Infographics - Reti e grafi

11 luglio 2013 POLI.DESIGN / Infographics

Reti e grafi Azzurra Pini DensityDesign Research Lab

Network / Graph

“

a graph is a representation of a set of objects where some pairs of objects are connected by links.

(Wikipedia)

Questa struttura definisce una Rete

“

The interconnected objects are represented by mathematical abstractions called vertices, and the links that connect some pairs of vertices are called edges.

Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges.

(Wikipedia)

La topologia di una rete descrive la distribuzione degli elementi che la compongono e lo studio di questa struttura rappresenta una branca delle scienze matematiche

Problema dei sette ponti di Kรถnigsberg (Eulero, 1736)

C

A

D

B

Le reti sono utilizzate in diversi campi

protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (lievito di birra)

theyrule.net (rete CDA delle maggiori aziende americane)

Wikipedia network

Mappa delle amicizie su Facebook

sociogramma (J.L. Moreno, 1953)

Una rete è composta da due serie di elementi: i nodi (nodes) e gli archi (edges)

I nodi possono rappresentare persone, oggetti, sottosistemi, ecc.

I link possono rappresentare interazioni, dipendenze, canali di comunicazione, ecc.

Tipi di reti

rete indiretta

rete diretta

rete pesata (diretta o indiretta)

grado e forza di un nodo

Degree = 4

inDegree = 2 outDegree = 2

Strenght = 0,5+1+1+3 = 5,5

Distanza tra due punti: percorso piĂš corto (in numero di links) per connettere due punti

Diametro della rete: distanza media di tutte le coppie di nodi

small-world network Milgram, 1967

comunitĂ o cluster

l’analisi delle comunità (o graph clustering) serve a rivelare gruppi di nodi (cluster) con un alto numero di connessioni interne ma un esiguo numero di connessioni esterne con altri gruppi.

La centralità di un nodo è la misura della sua importanza all’interno della rete.

L’importanza di un nodo può essere semplicisticamente misurata attraverso il suo degree

(ma non è sempre vero)

La betweenness rappresenta il numero totale di passaggi brevi (shortest paths) tra tutte le coppie di nodi che passano attraverso quel nodo.

Network Dynamics

in che modo i fenomeni di rottura si propagano all’interno di una rete? “cascade failures� epidemie e contagi consenso e sincronizzazione

contagion of TB in a human network (Orgnet)

la visualizzazione delle reti

Bertin SĂŠmiologie graphique, 1967

I limiti: le Hairballs

Aging on Wikipedia

The_First_Immortal Alcor_Life_Extension_Foundation Suspended_animation

SENS_Foundation

In this map

Senescence is the central concept

152 Wikipedia articles related to Aging and the 2976 hyperlinks between them 35 articles 29 articles 20 articles 19 articles 17 articles 17 articles 10 articles 5 articles

3%

7%

13% 13% 11% 11%

19%

23%

Cryonics Stem_cell_treatments

The generic articles are not in the center. They do not play the role of bridge. Instead, the topic Senescence & free radicals connects the different parts of the domain.

This topic is able to structure biological aspects (Biological disorders) with scientific issues (Life extension & immortality) and Age in general.

Life extension & immortality Senescence & free radicals Biological disorders Longevity Age in general & related topics Mental / neural disorders Aging as a science (theories) Death

Cryonics_Society Michael_D _West

Durk_Pearson William_H _Andrews_ biologist

Physical_exercise

Saul_Kent

Aubrey_de_Grey

Roy_Walford

Methuselah_Foundation

Denham_Harman

American_Aging_Association

Immortality_Institute

Indefinite_lifespan

Hormone

Hypertension

Stroke

Autopsy

Diabetes

Dementia

Progeria

Immune_system

Alzheimer's_disease

Immortality

Mortality_rate

Free_radical

Oxidative_stress

Geriatrics

Senescence

Telomerase

Cell_cycle

Homeostasis

National_Institute_on_Aging

Stress_ biological

Apoptosis

Semantic_memory

Life extension & immortality has very specific It is mostly dedicated to people or institution It has the incredible internal links density of 7 This is due to the systematic presence of a lis dedicated to the Life Extension topic, also ga in the Life Extension article itself.

This topic cites more other topics that it is cit It cites 191 times Senescence & free radical b cited only 74 times. It cites Biological disorde versus cited 4 times. It cites Longevity 74 tim cited 41 times.

This assymmetry is even more spectacular fo articles. Some articles are very cited by Life e & immortality but no article cites many of the Also, scientific concepts are very cited, where scientific article cites many of them.

Life_extension Cancer

Transient_global_amnesia Quality_of_life Mental_health

The artificial field of Life ex

Resveratrol

Free_radicals

Werner_syndrome

Reproductive Cell_Cycle_Theory

Movement_disorderNeurodegenerative_disease

Memory

Special Search American_Academy_of_Anti_Aging_Medicine

Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 Atherosclerosis

Osteoporosis

Parkinson's_disease

Working_memory

Gerontology

Telomere

Ageing_brain

Death

Biogerontology

Memory_and_ageing

Aging_movement_control Michael_Ristow

Free_radical_theory

DNA_repair Spirituality

Biological disorders + Mental / neural disorders Articles dedicated to different disorders related to ageing (but not only).

Population_ageing

Aging

Free radical_theory_of_agingHayflick_limit

Programmed_cell_death

Life_expectancy

Hayflick_Limit

Evolution_of_ageing DNA_damage_theory_of_aging

Sirtuin

Immunosenescence

Old_age

Network_theory_of_aging Negligible_senescence Plant_senescence

Maximum_life_span

Reliability_theory_of_aging_and_longevity

Compensation_law_of_mortality

Retirement_home

Ageing_ disambiguation

Aging mainly as a biological phenomenon

Maximum life span - 7 Ageing - 6 Biogerontology - 6 Gerontology - 6 Free radical theory - 6

33 - Strategies for E 31 - Senescence 31 - Gerontology 31 - Longevity 31 - Stem cell treat

Extreme_longevity_tracking

Biodemography Mandatory_retirement_age

Longevity_myths Longevity_claims

Supercentenarian

Oldest_people

Gompertz_law

The taboo of Death

Most cited by L

Incomplete_longevity_claims Retirement

Reliability_theory_of_ageing_and_longevity

Natural_selection

Centenarian

Most citing Life extension

Gerontology_Research_Group

Ageing

Antagonistic_pleiotropy_hypothesis

Very few articles are dedicated to Aging in a societal fashion. We find them only in Age in general & related topics (11%).

Biological_immortality

Ageing_of_Europe

Regeneration_ biology

43% of the articles are dedicated to Aging as a biological phenomenon.

These topics are Senescence & free radicals (19%), Biological disorders (13%) and Mental / neural disorders (11%).

Longevity

Biomarkers_of_aging

Free Radical_Theory

Where are the societal concerns?

Many articles are de people or institutes.

Leonard_Hayflick

Diabetes_mellitus

Parkinson

Alzheimer

Life extension &

Anti aging

Free radical_theory

Heart_disease

Menopause

Alliance_for_Aging_Research

Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Senescence

Cardiovascular_disease

Cerebrovascular_disease Poliomyelitis

Index_of_life_extension related_topics American_Cryonics_Society

Sierra_Sciences

American_Academy_of_Anti Aging_Medicine

Antioxidant

Insomnia

Immortalist_Society

Sandy_Shaw

Methuselah_Mouse_Prize

Andropause

Cryonics_Institute

KrioRus Life_Extension_Foundation

Ending_Aging

Late life_mortality_deceleration

Charlotte_Hughes_ supercentenarian Special Search Charlotte_Hughes_supercentenarian

Biodemography_of_human_longevity

Jeanne_Calment

Guinness_World_Records

Thomas_Peters_ supercentenarian

Martha_Graham_ supercentenarian

Only 5 Wikipedia articles (3%) are dedicated to Death: Autopsy, Death, Mortality Rate, Natural Selection, and Programmed Cell Death.

54 articles (36%) are dedicated to avoiding or delaying death: the topics Longevity and Life extension and Immortality, including the article Immortality.

John_Evans_ supercentenarian John_Painter_ supercentenarian

Longevity A very specific subset of articles dedicated mostly to people that had a very long life.

We excluded many lists of older people and records of longevity.

We can still find the Guiness World Records.

Disengagement_theory Activity_theory_ aging Continuity_theory_ aging

Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Sen

Antioxidant Cardiovascular_disease

Anti aging

Free radical_theory

art_disease

es_mellitus_type_2 Atherosclerosis

Autopsy

betes

Progeria

Resveratrol

Free_radicals

Werner_syndrome

Life_extension

Cycle_Theory

Cancer Immune_system

Immo

Mortality_rate

Free_radical

Oxidative_stress

Telomerase

Cell_cycle

sis

Senescence

Apoptosis

Geriatrics

National_Institute_on_Aging

Gerontology

Telomere

Death

Biogerontology

nt_control Free_radical_theory

DNA_repair

Michael_Ristow Biomarkers_of_aging

Free Radical_Theory

Population_ageing

Free radical_theory_of_agingHayflick_limit

Aging

Biological_immortality

Ageing_of_Europe

Programmed_cell_death

Life_expectancy

Hayflick_Limit

Evolution_of_ageing DNA_damage_theory_of_aging Immunosenescence Network_theory_of_aging Negligible_senescence Plant_senescence

Sirtuin

Old_age

Maximum_life_span

Centenarian

Extreme_lon

table 01 | a by Gabriele Colombo Benedetta Signaroldi

AGEING ON WIKIPEDIA | Mapping relationships between articles how many relationships between issues and categories? − The map visualize each wikipedia page related to ageing as a donut piechart. A line separates the left part of the piechart, which

indicates the categories of pages that cite the article, from the right part, which indicates the categories of pages that are linked by the named page. The color of the central circle reflects the article category.

page title senescence and free radicals

longevity

death

aging as a science

mental and neuro disorders

life extension

biological disorders

age and related topics

outgoing links

incoming links

alcor life extension foundation suspended animation sens foundation the first immortal

kriorus stem cell treatments

life extension foundation ending aging

cryonics institute

cryonics society

cryonics physical exercise

immortalist society

michael d west durk pearson aubrey de grey

saul kent

william h andrews biologist

index of life extension sandy shaw american cryonics society

sierra sciences roy walford methuselah foundation

denham harman

american academy of anti aging medicine american aging association

methuselah mouse prize alliance for aging research strategies for engineered negligible senescence

antioxidant

cardiovascular disease

indefinite lifespan heart disease menopause parkinson

andropause

insomnia

atherosclerosis

diabetes hormone mellitus

diabetes mellitus type 2

osteoporosis

hypertension

cerebrovascular disease

free radicals

werner syndrome

stroke

resveratrol

reproductive cell cycle theory dementia

immune system

alzheimer transient global amnesia

life extension cancer

movement neurodegenerative disease disorder

working memory memory semantic memory

autopsy

progeria diabetes

parkinson's disease poliomyelitis

anti aging

free radical theory

free radical oxidative stress

mortality rate geriatrics cell cycle

homeostasis quality mental of life health

immortality

alzheimer's disease

stress biological

national institute on aging

telomerase

apoptosis

ageing brain

senescence

telomere gerontology

death biogerontology

memory and ageing free radical theory

aging movement control

michael ristow

free radical theory

dna repair

spirituality

biomarkers of aging

hayflick limit

population ageing

longevity

free radical theory of aging

rogrammed cell death

evolution of ageing

hayflick limit

aging

ageing of europe

op | 22-24th may 2012

biological immortality immunosenescence

dna damage theory of aging

sirtuin

life expectancy

old age

plant senescence network theory of aging

extreme longevity tracking negligible senescence centenarian

regeneration biology

reliability theory of ageing and longevity

maximum life span

antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis retirement

incomplete longevity claims

gerontology research group longevity myths

leonard hayflick

immortality institute

mnia

heart disease menopause andropause

free radical t atherosclerosis

diabetes hormone mellitus

diabetes mellitus type 2

osteoporosis

hypertension

progeria diabetes

ular

free radicals

werner syndrome

stroke

parkinson's disease oliomyelitis

resverat

reproductive cell cycle theory dementia

immune system cancer

nt neurodegenerative disease er

y

autopsy

alzheimer

free radical oxidative stress

mortality rate

alzheimer's disease

geria cell cycle

homeostasis quality mental of life health

telomerase

apoptosis

stress biological ageing brain

senescence

telomere

death

memory and ageing free radical theory

aging movement control

dna repair

spirituality

michael ristow

free radical theory

biomarker

hayflick limit free radical theory of aging

rogrammed cell death

evolution of ageing

hayflick limit

aging

ageing of europe

biological imm immunosenescence

dna damage theory of aging plant senescence

network theory of aging regeneration biology antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis

negligible senescence reliability theory of ageing and longevity

sirtuin

old ag

NORWAY

WORLD CLASS ARCHI-MEMES DISTRIBUTION MAP Frammento di una tassonomia/A taxonomy fragment

GREENLAND

014

008

395

027

266

025

054

SWEDEN

FINLAND

278

148

050 289

078 ESTONIA

069

DENMARK

047

066 023

023

058

272

007

010

001

005

015

LITHUANIA

011

236

257

052

261

255

037

ICELAND

002

021

022

279

285

292

020

077

260

265

040

276

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287

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295

CANADA 067

USA 081

068

106

FAROE ISLANDS

076 298

397

309

053

400

308

156

139

382

226

013

072

329 107

318

294

THE NETHERLANDS

UNITED KINGDOM

186

213

241

321

369

172

207

034

182

370

RUSSIA

300 322

422

170

194

AZERBAIJAN

KAZAKHSTAN

MONGOLIA

051

038

389

183 PRC

359 508

195

180

399

210

174

353

234

161

SAUDI ARABIA

UAE

313

019

084

224

164

323

017

404

441

288

MEXICO 344

JAPA 401

206

355

299 120

085 501

169

173

171

048

325

372 BELGIUM

GERMANY

115

146

CZECH REPUBLIC

374

BRAZIL

176

281

383

FRANCE

436

414

012 055

035

093

TAIWAN

INDIA

509 091

117

160

205

119

306

303

056

149

SWITZERLAND 097 ANYWHERE

PORTUGAL

365

302

403 283

384

362

230

296 293

159

095

SPAIN

130

098

OSTERREICH

123

125

104 147

192

MONACO

ITALY

336

220

134

113 200

141

150

ALBANIA

MONTENEGRO

SINGAPORE

240

042

155

070

231 246

392

183

345

287

275

284

295

294

THE NETHERLANDS 186

213

369

172

034

182

169

170

194

MONGOLIA

051

038

389

183 PRC 508

195 399

210

174

353

234 344

173

146

176

161

UAE

313

019

084

224

164

323

017

404

441

288

401

206

355

299

048

414

159

055

362 130

MONACO

ITALY

336

220

423

035

303

TAIWAN 056

149

095 098

OSTERREICH

123

125

134

113 200

141

325

150

419

388

378

427

428

385

429

438

179 425

307

SOUTH KOREA INDIA

384

108

387

012

SWITZERLAND 302

120

420

093 306

415

CZECH REPUBLIC

383

119

JAPAN

SAUDI ARABIA

171 GERMANY

205

KAZAKHSTAN

359

180

GIUM

AZERBAIJAN

338

209

231 246

392

183

345

253

314

228

249

equator line

ALBANIA

MONTENEGRO

SINGAPORE

240

042

155

070

Azzurra Pini azzurra.pini@polimi.it Politecnico di Milano | Dipartimento di Design DensityDesign Lab

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