THE WORLD’S PASTIME
DANIEL SCOTT LONDON SPRING 2012
EVERY REASONABLE ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO IDENTIFY OWNERS OF COPYRIGHT. ERRORS OR OMISSIONS WILL BE CORRECTED IN SUBSEQUENT EDITIONS.
Introduction
Shaping Space Timeline Team Comparison
Early 20th Century
Stamford Bridge Stadium Old Trafford
Post WWII
Camp Nou Estadio Santiago BernabĂŠu
The New Millennium
Emirates Stadium Allianz Arena
4 10 15 22 26
30 34 42 50
How One Game Has Shaped Space and Urban Design The international importance of soccer is an unquestionable fact, but its effect on local cultural and land use is even more important. The game’s growth from an English school field to an international stage might seem impossible but the game has become the largest globalization of any sport. By studying the game of soccer, one can begin to understand how the impact of global expansion of one European power to their colonies has had a major effect on today’s urban space. From the governmental seat of the United Kingdom, London, to its current and former territories, to the rest of Europe, the game of soccer has caused numerous urban developments. Soccer stadiums across Europe have an important role in this growth. In America, on any given weekend, millions of people are watching football on a T.V. or at a stadium. Like football in America, soccer is Europe’s pastime of choice. While soccer was born in England, it spread with the growth of the United Kingdom’s foreign territory. The sport’s influence would become international, but its importance is still European. In Europe, soccer is not merely a pastime, but often an expression of the social, economic, and political of the communities that host both the teams and their fans. Examining soccer’s role in various cultures as a means of examining the reach of globalization by looking at soccer’s spread across Europe and the effect of how stadium 4
design and location has altered its surroundings. The importance for a football club to have a better stadium than another team has caused development around specific areas of the team’s home city. With strong rivalry between teams, the location of a stadium is key; most locations have kept their cultural identities and local business in a world of corporate globalization. While stadium design in the United States has been focused on areas where large amount of land is readily available, allowing for a large sport venue complex, with a stadium at the center and a massive parking lot surrounding the structure. Truman Sports Complex, in Kansas City, figure one, is only one of the sporting venues in America with vast parking surfaces throughout the complex. This has created a need for large amounts of infrastructure leading away from a city to the location of the games., creating this disconnect between the city and stadium through design has prevented larger economic and urban design growth opportunities for the city that a team uses as its base and the teams home. This is not the case for soccer stadium design in Europe. With Europe’s superior ability to centralize stadiums with city growth it has caused situations for massive economic growth with urban design creating a connection between city center and stadiums. Stadium designs in Europe are built in Purposed redesign of Camp Nou (right)
areas with strong ties to the teams often within close proximity to a cities center. With only the exception of Allianz Arena, pictured bottom right, in Munich, Germany. Built with intention of hosting large multipurpose events, and being the home field of two soccer teams, attracting two different fan cultural, the stadium is detached from the city and is home to the largest parking structure in Europe. A highway on two sides and a park on the other Allianz Arena, the park is used to guide fans to the entrance of the stadium. The design took the approach of prevention of urban growth around the stadium and has an affect on urban design by preventing it. When it comes to urban design and growth Emirates Stadium, pictured opposite page, has created a standard for which all future stadiums will be based on. The design firm Truman Sports Complex, in Kansas City selected, Populous, encourage human interaction through the planning and design process and to the finished site itself. Interaction between fans and community members through the site not only on game days but also on nonmatch days and even the off season was a key decision form the beginning stages of the stadium’s design strategy. Selected to harmonize with the environment; responding to the culture, the climate, and the community that host it a comprehensive stadium design was reached. Built on an old industrial site, studding how the selection of an old industrial site can create new urban growth in brown ďŹ eld, the stadium has the potential to allow growth in a section of London that has had little growth based on its past site use. While Allianz Arena and Emirates Stadium represent two ends of a spectrum. The large majority of modern stadiums built in Europe have been placed within walking distance of a cities center, allowing for the creation of new economic developments and creation of urban spaces through urban design. As the design field moves toward a new integrated design solution more and more stadium developments being designed like Emirates Stadium rather than Allianz Arena. The game of soccer may be international but still holds its own identity, in each city that it is played. The question of stadium location and globalization has altered the way a sport is viewed in a local area and Europe as a whole. This begins an understanding of how globalization is international in scale, but still allows for individual cultural survival in a world of corporate globalization. From a game 6
Allianz Arean, Munich Germany
that began in an English school ďŹ eld to being played in 60,000 seat stadiums, the globalization of soccer has changed the urban growth of the communities it lives in. The stadium of the 21st century is a driving force for urban development.
Emirates Stadium with central London in the background.
Old and new, Arsenal Stadium in foreground, Emirates Stadium in background
7
“Emotional intensity extends beyond the time and space in which the game is actually played, it is most striking at the site in which professional spectator sports are usually located� Stadium Worlds pg. 229
8
Six stadiums across Western Europe were selected to compare how stadium location and age have either supported urban growth or refutes it. Why Western Europe? Western Europe is where capitalist investment has been the highest international Soccer tournaments played, causing these stadiums to have a need for urban patchwork. The oldest stadium studied was built in 1877 and has limited space for growth. Its location has created a strong fan ritual, but this prevents the stadium for being able to seat more fans. Where one team built a new stadium only a few blocks for its old field, allowing for game rituals but also the increase of seated fans and other high volume events.
Case study stadium Locations
To create a case study that is as varied as the teams their selves specific stadium locations were considered. The final selection was; Allianz Arean in Munich, Camp Nou in Barcelona, Emirates Stadium in London, Old Trafford Stadium in Manchester, Estadio Santiago Bernabeu in Madrid, and Stamford Bridge in London. The only similarities between the stadiums is the fact their main audience is soccer matches; they have a range of pitch sizes and a variety of location types. Ranging form business distracts to residential areas, from the edge of a city to its very center, from 1877 to 2006 the differences are great but they all have an effect on urban space and design.
9
1877 Stamford Bridge opens as the London Athletics Club in the Chelsea London. 1878 Manchester United formed as the Newton Heath LYR F.C. in Manchester England. 1886 Arsenal Football Club, originally called Dial Square, founded in Woolwich London.
November 29, 1899 Football Club Barcelona, formed in Barcelona Spain.
1880’s The word soccer first appears as an Oxford abbreviation of the word association.
1895
1872 The first international football match is played between England and Scotland in Glasgow.
1885
1875
1865 1863 The Rules of football are codified in England by the Football Association.
1904 Ownership of The London Athletics Club changes to the Chelsea Football Club.
1905 Chelsea F.C. is formed and moves into the stadium and plays their first match. 1906 United’s Bank Street ground has the first covered stand in England
February 19, 1910 the very first match at Old Trafford.
April 17 , 1926 The first international match between England and Scotland is played at Old Trafford.
1909 Site for a new stadium is found near Trafford Park; Scottish architect Archibald Leitch is appointed to design it. September 6, 1913 Arsenal moves from Woolwich to Highbury and builds a £125,000 stadium.
1922, New stadium is built, Camp de Les Corts, initial capacity of 20,000 spectators.
March 14 1909, move into the Camp de la Indústria, with a seating capacity of 8,000 people. February 27, 1900 Bayern Munich is formed in Munich Germany. 1901 Bayern gets its own field located. in Schwabing.
1907 Moves to Munchner Sport-Club ground at Leopoldstrabe.
1925 Bayern starts to share the Grünwalder Stadion with 1860 Munich. 1923 Real Madrid moves from Campo de O’Donnell to Campo de Ciudad Lineal.
1925
1912 Real Madrid moves to the Campo de O’Donnell Stadium.
1915
1905
March 6, 1902 Real Madrid is formed as Madrid Football Club.
1906 Bayern Munich joins Munchner Sport-Club.
January 22, 1927 The game against Sheffield United was the first to be carried by BBC radio.
The “Shed End” terraced area is erected. A vast bank of terracing behind the southern goal.
1939 North Stand is built. A curious stand in the north east corner it was an extension to the East stand.
March 1939, Old Trafford’s attendance record is set as 76,962.
1934 United Road terrace becomes a covered standing terrace.
December 22, 1940 the Luftwaffe inflicts superficial damage to the stadium.
March 11, 1941 German bombs destroy large parts of the stadium grounds. WWII stadium becomes ARP (Air Raid Precautions, to help with the war effort. 1943 Stadium is bombed during the Blitz and the North Bank is destroyed.
1937 Sections of a game between Arsenal and their Reserves were televised.
1944 begins the first of several expansion projects, grandstand in constructed.
1959 Stretford End of the stadium is covered.
August 24, 1949 United play at Old Trafford’s for the first time since the 1941 bombing. 1948 Summer Olympics the stadium hosted the football preliminaries.
1946 begins the addition of the southern stand.
September 19, 1951 Arsenal’s first game under floodlights. Later the Club programme stated: “It was interesting to hear a remark from the terraces that a considerably better view was enjoyed than on a number of poor Saturdays when strained eyes were peering into the falling gloom just before the final whistle.”
1950 the northern stand is constructed and now could hold 60,000 spectators
March 28, 1954 ground is broke on a new stadium called Estadi del F.C. Barcelona.
September 24, 1957 Estadi del F.C. Barcelona opens and holds its match .
June 19, 1954 the first major renovation occurred. The stadium expanded to accommodate 125,000 spectators.
May 1957, Real Madrid used electric stadium lighting in a game against Sport Recife of Brazil.
1940 Grunwalder Stadion is destroyed in World War Two.
1955
December 14,1947 construction is complete and the new stadium opens.
1945
1935
October 27, 1944 Broke ground for a new stadium.
1964-65, The western terrace is replaced by a seated stand. The stand was 3/4 seating and 1/4 concrete slabs affectionately known as the ‘Benches’. 1960 Stadium Capacity is increased to 66,500.
1964 New cantilever stand on United Road features 34 private boxes, the first in British football is built.
1973 the East Stand is built.
1971 the East Stand is built.
1967 Souvenir shop opens on the Old Trafford forecourt
1971 The cantilever is extended around the Scoreboard end with 5,000 new seats.
May 1972, The stadium hosted its first European Cup Winners’ Cup final between Rangers and Dynamo Moscow.
Transformation of the stadium to an 50,000 all seater state of the art facility causes the team to face bankruptcy.
1974 a nine foot high spiked fences is erected behind both goals to combat hooliganism.
1980 stadium underwent an expansion, for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, which added boxes, VIP lounges, a new press area, and the enlargement of the third tier to total capacity of 115,000 spectators.
1972 Bayern Munich moves into the Munich Olympic Stadium. At the end of the 1972 Games.
1986 The club’s first museum is opened.
June 13, 1984 the football 1982 club opens the World club museum. Cup, hosting the inauguration ceremony.
1982 the hosting of the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain. 1982, large amounts of renovations are forced by FIFA, these include colored seating area, capacity reduced from 120,000 to 90,800.
1985
1975
1965
July 6, 1966 Spain was chosen as the host nation by FIFA.
1985 Seats are installed in the Stretford End paddock.
May 29, 1985 Heysel Stadium disaster, Brussels results in 39 dead, 600 injured when funs cause riot in standing only terrace.
April 15, 1989 Hillsbrough disaster, 96 dead and 766 injured. Gets attention of Parliament and Margaret Thatcher. Results in the Taylor Report being published in August requiring all stadiums to become all seater stadia.
1993 to 1994 The Rebuilding of Stamford Bridge began with the North Stand area. The old banked terrace is demolished and the new stand built. 1990 The United Road paddock is converted from standing to seating. 1990 A £22.5 million redevelopment begins on Arsenal Stadium. Now seats 38,419 fans.
1993 New £12m West Stand, at the Stretford End, is completed.
1997 Shed End Stand and the Chelsea Village Hotel, development is built.
1998 The lower tier of the new West stand is built.
1996 New North Stand takes capacity to over 56,000.
1998 Pele opens new museum in the North Stand.
2003 The remodeling of the stadium started in the 1970’s is finished. The site now has 2 hotels, 3 restaurants, conference and banqueting facilities, underground car park, health club and business centre.
October 5, 2004 Emirates Airline signed a 15-year deal for naming right of the stadium, worth £100 million.
May 2, 1992 The old North Bank is removed to increase the amount. of stands.
1993–94, the pitch is lowered, the security gap that separated the lawn from the galleries is removed, and standing room was eliminated for seating.
2006 Completion of the North-West and North-East quadrants increases Old Trafford capacity to more than 76,000.
2000 Second tiers on the East and West Stands increase capacity to circa 67,500.
1998-99 press box, renovation of the presidential grandstand and boxes, new parking, new lighting and sound systems.
September 18, 2007 British architect Norman Foster is selected to “restructure” Camp Nou.
2000, Stadium name changes from Estadi del F.C. Barcelona. to Camp Nou .
2000 After much discussion the city, the state of Bavaria, F.C. Bayern, and TSV 1860 jointly decided to build a new stadium
May 7, 2006 Arsenal plays its last game at Arsenal Stadium after 93 years as their stadium. July 2, 2006 First match is played at Ashburton Grove. The new stadium cost £470 million and seats 60,361.
October 21, 2002 the foundation stone is laid for the new stadium.
May 30, 2005 June 9 to July 5 2006 Arena opened at hosted matches for a cost of €340 the FIFA World Cup. million. 2005 Allianz purchased the rights to name the stadium for 30 years.
1995
In 1999 the UEFA outlawed standing sections in stadiums.
2005
2005 proposed construction of a retractable roof.
February 7 1992 to May 7 1994, the stadium was forced to create separate shortcuts to different stadium sections and seats for all spectators.
2008 financial crises and fall in real estate prices, the sale of the training ground is postponed and likewise the remodeling project.
2009 announced that the roof construction was cancelled due to the financial situation of the club.
15
To begin to create understandings of how correlations between a stadium and its home team, begin by looking into the financial of an individual team. The financial stability is an important factor to the growth of areas around a stadium. With the ability to allow growth around the stadium fans spend money, when fans spend money the teams revenue increases allowing for further developments and improvements to the stadium. These advancements could include adding more seats, more seats means more fans the increase of fans creates more revenue and continues
the cycle for further development in and out of the stadium. Below is a comparison between six teams. Looking at the value, debt, and revenue of the teams, conclusions can be made on how these statics affect the areas around the stadium. With the largest amount of growth within walking distance of the stands are the teams with the highest revenue, team debt is most brought on by player salaries not from the construction of new stadium or remodels and expansions, and team value is based on the teams fan base and stadium but no proof that the value has affect on urban development.
2100
1800
1500
1200
900
600
300
in million US dollars
Arsenal Team Value Team Debt Team Revenue
Team Financial Statistics
16
FC Barcelona
Bayern Munich
Chelsea FC
Manchester United
Real Madrid
Team Revenue and Debt
On April 15, 1989 the world of European Football Clubs were forever changed. With the height of hooliganism throughout Europe, the Hilsbrough Disaster took place; it caused the death of 96 people and injury of 766. This event got the attention of Parliament and Margaret Thatcher. The Prime Minster used this event to create new stadium design requirements. After the publication of the Taylor Report the design of stadia, in the United Kingdom and later Continental Europe,
changed from a mixture of standing and seating to completely seating stadia. This change required large amounts of capital that the football teams lacked. Within the early 90’s team ownership changed from small self-made business owners to city investors and corporations. As financial investors gained control, football clubs were viewed as a untapped profit center. With a new corporate cultural controlling the largest clubs new forms of revenue potential were acquired. Teams were transformed into global brands with hundreds of millions of supporters worldwide. Stadiums became the face of
$428 million $336 million $313 million
$396 million
$488 million $537 million
Team Revenue Based on Stadium Location
17
a team. Revenue was now used to attract the biggest names and renovate their stadiums and in some cases building new home turf. As stadiums have increased in size the ability to capture a larger audience has allowed for new forms of revenue to support the growth of a team, it stadium and the area adjacent to the home field. The largest forms of revenue come in two forms; television deals, and sponsorships. Both of these bring in several hundred million dollars. The most popular forms of sponsorships are advertising on the teams uniform and the uniform brand, as well as the naming rights of the stadium. As the teams have acquired larger sums of capital they have
also gained massive amounts of debt, at times equal too or prevailing above their value. Most teams have debt but Arsenal has changed the rules. Going into debt to build a new stadium; with naming rights the stadium was still too expensive to be debt free. Team owners viewed the area around the new stands as a way to increase value by building mix use area. Debt would be taken on to build a new stadium and surrounding area and recouped through naming rights and land leases. This took a building that was over a billion dollars and made it feasible by also changing the area around it.
$1,135 million
$1,192 million $1,111 million
$433 million $469 million
Team Debt Based on Stadium Location
18
Team Value Based on Stadium Location
Within the past year the average team value has increased 20% , this shows cultural importance of the World’s game. As a cultural identy a flagship stadium location is necessary. Of the six teams only Chelsea has a value under One billion dollars. With increase in revenue through merchandising, match day and non-match activities, and sponsorships from kit advertisements and stadium naming rights (Arsenal and Bayren Munich). With phenomenal growth through an economic recession team value have seen unprecedented growth, even with attendance numbers down. The increase in team revenue
has followed with increase in value. This increase has happened through merchandise sponsorship and television rights. Manchester United as kept its position has the highest vale team. With a value or just under two billion dollars, this makes Manchester United the most valuable team in any sport. Chelsea Football Club has kept its place on the bottom of the list. With is ever-increasing debt and inability to expand its stadium, attendance has stayed strong but at number far lower then the other five teams. With the fluxation of value changing continuously this data has had no effect on the urban development of the area around the stadium.
$1,864 million
$658 million
$1,192 million
$1,048 million
$975 million $1,451 million
Team Value Based on Stadium Location
19
Stamford Bridge Old Trafford Stadium Estadio Santiago Bernabeu Camp Nou Allianz Arena Emirates Stadium
1900
1950
2000
Time at Current Stadium Location
Age of Stadium at Current Location
Location can both constrain and enable action. Important as location is, age at a specific location is more important. There are three time periods that new stadium construction has followed; at the turn of the 20th century, post World War Two, and turn of the 21st century and pre 2008 recession. While the financial issues facing the World new stadium construction and renovations have been brought to a stand still. These three stages are reflected in the types of developments around the stadiums, business, industry, residential and isolation. Stamford Bridge was built in 1905 20
on the outskirts of Chelsea and business and residential units were built around the stadium, and have stayed the same since, and have created a fan culture of exiting the tube station and walking toward the stadium all along stopping at pubs before entering the stands. Where the newest stadium Allianz Arena has been built to prevent urban growth. The contrast between a match day at Stamford Bridge compared to Allianz Arena or Emirates Stadium is dramatic. While both Allianz Arena and Emirates Stadium are young one has an extensive urban development and the other lacks. While the stadium location selection has the ability to cause
Stamford Bridge Chelsea Football Club Stadium Capacity: 42,500
Old Trafford Stadium Manchester United Stadium Capacity: 75,800
Estadio Santiago BernabĂŠu Real Madrid Stadium Capacity: 80,400
Stamford Bridge Chelsea Football Club Stadium Capacity: 42,500
Old Trafford Stadium Manchester United Stadium Capacity: 75,800
Estadio Santiago BernabĂŠu Real Madrid Stadium Capacity: 80,400
Camp Nou FC Barcelona Stadium Capacity: 98,800
Allianz Arena Bayern Munich Stadium Capacity: 69,900
Emirates Stadium Arsenal Stadium Capacity: 60,400
Camp Nou Allianz Arena Emirates StadiumStadium Size C omparison FC Barcelona Bayern Munich Arsenal large amounts of urban development this growth also has the largest stadiums in Europe. This new construction has Stadium Capacity: 98,800 Stadium Capacity: 69,900 Stadium Capacity: 60,400
the ability to prevent expansion of the current stadium and may cause for the development of a new stadium in a new location. The above diagram shows the current stadium size compared to the other stadiums studied, with the pitch size to allow for a scale. The trend from the above diagram shows that the new stadium locations allow for larger stadium design. While Stamford Bridge is the oldest it also has the inability to expand. Teams that have been faced with the same dilemma have opted for new construction and have built
created a potential for new was of growth around stadiums. In the following pages an argument will analyses the impact of soccer stadiums as a cultural practice, where connections between the stadium and surrounding built environment creates growth of an urban patchwork around the stadium grounds. The stadium acts as a structure that embodies a specific team but its effect goes beyond its sporting performance. These buildings become social objects with social meaning and shape social relations. These relations bring together specific needs that are meet with new growth 21
Stamford Bridge Stadium Chelsea Football Club
Located in the London brough of Hammersmith and Fulham in London and home to the Chelsea Football Club. First opened in 1877 for use by London Athletics Club, after the formation of the Chelsea Football Club in 1905 the stadium was sold to Chelsea in 1905, to become their home stands. With several renovations taking place throughout its history with the most recent finishing in 2003 after being started in 1970’s. At its opening in 1905 the stadium had one stand with a capacity of 5,000. This amount would grow to an official capacity of 100,000 making it the second largest ground, of its day after the Crystal Palace. With on stand the reaming standing spectators were to stand in a high terraced bowl, with material provided from the excavated tunnel being built for the Piccadilly Line. In the 1970’s Chelsea Football Club owners took on the task of renovating the stadium. With several issues causing problems to the financials of the team the building had to stop and remained stopped until 1990 when building was continued and completed in 2003. This included the task of taking the mix stadium of terrace and seated into a fully seated stadium after the publishing of the Taylor Report. This took Stamford Bridge to the official capacity to 34,000-seat stadium. Throughout its history the stands of Stamford Bridge have gone through several series 22
of construction and redevelopment. The East stand was renovated in 1905 at the purchase of the stadium by Chelsea and remained until 1973 when a new stand was built in 1974. The building of this stand caused financial difficulties, and stopping any further development until the 1990’s. In 1939 a small two story North Stand was constructed. With plans to increase the size were abounded with the outbreak of World War Two. The stand would remain until 1976 when a standing terrace was constructed. In 1990 this stand was demolished and replaced with the current North Stand in 1996. The west stand was first constructed in 1964 and replaced by a new stand in 1998 and finished in 2001. The stand is now the first thing that fans see when arriving to the stadium. The stand includes restaurants and a hotel. During this time a new megastore was constructed on the southwest edge of the stadium grounds. With new ownership of the club by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich plans have been announced to increase the stadium to 55,000. With Stamford Bridge location in a heavily urban area of London and its location next to rail lines the expansion will be met with difficulty unless the team decides to relocate to a new ground, possible the 2012 London Olympic Stadium. Stamford Bridge Interior (right)
23
Area Land Use
Stamford Bridge is located in a dense low-rise urban area of west central London. The area is a mix of commercial and residential with a cemetery to the northeast of the stands. The commercial area around the stadium is directly south of the stadium following the main road that includes, restaurants, pubs, shop, shopping mall, retirement home for disabled veterans, school, and an Underground tube station. The remaining area is surrounded by single-family row homes, typical of Chelsea, London. Stamford Bridge has created small development on the grounds of the stadium. This growth started with the expanision and reconstruction of all that stadiums stands. With the development of a team megastore, two hotels, several Stamford Bridge in 1905 restaurants, and a bar has caused growth on the While its location in the dense urban network creates a strong fan culture on match day, it prevents any urban growth and therefore prevents any future large expansion of Stamford Bridge. If Chelsea Football Club choses to relocate to a new stadium they will have to option to redevelop Stamfor Bridge like Arsenal Football Club did to Highbury Stadium, discussed latter in this book.
Terrace stands and former East Stand in 1905
Stamford Bridge East Stand
24
Stamford Bridge North Stand
25
Old Trafford
Manchester United Football Club
Located in Old Trafford of the Greater Manchester metropolitan with a capacity of 75,811 spectators. Originally named United Football Ground until 1936 when the name was changed to its current, Old Trafford. Construction began in 1909 and was completed in 1910 with a series of renovations and new construction since. It has been the permanent residence of Manchester United since its completion in 1910. In 1936 the construction of roofs to cover the stands began. Football matches would be played at the stadium during the war. English forces used the stadium as a military depot until December 1940 when the Nazi air forces bomber the stadium. The team would not play matches at the Stadium again until reconstruction after the war was complete in 1948. By 1951 the roof to the main stand was reinstalled and by 1959 the other stands had roofs. During the 1970’s the next stages of development took place; the construction of the east stand was complete. In 1971 after fan issues a perimeter fence was constructed to prevent fans from entering the field. It was the United Kingdoms first such fence in a stadium. After the publishing of the Taylor Report in the late 1980’s a extensive remodeling of the stadium took place. This included the addition of extra tiers on all stand except the south stand. This increased the capacity to near 80,000. Future expansions are 26
planed for the south stand that will increase the capacity of the stadium to 90,000. In the 1990’s Manchester United had a growth of popularity and required further development to meet the needs of the newfound fans. North Stand was demolished in 1995 and reconstructed that same year. Further stand development took place and completed in May 1996 bringing the capacity to 55,000. As success grew so the need for further development. This began with a second tier added to the East Stand in 2000, and then the West Stand. In 2006 the reaming stands had a second tier added pushing capacity to 76,098. In 2009 the stadium went through a reorganization of the seating arrangement for the stadium. The reconfiguration resulted in a reduction of 255 seats to a new capacity of 75,811. Currently Manchester United owners have no plans for any further development of Old Trafford. However Old Trafford will host part of the 2012 Summer Olympic soccer competition.
Old Trafford Interior (right)
27
Area Land Use
Old Trafford is located in a low dense residential and light industry. The stadium is the tallest structure within the close proximity to the stadium ground. Directly south of the stands is comprised of single-family houses followed by a commercial area south of the residencies. To the west of the stadium stands a large rail yard. North of the stadium is light industry followed by a cannel and more light industry. With its closeness to rail, water and industry the ability for business to locate next to the stadium have been minimal. These urban aspects have the ability to not relocate easily as removing a building and constructing a new one. As the wealth and popularity of Manchester United grows many believe that it is only a mater of time before the land around the stadium Old Trafford Interior 1992 becomes profitable where industry is no longer desired in its current location. Allowing for the future growth of business that cattier to the needs of spectators.
Old Trafford Looking Southeast
Old Trafford Looking North
Highbury Square redevelopment (above)
Old Trafford Looking West
28
Camp Nou
Football Club Barcelona
Camp Nou located in Barcelona, Spain and home to the Futbol Club Barcelona since its construction in 1957. With a seat capicty of 98,787 it is the largest stadium in Europe based on seating volume. Since its opening in 1957 the stadium has had little expansion and no reconstruction. Apart from hosting soccer matches the stadium has held concerts and was used in the 1992 Sumer Olympics. Construction began on March 28, 1954 in front of a crowd of 60,000 locals and officially opened on September 24, 1957 and going over budget by 336 percent. Little changed between 1957 and the early 1970’s until in 1975 the installation of an electronic scoreboard. In 1980 the stadium underwent its first expansion in anticipation of the 1982 FIFA World Cup. The expansion included VIP lounges and boxes, new press area, and enlargement of the stadium’s third tier increasing the capacity of spectators to 115,000. With little change after the 1982 FIFA World Cup, a team museum was added in 1984 and in 1993 the stadium pitch was lowered and a security gap removed and standing room only removed. With little development between the stadiums opening in late 1950 and the present the stadium has remained mostly the same. In 2007 the clubs owners issued a purposed remodel to makes the stadiums fifth anniversary. The remodel proposal included increasing seat capacity, 30
addition of a stadium roof, and to make the stadium the fourth largest stadium in the World. In September 2007 architect Norman Foster was selected for his design of the remodel of Camp Nou with the remodel to be completed for the 2011 -2012 season. Due to the 2008 financial crises the remodeling project was placed on hold. In 2010 the Futbol Club Barcelona President announced that the remodel plans had been abounded.
Camp Nou Interior (right)
Area Land Use
What sets Camp Nou apart form the other stadiums looked at in this report is the amount of land that the club owns around the stadium. The land is not used for urban development like that of Emirates Stadium but used for the enhancement of the club’s soccer and basketball team. The majority of the land has training facilities for the teams use. The land owned by the club includes the area directly around the stadium and to the west of the team museum. The area around the stadium developed within two decades after the construction of the stadium was complete. These establishments have created a fan culture and tradition these traditions create and builds up an automshere that is Camp Nou in 1957 brought from the local stadium bar into the stadium and released when the ball hits the pitch. Directly to the east is a university hospital and to the north a cemetery. Both of these areas contain fenced off areas that prevent the movement of people and growth. This leaves the southern area of the stadium to development. To the south of the stadium consists of a mixture of high-rise multi-use developments, with retail, restaurants, bars, offices and resident.
Camp Nou being used for a Concert
Purposed Remodel of Camp Nou (above)
32
Aerial of Camp Nou looking Northeast
Estadio Santiago Bernabéu Real Madrid Football Club
Estadio Santiago Berabeu is located in the Chamartín neighborhood in Madrid, Spain and home to the soccer team Real Madrid. It was opened on December 14, 1947, with the original stadium name El Bernabeu and latter renamed after a former club chairman. Estadio Santiago Berabeu currently has a capacity for 85,454 soccer spectators with plans to increase the stadiums size. After receiving funding to build a new stadium on June 22, 1944 land was purchased adjacent to the current Real Madrid stadium. At the end of October 1944 construction on the new stadium began and was completed three years latter. The first major renovation took place less then ten years after the opening of the new stands. On June 1954 the stadium was expanded to a new capacity of 125,000 spectators. Three years after its increase in capacity the insulation of electric light allowed for the first night games at Estadio Santiago Berabeu. The stadium would remain the same until the 1980’s for the preparations of the 1982 FIFA World Cup. The improvements of the stadium for the world club included covering two thirds of seating; seating capacity was reduced from 120,000 to 91,000. Mew interior features included the changing of the press areas and locker rooms. In the early 1990’s Estadio Santiago Berabeu went through a series of renovations, this included reconfigeration of the seat and standing terraces from 1992 and finished in 34
1994. In 1998 the stadium removed standing terraces and became an all seat stadium with a new lowered capacity of 75,328. Beganing in 2001 and ending in 2006 addition of by adding an expansion to the east side of the stadium, as well adding a new façade on Father Damien street, VIP boxes and areas a new press area, a new audio system, new bars, integration of heating in the stands, panoramic lifts, restaurants, escalators, and multipurpose building in Father Damien street which would include shopping, restaurants and bars. In early 2012 it was announced by the club that the stadium would be going through a renovation that would change the exterior facade to a new fully LCD screen the will cover the entire stadium. While being able to omit a glow of team colors it will allow for the option for the club to give updates on an on going match to the crowds outside the stadium.
Estadio Santiago Bernabeu Interior (right)
Stadium Location
The neighborhood of Chamartin is an administrative district in Madrid, Spain and incorporated to Madrid in 1948. The area is a dense area of high-rise office towers and residential apartment buildings along with mixed use residential and retail towers, foreign government embassies, and office of Spanish government ministries. Originally built on the outskirts of Madrid development followed as the team became more successful. The stadium is located directly off one of the widest and longest avenues in Madrid, Paseo de la Catellana. The avenue around the stadium has become the location of large corporations and a financial center of Madrid. This Estadio Santiago Bernabeu mid 1950s has created a strong advertising of corporations around the stadium. Using the teams large amounts of wealth select areas around the stadium have had select developments by the soccer club.
Estadio Santiago Bernabeu 2011
View West of Estadio Santiago Bernabeu
36
ChamartĂn Neighborhood Madrid Spain
Area Land Use
Estadio Santiago Bernabeu area land use can be divided into two areas. The areas directly south of the stadium are high-rise multi-use residential towers. The three other areas are high-rise office towers. Buildings surrounding the stadium have all sold advertising space on the roofs of the building. On the east side of the stadium grounds owners of Real Madrid have developed this area into a small shopping center and a team mega store. The edge between the soccer stadium and Chamartin is filled with restaurants, bars, a nightclub, and retail stores developed by the team and bring in retail revenue to the club Aerial View of Estadio Santiago Bernabeu
Street Near Estadio Santiago Bernabeu
Apartment Buildings Near Stadium
Estadio Santiago Bernabeu
Office Tower Near Stadium
38
“They signify a new political and economic regime. They have arisen in an era when football has been colonized by global capital as a vehicle of market mobilization and the clubs have been inflate through massive increases in financial investment.� Stadium Worlds pg. 30
Emirates Stadium Arsenal Football Club
Located in London, England, built on a brown field site and the third largest Stadium in the United Kingdom Emirates Stadium has been opened for six years and hosted numerous events from soccer matches to pop concerts. Its site location may not seem unconventional but the opening of the new Emirates Stadium in 2006, caused soccer clubs around Europe to take note and has become the standard bearer of new stadium development. Taking nearly a decade to plan and construct at a cost of 390 million British Pounds, Emirates Stadium has had the large impact on the surrounding area. Emirates stadium was perceived in 1997 and opened in 2006. Officially named Ashburton Grove but because of sponsorship known as Emirates Stadium. Under the majority ownership of Stan Kroenke Emirates Stadium has become a model for large growth development. With the popularity of Arsenal Football Club continually growing, a new expansion of Highbury, the then current stadium, was required. However this expansion was denied planning permission by the Islington Council. After the expansion rejection, in 1997 Arsenal Football Club then begin exploring the relocation of Arsenal. After looking at various site options the club purchased an industrial and waste disposal estate in Ashburton Grove, only 500 yards from the current ground. With the purchase 42
of a new stadium location the club submitted their planning proposal to the public in 2000. While financing the project became difficult and caused several delays in the construction of the stadium and surrounding developments, the selling of naming rights brought 100 million British Pounds to the construction efforts. Reaming funding was raised through bond sells with pay back provided by the development of the surrounding area. The development of the area adjacent to a stadium created a scenario where large amounts of debt could be taken with the ability to pay back without the revenue solely coming from ticket and merchandises sales. While the focus of the architectural work would be the new 60,000 seater stadium, other works around the grounds edge would be just as important. These new developments would include a redevelopment project at Drayton Park, converting the existing ground Highbury into 2,300 new apartments, to be known as Highbury Square, and upgrading the three nearest Underground stations. Construction concluded in October 26, 2006 and Emirates Stadium was officially opened. The stadium has undergone a process of ‘Arsenalisation’ beginning in August 2009, with the aim of restoring the club’s heritage and history. Emirates Stadium Interior (right)
Stadium Location Urban Fabric
Of the two recently built stadiums looked at in this book, Emirates Stadium is different. Built in an area that previesously had a well developed urban fabric, instead of being builit on the edge of a city where there would be little historic connection to the team, Arsenal chose to build a stadium in a location with an already existing team connection, were there would be little opportunities for new urban development. While the Arsenal Football Club built three apartment complex with the new stadium construction, these projects were limited to the old stadium and the edge condition of the new. Sitting on a brown field site surrounded directly by multi-use buildings with shops, restaurants, bars and services located on the first floors and residences on the second and third. This then gives way to a mix of single family homes, row homes, and apartment complexes. The image on the opposite pages is the figure ground map of the Emirates Stadium and its surrounding location. While being in a heavy built environment the buildings are mostly low level with gardens and parks throughout. While being located in an existing urban network, opportunities for growth have been exhausted and the new development by Arsenal Football Club have been the only major additions to the area, with the only main option being the changing of business types in existing constructed buildings. Aerial Map (above)
Entrances to Emirates Stadium (above and bottom right) 44
Figure Ground Map (opposite page)
Area Land Use
The areas around Emirates Stadium can be divided into four areas. The land use map on the opposite page shows how these areas are used. The area west of the train tracks, the area south of the stadium, area north east of the stadium and the area south east of Emirates Stadium. Three of the four areas are residential, but offer three different styles of residential living. The west residential area is mostly single family row homes (yellow) with a few high density apartment buildings (orange). The north east is single family row homes with the redevelopment of Highbury Square, offering apartments and housing for a nearby university. To the southeast of the stadium the area becomes South of Stadium Commercial Area mostly high density apartment complexes with neighborhood parks (green). While directly south of Emirates Stadium starts a heavily commercial urban area (red), with a mix of restaurants, pubs, hotels, offices, and a university (blue). This area also serves as the service storage (purple) for the Emirates Stadium mantiance.
Local Business directly East of Stadium
Highbury Square redevelopment (above)
46
TESCO express in Drayton Park
Arriving at Emirates Stadium
Arsenal is the only team in the United Kingdom with a Underground station named after a sports team. This staion is one of three that serves the stadium’s fans on match day. The stadium has three main entrances to the main concours. Two to the east, each using a bridge to cross railroad tracks and one entrance to the south serving two Underground stations and the residential and commerical areas. The southwest entrances house the teams museum as well as the main ticket box. The north east entrance serves as the teams office location and is part of the new Drayton Park development (image in the bottom right). The south east entrance uses art in the form of “Arsenal” as crowd mantaince and movement. Arsenal Underground Station
Southwest Entrance
Entrance Bridge Crossing Railroad Tracks
South East Entrance
Drayton Park Entracne and Team Offices
48
Allianz Arena
Football Club Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 Munchen, and German National Team
Located in the northern edge of Munich, Germany opening in 2005, and housing two professional football clubs, FC Bayern Munich and TSV 1860 Munchen. Both teams moved to the new arena for the 2005-2006 season after playing previous matches in the 1972 Munich Olympic Stadium. Being one of the first European Football Stadiums to be located outside a cities main urban core, and the World’s first color transformable exterior stadium. Construction began on October 21, 2002 and opening on May 30, 2005. With the selected stadium location on the edge of Munich improvements had to be made to the subway line and Autobahn that would serve the new Arena. The Fröttmaning and Marienplatz stations of the subway were expanded and improved. This included expanding from two to four tracks and the addition of pedestrian connector tunnels and expanding the Autobahn to three and four lanes and an additional exit added for traffic to the Arena’s underground parking garage. While locating the arena on the edge of the city, the need for large amount of movement from the city to the stands on match day is required. Having the option of either the use of public transportation or automobile. Regardless of transportation mode, fans enter the stadium the same. This was done with a large park built on top of the parking structure and south of the arena. Fans exit the subway station or car park and enter the cure pathways leading to 50
the stadium. This allows for the control of fans and improved security checkpoints upon entering the area. Selection of a site with no urban structure and requiring the expansion of all transportation modes has caused a potential for large urban development. This has led some to believe that a Disneyland effect may occur to the area around the arena. Lacking the normal amenities of a stadium, hotels, restaurants, bars, and shops, the need for these attractions to create a strong fan culture has not yet happened. This may be after the opening of the arena the World financial prospects went to an international recession that would have prevented any economic growth. As Europe exists the economic problems that began in 2008, one can only expect that a developer will see the opportunities of a locked business potential and create an area for a fan culture to grow around the stadium with the insert of amenities typically seen near a European football stadium.
Interior of Allianz Arean (right)
One Stadium, Three Teams
Allianz Arena was built to house three soccer teams, FC Bayern Munich and TSV 1860 München and the German National team. While the teams have shared a stadium for decades the building of the new arena would create tension between the fans of the two teams. The fan following for both teams could not be more different; FC Bayern Munich has what can be described as a corporate and family following while TSV 1860 Munchen has the traditional hooligan image. The initial idea was for the two Munich teams to share ownership, but with financial difficulties of TSV 1860, Bayern Munich purchased their shares and became sole owners of the arena. With 100 percent ownership belonging to FC Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 fans have made complaints that arena rules create an “unfriendly fan” atmosphere. Further complaints have been made about the lack of fan culture around the arena. This has been addressed with temoreally with the tents of sponsors for the Football Clubs being erect on match day on the park south of the stadium. This has allowed for some soccer fan culture to contune at the new arean but still largly lacking in the areas off of the stadium property. The lack of amenties within easy reach of the stadium was a design decision to help control routy fans and prevent the standing of fans before and after a match and allows for quick empting of the arean after an event. This is aspect is provided by the direct access of the subway lines and the Autobahn.
Allianz Arena lit up in red for Bayern Munich plays, in blue for 1860 Munich plays, and white for the German national team.
Allianz Arena during day 52
Figure ground map (opposite page)
Area Land Use Allianz Arena was built in a location to control new
development. One my think that the arena is built in America because of its location on the outskirts of a metropolitan area, the requirement of large migration to the stands and a parking garage that is Europe’s largest. A park to the south, the German Autobahn to the east and north and a large open field to the west surround the arena. The majority of the site has been used as forms of transportation to move fans into the stadium. The site allows for development to the north of the Autobahn or west of the subway tracks. If development grows to the north this would require fans to drive from the development to the parking garage. If development was to expanded to the west beyond the Allianz Arena looking south toward Munich tran tracks fans would have the option to arrive at the arena cross a bridge tot he new development and pertake in activites expected on a match day and return back to the arena for the event.
Allianz Arena
Aerial of Arena 54
Allianz Arean Land Use Map (oppisite page)
Arriving at Allianz Arena On a match day a spectator has three forms of trans-
portation to choose from when arriving to the arena. Public transportation includes two subway lines and the use of city buses, and arriving by automobile to the stadium. The fans will exit the subway, bus, or parking garage to a long park built on top of the garage and make their way to the stands. When they reach the stand the fan passes security and their ticket scanned and enters the grounds to make their way to the stands. The lack of activities to occupy fans before they enter the stand has created a situation where fans arrive shortly before the match and enter the stands immediately upon arrival. Cars Entering Parking Garage
Subway Station at Stadium
56
Spectators Making Way to Arena
Bibliography Donald, Mark. “Manchester: Loud & Proud England’s Third-largets City Is Its Own No. 1 Fan.” American Way 15 Oct. 2011: 44-51. Web. “English Premier League on Yahoo! Sports - News, Scores, Standings.” Yahoo! Sports - Sports News, Scores, Rumors, Fantasy Games, and More. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. <http://sports.yahoo.com/fbgb>. “European Soccer Travel Packages & Europe Football Club Tickets.” Football Soccer Travel Packages - Football Tickets Soccer Tours & Trips, EPL Tickets Champions League Travel. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://www.worldfootballtravel.com/club/europe/>. Foer, Franklin. How Soccer Explains the World: An Unlikely Theory of Globalization. New York: HarperCollins, 2004. Print. Frank, Sybille, and Silke Steets. Stadium Worlds: Football, Space and the Built Environment. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010. Print. The Stadium Guide - The Guide to the Football Stadiums in Europe. Web. 12 Oct. 2011. <http://www.stadiumguide.com/ index.htm>. “World Soccer on Yahoo! Sports - News, Scores, Standings, Rumors, Fantasy Games.” Yahoo! Sports - Sports News, Scores, Rumors, Fantasy Games, and More. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://sports.yahoo.com/soccer>.