11 luglio 2013 POLI.DESIGN / Infographics
Reti e grafi Azzurra Pini DensityDesign Research Lab
Network / Graph
“
a graph is a representation of a set of objects where some pairs of objects are connected by links. (Wikipedia)
Questa struttura definisce una Rete
“
The interconnected objects are represented by mathematical abstractions called vertices, and the links that connect some pairs of vertices are called edges. Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges. (Wikipedia)
La topologia di una rete descrive la distribuzione degli elementi che la compongono e lo studio di questa struttura rappresenta una branca delle scienze matematiche
Problema dei sette ponti di Kรถnigsberg (Eulero, 1736)
C
A
D
B
Le reti sono utilizzate in diversi campi
protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (lievito di birra)
theyrule.net (rete CDA delle maggiori aziende americane)
Wikipedia network
Mappa delle amicizie su Facebook
sociogramma (J.L. Moreno, 1953)
Una rete è composta da due serie di elementi: i nodi (nodes) e gli archi (edges)
I nodi possono rappresentare persone, oggetti, sottosistemi, ecc. I link possono rappresentare interazioni, dipendenze, canali di comunicazione, ecc.
Tipi di reti
rete indiretta
rete diretta
rete pesata (diretta o indiretta)
grado e forza di un nodo
Degree = 4
inDegree = 2 outDegree = 2
Strenght = 0,5+1+1+3 = 5,5
Distanza tra due punti: percorso piĂš corto (in numero di links) per connettere due punti
Diametro della rete: distanza media di tutte le coppie di nodi
small-world network Milgram, 1967
comunitĂ o cluster
l’analisi delle comunità (o graph clustering) serve a rivelare gruppi di nodi (cluster) con un alto numero di connessioni interne ma un esiguo numero di connessioni esterne con altri gruppi.
La centralità di un nodo è la misura della sua importanza all’interno della rete. L’importanza di un nodo può essere semplicisticamente misurata attraverso il suo degree
(ma non è sempre vero)
La betweenness rappresenta il numero totale di passaggi brevi (shortest paths) tra tutte le coppie di nodi che passano attraverso quel nodo.
Network Dynamics
in che modo i fenomeni di rottura si propagano all’interno di una rete? “cascade failures� epidemie e contagi consenso e sincronizzazione
contagion of TB in a human network (Orgnet)
la visualizzazione delle reti
Bertin SĂŠmiologie graphique, 1967
I limiti: le Hairballs
Aging on Wikipedia
The_First_Immortal Alcor_Life_Extension_Foundation Suspended_animation
SENS_Foundation
In this map
Senescence is the central concept
152 Wikipedia articles related to Aging and the 2976 hyperlinks between them 35 articles 29 articles 20 articles 19 articles 17 articles 17 articles 10 articles 5 articles
3%
7%
13% 13% 11% 11%
19%
23%
Cryonics Stem_cell_treatments
The generic articles are not in the center. They do not play the role of bridge. Instead, the topic Senescence & free radicals connects the different parts of the domain. This topic is able to structure biological aspects (Biological disorders) with scientific issues (Life extension & immortality) and Age in general.
Life extension & immortality Senescence & free radicals Biological disorders Longevity Age in general & related topics Mental / neural disorders Aging as a science (theories) Death
Cryonics_Society Michael_D _West
Durk_Pearson William_H _Andrews_ biologist
Physical_exercise
Saul_Kent
Aubrey_de_Grey
Roy_Walford
Methuselah_Foundation
Denham_Harman
American_Aging_Association
Immortality_Institute
Indefinite_lifespan
Hormone
Hypertension
Stroke
Autopsy
Diabetes
Dementia
Progeria
Immune_system
Alzheimer's_disease
Immortality
Mortality_rate
Free_radical
Oxidative_stress
Geriatrics
Senescence
Telomerase
Cell_cycle
Homeostasis
National_Institute_on_Aging
Stress_ biological
Apoptosis
Semantic_memory
Life extension & immortality has very specific It is mostly dedicated to people or institution It has the incredible internal links density of 7 This is due to the systematic presence of a lis dedicated to the Life Extension topic, also ga in the Life Extension article itself. This topic cites more other topics that it is cit It cites 191 times Senescence & free radical b cited only 74 times. It cites Biological disorde versus cited 4 times. It cites Longevity 74 tim cited 41 times. This assymmetry is even more spectacular fo articles. Some articles are very cited by Life e & immortality but no article cites many of the Also, scientific concepts are very cited, where scientific article cites many of them.
Life_extension Cancer
Transient_global_amnesia Quality_of_life Mental_health
The artificial field of Life ex
Resveratrol
Free_radicals
Werner_syndrome
Reproductive Cell_Cycle_Theory
Movement_disorderNeurodegenerative_disease
Memory
Special Search American_Academy_of_Anti_Aging_Medicine
Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 Atherosclerosis
Osteoporosis
Parkinson's_disease
Working_memory
Gerontology
Telomere
Ageing_brain
Death
Biogerontology
Memory_and_ageing
Aging_movement_control Michael_Ristow
Free_radical_theory
DNA_repair Spirituality
Biological disorders + Mental / neural disorders Articles dedicated to different disorders related to ageing (but not only).
Population_ageing
Aging
Free radical_theory_of_agingHayflick_limit
Programmed_cell_death
Life_expectancy
Hayflick_Limit
Evolution_of_ageing DNA_damage_theory_of_aging
Sirtuin
Immunosenescence
Old_age
Network_theory_of_aging Negligible_senescence Plant_senescence
Maximum_life_span
Reliability_theory_of_aging_and_longevity
Compensation_law_of_mortality
Retirement_home
Ageing_ disambiguation
Aging mainly as a biological phenomenon
Maximum life span - 7 Ageing - 6 Biogerontology - 6 Gerontology - 6 Free radical theory - 6
33 - Strategies for E 31 - Senescence 31 - Gerontology 31 - Longevity 31 - Stem cell treat
Extreme_longevity_tracking
Biodemography Mandatory_retirement_age
Longevity_myths Longevity_claims
Supercentenarian
Oldest_people
Gompertz_law
The taboo of Death
Most cited by L
Incomplete_longevity_claims Retirement
Reliability_theory_of_ageing_and_longevity
Natural_selection
Centenarian
Most citing Life extension
Gerontology_Research_Group
Ageing
Antagonistic_pleiotropy_hypothesis
Very few articles are dedicated to Aging in a societal fashion. We find them only in Age in general & related topics (11%).
Biological_immortality
Ageing_of_Europe
Regeneration_ biology
43% of the articles are dedicated to Aging as a biological phenomenon. These topics are Senescence & free radicals (19%), Biological disorders (13%) and Mental / neural disorders (11%).
Longevity
Biomarkers_of_aging
Free Radical_Theory
Where are the societal concerns?
Many articles are de people or institutes.
Leonard_Hayflick
Diabetes_mellitus
Parkinson
Alzheimer
Life extension &
Anti aging
Free radical_theory
Heart_disease
Menopause
Alliance_for_Aging_Research
Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Senescence
Cardiovascular_disease
Cerebrovascular_disease Poliomyelitis
Index_of_life_extension related_topics American_Cryonics_Society
Sierra_Sciences
American_Academy_of_Anti Aging_Medicine
Antioxidant
Insomnia
Immortalist_Society
Sandy_Shaw
Methuselah_Mouse_Prize
Andropause
Cryonics_Institute
KrioRus Life_Extension_Foundation
Ending_Aging
Late life_mortality_deceleration
Charlotte_Hughes_ supercentenarian Special Search Charlotte_Hughes_supercentenarian
Biodemography_of_human_longevity
Jeanne_Calment
Guinness_World_Records
Thomas_Peters_ supercentenarian
Martha_Graham_ supercentenarian
Only 5 Wikipedia articles (3%) are dedicated to Death: Autopsy, Death, Mortality Rate, Natural Selection, and Programmed Cell Death. 54 articles (36%) are dedicated to avoiding or delaying death: the topics Longevity and Life extension and Immortality, including the article Immortality.
John_Evans_ supercentenarian John_Painter_ supercentenarian
Longevity A very specific subset of articles dedicated mostly to people that had a very long life. We excluded many lists of older people and records of longevity. We can still find the Guiness World Records.
Disengagement_theory Activity_theory_ aging Continuity_theory_ aging
Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Sen
Antioxidant Cardiovascular_disease
Anti aging
Free radical_theory
art_disease
es_mellitus_type_2 Atherosclerosis
Autopsy
betes
Progeria
Resveratrol
Free_radicals
Werner_syndrome
Life_extension
Cycle_Theory
Cancer Immune_system
Immo
Mortality_rate
Free_radical
Oxidative_stress
Telomerase
Cell_cycle
sis
Senescence
Apoptosis
Geriatrics
National_Institute_on_Aging
Gerontology
Telomere
Death
Biogerontology
nt_control Free_radical_theory
DNA_repair
Michael_Ristow Biomarkers_of_aging
Free Radical_Theory
Population_ageing
Free radical_theory_of_agingHayflick_limit
Aging
Biological_immortality
Ageing_of_Europe
Programmed_cell_death
Life_expectancy
Hayflick_Limit
Evolution_of_ageing DNA_damage_theory_of_aging Immunosenescence Network_theory_of_aging Negligible_senescence Plant_senescence
Sirtuin
Old_age
Maximum_life_span
Centenarian
Extreme_lon
table 01 | a by Gabriele Colombo Benedetta Signaroldi
AGEING ON WIKIPEDIA | Mapping relationships between articles how many relationships between issues and categories? − The map visualize each wikipedia page related to ageing as a donut piechart. A line separates the left part of the piechart, which
indicates the categories of pages that cite the article, from the right part, which indicates the categories of pages that are linked by the named page. The color of the central circle reflects the article category.
page title senescence and free radicals
longevity
death
aging as a science
mental and neuro disorders
life extension
biological disorders
age and related topics
outgoing links
incoming links
alcor life extension foundation suspended animation sens foundation the first immortal
kriorus stem cell treatments
life extension foundation ending aging
cryonics institute
cryonics society
cryonics physical exercise
immortalist society
michael d west durk pearson aubrey de grey
saul kent
william h andrews biologist
index of life extension sandy shaw american cryonics society
sierra sciences roy walford methuselah foundation
denham harman
american academy of anti aging medicine american aging association
methuselah mouse prize alliance for aging research strategies for engineered negligible senescence
antioxidant
cardiovascular disease
indefinite lifespan heart disease menopause parkinson
andropause
insomnia
atherosclerosis
diabetes hormone mellitus
diabetes mellitus type 2
osteoporosis
hypertension
cerebrovascular disease
free radicals
werner syndrome
stroke
resveratrol
reproductive cell cycle theory dementia
immune system
alzheimer transient global amnesia
life extension cancer
movement neurodegenerative disease disorder
working memory memory semantic memory
autopsy
progeria diabetes
parkinson's disease poliomyelitis
anti aging
free radical theory
free radical oxidative stress
mortality rate geriatrics cell cycle
homeostasis quality mental of life health
immortality
alzheimer's disease
stress biological
national institute on aging
telomerase
apoptosis
ageing brain
senescence
telomere gerontology
death biogerontology
memory and ageing free radical theory
aging movement control
michael ristow
free radical theory
dna repair
spirituality
biomarkers of aging
hayflick limit
population ageing
longevity
free radical theory of aging
rogrammed cell death
evolution of ageing
hayflick limit
aging
ageing of europe
op | 22-24th may 2012
biological immortality immunosenescence
dna damage theory of aging
sirtuin
life expectancy
old age
plant senescence network theory of aging
extreme longevity tracking negligible senescence centenarian
regeneration biology
reliability theory of ageing and longevity
maximum life span
antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis retirement
incomplete longevity claims
gerontology research group longevity myths
leonard hayflick
immortality institute
mnia
heart disease menopause andropause
free radical t atherosclerosis
diabetes hormone mellitus
diabetes mellitus type 2
osteoporosis
hypertension
progeria diabetes
ular
free radicals
werner syndrome
stroke
parkinson's disease oliomyelitis
resverat
reproductive cell cycle theory dementia
immune system cancer
nt neurodegenerative disease er
y
autopsy
alzheimer
free radical oxidative stress
mortality rate
alzheimer's disease
geria cell cycle
homeostasis quality mental of life health
telomerase
apoptosis
stress biological ageing brain
senescence
telomere
death
memory and ageing free radical theory
aging movement control
dna repair
spirituality
michael ristow
free radical theory
biomarker
hayflick limit free radical theory of aging
rogrammed cell death
evolution of ageing
hayflick limit
aging
ageing of europe
biological imm immunosenescence
dna damage theory of aging plant senescence
network theory of aging regeneration biology antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis
negligible senescence reliability theory of ageing and longevity
sirtuin
old ag
NORWAY
WORLD CLASS ARCHI-MEMES DISTRIBUTION MAP Frammento di una tassonomia/A taxonomy fragment
GREENLAND
014
008
395
027
266
025
054
SWEDEN
FINLAND
278
148
050 289
078 ESTONIA
069
DENMARK
047
066 023
023
058
272
007
010
001
005
015
LITHUANIA
011
236
257
052
261
255
037
ICELAND
002
021
022
279
285
292
020
077
260
265
040
276
286
287
275
284
295
CANADA 067
USA 081
068
106
FAROE ISLANDS
076 298
397
309
053
400
308
156
139
382
226
013
072
329 107
318
294
THE NETHERLANDS
UNITED KINGDOM
186
213
241
321
369
172
207
034
182
370
RUSSIA
300 322
422
170
194
AZERBAIJAN
KAZAKHSTAN
MONGOLIA
051
038
389
183 PRC
359 508
195
180
399
210
174
353
234
161
SAUDI ARABIA
UAE
313
019
084
224
164
323
017
404
441
288
MEXICO 344
JAPA 401
206
355
299 120
085 501
169
173
171
048
325
372 BELGIUM
GERMANY
115
146
CZECH REPUBLIC
374
BRAZIL
176
281
383
FRANCE
436
414
012 055
035
093
TAIWAN
INDIA
509 091
117
160
205
119
306
303
056
149
SWITZERLAND 097 ANYWHERE
PORTUGAL
365
302
403 283
384
362
230
296 293
159
095
SPAIN
130
098
OSTERREICH
123
125
104 147
192
MONACO
ITALY
336
220
134
113 200
141
150
ALBANIA
MONTENEGRO
SINGAPORE
240
042
155
070
231 246
392
183
345
287
275
284
295
294
THE NETHERLANDS 186
213
369
172
034
182
169
170
194
MONGOLIA
051
038
389
183 PRC 508
195 399
210
174
353
234 344
173
146
176
161
UAE
313
019
084
224
164
323
017
404
441
288
401
206
355
299
048
414
159
055
362 130
MONACO
ITALY
336
220
423
035
303
TAIWAN 056
149
095 098
OSTERREICH
123
125
134
113 200
141
325
150
419
388
378
427
428
385
429
438
179 425
307
SOUTH KOREA INDIA
384
108
387
012
SWITZERLAND 302
120
420
093 306
415
CZECH REPUBLIC
383
119
JAPAN
SAUDI ARABIA
171 GERMANY
205
KAZAKHSTAN
359
180
GIUM
AZERBAIJAN
338
209
231 246
392
183
345
253
314
228
249
equator line
ALBANIA
MONTENEGRO
SINGAPORE
240
042
155
070
Azzurra Pini azzurra.pini@polimi.it Politecnico di Milano | Dipartimento di Design DensityDesign Lab
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