facilities at Lake Calumet started.

751,189 / 1-9

697,980 / 20-29

727,798 / 20-29

695,508 / 1-9 514,268 / 1-9 $830,000 Downtown $17,786 City

1900

1910

1903-1918 / Barge Canal / The Erie Canal was enlarged to include three other canals systems: the Champlain, the Oswego, and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals. With its completion in 1918 the canal was now 200 feet wide and 14 feet deep allowing

1920

November 7-10, 1913/ Great Lakes Strom of 1913 / The 4 day strom was the deadliest and most destructive natural disater to affect the Great Lakes killing over 250 people and destroying 19 ships.

1930

1925 / Tribune Tower, Office Use 463 ft. tall 1922 / The Metropolitan Sanitary District succeeds in reversing the flow of the Calumet River with the

1940

1933 / May 27th the Opening of Progress Exposition in Burnham Park.

1933 / Illinois and Michigan’s function

1950

1942 / Zoning Ordinance Revised/ The 1923 ordinance proved insufficient to handle the growing complexity of the city, so the ordinance revised, but didn’t help with the drastic changes made by

19

1956 / Traffic begins at the International Port at Lake Calumet.

1956 / O’Hare airport area annexed.

1957 / Public Housing / Public

$6,817 City

$14,000 average Downtown $153 average entire city

1830

1840

1836 / Construction on the Illinois and Michigan canal began , although it was stopped for several years due to an Illinois state fiscal crisis related to the Panic of 1837.

1836 / Construction begun on the Illinois and Michigan Canal.

1836-1862 / Erie Canal / The The expanded canal was now 70 feet wide and 7 feet deep allowing boats to carry 240 tons.

1837 / March 4th Illinois legislature approved Chicago’s city charter. The city boundaries were fixed over what today is mostly a business district.

1839 / The emergence of fast running steam boats provides quicker trade routes between port cities.

1839 / Lake ports at this time included Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky, Perrysburg, Maumee, Toledo, Detroit City, Monroe, Chicago, Milwaukee, Michigan City, Huron, Dunkirk, and Buffalo, being the largest with 20,000 people.

298,977

1850

1848 / The first westbound train out of Chicago departed on the G&CU Railroad.

1849 / The Aurora Branch Railroad was chartered to construct a branch from the G&CU to Aurora.

1848 / The Illinois and Michigan Canal was finished, ran 96 miles (155 km) from the Bridgeport neighborhood inChicago on the Chicago River to LaSalle-Peru, Illinois.

1848 / Chicago’s first locomotive arrives from Buffalo on October 10, 1848.

1848 / The Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed and finally opens to traffic. This makes Chicago an alternative market with access to St. Louis. Traffic can now go east-west instead of just north-south along the Mississippi.

1860

1852 / Chicago became a major hub because companies wanted to establish themselves to facilitate cattle eastward. The development of the refrigerated boxcar caused a boon to centralization in Chicago.

1853 / The extension of the Chicago and Aurora Railroad is completed.

1853 / North Town is annexed into Chicago

1853-1855 / Sault Ship Canal / The first passage on the Sault Ship Canal was on June 18, 1855 by the steamer Illinois. The construction of the canal significantly increased traffic on the Great Lakes.

112,172

1865 / The C&NW Railroad officially merged with the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad.

1867-1868 / Increased Ship Production, and the conversion of the steamer Illinois into a barge for the first time in history.

1880

1890

1871 / The Illinois and Michigan Canal was deepened to speed up the current and to improve sewage disposal.

1871 / Brick Cottages, old frame cottages raised on new brick foundations, creating multi-family apartments.

1871 / Debris from the Chicago Fire extends the shoreline of Lake Michigan. Much of the eastern sidewalk sits on top of debris including the Art Institute.

1881 / Washington Park / Name changed from South Park to its current Washington Park in memory of the countries first president.

1854 / Rock Island was reached in the C&RI Railroad.

1885 / Cholera + Typhoid Epidemic / A stom washes city sewage into Lake Michagan, the city’s sorce of drinking water creating an outbreak of Cholera and Typhoid killing 90,000.

1855 / The Chicago and Aurora Railroad changed its name to Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q).

1888 / The first Whaleback vessel was built for $40,000 signaling the prosperous years in business and the decrease in accidents.

1855 / Chicago decided to raise the level of the city district seven feet.

1855 / Street Raising / Streets on the majority of the South Side and certain parts of the North and West Sides were raised as high as eight feet to allow for drainage and sewers. Land owners were responsible for raising exhisting buildings.

1868 / Village of Riverside, Olmstead 1869 / Washington Park, Olmstead 1869 / Jackson Park, Olmstead 1869 / West Town is added to the city by the Legislature

1871 / Locks on the Saint Lawrence allowed transit of vessels 186 ft (57 m) long, 44 ft 6 in (13.56 m) wide, and 9 ft (2.7 m) deep.

1871 / Fire spurred reconstruction began almost immediately and spurred economic developement in chicago. Chicago began to transition to construction of steel skyscrapers.

1871 / South Park / The South Park Commision hired Olmsted and Vaux to convert 1,055 acres in southern Chicago to parkland.

1856 / Completion of the IC Railroad, the longest line in the World by then.

1849 / Cholera Outbreak / In 1849 a cholera outbreak resulted in killing 3% of the Chicago population.

1870

1865 / Hammond (suburb), Industries built on the periphery of the city allow for home-ownership for the working class. Began a business slaughtering cows and shipping them east in refrigerated train cars.

1889 / In response to the epidemics, the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago is created to protect the city’s drinking water and to find a suitable way to dispose of wastes.

June 29, 1889 / Annexation / The largest annexation expanded Chicago boundaries to include 125 additional square miles and 225,000 people. Larger jurisdiction created increased public demand for urban services.

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by La Island to vis serve for the

1893 ordina doctri of res provid uses applic of the use.

1893 city a heigh buildi

1871 / The first successful telegraphic communication was received in June.

1857-1859 / Financial Panic / The commercial interests suffer causing a two year decline in profits.

1858 / All-rail link between New York City and Chicago opened.

1871 / Washington Park / Olmsted and Vaux designed 372 acres between 51st and 60th Streets as a picturesque park.

June 1859 / The Chicago and North Western Railway (C&NW) was chartered.

1869 / Chicago Water Tower

Figure 1b

503,185

$66,666 Downtown $1,314 City

Population

1874 / Garfield Park / The 40 acre segment of Garfield Park was formally opened to the public. It was originally known as Central Park.

1889 / the largest annexation made of four of the five townships were annexed to the city, The townships included Jefferson, Lake View, Lake, and Hyde Park

1895 by th Wrigh archi stron the l discip

1896 exten mate in th Lake

0

$17,786 City

1900

1 - October 30, 1893 / World’s mbian Exposition / Olmsted formed the marshy conditions of son Park into a system of lagoons waterways for transportation fed ake Michigan. A shaded “Woody d” was designed to give respite sitors. The Midway Plaisance ed as the center of amusement e fair.

/ The Frontage consent ances were based on nuisance ines, required that the majority sidential owners on a block de consent before certain land would be permitted. Only cable along blocks where 2/3rds e property was in residential

/ Building Height Limit / The adopted an ordinance placing a ht limit of 130 feet on downtown ings

5 / Prairie School / Anchored he architecture of Frank Lloyd ht, the work of the Pairie School itects was characterized by ng horizontals, integration with landscape, craftsmanship, and plined use of ornament.

6 / Grant Park / The park was nded after the excavated erials from constructing buildings he parkland was dumped into e Michigan.

1910

1903-1918 / Barge Canal / The Erie Canal was enlarged to include three other canals systems: the Champlain, the Oswego, and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals. With its completion in 1918 the canal was now 200 feet wide and 14 feet deep allowing barges to carry 3,000 tons.

1920

November 7-10, 1913/ Great Lakes Strom of 1913 / The 4 day strom was the deadliest and most destructive natural disater to affect the Great Lakes killing over 250 people and destroying 19 ships.

1914 / Morgan Park annexed.

1915 / Clearing annexed.

1905 / Sherman Park / At 60 acres, Sherman Park was one of the largest of the parks. The Olmsted Brothers transformed its low and wet site into a beautiful landscape with a meandering waterway surrounding an island of ballfields.

1906 / Charter funeral trains to western suburbs; Last horse cars and cable cars run.

1930

1925 / Tribune Tower, Office Use 463 ft. tall 1922 / The Metropolitan Sanitary District succeeds in reversing the flow of the Calumet River with the completion of the Cal-Sag Channel.

1922 / One of the first State Highways, U.S. Hwy 20, a main thoroughfare was paved.

1940

1933 / May 27th the Opening of Progress Exposition in Burnham Park.

1933 / Illinois and Michigan’s function was largely replaced by the wider and shorter Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1900 and it ceased transportation operations.

1933 / Cal-Sag Channel is dredged nine feet lower to allow for cargo ship traffic. It also connected to the Sanitary and Ship Canal.

1934 / US Highway 45 opens.

1916 / Navy Pier is created extending into Lake Michigan and because a historical landmark.

1918 / the first highway bond.

1922 / Tribune Tower Competition / Though Hood and Howells is an oft admired gothic addition to the Chicago skyline, the other entries to the competition were likely just as important.

1926 / US Highway 14 opens (originally called the “Black and Yellow Trail” because it connected the Black Hills and Yellowstone Park).

1907 / Ravenswood Branch opens on Northwest Side.

1908 / the street grid for Chicago was laid out.

1909 / Both Grant and Burnham Parks are expanded.

1934 / Park Consolidation Act / Parks started to fall victim to the Great Depression and the need for better efficiency of services became apparent.

1936 / C&NW, UP and SP jointly inaugurate the City of San Francisco streamliner running between Chicago and Oakland.

1950

1942 / Zoning Ordinance Revised/ The 1923 ordinance proved insufficient to handle the growing complexity of the city, so the ordinance revised, but didn’t help with the drastic changes made by the automobile.

1943 / State subway opens, despite WWII; Number of stations peak at 227 1945 / Residential Finance / Housing legislation under the New Deal replaced the five-year balloon loan with the long-term mortgage loan.

1945 / Chicago Transit Authority created.

1948 / CTA starts streamlining, closes branches; CTA runs A/B skip-stop service.

1947 / CLCC created / Plans to rejuvenate the downtown and innercity neighborhoods were afoot to dramatically the scale of the city’s redevelopment activity.

1909 / The City Club of Chicago publishes Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett’s Plan of Chicago.

1909 / Grant Park / Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago considered the railroad property to be so untouchable that he developed the Grant Park portion of the plan around it.

1909 / Chicago Plan / A collaborative publication proposed the “Burnham Plan” consisting of a system of parks and broad avenues that transcended the street grid.

1919 / Glackin Law gave municipalities the authority to regulate land use if they had the approval of neighborhood property owners.

1956 / Traffic begins at the International Port at Lake Calumet.

1956 / O’Hare airport area annexed.

1957 / Public Housing / Public housing in chicago faces failures due to the size and density of the high rise apartments.

1957 / Public Housing / Public housing in chicago faces failures due to the size and density of the high rise apartments.

1957 / Zoning ordinance was a critical moment in city planning history. It used scientific measures such as floor-area ratios to assess the desirability of developments.

1957 / Wounded by the increased use of automobiles after World War II, the CA&E quite abruptly ended passenger service.

1957 / Last wooden “L” cars retired.

1958 / Last streetcars retired; “L” opens in Congress Expressway median.

1937 / CHA / Chicago Housing Authority is established. The CHA is responsible for all public housing in the city of Chicago.

1918 / Completed the Erie Canal- 12 to 14 feet deep, 120 to 200 feet wide, and 363 miles long, from Albany to Buffalo. 57locks were built to handle barges carrying up to 3,000 tons of cargo, with lifts of 6 to 40 feet.

1918 / Worldwide flu epedimic prompts smoking ban; After 26 years, original five-cent fare increases.

196

1958 / The Chicago Skyway (a $101 million project) opens on April 16.

1927 / Burnham Park / This park consist of 598 acres of land connecting Grant Park to Jackson Park. It was an outgrowth from the 1909 Plan of Chicago. It is home to Soldier Field and McCormick Place.

1929 / River Straightening / The east ward bend in the Chicago River south of the Loop is straightened. This was deemed necessary, as the existing bend in the river caused multiple north-south streets to be cut off, as well as irregularly-shaped plots of land not desirable for Chicago’s rigid grid pattern.

1937 / Public Housing Projects / First public housing projects (Public Works Administration and Federal Housing Act of 1937).

1949 / Chicago Railroad Fair: 100 years of Train.

1937 What would be renamed Lakeshore Drive opens.

1949 / Interstate 290 opens on December 7.

1938 / Construction begins on two subways.

Late 1940’s / Chicago Park District / The Ten Year Plan led to the addition of dozens of new parks throughout the city.

1958 / State Street Corridor / State Street Corridor is a narrow zone of public housing, 4 miles long (stateway gardens).

1959 / Wagner Park / This park and 250 other properties were transferred into the Chicago Park District. To this day it one of the only remaining parks in Chicago that is noncontinuous.

940

1950

1942 / Zoning Ordinance Revised/ The 1923 ordinance proved insufficient to handle the growing complexity of the city, so the ordinance revised, but didn’t help with the drastic changes made by the automobile.

1943 / State subway opens, despite WWII; Number of stations peak at 227 1945 / Residential Finance / Housing legislation under the New Deal replaced the five-year balloon loan with the long-term mortgage loan.

1945 / Chicago Transit Authority created.

1948 / CTA starts streamlining, closes branches; CTA runs A/B skip-stop service.

1947 / CLCC created / Plans to rejuvenate the downtown and innercity neighborhoods were afoot to dramatically the scale of the city’s redevelopment activity.

1960

1970

1980

1990

1974 / CTA hires first women conductors

1956 / Traffic begins at the International Port at Lake Calumet.

1957 / Public Housing / Public housing in chicago faces failures due to the size and density of the high rise apartments.

1957 / Zoning ordinance was a critical moment in city planning history. It used scientific measures such as floor-area ratios to assess the desirability of developments.

1957 / Wounded by the increased use of automobiles after World War II, the CA&E quite abruptly ended passenger service.

1957 / Last wooden “L” cars retired.

1958 / Last streetcars retired; “L” opens in Congress Expressway median.

2004 / Millennium Park / The construction of Cloud Gate began by Indian born architect Anish Kapoor.

1962 / Beginning of local tradition of dyeing the Chicago River green on Saint Patrick’s Day. 1964 / The Stevenson Expressway (named for former governor of Illionois after his death) was opened on October 24.

1964 / The Rock Island selected Union Pacific to pursue a merger plan to form one large ‘super’ railroad stretching from Chicago to the West Coast.

1974 / Willis Tower, Office Use 1730 ft. w/ antenna, 1451 ft. w/o

1984 / Snurfit Sloan Building, Office Use, 582 ft. tall

1993 / McCormich Tribune Campus Center at IIT - Rem Koolhaas

1986 / Highway Reconstruction

1996 / Huge fire destroys Wilson

1975 / Tunnel and Reservoir Plan begins. It is a massive project to control storm water and prevent sewage backup.

1988 / Quincy station renovated to 1897 appearance

1977 / Loop “L” experiences most notorious accident; Clarke House moved over tracks and gets stuck.

1997 / Millennium Park / This park is a recent addition to Grant Park’s northern edge. The park is a total of 24.5 acres. It was previously a rail yard for the Illinois Central Railroad until 1997.

1998 / April 18th Illinois governor Jim Edgar and Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed “Bob Bell Day” naming Addison street, between Western Avenue and the Chicago River “Bob Bell Way”

1967 / Interstate 57 is completed January 26-27, 1967 / The Chicago Blizzard / From 5:02 am Thursday morning to 10:10 am Friday it snowed a total of 23 inches.

1949 / Chicago Railroad Fair: 100 years of Train.

2004 / New Urbanism incorporates the principles of walkability, mixed use development, sustainability and increased density.

1975 / Harbor Point, Residential, 551 ft. tall

1977 / Four Chicago civil groups proposed the ‘Lakefront Gardens for Performing Arts’. The proposed park included a performing arts pavilion.

1958 / The Chicago Skyway (a $101 million project) opens on April 16.

2010

1992 / The Great Chicago Underground Flood creates havoc in downtown Chicago, flooding the old freight tunnels and the basements of many Loop buildings, and producing a transportation nightmare.

1956 / O’Hare airport area annexed.

1957 / Public Housing / Public housing in chicago faces failures due to the size and density of the high rise apartments.

2000

2006 / Washington Park / Mayor Richard Dayley announced that the Olympic Stadium was proposed for Washington Park. In which Chicago bid for the 2016 summer Olympics.

2007 / The Chicago Terminal Railroad (CTM), a switching and terminal railroad operating over former Milwaukee Road and Chicago and North Western trackage, started operating.

2010 / Remodeling of bungaloe houses in less affluent sections of the city.

1949 / Interstate 290 opens on December 7.

Late 1940’s / Chicago Park District / The Ten Year Plan led to the addition of dozens of new parks throughout the city.

1989 / AT & T Corporate Center, Office Use, 1007 ft. w/ antenna, 886 ft. w/o April, 1999 / Millennium Park / Frank Gehry accepted the design commission for the J. Fitzger Pritzker Pavilion.

1958 / State Street Corridor / State Street Corridor is a narrow zone of public housing, 4 miles long (stateway gardens).

1959 / Wagner Park / This park and 250 other properties were transferred into the Chicago Park District. To this day it one of the only remaining parks in Chicago that is noncontinuous.

Figure 1c

2009 / Aqua Tower

1969 / John Hancock Tower built

Chicago becomes a crucial element to the concept of megaregions as views shift from city scales to regional scales.

1970s / The closing of the stockyards in Chicago were an eventual result of the refrigerated boxcar and increased the efficiency of slaughtering.

Mid 1950s / The Baby Boom / Seventy-six million American children were born between 1945 and 1964.

1962 / Marina City 1 and 2, 1962 Residential, 588 ft. tall, Bertrand Golberg

1973 / Regional Transit Authority created as overseer of “L”

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Figure 1d

1942 / Zoning Ordinance Revised/ The 1923 ordinance proved nsufficient to handle the growing omplexity of the city, so the ordinance revised, but didn’t help

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1962 / The Chicago O’Hare Chic international airport is deemed the “World’s Busiest” airport.

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1955 / American Society of Civil Engineers selects the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago as one of the seven engineering wonders of the United States.

2003 / Union Pacific opens a new $181 million Chicago region intermodal facility in Rochelle, Il.

Population

1955 / Grace Abbott Homes / Largest high rise project: 1200 apartments in 40 buildings covering 10 city blocks.t 1955 / Eisenhower Expressway Construction of the expressway system.

1984 / “L” extended to O’Hare International Airport.

2002 / Asian carp threat

n

1941 / Midway Airport Expansion / New runway construction at Midway Airport reroutes the tracks of the Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad marking the evolution of Chicago as a national transportation hub.

1961 / Post Modernism / Bringing the concept of complexity and contradiction to the city, Post Modernism broke away from the rigid, orthogonal grid and the norms set by Modern precedents.

April 13, 1992 / The Chicago Loop Flood / A whirlpool in the Chicago River around Kinzie St. appeared to be the source of the flood sometime around 7:00 am. It left 250 million gallons of water gushing into the freight tunnels running undernieth the loop. It took 3 days and an estimated $1.95 billion to clean up.

jus

1955 / One Prudential Building

1963 / Last interurban stops operating on “L”.

flat io

1961 / CTA inaugurates one-person crews .

to in

1954 / The construction of St. Lawrence Seaway begun. System of locks, canals and channels that permits ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the North American Great Lakes. Not a continuous canal.

1973 / The Lakefront Protection Ordinance was created to establish more control of the density of residential along the lakefront.

ted

1960 / Deindustrialization began to take a toll on the suburban communities around Chicago causing them to shrink.

2000 / Zoning Initiative / Chicago launched an initiative to overhaul its zoning ordinance on July 26, 2000 to deal with the boom of residential construction.

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1952 / Modernism / Lake Shore Apartments - Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, 1952 Sears Tower - SOM, 1974

1973 / Aon Center, Office Use, 1136 ft. tall

com e; U

1940s / In addition to Midway, Chicago also began construction on what would one day be the Chicago O’Hare Airport.

1960 / Projects / Modernist highrise projects are built in super blocks, 15-19 stories (no superflous decorations).

August 28, 1990 / Only F5 Tornado in Chicago Area / The tornado formed near Oswego and went on a 16 mile path through Plainfield and Joilet.

The tornado killed, injured 350 and caued over $165 million in damages.

2000 / By the turn of the century Chicago residents inhabit what is labeled as a dual metropolis encompassing 293 municipalities over 4401 square miles.

t’l A vg In

1940 / the Comprehensive Superhighway System of Chicago was approved by Chicago City Council

1951 / The Chicago Regional Port District created. Construction of port facilities at Lake Calumet started.

1980 / 20-29 / 18.4% / 1,012,361 As the baby boom generation ages, so too does the population of Cook county as seen from the census of 1980 in which the age period of 2029 is seen to have the most residents within it (1,012,361- 18.4%).

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1951 / Partially complete Dearborn subway opens

1960 / The Kennedy Expressway (originally named Northwest Expressway for its general direction of travel) opens on November 5.

1990 / Larger Metro / Chicago’s Metropolitan area surrounds the center of the city where little or no farms are within 40 miles of Chicago’s downtown in all directions.

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1950: Suburbs began developing in response to the post war boom

1980 / The CRI&P Railroad ceased operations.

ati

1950 / Lincoln Park / Final landfill extension was added to Lincoln Park between Foster Avenue and Ardmore Avenue.

1960

1956 / Traffic begins at the International Port at Lake Calumet.

1956 / O’Hare airport area annexed.

1970

1980

1974 / CTA hires first women conductors

1990

2000

1992 / The Great Chicago Underground Flood creates havoc in downtown Chicago, flooding the old freight tunnels and the basements of

2010

ECOLOGIES Water (lakes + rivers edges) Natural Events (floods, blizzards, Fire) Parks (green space) Olmsted in Chicago

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NATURAL EVENTS Dan Scott, Dan Williamson

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ABSTRACT: Any thought that Chicago could face a modern natural disaster so large in scale that it would challenge the historical effect of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 had once been unprecedented. As natural disasters go, the far reaching effect of city growth and organization is seasonal at best. With the spring rain comes the fear of a river cresting, releasing the strong and unstoppable forces of water, as in the spring the winter months bring with it the heavy snow falls that can stop a city in its tracks for several days, but these examples are only temporary and have easy fixes that do not require the special care that the infiltration of Asian Carp into the water ways of North America have had. The carp are moving north through the Mississippi River and are inching closer to the waterways of the Great Lakes. With the forward migration into new rivers and lakes, the push for waterway control is one that the City of Chicago’s government is and has been looking at. The Asian Carp cannot be allowed to reach Lake Michigan or the Great Lakes as a whole. If the fish are successful and end up populating the Great Lakes, the effect on Chicago will be devastating to its economy, and in return its overall growth. With what is known about the life cycle of the carp, it is worrisome what effect this invasive fish species will have on the Great Lake Region and the growth of Chicago.

In 1973, Bighead, Silver and Black Carp were imported to America from Taiwan for use in aquaculture ponds for control of aquatic vegetation.

With the success of being able to control weed growth, the Environmental Protection Agency

started to experiment with the use of fish as cleaning agents in sewage treatment plants in order to gain access to natural waterways. Asian Carp were first documented gaining access to the Mississippi River in the late 1990’s, when the fish entered natural waterways. Their fast growth rate and large appetite proved to be detrimental to the waters natural ecosystem.

Asian Carp fish species can reach sizes of 100 pounds and lengths of 4 feet. Their large size is due to an appetite that is never pleased, feeding on aquatic grasses and phytoplankton that other species of fish rely on to survive. As the Asian Carp expand their territory toward water in the north, local species vital to regional ecosystems are starting to become endangered by the fast growing, over eating population of carp. Extreme size potential of the Asian Carp has resulted in several local ecosystems to disappear. As the migration of fish spread from the Mississippi River to the Illinois River and potentially entering the Great Lakes, fear is raised that the special ecosystem of the Great Lakes could be compromised. As the species population has increased the area affected grows.

As the carp move up the Illinois River, the need to stop their advance to the Lake Michigan and then the entire Great Lakes region is evident. This fear has resulted into several ideas on how to stop the Right: Lake Michigan, view from Chicago Architecture Foundation

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Image name

Chicago River, meeting point with Lake Michigan 62

fast north moving migration of the invasive Asian Carp.

If Asian Carp are successful at infiltrating Lake Michigan and the Great Lake region as a whole, this event will signal the beginning of a dramatic ecological and economical change. The Great Lakes are a major transportation hub for American commerce. Goods such as grain and lumber are moved from the areas around the lakes to ports via the Mississippi River or the Erie Cannel.

In a move to prevent the infestation of Asian Carp, shipping channels will be closed. With the movement of goods no longer operable by water, the cost of moving goods to market will increase. If good prices were to increase, then the economy of Chicago will still continue to grow fueling a city toward the future, but if the cost of goods becomes too high then the production location of goods could be moved. This action of moving production and therefore removing Chicago from the profitable of goods can result in an economic decline that could cause the city to shrink over time. Currently there are 255 tankers that use the lakes daily for the movement of goods. The livelihood of these people, companies, and communities require a Great Lakes region free of Asian Carp.

Desperate attempts are being considered and made in an attempt to prevent carp from entering into the Great Lakes. A scenario with the quickest results that have a high rate of success would be the closing of shipping channels between Illinois River and Lake Michigan. As stated earlier this solution will have the fast effect on Chicago with lose of production and shipping. With these results this is a last resort if all other options fail. The Chicago River is the final step in preventing the carp from entering the Great Lakes. If the actions being tried in the river fail, then the Great Lakes will be the final movement for the carp into new water ecosystems. Numerous attempts are currently being made to prevent a migration into the Great Lakes.

Currently, an underwater electric fence has been installed.

The first one was added in 2002 and the second, in 2006.

These barriers were considered a failure when Asian Crap were found upstream. The most recent and extreme measure in the prevention of carp in Lake Michigan is the closing of the Chicago Shipping Canal.

Currently, many entrepreneurs are developing new ways to utilize the Asian Carp. The fastest growing market is using the carp as a food source where it is exported to

Asia and certain parts of North America. The carp can be processed further into fish meal used in animal feed, such as cat food, omega-3 oil, and bio-fuel. It is believed that largescale fishing can take place if the carp were to be successful at invading the Great Lakes region. Large-scale commercial farming on the fast growing population would control the population numbers. If the farming of carp is successful, an invasive species population of Asian Carp will become a lucrative commodity. It has even been suggested that sections of Great Lakes and the Mississippi River shores can west.fork

be converted into fish farming operations to take advantage of the economical gain that could take place if farming of Asian Carp works.

The commercial fishing and farming of Asian Carp will take a fear and turn it into a profit. With the growth of a new farming sector new equipment, services, and labor will be needed. All of these actions will most likely be shipped through Chicago if not sold as well. The success of taking an invasive species and turning it into a saleable commodity will take a possible growth prevented and turn it into a

middle.fork

des.plaines.river

skokie.river

north.shore.channel

RIVER ENTRANCES TO LAKE MICHIGAN 63 chicago.river

CHICAGO south.branch.chicago.river south.fork.south.branch

little.calumet.river.north calumet.sag.channel

little.calumet.river.south

ELECTRICAL.SHOCK HAZARD.AREA

Diagram: Asian Carp Impact [Lake Michigan relationships]

growth factor.

Throughout Chicago’s history, natural disasters have taken their toll on the city, but the city has never been subdued by events by overcoming them with a better projection of the future of their city. Asian Carp are only the most recent test to the citizens of the Chicago River and Great Lakes region. With the problems that the fish present, solutions to handling them have been presented and several included turning a profit on the control of the population.

Lock on Chicago River Diagram: Electric Barrier

Solutions to the invasion of fish included closing the shipping canal and harvesting the fish for production. Each has advantages and disadvantages but the solution will save the city of Chicago and continue its growth for the future.

References 1. Gillies, Jeff. “Asian Carp and the Great Lakes Fishery: How Much Is at Risk?” Great Lakes Echo (2010). Print.

2.Veierstahler, Bob. “Electric Fish Barrier Tested for Safety.” Journal Sentinel (2006). Print.

3. “InfraNET Lab.” WELCOME TO INFRANET. Web. 23 Feb. 2011. <http:infranetlab.org/blog/>.

electrical.shock hazard.area new barrier

original barrier

electrical.field

electrical.field

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GREAT LAKES FISHING INDUSTRY STATISTICS $7 billion sport fishing industry in the great lakes [US] $2.8 billion - value of fish in great lakes a resource pool 4

$443 million sport fishing industry in the great lakes [Canada]

pool 8

$45 million worth of fish harvested by commercial fishing pool 13 $9 million electric barrier

La Grange Reach

pool 26

Open River

big head

carp

ASIAN CARP LOCATIONS affected river ways known carp populations

CARP.STATISTICS >carp can eat 40% of their weight daily >can weigh up to 100lbs >$1500 - price per ton of fish meal export [carp] >make up 90% of biomass in some river

gra ss c

arp

COMMON.CARP >25 pounds or more >olive-green on back, yellowish belly >Introduced to the US in late 19th Century

r carp

silve

Diagram: Asian Carp Impact {statistics]

1999

1997

1995

1993

Annual catch of Asian carp collected at Illinois River La Grange Reach

BIGHEAD.CARP >up to 100 pounds >dark gray on back, off-white below >Native to China, introduced to the US in 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

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Fauna:Night Heron,Elements Photoblog 13

Wetland: Lake Ontario, Cootes Paradise,Elements Photoblog 13

Chicago:View of Lake Michigan from John Hancock Tower.February 2011

air, location of the basin and the influence of the lakes themselves. The usual movement of air comes from west and the changeable weather is the result of alternating flows of warm, humid air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from the Arctic. In summer, the northern region around Lake Superior generally receives cool, dry air masses from the Canadian northwest. In the south, tropical air masses originating in the Gulf of Mexico are most influential. As the Gulf air crosses the lakes, the bottom layers remain cool while the top layers are warmed. In the autumn, the rapid movement and occasional clash of warm and cold air masses through the region produce strong winds. Air temperatures begin to drop gradually and less sunlight, combined with increased cloudiness, signal more storms and precipitation. In winter, the region is affected by two major air masses. Arctic air from the northwest is very cold and dry when it enters the basin, but is warmed and picks up moisture traveling over the comparatively warmer lakes.

Spring, is characterized by variable weather. Alternating air masses move through rapidly, resulting in frequent cloud cover and thunderstorms. By early spring, the warmer air and increased sunshine begin to melt the snow and lake ice, starting again the thermal layering of the lakes.4 References 1. Cambridge Dictionaries - http://dictionaries.cambridge.org 2. Hyperdictionary - http://www.hyperdictionary.com/search. aspx?define=watershed 3.Great Lakes Information Network - http://www.great-lakes.net 4.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - http://www.epa.gov 5.WTOL 11-http://wtol.envirocast.net/ow-regionalwatersheds-04 6.U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service - http://www.fws.gov/midwest/greatlakes/ ecosystem.htm 7.USGS - http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs/WRI004008/conditions.htm 8.Great Lakes Restoration Initiative - http://greatlakesrestoration.us/action/ wp-content/uploads/glri_actionplan.pdf 9.Asian Carpa Regiona単 Coordinating Committee - http://asiancarp.org/ news/federal-judge-denies-preliminary-injunction-in-asian-carp-litigation/ 10. http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=1244 11. http://ragasreport.com/tour-on-the-chicago-river-and-lake-michigan-p 12. http://www.asiancarp.info 13. http://pics4twitts.com/2010/08/25/cootes-paradise-marsh-wetland-andlake-ontario-birds/

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Contributors

6 SCOPES, 20 TOPICS, 44 STUDENTS

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Sarah Baranowski Nick Bender Evan Bliss Stephanie Brady Martie Burke Ricardo Camio Amy Catsinas Matt Conway Dan Gage Greg Gettman Elizabeth Hawks Ryan Hier Alison Ingunza Peter Kisicki Zach Klebba Josh Klooster Joe Kotulak Dennis Krymuza Lindsey Leibold Alexander Lohn Spencer Luckey Colee Maass

Daniel Magharious Francisco MarinNieto Julia Villa Maynez Ryan McDermott Tara Meador Mercado Agustin Mota Matt Nederhiser Brent Pauba David Penka Baptiste Pryen David Ross Diana Ramos Lindsey Schaffer Justin Schuerman Dan Scott Scott Shiffermiller Nolan Stevens Tristan Vetter Trevor Watson Carter Weitz Dan Williamson Wenjia Xu