Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment «“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 ∏—𫓧¡ 2548-¡’π“§¡ 2549 Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005-March 2006

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¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ Global Warming ∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ ‘ “°“» °“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡Õ Why must Thailand make the climate change a top agenda ™–µ“°√√¡·ÀàßÀ“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° Fate of the Worldûs Catastrophe

¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’Ë ‰√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ Thai Desserts...Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment

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21/12/05, 8:50 AM

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« : GREEN LINE °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment «“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 ∏—𫓧¡ 2548 - ¡’π“§¡ 2549 Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005 - March 2006

∑’˪√÷°…“ : Advisory Board Õ¿‘«—≤πå ‡»√…∞√—°…å æ√∑‘æ¬å ªíòπ‡®√‘≠

Apiwat Sretaruqsa Pornthip Punchareun

∫√√≥“∏‘°“√Õ”π«¬°“√ : Editor Directer √—™π’ ‡Õ¡–√ÿ®‘ “°≈ ∞‘π–°ÿ≈ E-mail : sakol@deqp.go.th

Ratchanee Emaruchi Sakol Thinakul

∫√√≥“∏‘°“√∫√‘À“√ : Executive Editor “«‘µ√’ »√’ ÿ¢ E-mail : savitree@deqp.go.th E-mail : srisuksavitree@hotmail.com

Savitree Srisuk

°Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ : Editor Staff »√™—¬ ¡Ÿ≈§” æ√∑‘æ¬å “√‘°∫ÿµ√ ¿“«‘π’ ≥ “¬∫ÿ√’ Õ≈ß°µ »√’«‘®‘µ√°¡≈ π—π∑«√√≥ ‡À≈à“ƒ∑∏‘Ï Õµ‘æ√ «‘𗬂°»≈ : ºŸâ·ª≈/‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß

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Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 49 Soi 30 Rama VI, Rama VI Rd. Bangkok 10400 Tel. 0-2298-5628 Fax: 0-2298-5629 http://www.dedqp.go.th Copyright

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22/12/05, 6:19 PM

∫Õ°‡≈à“‡°â“ ‘∫ : Free Talk

ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬ª√– ∫°—∫ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ∑’ˬ“«π“π¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ ¿“æ ¿Ÿ¡Õ‘ “°“»∑’‡Ë ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈߉ª®“°‡¥‘¡„πÕ’°À≈“¬Ê ª√–‡∑»∑—«Ë ‚≈° · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ ¿“«–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕ߉°≈µ—«Õ’°µàÕ‰ª ∑ÿ°«—ππ’È‚≈° ¢Õ߇√“°”≈—ß√âÕπ¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡«à“®–√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‡√◊ËÕ¬Ê „π™à«ß ∑»«√√…∑’˺à“π¡“∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ∑»«√√…´÷Ëß√âÕπ∑’Ë ÿ¥„π√Õ∫æ—πªï À≈—°∞“π∑“ß «‘∑¬“»“ µ√å®”π«π¡“°®“°∑—Ë«‚≈°∫Õ°‡√“«à“ªí≠À“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ ¿Ÿ ¡‘ Õ “°“»‰¥â °à Õ „Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ º≈°√–∑∫¡“°¡“¬„π·∑∫∑ÿ ° æ◊È π ∑’Ë ∑—Ë « ‚≈° √«¡∑—È ß ª√–‡∑»‰∑°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß·°â‰¢ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈–°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° À√◊Õ·¡â·µàª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà ≈â«π‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â À“°·µàµâÕß Õ“»—¬§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ¢ÕßÀ≈“¬ΩÉ“¬ ∑—Èß„π√–¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘ ¿“§√—∞ ¿“§‡Õ°™π ·≈–¿“§ª√–™“™π ´÷Ë ß ®ÿ ¥ ‡√‘Ë ¡ µâ π ∑’Ë ¥’ ∑’Ë ÿ ¥ §◊ Õ °“√ √â“ß ”π÷°„Àâµ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ„π¿“§ª√–™“™π «“√ “√‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 àß∑⓬ªï æ.». 2548 π’È π” “√–‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ º≈°√–∑∫·≈–§«“¡ ”§—≠∑’µË Õâ ߇√àߥ”‡π‘π°“√ µ≈Õ¥®π·π«§‘¥ ¢Õ߇°…µ√°√¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√ √â“ß ”π÷°√à«¡™à«¬°—π√—°…“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ𔧫“¡ ¡¥ÿ≈„Àâ°≈—∫§◊π¡“ Ÿà ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õ߇√“µàÕ‰ª

∫√√≥“∏‘°“√

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20/12/05, 8:03 PM

The phenomenon of longer summer Thailand has been experiencing or the climate change around the globe shows that the climate change is no longer other peopleûs problem. Our globe today is warming up rapidly and tends to be on the continuous rise. During the past decade, it is the hottest decade during the 1,000-year cycle. Many scientific evidences around the globe inform us that the problem of climate change has caused tremendous impacts on almost every area of the world, including Thai.

The change to solve the global warming and reduction of greenhouse gases or even the phenomenon of El Nino, all of which can be done. However, it required the cooperation among many agencies in international level, government sector, private sector, and the people. The good starting point is to build awareness on the effect of global warming to the people.

The Green Line magazine volume 17, a farewell to year 2005, presents the information of global warming, its impacts, what needs too be done, including the perspective of the agriculture in the North, as guidance in creating awareness of environmental conservation to revive the balance to our environment.

Editor

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20/12/05, 8:03 PM

“√∫—≠ : Contents

∫Õ°‡≈à“‡°â“ ‘∫ : Free Talk

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“√§¥’À≈—° : Main Feature ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ

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Global Warming ∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß

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¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» Climate Change Why must Thailand make the climate change a top agenda ™–µ“°√√¡·ÀàßÀ“¬π–¢Õß‚≈°

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Fate of the Worldûs Catastrophe ¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’Ë ‰√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

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Thai Desserts...Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment

®—∫‡¢à“§ÿ¬ : Interview

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¡ÿ¡¡Õß™“«∫â“πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ Interview the Perspective of the Villagersû in the North

—ߧ¡ ’‡¢’¬« : Green Society

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°“√≈¥°“√‡º“æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡¢Õ߇°…µ√µâπ·∫∫ The Way to Reduce Burning Agricultural Areas of Conventional Agriculture

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22/12/05, 6:36 PM

„∫ÕàÕπ : Young Leaf

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‡¬“«™π°—∫°“√»÷°…“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ Youth and the Local Science Lessons

°√’π‡«Á∫ : Green Web

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WEBSITE

π‚¬∫“¬ ’‡¢’¬« : Green Policy

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°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈° About the Worldûs Climate Change

‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ’‡¢’¬« : Green Technology

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Roadmap ß“π«‘®—¬æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡æ◊ËÕ°√ÿ߇∑æœ ¬—Ë߬◊π The Energy and Environment Roadmap Research for the Future of Bangkok

“√–πà“√Ÿâ : Green Tips

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çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß„À¡à Dong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yai New World Heritage

05-06/Content

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“¬¥à«π ’‡¢’¬« : Green Expressway

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ÀâÕß¢à“« : Environment News

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22/12/05, 6:36 PM

“√§¥’À≈—° Main Feature

‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : ÿ¥“√—™ ‘ßÀ‚°«‘π∑å by : Sudarach Singhagowin

¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ (Global Warming) À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∑’™Ë π—È ∫√√¬“°“»µ—ßÈ ·µà º‘«‚≈°¢÷Èπ‰ª¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷ÈπÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß≈—°…≥–¢Õß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‡™àπ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ωπ ≈¡ ‡ªìπµâπ àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ ·≈–∑”„Àâ√–∫∫𑇫»¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß §≥–°√√¡°“√√–À«à “ ß√— ∞ ∫“≈«à “ ¥â « ¬°“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ ¡‘ Õ “°“» (Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change À√◊Õ IPCC) √ÿª«à“∂â“À“°‚≈° ¬—ߧߡ’°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°ä“´ CO2 ´÷Ë߇ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π°ä“´∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ ¿“«– ‚≈°√âÕπ„πÕ—µ√“∑’ˇªìπÕ¬Ÿà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ®–∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 0.2-0.5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ /∑»«√√… À√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 2-5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ¿“¬„π ª≈“¬»µ«√√…Àπâ“ ®“°°“√®”≈Õß·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àå¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚¥¬√–∫∫§Õ¡æ‘«‡µÕ√å æ∫«à“ º≈°√–∑∫∑’‡Ë °‘¥¢÷πÈ Õ“®√«¡∂÷ß°“√‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈„π√–¥—∫∑’ Ë ßŸ ¢÷πÈ ∂÷ß 18 ´¡. ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2030 ·≈– Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 30-110 ´¡. À√◊Õ 66 ´¡. ‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2100 πÕ°®“°π’È°Á®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–Õ“°“»·ª√ª√«π ¡’ 擬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∫àÕ¬§√—Èߢ÷Èπ ‡°‘¥ ¿“«–§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß ‰øªÉ“ ·≈–Õÿ∑°¿—¬¡“°¢÷Èπ‰¥â Õ’°¥â«¬

Global Warming means surface air temperatures rise due to the change of the atmospheric climate such as temperature, rainfall, wind, etc., having impacts on human beings and the change of ecosystem.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC concluded that if the Earth still emits gases especially carbon dioxide, one of the many gases causing the global warming at the current rate, it will cause the rise of the global temperature around 0.2-0.5 C in a decade or a rise of 2-5 C by the end of next the century. From the computer simulation model and a climate analysis, it has found that the impacts may include an increase of sea level by 18 cm. by 2030 and the rise of about 30-110 cm. or 66 cm. by 2100. Moreover, it will cause the variably atmospheric climate, a lot of hurricanes, drought state, wildfire, and flood.

The global is warmer due to the many layers of the atmosphere surrounding the Earth.

Each layer of atmosphere acts as a glass panel, absorbing the solar radiation to the Earth.

Some is re-emitted and some pass through the Earthûs surface, becoming the heat, which is retained and helps the Earthûs temperature be in its balance state suitable for the livings of many creatures.

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22/12/05, 5:30 PM

‚≈°√â Õ π¢÷È π ‡æ√“–¡’ ™—È π ∫√√¬“°“»Àà Õ Àÿâ ¡ Õ¬Ÿà ‚ ¥¬√Õ∫ À≈“¬™—Èπ ‚¥¬™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·µà≈–™—Èπ®–∑”Àπâ“∑’˧≈⓬°—∫ À≈—ߧ“ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°√–®°§Õ¬√—∫· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑’Ë àÕߺà“π‡¢â“¡“¬—ß ‚≈° · ß∫“ß à«π®–∂Ÿ° –∑âÕπÕÕ°‰ª¬—ßπÕ°‚≈° ·≈–∫“ß à«π ®– àÕß∑–≈ÿº“à π‡¢â“¡“¬—ßæ◊πÈ º‘«‚≈° °≈“¬‡ªì𧫓¡√âÕπ´÷ßË ∂Ÿ° ‡°Á∫°—°‰«â¿“¬„π ∑”„Àâ‚≈°¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ËæÕ‡À¡“–°—∫°“√¥”√ß ™’«‘µ¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∑—ÈßÀ≈“ªí®®ÿ∫—π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·µà≈–™—Èπ°”≈—ß∂Ÿ°¡πÿ…¬å∑”≈“·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ‚≈°¢Õ߇√“Õ¬à“ß¡“° ∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥ §◊Õ °“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡¢‘ Õß‚≈°∑’ Ë ßŸ ¢÷πÈ Õ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß ´÷ßË ‡ªìπª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’Ë√Ÿâ®—°°—π∑—Ë«‰ª«à“ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡√◊Õπ°√–®° À√◊Õ°√’π‡Œ“ å ‡Õø‡ø§ (Greenhouse Effect)

Nowadays, each layer of atmosphere is being destroyed by human and dramatically causes impacts to our Earth. What clearly seen is the drastic rise of the Earthûs temperatures, which is commonly known as greenhouse effect.

Greenhouse effect occurs when some gases surrounding the Earth act like glass panels that let sunlight in but trap the heat produced inside. These special gases are called greenhouse gases, which are gases trapping the solar radiation passing though the earth in the atmosphere, causing the surface around that area to become warmer just like the glass panel that the

√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ·ºπ¿“æ· ¥ß°“√√—∫·≈–§“¬√—ß ’®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å¢Õߺ‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» ∑’Ë¡“ çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC. Figure 1 : Flowchart of solar radiation incoming and outgoing of the Earthûs surface and atmosphere Source : çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC.

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22/12/05, 5:30 PM

ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ‡°‘¥®“°°“√∑’‚Ë ≈°∂Ÿ°ª°§≈ÿ¡¥â«°ä“´∫“ß™π‘¥∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘§≈⓬°√–®°∑’Ë· ß àÕß∑–≈ÿºà“π‰¥â ·µà§«“¡√âÕπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¡à “¡“√∂√–∫“¬∑–≈ÿºà“πÕÕ°¡“ ®÷ß ‡√’¬°°ä“´∑’¡Ë §’ ≥ ÿ ¡∫—µ‡‘ ™àππ’«È “à °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° (Greenhouse Gases) ´÷Ë ß ‡ªì π °ä “ ´∑’Ë °—È π §«“¡√â Õ π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘ µ ¬å ∑’Ë µ ° °√–∑∫º‘«‚≈° ‰¡à„ÀâÕÕ°‰ª¬—ßπÕ°‚≈° ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ∫√‘‡«≥„µâ™—Èπ ∫√√¬“°“»∫√‘‡«≥π—ÈπÊ ¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ§≈⓬°—∫°√–®°∑’Ë ∂Ÿ°· ß·¥¥ àÕß°√–∑∫‚¥¬‰¡à¡’°“√√–∫“¬§«“¡√âÕπ „π¿“«–ª°µ‘ ™—È π ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â « ‚Õ‚´π ‰ÕπÈ” ·≈–°ä“´™π‘¥µà“ßÊ ´÷ßË ∑”Àπâ“∑’°Ë √Õß√—ß ’§≈◊πË —πÈ ∫“ß™π‘¥„Àâºà“π¡“µ°°√–∑∫æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° √— ß ’ § ≈◊Ë π —È π ∑’Ë µ ° °√–∑∫æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°π’È ®– –∑âÕπ°≈—∫ÕÕ°πÕ°™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» ‰ª à«πÀπ÷Ëß ·≈–Õ’° à«π∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õµ°°√–∑∫¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° ´÷Ëß ®–∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π‰«â¥â«¬æ◊ÈππÈ” æ◊Èπ¥‘π ·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µµà“ßÊ À≈—ß

sunlight enters but cannot escape.

At the normal state, the Earthûs atmosphere consists of ozone vapor and other types of gases, which absorbs ultraviloet solar radiation. Some of this ultraviloet solar radiation will be reflected out of the Earthûs surface and atmosphere and some reflected to the Earthûs surface, which consists of water, ground, and other living things. They will absorb the solar radiation and then let it out as energy. From the picture, the infrared radiation is emitted from the earthûs surface, some of which exits the atmosphere while some are absorbed and warms it as seen at Figure 1. The result is the earth is able to keep the balance state of temperature; cycle of water, air, and seasons are happening at the

®“°π—Èπ°Á®–§“¬‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“πÕÕ°¡“ „π√Ÿª√—ß ’§≈◊Ë𬓫™à«ß Õ‘πø√“‡√¥°√–®“¬¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» ·≈–·ºà°√–®“¬ÕÕ° πÕ°™—πÈ ∫√√¬“°“»‰ª à«πÀπ÷ßË Õ’° à«πÀπ÷ßË π—πÈ ™—πÈ ∫√√¬“°“» °Á®–¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π‰«â ·≈–§“¬æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπÕÕ°¡“ ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 º≈∑’‡Ë °‘¥¢÷πÈ §◊Õ∑”„Àâ‚≈° “¡“√∂√—°…“ ¿“æ ¡¥ÿ≈∑“ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ‰«â‰¥â ®÷ß¡’«Ø— ®—°√πÈ” Õ“°“» ·≈–ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈µà“ßÊ ¥”‡π‘π‰ªÕ¬à“ß ¡¥ÿ≈‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ”π«¬µàÕ°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µæ◊™·≈– —µ«å ‚≈°®÷߇ª√’¬∫ ‡ ¡◊Õπ‡√◊Õπª≈Ÿ°æ◊™¢π“¥„À≠à∑’Ë¡’‰ÕπÈ”·≈–°ä“´µà“ßÊ „π ™—πÈ ∫√√¬“°“»‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ°√Õ∫°√–®°∑’§Ë Õ¬§«∫§ÿ¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ·≈–«—Ø®—°√µà“ßÊ „À⇪ìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß ¡¥ÿ≈ ·µà„πªí®®ÿ∫π— ™—πÈ ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡’ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´∫“ß™π‘¥ ¡“°‡°‘π ¡¥ÿ≈¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘ Õ—π‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°Ωï¡Õ◊ ¡πÿ…¬å ‡™àπ

balance state suitable for the living of vegetation and animals. The earth is compared to a very large greenhouse, which is used to grow plants, containing vapor and gases in the atmosphere like the glass panel controlling the temperature and other cycles to be in balance.

However, the Earthûs atmosphere contains some gases more than the natural balance caused by human activities, such as, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone (O3). These gases have special properties, that is, they can absorb and emit infrared solar radiation very ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 9

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°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (CO2) °ä“´¡’‡∑π (CH4) °ä“´´’‡Õø´’ (CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons) ·≈–°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å ÿ ¡∫—µæ‘ ‡‘ »…

(N2O) ·≈–‚Õ‚´π (O3) ‡ªìπµâπ °ä“´‡À≈à“π’¡È §’ ≥ §◊Õ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π·≈–§“¬√—ß ’§≈◊Ë𬓫™à«ßÕ‘πø√“‡√¥‰¥â ¥’ ¡ “° ¥— ß π—È π ‡¡◊Ë Õ æ◊È π º‘ « ‚≈°§“¬√— ß ’ Õ‘ π ø√“‡√¥¢÷È π Ÿà ™—È π ∫√√¬“°“» °ä“´‡À≈à“π’È®–¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥‡Õ“‰«â µàÕ ®“°π—πÈ ¡—π°Á®–§“¬§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ¬Ÿ∫à √‘‡«≥æ◊πÈ º‘«‚≈° ·≈– ™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°®÷ß¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ‡√“ ‡√’¬°°ä“´∑’∑Ë ”„À⇰‘¥¿“«–·∫∫π’«È “à ç°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° (Greenhouse Gases)é °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°πÕ°®“°®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫ µàÕ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‚¥¬µ√ß·≈â« ¡—π¬—ß àߺ≈ °√–∑∫‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡¥â«¬ °≈à“«§◊Õ¡—π®–∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’°—∫ °ä“´Õ◊ËπÊ ·≈–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°™π‘¥„À¡à¢÷Èπ¡“ À√◊Õ °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∫“ß™π‘¥Õ“®√«¡µ—«°—∫‚Õ‚´π ∑”„Àâ‚Õ‚´π „π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß àߺ≈„Àâ√—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —ÈπÕ¬à“ß√—ß ’ Õ—≈ µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’Ë à Õ ßºà “ π™—È π‚Õ‚´π≈ß¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‰¥â

well. Therefore, when the Earthûs surface emits infrared radiation to the atmosphere, these gases will absorb the infrared and later emit heat retaining on the earthûs surface and atmosphere. The earthûs surface then has a rising temperature. We call these gases çgreenhouse gases.é Greenhouse gases not only have direct impact on the rise of the Earthûs temperature, but they also produce indirect impacts. That is, they will undergo some chemical reactions with other gases, reducing the ozone of the atmosphere, resulting in more ultraviolet solar radiation passing through the layer of ozone atmosphere, including letting in the radiation which is harmful to human and living things causing dangers to living creatures on earth as well. There are 5 major greenhouse gases as follows:

¡“°¢÷Èπ √«¡∑—Èߪ≈àÕ¬„Àâ√—ß ’∑’Ë∑”Õ—πµ√“¬µàÕ¡πÿ…¬å ·≈– ‘Ëß ¡’™’«‘µ àÕߺà“π≈ß¡“∑”Õ—πµ√“¬°—∫ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫π‚≈°‰¥â¥â«¬ ´÷Ëß °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë ”§—≠¡’ 5 ™π‘¥ ¥—ßπ’È

1. Carbon dioxide

1. °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å °ä “ ´§“√å ∫ Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å „ π™—È π ∫√√¬“°“»‡°‘ ¥ ®“° ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–‡°‘¥®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å ‡™àπ °“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß ‡°‘¥®“°‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡µà“ßÊ ·≈–°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“ ‡æ◊ÕË „™â‡ªìπ∑’ÕË ¬ŸÕà “»—¬À√◊Õ°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘ßË °“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“π’È π—∫«à“‡ªìπµ—«°“√ ”§—≠∑’Ë ÿ¥ „π°“√ ª≈¥ª≈à Õ ¬§“√å ∫ Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ¢÷È π Ÿà ™—È π ∫√√¬“°“» ∑—È ß π’È ‡π◊ÕË ß®“°µâπ‰¡â·≈–ªÉ“‰¡â¡§’ ≥ ÿ ¡∫—µ∑‘ ¥’Ë ’ §◊Õ¡—π “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´—∫ °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‰«â°àÕπ∑’Ë®–≈Õ¬¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» ¥—ßπ—πÈ ‡¡◊ÕË æ◊πÈ ∑’ªË “É ≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å

Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas, derived from multiple sources both from natural and human activities such as burning of fossils fuel, from the industrial plants, and the deforestation for living or cultivation, especially the deforestation, the major factor in emitting the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere because both plants and forests are able to absorb carbon dioxide before emitting into the atmosphere. Therefore, when the forest areas are diminished, more carbon dioxide is able to be accumulated at the atmosphere. From the study of the amount of carbon dioxide by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) since 1980, it

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rising more than the others, meaning the direct impact to the temperature of the Earthûs surface and atmosphere to be even more severely intensed. IPCC latest reported that the rising amount of carbon dioxide by human activities cause the accumulated radiation energy on earth and atmosphere to rise approximately 1.56 watt per square meter, of which this amount is not accounted for the indirect impact of carbon dioxide. ®÷ߢ÷Èπ‰ª – ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°π’È°“√ ‡º“ªÉ“¬—ß∑”„À⇰‘¥§“√å∫Õπ´÷ßË ‡¡◊ÕË —¡º— °—∫ÕÕ°´‘‡®π„πÕ“°“» ®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ Õ’°¥â«¬ ®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ‚¥¬Àπ૬ߓπ IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) ª√–¡“≥µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1980 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ √“¬ß“π«à“¡’ª√‘¡“≥§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√µ—¥‰¡â ∑”≈“¬ªÉ“‡æ◊ÕË „™â‡ªìπæ◊πÈ ∑’‡Ë ¡◊Õß À√◊Õ°“√‡°…µ√¡’ª√–¡“≥ 1.6 Gtc (1.65109 µ—π§“√å∫Õπ) „π¢≥–∑’ªË √‘¡“≥§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â ·≈–·À≈àßÕ◊Ëπ∑’ˇªìπº≈¡“®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å °”≈—ß¡’ª√‘¡“≥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß πÕ°®“°π’Ⱥ≈°“√»÷°…“ ¢Õß IPCC ¬—ß√–∫ÿ™—¥«à“°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‡ªìπ°ä“´ ‡√◊ Õ π°√–®°∑’Ë ∑”„Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ æ≈— ß ß“π§«“¡√â Õ π – ¡„π ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π∫√√¥“°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°™π‘¥ Õ◊ËπÊ ∑—È߬—ß¡’·π«‚π⡇æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ°«à“°ä“´™π‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ¥â«¬ ´÷Ëß À¡“¬∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õߺ‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ ∫√√¬“°“»®–¬‘Ëß∑«’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷ÈπµàÕ‰ªÕ’° ≈à“ ÿ¥π’È Àπ૬ߓπ IPCC ‰¥â√“¬ß“πª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‚¥¬Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬åπ’È ∑”„Àâæ≈—ßß“π√—ß ’§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡ ∫πº‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1.56 «—µµå µàÕµ“√“߇¡µ√ „πª√‘¡“≥π’Ȭ—߉¡à§‘¥√«¡º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ ∑“ßÕâÕ¡¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å

2. Methane The source of methane is abundance both in the nature and from the human activities, such as, from the rice paddy, decomposition of the livings, burning of coal, fuel, and natural gas, especially natural burning and other types of fuel burning. They are able to produce 20% of methane of the total methane in the atmosphere. Besides, the study of IPCC reported that agricultural areas of rice cultivation in Asian countries and Australia emitted highest amount of methane into the atmosphere and varied at different areas, depending on the type and the quality of soil of each area.

Though the emission of methane into the atmosphere is higher than that of carbon dioxide, its average duration of stay is about 11 years, a lot less if compared to carbon dioxide. It, thus, is second to carbon dioxide in terms of major cause of greenhouse effect. It was reported that the average concentration of heat energy produced directly by methane is 0.47 watt per square meter and from the domestic research outcome, it has found out that a square meter of rice area will release 16-18 mil igram per hour of methane, however, depending on other surroundings factor as well.

2. °ä“´¡’‡∑π

3. Nitrous oxide

·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥¢Õß°ä“´¡’‡∑π¡’Õ¬Ÿà¡“°¡“¬∑—Èß„π∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å ‡™àπ ®“°·À≈àßπ“¢â“« ®“°°“√¬àÕ≈“¬´“° ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ ®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑∂à“πÀ‘π πÈ”¡—π ·≈–°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡º“‰À¡â∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßµà“ßÊ “¡“√∂ ∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´¡’‡∑π„π∫√√¬“°“» Ÿß∂÷ß 20% ¢Õß°ä“´¡’‡∑π „π™—πÈ ∫√√¬“°“»∑—ßÈ À¡¥ πÕ°®“°π’¬È ß— ¡’√“¬ß“π°“√»÷°…“¢Õß IPCC «à“æ◊πÈ ∑’°Ë “√‡°…µ√ª√–‡¿∑π“¢â“«„πª√–‡∑»·∂∫‡Õ‡™’·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ¡’°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑π Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» „πª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë¡“° ·≈–¡’ª√‘¡“≥·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·µà≈–∫√‘‡«≥

The origin of nitrous oxide is in the industry where nitric acid is used in the production process such as the nilon-fiber manufacturing industry, chemical industry or some plastic industry, etc. Though a lot of nitrous oxide is available at the normal state, the rising quantity is considered in its balance state of nature. Those produced by human are increasingly rising and have direct impact on the rise of heat accumulated on the earth surface by around 0.14 watt per square meter since the start of the industrialization until now. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 11

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¢÷Èπ°—∫™π‘¥·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õߥ‘π„π·µà≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·¡â«à“°“√ª≈¥ ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑π Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»®–¡’¡“°°«à“°√≥’¢Õß°ä“´ §“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ·µà°ä“´¡’‡∑π¡’Õ“¬ÿ – ¡‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 11 ªï π—∫«à“πâÕ¬¡“°‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ®÷ß ‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ°“√‡°‘¥¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‡ªìπÕ—π¥—∫ Õß√Õß®“° °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ‚¥¬¡’√“¬ß“π«à“æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‡©≈’ˬ√«¡∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß °ä“´¡’‡∑πª√–¡“≥ 0.47 «—µµå/µ“√“߇¡µ√ ·≈–®“°º≈°“√ «‘®—¬¿“¬„πª√–‡∑»æ∫«à“„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ëπ“¢â“« 1 µ“√“߇¡µ√ ®–¡’ °“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑πÕÕ°¡“ª√–¡“≥ 16-18 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ µàÕ™—Ë«‚¡ß ∑—Èßπ’È¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ªí®®—¬·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ◊ËπÊ ¥â«¬

3. Nitrous oxide The origin of nitrous oxide is in the industry where nitric acid is used in the production process such as the nilon-fiber manufacturing industry, chemical industry or some plastic industry, etc. Though a lot of nitrous oxide is available at the normal state, the rising quantity is considered in its balance state of nature. Those produced by human are increasingly rising and have direct impact on the rise of heat accumulated on the earth surface by around 0.14 watt per square meter since the start of the industrialization until now.

3. °ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å ·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å§◊ÕÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑’Ë„™â °√¥‰πµ√‘°„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ µ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ Õÿµ “À°√√¡º≈‘µ ‡ âπ„¬‰π≈Õπ Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡§¡’ À√◊ÕÕÿµ “À°√√¡æ≈“ µ‘° ∫“ß™π‘ ¥ ‡ªì π µâ π ·¡â «à “ °ä “ ´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å ∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ®“° ∏√√¡™“µ‘®–¡’Õ¬Ÿà¡“°„π¿“«–ª°µ‘°Áµ“¡ ·µàÕ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ ª√‘¡“≥¥—ß°≈à“«°Á®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„π¿“«–∑’Ë ¡¥ÿ≈„π∏√√¡™“µ‘ à«π °ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å ∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ¢÷È π ®“°Ωï ¡◊ Õ ¡πÿ … ¬å π—È π ¡’ ª √‘ ¡ “≥ ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·≈– àߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°ª√–¡“≥ 0.14 «—µµå µàÕµ“√“߇¡µ√ π—∫µ—Èß·µà‡√‘Ë¡¡’Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π

(a)

(b)

√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 · ¥ßª√‘¡“≥æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ—π‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ‚¥(a) · ¥ßª√‘¡“≥æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ—π‡°‘¥®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°·≈–µ—«°“√Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë¡“ çMeteorology and Hydrology for Sustainable Developmenté by J.P. Bruce, WMO-No. 769, 1992.

(b) · ¥ßª√‘¡“≥æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´™π‘¥µà“ßÊ „π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1765 ∂÷ß 1990 ∑’Ë¡“ çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC

Figure 2 : shows the amount of heat accumulated as a result of greenhouses gases by: (a) the amount of heat accumulated as result of greenhouse gases and other factors.

Source : çMeteorology and Hydrology for Sustainable Developmenté by J.P. Bruce, WMO-No. 769, 1992.

(b) the amount of heat accumulated as a result of other gases at the atmospheric level from 1765 until 1990 Source : çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC

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4. °ä“´´’‡Õø´’ (CFCs) À√◊Õ°ä“´∑’Ë¡’ “√ª√–°Õ∫ §≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (Chloro-fluorocarbon) °ä“´∑’¡Ë ’ “√ª√–°Õ∫æ«°§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ¡’·À≈àß °”‡π‘¥®“°‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ·≈–Õÿª°√≥凧√◊ËÕß„™â„π™’«‘µ ª√–®”«—πµà“ßÊ Õ“∑‘ ‡§√◊ËÕß∑”§«“¡‡¬Áπ µŸâ‡¬Á𠇧√◊ËÕߪ√—∫ Õ“°“» ‡ª√¬å πÈ”¬“¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß °“√º≈‘µæ≈“ µ‘°·≈–‚ø¡ πÈ”¬“ ∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ œ≈œ ·¡â«à“°ä“´ª√–‡¿∑π’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥≈¥≈ß 40% ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ ‘∫°«à“ªï°àÕπÀπâ“π’ȵ“¡¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ ‚¥¬ π∏‘ —≠≠“¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈ (Montreal Protocol) ·µà ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ∑’ˬ—ß¡’ – ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π™—Èπ ∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬Ωï¡Õ◊ ¡πÿ…¬å ¬—ߧ߇ªìπµâπ‡Àµÿ∑∑’Ë ”„Àâ¡æ’ ≈—ßß“π §«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πæ◊πÈ º‘«‚≈°ª√–¡“≥ 0.28 «—µµå/µ“√“߇¡µ√ ·≈–¬‘Ë ß‰ª°«à“π—Èπº≈°√–∑∫∑“ßÕâÕ¡¢Õß°ä“´™π‘¥π’È ∑”„Àâ ‡°‘¥Õ—πµ√“¬µàÕ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫πæ◊Èπ‚≈°¡“°¡“°≈à“«§◊Õ°ä“´ª√–‡¿∑π’È “¡“√∂√«¡µ—«∑“߇§¡’‰¥â¥’°—∫‚Õ‚´π ®÷ß∑”„Àâ‚Õ‚´π„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß À√◊Õ‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«„π ™—È π‚Õ‚´πÕ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ´÷Ë߇ªìπ√—ß ’ §≈◊Ë π —È π ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π Õ— π µ√“¬µà Õ ‘Ë ß ¡’ ™’ «‘ µ ∫πæ◊È π‚≈° àÕߺà“π≈ß ¡“¬— ß æ◊È π‚≈°‰¥â ¡ “°¢÷È π ∑—È ß ¬— ß ∑”„Àâ √— ß ’ § ≈◊Ë π —È π ºà “ π¡“µ° °√–∑∫º‘«‚≈°„π —¥ à«π∑’Ë¡“°‡°‘π¿“«– ¡¥ÿ≈ π—∫‡ªìπ°“√ ∑”„À⺑«‚≈°·≈–∫√√¬“°“»√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡

4. CFCs or Chloro-fluorocarbon Gases with chlorofluorocarbons as components are originated from the industrial plants and other daily electric appliances such as refrigerants, refrigerators, air conditionings, spray, fire-extinguishing solvents, plastic and foam production, cleaning solvents, etc. Though the amount of this type of gas has been reduced 40% compared to 10 years earlier in accordance with the Montreal Protocol, the atmospheric concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons are still available by the human force. It is still a cause of building up of heat on the earthûs surface approximately 0.28 watt per square meter.

On top of this, the indirect impacts of this kind of gas are dangerous to the atmosphere and many living things on earth. That is, this type of gas is able to chemically binding with ozone, causing the lesser ozone layer or ozone hole due to the ultraviolet, which is an ultra radiation, harmful to the livings on earth, passing through the Earth more. In addition, it is reflected on the earthûs surface at the excessive proportionate rate of balance state, which is in turn the direct cause of warmer earthûs surface and atmosphere.

5. Ground-Level Ozone

√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 · ¥ß°√“ø°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«æ◊Èπ‡©≈’ˬ∑—Ë«‚≈° ∑’Ë¡“ çClimate Change 1995é The Science of Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, accepted by the IPCC.

The Earthûs atmosphere level ozone will generally help protect the Earth from the danger of ultraviolet from the sun. However, when this gas is once at the Earthûs surface level, it will become a toxic gas created by the chemical reaction between this gas and the sunlight, an assistant for Photo oxidation reaction between sunlight and oxides of nitrogen, resulting in nitrogen dioxide, which can be a greenhouse gas. Ozone mostly is formed by the natural reaction between sunlight and oxygen, and sunlight and nitrous oxide.

Though found only little at the atmosphere, the ozone has its capacity in absorbing UV sunlight and warming the Earthûs temperature. If the amount of this gas is higher at the atmosphere, so is the Earthûs temperature.

Figure 3 : shows the graph of global temperature change on average Source : çClimate Change 1995é The Science of Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, accepted by the IPCC.

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√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ¿“æ· ¥ß°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑—Ë«‚≈° ∑’Ë¡“ : www.uwsp.edu

Figure 1 : This picture illustrates all currents of

the ocean around the world Source : www.uwsp.edu

5. °ä“´‚Õ‚´π√–¥—∫º‘«‚≈° ‚¥¬ª°µ‘ · ≈â « °ä “ ´‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»™—È π Ÿ ß ®–™à « ªÑÕß°—π‚≈°®“°¿—¬¢Õß√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ·µà°ä“´π’ȇ¡◊ËÕÕ¬Ÿà∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ°ä“´æ‘…™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë ‡°‘¥®“°°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√–À«à“ß°ä“´π’È°—∫· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ‚¥¬®– ‡ªìπµ—«™à«¬∑”„À⇰‘¥ªØ‘°√‘ ¬‘ “‚ø‚µâ ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—πË (Photo Oxidation) √–À«à“ß· ß°—∫°≈ÿ¡à °ä“´‰π‚µ√‡®π ´÷ßË àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥°ä“´ ‰π‚µ√‡®π‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‰¥â °ä“´‚Õ‚´π à«π„À≠à¡“®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘√–À«à“ß· ß·¥¥°—∫ °ä“´ÕÕ°´‘‡®π (O2) ·≈–· ß·¥¥°—∫°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å °ä“´‡À≈à“π’·È ¡â®–¡’Õ¬Ÿ„à π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ °≈—∫¡’ §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ·≈–¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°Õ∫Õÿàπ ∂â“„π∫√√¬“°“» ¡’°“ä ´‡À≈à“π’ È ßŸ ¢÷πÈ °Á‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ∑∑’Ë ”„ÀâÕ≥ ÿ À¿Ÿ¡¢‘ Õß‚≈° Ÿß¢÷πÈ µ“¡‰ª¥â«¬

º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° µàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õߺ‘«‚≈° ¥—߉¥â°≈à“«¡“¢â“ßµâπ«à“°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° “¡“√∂ àߺ≈ °√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ß §◊Õ∑”„Àâ‚≈°¡’æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ¬Ÿà ∫πº‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¡“°¢÷Èπ Õ—π‡ªìπµâπ‡Àµÿ„Àâæ◊Èπº‘« ‚≈°¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ º≈∑’˵“¡¡“°Á§◊Õ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√º—π·ª√¢Õß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°·≈– ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß IPCC √–∫ÿ«à“æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡√«¡‡©≈’Ë ¬ Õ— π ‡°‘ ¥ ®“°º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°ä “ ´ ‡√◊ Õ π°√–®° µ—È ß ·µà ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ¡’ Õÿ µ “À°√√¡‡°‘ ¥ ¢÷È π ∫π‚≈°¡’ §à “ ª√–¡“≥ 2.45 «—µµå/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ „π¢≥–∑’˺≈°√–∑∫ ∑“ßÕâÕ¡∑’¡Ë µ’ Õà ‚Õ‚´π¡’§“à ª√–¡“≥ 0.5 «—µµå/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ´÷Ëߺ≈°√–∑∫®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑—Èß∑“ßµ√ß ·≈–∑“ßÕâÕ¡π’È ¡’¡“°°«à“º≈°√–∑∫®“°µ—«°“√Õ◊ËπÊ À≈“¬‡∑à“ ¥—ß·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘„π √Ÿª∑’Ë 2 Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫√“¬ß“πº≈°“√µ√«®«—¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’Ë∑—Ë«æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1860 ®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π ¥—ß°√“ø„π √Ÿª∑’Ë 3 æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«æ◊Èπ‡©≈’ˬ∑—Ë«‚≈°¡’·π«‚πâ¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¡“

Direct Impacts of Greenhouse Gases on the EarthÕs Surface Temperature As said earlier that the greenhouse gases may cause direct impacts on us, that is, they cause the rise of heat absorbed at the earthûs surface and atmosphere, a major source of the rise of the earthûs temperature, thus, the change of climate, the variability of the global and local climate change. From the study of IPCC, it indicated that the average heat accumulated due to the direct impact of greenhouse gases since the existent of industrialization on earth has values of 2.45 watt per square meter, while indirect impact on ozone is approximately 0.5 watt per square meter. Both direct and indirect impacts of greenhouse gases do the harm many times more than those of other causes as seen in Chart 2 which is in conjunction with the report of the measurement of the average global temperature at the earthûs surface since 1860 until now as Graph 3. It has been found that the average global temperatureûs surface has tended to rise from mid 19 century on. And it apparently rises at the end of this century around 0.3-0.6 degree C on average.

As the Earth has retained more heat energy as a result of the impact of greenhouse gases, many scientists have been interested in the impact on atmosphere and environment. They are studying the change and evaluating in conjunction with the way to lessen the impacts incurred as follows:

1. Change of Precipitation Once the earth is warmer, the volume of precipitation to the earth may be risen annually. That is, when the temperature near the ground is higher, more water

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µ—Èß·µà°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 19 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ ·≈– Ÿß¢÷Èπ™—¥‡®π „πª≈“¬»µ«√√…π’ªÈ √–¡“≥ 0.3-0.6 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‚¥¬‡©≈’¬Ë ®“°°“√∑’Ë‚≈°‰¥â√—∫æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°º≈ °√–∑∫¢Õß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°π’È ∑”„Àâπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å π„® »÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫ ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬‰¥â »÷ ° …“∂÷ ß °“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ß·≈–ª√–‡¡‘ π º≈°√–∑∫ √«¡∑—ÈßÀ“·π«∑“ß°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰«â ¥—ßπ’È

will vapor out of the surface, which is finally, fall back to the earth in form of rain and snow. Some area of the Earth will get an increasing volume of rain or snow than they currently do, while some will get less. In Thailand the phenomena, which often occurs, is specific-local rainfall such as it is not raining in the same neighboring areas.

1. °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÀ¬“¥πÈ”øÑ“ ‡¡◊ËÕ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπª√‘¡“≥À¬“¥πÈ”øÑ“∑’˵°≈ß Ÿàæ◊Èπ‚≈°„π ·µà≈–ªïÕ“®®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ π—Ëπ§◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßÕ“°“»„°≈â æ◊È π ¥‘ π Ÿ ß ¢÷È π πÈ”®–√–‡À¬®“°º‘«‚≈°¡“°¢÷Èπ „π∑’Ë ÿ ¥ πÈ” ∑’Ë √–‡À¬¢÷Èπ‰ª®–µ°°≈—∫ Ÿà‚≈°„π√Ÿª¢ÕßΩπ·≈–À‘¡– æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∫“ß ·ÀàߢÕß‚≈°®–‰¥â√∫— ª√‘¡“≥ΩπÀ√◊ÕÀ‘¡–‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ °«à“∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— „π ªí®®ÿ∫π— „π¢≥–∑’∫Ë “ß·Ààß®–‰¥â√∫— πâÕ¬≈ß ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ∫àÕ¬§√—Èß¡“° §◊Õ °“√‡°‘¥Ωπª√–®”∂‘Ë𠇙àπ °√≥’Ωπµ°‰¡à∑—Ë«æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„π∫√‘‡«≥„°≈âÊ °—𠇪ìπµâπ

2. °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ” ∑–‡≈ ®“°°“√√«∫√«¡º≈°“√»÷°…“°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈¢Õßπ—° «‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑—Ë«‚≈° “¡“√∂ √ÿª‰¥â¥—ßπ’È ❖ ‰¥â ¡’ ° “√µ√«®æ∫«à “ Õÿ ≥ À¿Ÿ ¡‘ √ –¥— ∫ º‘ « ‚≈° Ÿ ß ¢÷È π ª√–¡“≥ 0.3-0.6 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ π—∫µ—Èß·µà°≈“ߧ√‘ µå »µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ‚¥¬‰¥âæ∫«à“∫√‘‡«≥æ◊Èπ∑«’ª√–À«à“ß≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 40 ∂÷ß 70 Õß»“‡Àπ◊Õ ‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π∑’∫Ë “ß·Ààß ‡™àπ ∫√‘‡«≥¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·Õµ·≈𵑰‡Àπ◊Õ ‰¥â¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈¥≈ß„π™à«ß∑»«√√…∑’˺à“π¡“ ❖ ‚¥¬∑—Ë «‰ªæ‘ — ¬ ¢ÕßÕÿ ≥ À¿Ÿ ¡‘ „ π√Õ∫«— π ∫πæ◊È π ∑«’ ª ¡’ ·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ßµ—Èß·µàª√–¡“≥°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ´÷Ëß ‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥‡¡¶„π∑âÕßøÑ“ ∑”„Àâ ™à«ß°≈“ß«—π¡’Õ≥ ÿ À¿Ÿ¡≈‘ ¥≈ß·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡„‘ π™à«ß°≈“ߧ◊π Ÿß¢÷πÈ ·≈–§“¥«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡∫‘ √‘‡«≥µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß∫√√¬“°“»™—πÈ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å ( Ÿß®“°º‘«‚≈°√–À«à“ß 14-20 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√) ≈¥≈ß ‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π ·≈–°“√‡æ‘Ë ¡ ¢÷È π ¢Õß°ä “ ´ §“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ❖ ”À√— ∫ ª√‘ ¡ “≥Ωπ‡©≈’Ë ¬ „π¿“§æ◊È π ∑«’ ª „π§√‘ µå »µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 π—Èπ¬—߉¡à¡’·π«‚πâ¡«à“®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ≈¥≈ß ❖ °“√√–‡À¬¢ÕßπÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡¢µ√âÕπ Ÿß¢÷Èπ —¡æ—π∏å °—∫ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”„π‡¢µ√âÕπ∑’˵√«®«—¥‰¥â Ÿß¢÷Èπ ❖ æ◊Èπ∑’ËÀ‘¡–ª°§≈ÿ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫µË”°«à“§à“‡©≈’ˬµ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1987 ❖ „π™à « ß 100 ªï ∑’Ë ºà “ π¡“ √–¥— ∫ πÈ” ∑–‡≈∑—Ë « ‚≈°‡©≈’Ë ¬

2. Change of Climate and Sea Level From the collection of the change of climate study and of sea level by the sciencetists around the globe, they can be summarized as follows: ❖ It has been detected that Earthûs surface air temperature has been risen approximately 0.3-0.6C since the mid 20th century, with the most highest rising temperature in the continental regions between 40-70 north altitude, while in such some areas as the North Atlantic Ocean, the temperature has been decline during the past decade. ❖ In general, the mean temperature of the day over continent has been on the cooling trend around from mid 20th century, as a result of an increase of the clouds in the sky, causing the decreasing temperature during the day while rising temperature during the night.

And it has estimated that the temperature of the lower stratosphere (about 14-20 kilometer high from the earthûs surface) will be decreased due to the diminishing ozone and the rise of carbon dioxide. th ❖ The mean precipitation over continent in the 20 century has been stable. ❖ The increasing evaporation of the tropical ocean water correlates with the increasing amount of water

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Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1-2.5 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√/ªï ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ß ®“°°“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß∫√√¬“°“» Ÿß¢÷Èπ ∑”„Àâ πÈ” ∑–‡≈Õÿà π ·≈–¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√¢¬“¬µ—« ª√“°Æ°“√≥åπ’ȇ√’¬°«à“ °“√¢¬“¬µ—« ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ àߺ≈„Àâ∏“√πÈ”·¢Áߢ—È«‚≈°≈–≈“‰À≈∑à«¡·¡àπÈ” ≈”∏“√ ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈ ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥ πÈ”∑’‡Ë æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ π’∑È ”„ÀâπÈ”„π∑–‡≈¡’√–¥—∫ Ÿß¢÷πÈ ·≈–Õ“® Ÿß‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ∂÷ß 20 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ „πªï æ.». 2593 π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√剥â∑”°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß¿Ÿ¡Õ‘ “°“» ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬ ¡¡ÿµ∞‘ “π∑’«Ë “à ∂â“À“° ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π™—πÈ ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°„πªï §.». 2100 ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 2 ‡∑à“ ®“°√–¥—∫ªí®®ÿ∫—π æ∫«à“ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«æ◊Èπ∑—Ë«‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1-3.5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 15-95 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ´÷Ëß®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ√–∫∫𑇫» ‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡ √«¡∑—Èߥâ“π Õÿ∑°«‘∑¬“ À√◊Õ°“√®—¥°“√·À≈àßπÈ” µ≈Õ¥®π‚§√ß √â“ßæ◊πÈ ∞“π ·≈– ÿ¢¿“æ¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å

3. ¥â“π√–∫∫𑇫» ❖

ªÉ“‰¡â : ª√–¡“≥°“√«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’ˬ¢Õß‚≈°‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 1 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ °Á‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√ ‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ ·≈–°“√øóôπøŸ ¿“æªÉ“„πÀ≈“¬·ÀàߢÕß‚≈° ‡ªìπ∑’˧“¥«à“ª√–¡“≥Àπ÷Ëß„π “¡¢Õߪɓ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà∑—Ë«‚≈° ®–¡’ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ߥâ“π™π‘¥æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™ ‚¥¬°“√ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π∫√‘‡«≥≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ ŸßÊ à«π ∫√‘‡«≥‡¢µ√âÕπ®–¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥

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æ◊Èπ∑’ËπÈ”·¢Áߪ°§≈ÿ¡ : ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªæ‘ —¬¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π √Õ∫«— π ∫πæ◊È π ∑«’ ª ¡’ · π«‚πâ ¡ ≈¥≈ßµ—È ß ·µà ª √–¡“≥°≈“ß §√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥

vapor in the tropical measured. ❖ The snow cover areas are at the lower average level since 1987. ❖ During the past 100 years, the average rise of sea level is about 1 to 2.5 milliliter a year, showing a direct impact of the increased atmosphereûs temperature, warming and expanding sea and ocean. This occurrence is called expansion due to the rising temperature, causing the glaciers of the Arctic melted and flooded rivers, streams, and coasts. Thus, the rise of the water amount causes the increase of sea level and may be as high as 20 centimeters in 2050.

Scientists have estimated the impacts using the climate simulation based on the hypothesis that if the amount of carbon dioxide at the earthûs atmosphere in 2100 increases twice of the current level, it has found that the earthûs surface air temperature will be about 13.5C higher and 15-95 centimeters increase of the sea level, which will have affect on the ecosystem, economics and society, including hydrology or the water source management, including the infrastructure and human health.

3. Ecosytem ❖

Forestry : It has estimated that 1C rise of the earthûs temperature is sufficient enough to cause the impacts on growth and revival in many areas of the forest in the world. It has estimated that 1 of 3 of the worldûs forest areas will have massive changes in terms of the vegetationû species, with the most changes at the high altitude, while very little at the tropical areas. ❖ Snow-cover areas : In general, the mean temperature of the day over continent has been on the cooling trend around from mid 20th century, as a result of an increase of the clouds in the sky, causing the decreasing temperature during daytime while rising temperature during nighttime. And it has estimated that the temperature of the lower stratosphere (about 14-20 kilometer high from the earthûs surface) will be decreased due to the diminishing ozone and the rise of carbon dioxide. ❖ Coastal ecosystem : The climate change and the increased sea level or storms and rolling-wave will

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‡¡¶„π∑â Õ ßøÑ “ ∑”„Àâ ™à « ß°≈“ß«— π ¡’ Õÿ ≥ À¿Ÿ ¡‘ ≈ ¥≈ß·≈– Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π™à«ß°≈“ߧ◊π Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·≈–§“¥«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∫√‘‡«≥ µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å ( Ÿß®“°º‘«‚≈° √–À«à“ß 14 -20 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√) ≈¥≈߇π◊ÕË ß®“°°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π ·≈–°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ❖ √–∫∫𑇫»™“¬Ωíòß : °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ°“√‡°‘¥æ“¬ÿ·≈–§≈◊Ëπ´—¥Ωíòß ®– àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥°“√°—¥‡´“– °“√æ—ß∑≈“¬ ·≈–‡°‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡∫√‘‡«≥ ™“¬Ωíòß¡“°¢÷È𠧫“¡‡§Á¡¢ÕßπÈ”„π∫√‘‡«≥ª“°·¡àπÈ”·≈–„π ™—πÈ πÈ”®◊¥„µâ¥π‘ ®–‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷πÈ πÈ”≈ß „π·¡àπÈ”·≈–Õà“«µà“ßÊ √«¡∑—Èß°“√日擢Õßµ–°Õπ ·≈– “√Õ“À“√„ππÈ” ´÷Ëß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√–∫∫𑇫»™“¬Ωíòß ®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬¢ÕߺŸâ§π∫√‘‡«≥π’È ·≈– àߺ≈ °√–∑∫„π∑“ß≈∫µàÕ°“√∑àÕ߇∑’¬Ë « °“√®—¥À“πÈ”®◊¥ °“√ª√–¡ß ·≈–§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß™’«¿“æ

4. ¥â“π‚§√ß √â“ßæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ ∑’Ë Ÿ ß ¢÷È π ®–¡’ º ≈°√–∑∫„π∑“ß≈∫µà Õ °“√æ≈— ß ß“π °“√ Õÿ µ “À°√√¡ °“√¢π à ß °“√µ—È ß ∂‘Ë π ∞“π¢Õß¡πÿ … ¬å °“√ ª√–°—π∑√—æ¬å ‘π ·≈–°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ¿—¬∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π§◊Õ ª√–™“°√∑’ËÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß ´÷Ë߉¥â¡’°“√ª√–¡“≥°“√ «à“®–¡’ª√–™“°√ª√–¡“≥ 46 ≈â“π§π/ªï „πªí®®ÿ∫—π∑’ˇ ’Ë¬ß µà Õ ¿— ¬ πÈ” ∑à « ¡ ‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°§≈◊Ë π 擬ÿ ´— ¥ Ωíò ß ·≈–À“°√–¥— ∫ πÈ” ∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ 50 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ®”π«πª√–™“°√∑’ˇ ’ˬ߿—¬πÈ”∑à«¡ ®–‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ‡ªìπ 92 ≈â“π§π ·≈–∂â“√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷πÈ 1 ‡¡µ√ ®”π«πºŸâ ‡ ’Ë ¬ ßµà Õ ¿— ¬ πÈ” ∑à « ¡®– Ÿ ß ∂÷ ß 118 ≈â “ π§π ‚¥ª√–™“°√¢Õߪ√–‡∑»∑’‡Ë ªìπ‡°“–‡≈Á°Ê À√◊Õª√–‡∑»¥âÕ¬æ—≤π“ ®–‰¥â√∫— º≈°√–∑∫∑’√Ë πÿ ·√ß°«à“ ‡π◊ÕË ß®“°√–∫∫ªÑÕß°—𙓬Ωíßò ‰¡à¥’‡æ’¬ßæÕ ·≈–ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’ª√–™“°√Àπ“·πàπ°«à“°Á¬àÕ¡‰¥â √—∫º≈°√–∑∫¡“°°«à“ ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√Õæ¬æ∑—Èß¿“¬„πª√–‡∑» ·≈–¢â“¡ª√–‡∑» ®“°°“√»÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√∑’Ë√–¥—∫πÈ” ∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷πÈ 1 ‡¡µ√ ´÷ßË ‡ªìπ§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥µ“¡∑’ªË √–¡“≥°“√ ”À√—∫ªï §.». 2100 æ∫«à“‡°“–‡≈Á°Ê ·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥ª“°·¡àπÈ”‡ªìπ ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇ ’ˬ߿—¬ Ÿß ‚¥¬‰¥âª√–‡¡‘π°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬·ºàπ¥‘π¢Õß ª√–‡∑»µà“ßÊ ∂â“√–∫∫ªÑÕß°—π¿—¬¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡™àπªí®®ÿ∫—π¥—ßπ’È |ª√–‡∑»Õÿ√°ÿ «—¬ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬ 0.05% Õ’¬ª‘ µå 1% ‡π‡∏Õ√å·≈π¥å 6% ∫—ߧ≈“‡∑» 17.5% ·≈–ª√–¡“≥ 80% ”À√—∫‡°“–ª–°“√—ß ¡“®Ÿ‚√ (Majuro) „πÀ¡Ÿà‡°“–¡“√å·™≈ ·≈–ª√–™“°√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ º≈°√–∑∫®–¡’¡“°ª√–¡“≥ 70 ≈â“π§π „π®’π·≈–∫—ߧ≈“‡∑» ‡ªìπµâπ ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¬àÕ¡‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫Õ¬à“ßÀ≈’°‡≈’ˬß

cause more of coastal corrosion, demolition and flood at the coastal areas. The saltiness of the water at the estuary and at the underground will be higher, causing the change of the high tide-low tide in the rivers and at bays, including the blowing away of sediment and food substances in the water. The change of the coastal ecosystem will definitely impact the people living in the area and have negative effect on tourism, freshwater supply, fishery and biodiversity.

4. Human Infrastructure The climate change and rise of sea level will have negative effect on energy, industry, transportation, settlement of human, property insurance, and tourism. The most pronounced threat is the coastal people, estimated current amount of 46 million in population a year, are at the edge of flooding because of the stormy wave and if the sea level is at 50 centimeter high, the population at risk of flooding will increase to 92 million people. And if the sea level is at 1 meter high, the population at risk of flooding wil be up to 118 mil ion people. The population of the island country or other underdeveloped countries will be affected more severely as the coastal preventive system is ineffective and the densely populated area will definitely have more impact, causing both local and overseas migration.

From the study of the impact incurred from the 1meter rise of sea level, the highest estimated value in 2100, it has found that small islands and areas around estuary are classified as high risky areas. The estimated loss of many countries, if the current preventive system in place, are Uruguay 0.05%, Egypt 1%, the Netherlands 6%, Bangladesh 17.5% and approximately 80% of Majuro islands in the Marshall islands and the population impacted are around 70 million people in China and Bangladesh.

For Thailand, it will unavoidably be affected but how severely it will be needs to be further studied in details. However, it can be estimated that when the sea level is rising, it will cause impacts to the coastal ecosystem of Thailand, resulting in flooded areas. The more severe the impact is, the more corrosion and demolition of the coastal areas they are. Consequently, ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 17

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‰¡à ‰ ¥â à«π®–¡“°πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥®–µâÕß¡’°“√»÷°…“„π√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µàÕ‰ª ·µàÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬°ÁæÕª√–¡“≥‰¥â«à“‡¡◊ËÕ√–¥—∫πÈ” ∑–‡≈ Ÿ ß ¢÷È π ¬à Õ ¡ à ß º≈°√–∑∫µà Õ √–∫∫π‘ ‡ «»™“¬Ωíò ß ¢Õß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬®–¡’ ° “√‡°‘ ¥ πÈ” ∑à « ¡‡æ‘Ë ¡ æ◊È π ∑’Ë ¢÷È π ·≈–§«“¡ √ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷ÈπÕ—µ√“°“√°—¥‡´“–·≈–°“√æ—ß∑≈“¬¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ™“¬Ωíòß®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ πÈ”∑–‡≈®–√ÿ°‡¢â“¡“„π·ºàπ¥‘π·≈–·¡àπÈ” ¡“°¢÷Èπ ∑”„À⧫“¡‡§Á¡„π¥‘π·≈–∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß·¡àπÈ” ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫„π∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“𠇙àπ ¥â“π∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡ °“√®—¥À“πÈ”®◊¥ °“√ª√–¡ß °“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ‡ªìπº≈„Àâ°√–∑∫µàÕ√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õ¬à“ß¡“°

°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫ ‡æ◊Ë Õ‰¡à „ Àâ ª √–™“°√‚≈°√«¡∑—È ß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â √— ∫ º≈ °√–∑∫∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß ®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß‚≈°∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¥—ß °≈à“«·≈â« ‡√“®÷ߧ«√„À⧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π°“√√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈∑“ß ∏√√¡™“µ‘„Àâ§ßÕ¬Ÿàµ√“∫π“π‡∑à“π“𠵓¡¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–¥—ßπ’È ❖ √à « ¡°— π „™â °ä “ ´∏√√¡™“µ‘ · ∑π∂à “ πÀ‘ π ·≈–πÈ” ¡— π „π °√–∫«π°“√º≈‘ µ ·≈–°“√¢π à ß µà “ ßÊ ‡æ◊Ë Õ ‡ªì π °“√≈¥ ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π∫√√¬“°“»„ÀâπâÕ¬≈ß ❖ À—π¡“„™â·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑𠇙àπ æ≈—ßß“π®“° · ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ≈¡ ·≈–™’«¡«≈ (´“° ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ¢Õßæ◊™·≈– —µ«å) ·∑πæ≈—ßß“π®“°‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßµà“ßÊ ❖ ™à«¬°—π√—°…“ªÉ“∑’¡ Ë Õ’ ¬Ÿà ·≈–øóπô øŸ ¿“æªÉ“∑’‡Ë ◊ÕË ¡‚∑√¡ ≈¥°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“ ·≈–ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ ❖ »÷°…“·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß«‘∏’°“√„™âªÿܬ „Àâ‡À¡“– ¡°—∫™π‘¥ ¢Õßæ◊™ ·≈–À≈’°‡≈’ˬ߰“√„™âªÿܬ∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° Ÿà ∫√√¬“°“»„Àâ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥

the salt water will invade on the mainland and in the river, affecting the more saltiness of the soil and lower level of the river, which in turns will impact every issue such as accommodation, agriculture, freshwater supply, fishery, and tourism. It will then do a lot of impact to the countryûs economy.

Alleviation of the impacts To prevent the severe impact on the population of Thailand and the world from the climate change as said, we should cooperate in preserving the permanent state of natural balance according to the following suggestions: ❖ Use natural gas instead of coal and fuel in the production and transportation to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. ❖ Use alternative energy such as solar power, wind, and biomass (vegetation and animal residues) in place of energy from different fuel. ❖ Help preserve existing forestry and revive the substituted forests, reduce deforestation and grow renewable forests. ❖ Study and improve the use of fertilize to suit each type of plant and avoid using fertilizer that causes greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. ❖ Use electricity energy effectively both in business, industrial, and household sectors to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced by burning fuel to

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„™âæ≈—ßß“π‰øøÑ“Õ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ∑—ßÈ „π¿“§∏ÿ√°‘® Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ·≈–§√—«‡√◊Õπ ®–™à«¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘߇æ◊ËÕº≈‘µ°√–· ‰øøÑ “ °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫Õ“§“√„Àâ ¡’ ° “√„™â æ ≈— ß ß“πÕ¬à “ ß¡’ ª√– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ °“√„™â Õÿ ª °√≥å ‰ øøÑ “ ∑’Ë ¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ·≈– §ÿâ¡§à“„π‡™‘ß‡»√…∞°‘® ❖ ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π¥â“π°“√§¡π“§¡ ´÷ËßÕ“®∑”‰¥â ‚¥¬°“√„™â‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¡—¬„À¡à∑¥·∑π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß À√◊Õª√—∫ª√ÿß ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“懧√◊ËÕ߬πµå ‡ªìπµâπ ªí®®ÿ∫—π∑—Ë«‚≈°‰¥â√≥√ß§å ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥ªí≠À“°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´ ‡√◊Õπ°√–®°°—πÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß·≈–®√‘ß®—ß ‚¥¬‰¥â®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√ ª√–™ÿ¡¢Õßµ—«·∑π®“°π“π“™“µ‘ 160 ª√–‡∑» ‡æ◊ËÕÀ“∑“ß ≈¥ªí≠À“‚≈°√âÕπ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 1-10 ∏—𫓧¡ 2540 ∑’˪√–‡∑» ≠’Ë ªÿÉ π ´÷Ë ß ¡µ‘ ¢ Õß∑’Ë ª √–™ÿ ¡ ≈ߧ«“¡‡ÀÁ π «à “ „Àâ ª √–‡∑» Õÿµ “À°√√¡ 39 ª√–‡∑» ≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß µ—Èß·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π®π°√–∑—Ëß∂÷ß™à«ß æ.». 2551-2555 “¡“√∂≈¥ °“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ 5.2% ¢Õß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ °√–®°∑’˪≈àÕ¬ÕÕ°∑—ÈßÀ¡¥„πªï 2533 ‡™àπ ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ·≈– ¡“§¡¬ÿ‚√ª ∂Ÿ°°”Àπ¥„Àâ≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß 6% 7% ·≈– 8% µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ·≈–‰¥â®—¥ ∑”‡ªìπ π∏‘ —≠≠“«à“¥â«¬°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ „Àâ∑ÿ°ª√–‡∑»∂◊ժؑ∫—µ‘ Õ¬à “ ߉√°Á µ “¡°“√≈¥ª√‘ ¡ “≥°ä “ ´‡√◊ Õ π°√–®°∑’Ë °”À𥵓¡ π∏‘ ≠ — ≠“¥—ß°≈à“«π—πÈ ¬—ßπâÕ¬°«à“∑’§Ë «√®–‡ªìπ ¥—ßπ—Èπªí≠À“‚≈°√âÕπÕ—π‡°‘¥®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¬—ߧßÕ¬Ÿà µàÕ‰ª À√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ°«à“‡¥‘¡°ÁÕ“®‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â∂â“∑ÿ°§π¬—߉¡à ‡¢â“„®ªí≠À“·≈–√à«¡·°â‰¢Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß

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produce electricity. The design of the building should concern the effective use of energy. The effective and economic cost based value of electric equipmentûs usage should be employed. ❖ Increase the efficacy in terms of transportation, which can be done through the use of new technology substituting the use of fuel energy or improvement of the effective motor Currently, campaign on the reduction of greenhouse gases emission has been widely and seriously carried out throughout the world. The convention of the international delegates from 160 countries was held to work out the warming globe on 1-10 December 1997 in Japan. The decree of the convention was that the industrialized nations reduced the greenhouse gases emission from now until during 2008-2012 when they should cut down the greenhouse gases emission by 5.2% of the all greenhouse gases emitted in year 1997.

For example, Japan, the United States and EU, they were enforced to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases 6%, 7% and 8% respectively and treaty on cut down of greenhouse gases emission was formed for every country to follow.

However, the reduction amount of greenhouse gases as regulated under the treaty is considered less than it should be. The global warming caused by greenhouse gases, therefore, will be further existed or possibly more if everybody doesnût realize the problem and seriously cooperate.

Reference

1. °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡, ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ, 1. The Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, 2548 Global Warming, 2005 2. IPCC 1995, Summary for Policymakers of 2. IPCC 1995, Summary for Policymakers of working Groups working Groups I, II and III. Herbert Riehl, I, II and III. Herbert Riehl, 1965, Introduction to the 1965, Introduction to the Atmosphere. Robert Atmosphere. Robert G, Fleagle, 1963, An Introduction G, Fleagle, 1963, An Introduction to Atmosphere to Atmosphere Physics.

Physics.

3. Information from the Meteorology Department 3. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ www.tmd.go.th www.tmd.go.th

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“√§¥’À≈—° Main Feature

‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : ¥ÿ…Æ’ ¡—Ëπ¿—°¥’ : π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ by : Dusadee Maanphakdee : Environmentalist

20 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« 20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß

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22/12/05, 6:11 PM

‡¡◊ÕË ‡°‘¥ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ∑”„Àâ ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡Õ‘ “°“»‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ‰ªπ—Èπ ¬àÕ¡¡’º≈µàÕ∑ÿ°™’«‘µ∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°Õ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ ·≈– °√–∑∫‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°‚´à„π√–∫∫𑇫»·µà≈–√–∫∫ °—∫§”°≈à“«∑’Ë«à“ ∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâ Õ ß„Àâ § «“¡ ”§— ≠ µà Õ °“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡Õ‘ “°“» ‡√“µâÕß√Ÿ°â Õà π«à“º≈°√–∑∫Õ–‰√∑’‡Ë °‘¥¢÷πÈ ®“° ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈â« ¡§«√·≈â«À√◊Õ¬—ß∑’˵âÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠ º≈°√–∑∫®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ∑’Ë¡’µàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫π‚≈°∑’Ë æ∫‡ÀÁπ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ¡’∑—Èß°“√∑”≈“¬æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™ °“√∑”≈“¬«‘∂’°“√ ¥”√ß™’ «‘ µ „π ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡ µ≈Õ¥®π°“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ߥ⠓ π ‡°…µ√°√√¡ ·≈–¥â“π —ߧ¡·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß ‡¡◊ÕË ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷πÈ ‡ªìπº≈„Àâ ¿“æÕ“°“»·ª√ª√«π ≈—°…≥– ¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’Ë·ª√ª√«ππ—Èπ°√–∑∫‰ª∑ÿ° à«π∫πº‘«‚≈° √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥â∫àÕ¬Ê „π‡√◊ËÕߢÕ߃¥Ÿ°“≈ ≈¡æ“¬ÿ∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß ·≈– ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’Ë√âÕπ®—¥„π∫“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ πÕ°®“°π’È æ∫«à“ª–°“√—ß∫√‘‡«≥Ωíòß∑–‡≈¥â“πÕà“«‰∑¬·≈– Õ—π¥“¡—π¡’§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬¡’·π«ª–°“√—ß∑’Ë ‡ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡∫√‘‡«≥Õà“«‰∑¬∂÷ß°«à“ 23% ´÷Ëß “‡ÀµÿÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∑”„Àâ ·π«ª–°“√—߇ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡°Á§◊ÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ®“° ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µ—ßÈ Õ¬Ÿ„à π∫√‘‡«≥∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“° ¡√ ÿ¡®“°¡À“ ÿ¡∑√·ª´‘øî°‚¥¬µ√ß ®÷߉¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“° ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà·≈–≈“π’≠à“Õ¬à“ßÀ≈’°‡≈’ˬ߉¡à‰¥â

When global warming occurs, causing the climate change, it definitely has impacts on every creature on earth and also causes a domino effect to each chain in the ecosystem. Considering the statement of why Thailand must take the climate change a priority, we must first know what impacts the global warming has caused and if itûs time for us to make it a top agenda.

The impacts of the global warming on the living things currently observed include the destruction of vegetation, pattern of environmental living, as well as, agricultural, societal, and political changes.

When the globe is warming, it causes the variable climate. The fluctuated climate impacts every part of the globe surface, including Thailand. What mostly seen in Thailand are the seasonal heavy storm and an excessive hot climate in some provinces. Moreover, the coral reefs along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andamanûs coast are increasingly damaged, with up to 23% of the deteriorated coral reef in the Gulf of Thailand. One of the many causes that destroy the coral reefs is the rise of the ocean temperature as a result of global warm-

ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà (EL Nino) ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà (EL Nino) ‡ªìπ§”∑’„Ë ™â‡√’¬°ª√“°Æ°“√≥嵓¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ ∑“ß ¡ÿ∑√»“ µ√å ‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»µ“¡ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈‡Àπ◊Õ ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° ∑”„Àâ°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°∑’ˉÀ≈µ“¡ª°µ‘®“° µ–«—πÕÕ° (∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡Õ°«“¥Õ√å ‡ª√Ÿ ·≈–™‘≈’µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ) ‰ª ¬—ß∑‘»µ–«—πµ°(™“¬ΩíòßÕ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) ‡°‘¥°“√‰À≈¬âÕπ°≈—∫ (°√–· πÈ”®“°∑‘»µ–«—πµ°‰ª¬—ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ°) ¡’º≈„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õßæ◊Èπº‘« ∑–‡≈µ—Èß·µà¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°µÕπ°≈“ß∂÷ß™“¬Ωíòß∑«’ªÕ‡¡√‘°“„µâÕ∫Õÿàπ¢÷Èπ

√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ¿“«–ª°µ‘

El Nino Phenomena EL Nino phenomenon is a term to call natural oceanographic phenomenon due to the changing seasonal climate over the Pacific Ocean, causing the normal flow of the Pacific Ocean current from the East (along the coasts of Peru, Ecuador and northern Chile) to the West (along the coasts of Indonesia and Australia) shift backward (the current flows from the West to the East). Such event leads to the rising sea surface temperature, ranging from the Central Pacific Ocean

√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ¿“«–‡Õ≈π’‚πà ∑’Ë¡“/Source : PMEL/NOAA

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·≈–¬—ßæ∫«à“·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·π«®“°‡¥‘¡ ´÷Ëß ‡¥‘¡π—πÈ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µ—ßÈ Õ¬Ÿ„à π·π«∑’ÕË “°“»Õÿπà ·≈–™◊πÈ ®“°∫√‘‡«≥ ‡ âπ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√∑’Ë¡“ª–∑–°—π ‚¥¬ª°µ‘·π«ª–∑–π’È®–‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—« Õ¬Ÿà„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√–À«à“ß¿“§æ◊Èπ‡Õ‡™’¬µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ·µà ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà∑”„Àâ·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»π’ȇ§≈◊ËÕπ‰ª∑“ß ∑‘»‡Àπ◊Õ¡“°°«à“ª°µ‘ ‚¥¬‡≈¬‡¢â“‰ª„π‡¢µª√–‡∑»®’π ∑”„Àâ Ωπ∑’‡Ë ¥‘¡‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ ®“°·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»π’‰È ¡àµ°„πª√–‡∑» °àÕ„Àâ ‡°‘ ¥ º≈°√–∑∫µà Õ ‡°…µ√°√√¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬à “ ß¡“° ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡°…µ√°√√¡ à«π„À≠à¢Õߪ√–‡∑»µâÕßæ÷Ëßæ“πÈ”Ωπ ®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘

ing. As Thailand is located where monsoons from the Pacific Ocean directly influences, we have unavoidably been affected by the phenomena, El Nino and La Nina.

It has also found out that the frontal system has been changed. Formerly, Thailand is situated in the frontal warm and moist weather from the Equatorial line. Normally such front is moving over the Southeast Asia region but El Nino causes this frontal system to move further to the north more than normal, to the area of China. The rain, which ordinarily used to occur in this front, doesnût fall in the country. It, consequently, poses acute agricultural problem of Thailand, as most of the nationûs farmers rely heavily on natural rainfall.

Many are starting to feel why it is very dry this year and it isnût cold in winter. When itûs summer, the season is quite longer than any other years. That is the result of the climate change, directly affecting all Thai farmers.

Thailand is an agricultural base so it has undoubtedly effects on the overall economy of the country as well. We feel by ourselves that this year pro-

‡π◊ÕË ß®“°‡°‘¥§≈◊πË „µâº«‘ πȔ日擇Փ¡«≈πÈ”Õÿπà ∑’ Ë – ¡Õ¬Ÿ∫à √‘‡«≥·ª´‘ø°î µ–«—πµ°‰ª·∑π∑’πË È”‡¬Áπ∑“ß·ª´‘ø°î µ–«—πÕÕ° (∫√‘‡«≥ ™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡Õ°«“¥Õ√å) °Á®–√«¡‡¢â“°—∫º‘«πÈ” ∑”„À⺑«Àπâ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥π’ÈÕÿàπ¢÷Èπ°«à“ª°µ‘ ·≈–πÈ”Õÿàππ’È®–§àÕ¬Ê ·ºà¢¬“æ◊Èπ∑’ˉª∑“ßµ–«—πµ°∂÷ßµÕπ°≈“ߢÕß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß°√–· πÈ”Õÿàπ®“°√–¥—∫ª°µ‘´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß 50-55 Õß»“ ‡´≈‡´’¬ ‡æ‘¡Ë Ÿß¢÷πÈ ∂÷ß 65 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ àߺ≈„Àâ ß‘Ë ¡’™«’ µ‘ ∑’‰Ë ¡à “¡“√∂ª√—∫µ—«‰¥â µ“¬À√◊ÕµâÕßÕæ¬æ‰ª ∑”„À⧫“¡Õÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ≈¥≈ß·≈–‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„Àâª√‘¡“≥ª≈“∑’®Ë ∫— ‰¥â≈¥≈ß ‡Àµÿ ßà º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√º≈‘µÕ“À“√‡≈’¬È ߪ√–™“°√‚≈°∑—ßÈ ‚¥¬µ√ß·≈–‚¥¬ÕâÕ¡ ·≈–®“°°“√°àÕµ—«¢Õ߇¡¶Ωπ´÷Ëߪ°µ‘®–Õ¬Ÿà∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ªÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ° ®÷ß ∑”„À⇰‘¥Ωπµ°¡“°°«à“ª°µ‘ „π¢≥–∑’Ë·ª´‘øî°µ–«—πµ°´÷Ë߇§¬¡’Ωπ¡“°®–¡’ΩππâÕ¬·≈–‡°‘¥§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß àߺ≈‡ ’¬À“¬µàÕ to the coastline of the South America, to be warmer, because a wave under the water surface blows the warm current at the Pacific West to replace the cool water of the Pacific East (coastline of Ecuador), causing the sea surface around this area to have warmer temperature than normal. The warm current then spreads itself to the West, reaching the center of the Ocean, resulting in the rising temperature of warm current from between 50-55 degree Celsius up to 65 degree Celsius. The warmer temperature than usual causes many living organisms that canût adapt themselves to the changing environment to die or migrate. Consequently, the prolific abundance has diminished and it is a cause of the lower rate of fishery, directly and indirectly affecting the food production 22 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« 20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß

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¿“æ· ¥ß°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑—Ë«‚≈° ∑’Ë¡“ : www.uwsp.edu

This picture illustrates all currents of the ocean around the world Source : www.uwsp.edu

À≈“¬§π‡√‘¡Ë √Ÿ â °÷ «à“∑”‰¡ªïπ·’È Àâß·≈âßπ—° Àπ“«°Á‰¡àÀπ“« ·≈âß°Á¬“«π“π°«à“ªïÕ◊ËπÊ π—Ëπ‡ªìπº≈¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ ¡‘ Õ “°“»∑’Ë à ß º≈‚¥¬µ√ßµà Õ ‡°…µ√°√‰∑¬∑ÿ ° §π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡ªìπª√–‡∑»‡°…µ√°√√¡ ·πàπÕπ¬àÕ¡°àÕªí≠À“ °√–∑∫‰ª∂÷߇»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑»¥â«¬ µ—«‡√“‡Õ߬—ß √Ÿâ ÷°‰¥â‡≈¬«à“ªïπ’È·Àâß·≈âß ·µà≈÷°‰ª°«à“π—Èπ§◊Õ “‡Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ §«“¡™◊πÈ ≈¥≈߇π◊ÕË ß®“°æ“¬ÿÀ¡ÿπ∑’æË “§«“¡™◊πÈ ®“°¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ‡¢â“ Ÿàª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πåµàÕ°“√‡°…µ√¢Õß ª√–‡∑»Õ¬à“ß¡“°≈¥≈ß ‚¥¬ª°µ‘ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈ ®“°æ“¬ÿÀ¡ÿπ‚¥¬‡©≈’¬Ë ª√–¡“≥ 2-3 ≈Ÿ° ‰¥â·°à 擬ÿ¥‡’ ª√ ™—πË æ“¬ÿ‚´π√âÕπ ·≈–擬ÿ„µâΩÿÉπ Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß≈¡¡√ ÿ¡®“°∑–‡≈ ‡À≈à“π’Èπ—∫«à“‡ªìπ·À≈àߧ«“¡™◊Èπ·≈–‡ªìπ·À≈àߪ√‘¡“≥πÈ”Ωπ ∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß

duces quite an arid one. Whatûs behind the scene is what causes the decrease of moisture. The cyclone storm, bringing moist from the Ocean to Thailand and benefiting Thai agriculture, declines. In the normal state, Thailand has received 2-3 cyclones, that is, depression, tropical cyclone and typhoon. The influence of these monsoons is one of the important sources of moisture and rain of Thailand.

And when Thailand becomes drier, the prominent consequential impacts are forest fire, such as, the case of wild fire at Pru-toh-daeng, which is difficult to extinguish, including the wild fire in many areas of the country, such as, Kao Yai National Park and Huay Kha Kaeng

°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡∏—≠æ◊™ ´÷Ë߇ªìπÕ“À“√À≈—°∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–™“°√‚≈° ¥—ßπ—Èπ§«√‡µ√’¬¡√—∫«‘°ƒµ°“√≥åå‡Õ≈π’‚πà ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—𧫓¡ À“¬π–∑“ß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·≈–∑“߇»√…∞°‘®∑’ËÕ“®®–‡°‘¥µàÕ‰ª

ª√“°Æ°“√≥å≈“π’≠à“ (Laniya) ≈“π’≠à“ §◊Õ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’Ë°≈—∫°—π°—∫‡Õ≈π’‚πà °≈à“«§◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥‡ âπ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° °≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¡’§“à µË”°«à“ª°µ‘ ∑—ßÈ π’‡È π◊ÕË ß®“°≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ∑æ’Ë ¥— Õ¬Ÿ‡à ªìπª√–®”„π·ª´‘ø°î ‡¢µ√âÕπ∑“ß´’°‚≈°„µâ (≈–µ‘®¥Ÿ 0-30 Õß»“„µâ) ¡’°”≈—ß·√ß°«à“ª°µ‘ ®÷ßæ—¥æ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∑’ÕË πÿà ®“°·ª´‘ø°î ‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°¡“¡“°¬‘ßË ¢÷πÈ (∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíßò noursishing the worldûs population. Moreover, tropical rains usually centered over the West of the Ocean shift eastward and center, influencing more of rainfalls than usual, while the West Pacific generally, used to have a lot of rainfalls, now yield little rain and produce severe draught, damaging the agricultural production which is a major source of food for the worldûs population. We, therefore, should prepare ourselves to handle El Nino to prevent any environmental and economic disasters that may incur.

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 23 20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß

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·≈–‡¡◊ËÕª√–‡∑»·Àâß·≈âߢ÷Èπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë àߺ≈ ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß¡“Õ¬à“ß ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥ §◊Õ °“√‡°‘¥‰øªÉ“ ‡™àπ °√≥’‰ø‰À¡âªÉ“∑’Ëæ√ÿ‚µä–·¥ß ´÷Ë߬“°·°à°“√¥—∫ √«¡∂÷ß°“√‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â„πÀ≈“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õß ª√–‡∑» ‡™àπ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠à ·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åª“É À⫬¢“·¢âß ∑”„À⇰‘¥¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“» ´÷ßË πÕ°®“°®– ∑”„Àâ§ÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»‡≈«√⓬‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´æ‘…µà“ßÊ ¬—ß°àÕ„Àâ ‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ÿ¢Õπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π„π∫√‘‡«≥„°≈⇧’¬ß ∑’ˇ°‘¥‡Àµÿ¥â«¬ ·≈–¬—ßÕ“® àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ¿“懻√…∞°‘® ™–ß—°ß—π‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘ßË À“°æ◊πÈ ∑’∑Ë ‰’Ë ¥â√∫— º≈°√–∑∫‡ªìπ‡¢µ ∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ‡™àπ ¿Ÿ‡°Áµ À√◊ÕÀ“¥„À≠à ‡ªìπµâπ πÕ°®“°π’¢È Õâ ¡Ÿ≈®“° IPCC æ∫«à“ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡¢‘ Õß‚≈°°”≈—ß ‡æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ‡√Á«°«à“∑’Ë∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬§“¥§‘¥ „πªï §.». 2100 Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ‡©≈’¬Ë Õ“®‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ®“°ªí®®ÿ∫π— √–À«à“ß 1.4 ·≈– 5.8 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬

Wildlife Preservation Region, causing air pollution, which not only worsens the quality of the air because of toxic gases, but also impacts the peopleûs health in the neighboring incidents. It may affect the suspension of economic sentiment, particularly if areas affected are the tourism areas such as Phuket or Had Yai, etc.

Moreover, referring to the information from IPCC, the worldûs temperature is rising more rapidly than what we have estimated. In 2100, the average increase of temperature may range from 1.4 and 5.8 degree Celsius, an approximate 50% increase than expected 5 years ago. The past information has implied that such rise of temperature may cause a dramatic change of ecosystem as it had happened in the Ice age when only 5 degree Celsius of the temperature had occurred.

Additionally, it has been found that the rising temperature not only has effects on vegetation and animals in all continents, it has also caused more than 420 of natural processes to fluctuate and lose the ecosystem balance. This may lead to the epidemic in Thailand due to the genetic change of new disease strains, and new diseases that can grow very quickly in hot climate, such as, dengue hemorrhagic fever, conjunctivitis, and diarrhea, all of which will affect the health of the people as well as the food export

Õ‘ π‚¥π’‡´’¬·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) ∑”„Àâ·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πµ°´÷Ëß·µà‡¥‘¡¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß°«à“∑“ß ·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« °≈—∫¬‘Ëß¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß°«à“∑“ß·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°¡“°¬‘Ëß ¢÷Èπ‰ªÕ’° àߺ≈„π·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°®–¡’§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß¡“°¢÷Èπ ·≈–∑“ß·ª´‘øî°µ–«—πµ°®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥Ωπ¡“°¢÷Èπ‰ªÕ’° ª√“°Ø°“√≥å≈“π’≠à“π’È®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ 5-6 ªïµàÕ§√—Èß ·µà≈–§√—Èß®–°‘π√–¬–‡«≈“π“πª√–¡“≥ 1 ªï ª°µ‘∑“ßµ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘ø°î „µâ„°≈⇠âπ»Ÿπ¬å µŸ √À√◊Õ∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíßò ª√–‡∑»‡ª√Ÿ®–¡’¢∫«π°“√‰À≈¢÷πÈ ¢ÕßπÈ”‡¬Áπ ®“°„µâ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√¢÷Èπ¡“¬—ߺ‘«πÈ” ‡π◊ËÕß®“°≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ∑’Ëæ—¥¢π“πΩíòßºπ«°°—∫°“√À¡ÿπ√Õ∫µ—«‡ÕߢÕß‚≈°º≈—°¥—π „À⺫‘ πÈ”∑–‡≈∑’ÕË πÿà ‰À≈‰ª∑“ßµ–«—πµ°Àà“ßÕÕ°‰ª®“°Ωíßò πÈ”‡¬Áπ¢â“ß≈à“ß´÷ßË Õÿ¥¡¥â«¬∏“µÿÕ“À“√®÷ßæ—¥¢÷πÈ ¡“·∑π∑’Ë (√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) ∫√‘‡«≥

La Nina Phenomena La Nina is the opposite phenomenon of El Nino, that is, the sea surface temperature in the Equator in the Central and Eastern Pacific Ocean is lower than normal because the southwest trade wind that always blows in the tropical Pacific in the southern hemisphere (0-30 south latitude) has more power than normal, thus taking more warm current from the eastern tropical Pacific (along the coast of Indonesia and Australia), causing the western tropical Pacific, formerly having higher temperature of the sea surface than that of the east, to have much higher temperature at the ocean surface and higher sea level than that of the east. As a result, a more severe drought 24 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« 20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß

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Ÿß°«à“∑’˪√–¡“≥°“√‡¡◊ËÕ 5 ªï°àÕπ °«à“√âÕ¬≈– 50 ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ®“°Õ¥’µ∫àß™’«È “à Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡∑‘ ’Ë ßŸ ¢÷πÈ ¢π“¥π’ÕÈ “®∑”„Àâ√–∫∫𑇫» ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧ√—Èß„À≠à ¥—ß∑’ˇ§¬‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß®“°¬ÿ§ πÈ”·¢Á߇¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ‡æ’¬ß 5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’πÕ°®“°π’¬È ß— æ∫«à“ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡∑‘ ’Ë ßŸ ¢÷πÈ πÕ°®“°®–°√–∑∫ µàÕæ◊™·≈– —µ«å„π∑ÿ°∑«’ª·≈â« ¬—ß∑”„Àâ°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß ∏√√¡™“µ‘°«à“ 420 °√–∫«π°“√ «‘ª√‘µ·ª√ª√«π·≈–√–∫∫ 𑇫»‡ ’¬ ¡¥ÿ≈ àߺ≈µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥‚√§√–∫“¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â ‡π◊ÕË ß®“°°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡¢Õ߇™◊ÕÈ ‚√§ “¬æ—π∏ÿ„å À¡à ·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§∑’Ë “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠æ—π∏ÿ剥⥒„π¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»√âÕ𠇙àπ ‚√§‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ° ‚√§µ“·¥ß ·≈–‚√§ÕÀ‘«“µ°‚√§ ´÷ËßπÕ°®“° ®– àߺ≈µàÕ ÿ¢Õπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π·≈â« ¬—ß àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ

business and the investment condition.

The variation of the climate and El Nino and La Nina phenomena, in addition, can cause quite sever draught in some areas of Thailand. From the report on Climate Change 2001 : Impact Adaptation and Vulnerability of more than 700 scientists around the world concluded the impact of global warming, divided into regions, that Asia would experience the rising temperature, draught, deteriorated soil, yielding a very low agriculture production in very hot and severe draught areas, as well as, shortage of water resources for agriculture and industry.

¥—ß°≈à“«π’È®÷߇À¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ ”À√—∫°“√‡®√‘≠æ—π∏ÿå¢Õߪ≈“∑–‡≈ ·µà∫“ߧ√—È߇¡◊ËÕ≈¡π’ÈÕàÕπ°”≈—ß≈ß°«à“ª°µ‘À√◊Õæ—¥°≈—∫∑‘»µ√ߢⓡ ®– àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√日擡«≈πÈ”Õÿàπ‰ª∑“ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ° «π°—∫∑‘»∑“߇¥‘¡·≈–∑”„À⺑«Àπâ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß ~ ª√–‡∑»‡ª√ŸÕÿàπ¢÷Èπ°«à“ª°µ‘ ´÷Ë߇√’¬°ª√“°Ø°“√≥åπ’È«à“‡Õ≈π’‚πà (El Nino) µÕπª≈“¬∑»«√√… 1950 ‰¥â¡°’ “√§âπæ∫«à“ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πࡧ’ «“¡ —¡æ—π∏å·≈–‡™◊ÕË ¡‚¬ßÕ¬à“ß„°≈♥‘ °—∫§«“¡º—π·ª√ ¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ (Southern Oscillation) ‚¥¬‡Õ≈π’‚πà‡ªìπª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ à«π§«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß √–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ‡°‘¥„π∫√√¬“°“» (Nicholl N., 1987) „π™à«ß∑’ˇ°‘¥‡Õ≈π’‚π৫“¡°¥Õ“°“»∑’Ë√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥ µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√µË”°«à“ª°µ‘ ¢≥–∑’˧«“¡°¥Õ“°“»Õ’°ΩíòßÀπ÷ËߢÕß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ (∫√‘‡«≥Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’occurs in the eastern tropical Pacific, while that of the west gets more rainfall. La Nina phenomenon usually takes place 1 time per 5-years and each time lasts about 1 year. Normally, around the east of the South Pacific Ocean near the Equator or near the coastline of Peru, the upwelling current of the cool water underneath the ocean flows to the water surface because of the blow of South East trade wind and the oscillation of the Earth, causing the warm water surface shift to the West away from the coast. The cool water underneath, which is rich in nutrients, then flows in place (Figure 1). Such area is perfect for nourishing and breeding of sea fish. However, sometimes this trade wind weakens and blows to the opposite direction, influencing the oceanic waves to bring warm currents ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 25 20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß

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Õÿ µ “À°√√¡°“√ à ß ÕÕ°º≈‘ µ ¿— ≥ ±å Õ “À“√·≈–¿“«–°“√ ≈ß∑ÿπÕ’°¥â«πÕ°®“°π’È ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡Õ‘ “°“»∑’·Ë ª√ª√«π·≈–ª√“°Æ°“√≥å ‡Õ≈π’‚πà·≈–≈“π’≠à“π’È °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–·Àâß·≈âߧàÕπ¢â“ß √ÿπ·√ß„π∫“ßæ◊πÈ ∑’¢Ë Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°√“¬ß“π™◊ÕË °“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡Õ‘ “°“» 2001 : º≈°√–∑∫°“√ª√—∫µ—« ·≈–§«“¡≈àÕ·À≈¡ (Climate Change 2001: Impact Adaptation and Vulnerability) ¢Õßπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°«à“ 700 §π∑—Ë«‚≈° √ÿªº≈°√–∑∫®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·∫àßµ“¡¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§ µà“ßÊ √–∫ÿ«à“ ‡Õ‡™’¬ ®–¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·Àâß·≈âß ¥‘π‡ ◊ËÕ¡ §ÿ≥¿“æ∑”„Àâº≈º≈‘µ∑“߇°…µ√≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß¡“°„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë √âÕπ·≈–·Àâß·≈âß √«¡∂÷ߢ“¥·§≈π·À≈àßπÈ”‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡°…µ√ ·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ‘Ë ß ‡À≈à “ π’È ‡ ªì π º≈°√–∑∫®“°¡πÿ … ¬å ‡ √“‡Õß∑’Ë °à Õ °ä “ ´ ‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë∑”„Àâ ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡√Õ∫µ—«‡√“°”≈—߇ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¬àÕ¡¡’º≈µàÕ°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ¢Õß∑ÿ°™’«‘µ∫πº‘«‚≈° ´÷Ëß∑’Ë°≈à“« ¡“π’ȇªìπº≈°√–∑∫∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫ ‚¥¬‡√“‡ ’¬§à“„™â®à“„π°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“µà“ßÊ ‡À≈à“π’ÕÈ ¬à“ߪ√–¡“≥¡Ÿ≈§à“‰¡à‰¥â π—πË ‡ªì𧔵Õ∫∑’Ë«à“∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬®÷ßµâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ ªí≠À“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°„π¢≥–π’È ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’¡“µ√°“√„π°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫·≈–≈¥ °“√°à Õ ªí ≠ À“ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡ ‚¥¬≈¥ª√‘ ¡ “≥°“√ª≈à Õ ¬°ä “ ´ ‡√◊Õπ°√–®°´÷ßË ‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À≠à∑∑’Ë ”„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ

These are what human have done; we create greenhouse gases, causing the greenhouse effect, which in return warming the globe. And when the environment surrounding us is on the change, it thus impacts on the livings of every creature on earth. What said earlier is the effect Thailand has been experiencing and we are losing inestimatable amount of money to correct the problems. This is the answer why Thailand must give the current climate change a top priority.

Thailand established measures on lessening the impact and reducing the pollution by reducing the amount of greenhouse gasesû emission, a main cause of the global warming, especially

·≈–µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ¢ÕßÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) Ÿß°«à“ª°µ‘ ≈—°…≥–‡™àππ’È®–‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß·≈–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπæ√âÕ¡Ê °—∫≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ¡’ °”≈—ßÕàÕπ ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ≈¡ΩÉ“¬µ–«—πµ°·∑π∑’Ë ´÷Ëß®–æ—¥æ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∑“ߥâ“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°´÷Ëߪ°µ‘¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß‰ª ¬—ß∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ®“°§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—π‡™àππ’È ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈à“«∂÷߇Õ≈π’‚πà®÷ß¡—°°≈à“«∂÷ߧ«“¡º—π·ª√ ~ Os¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ¥«â ¬ ·≈–√«¡‡√’¬°«à“‡Õπ‚´à ´÷ßË ¡“®“°¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… ENSO ∑’¬Ë Õà ¡“®“° El Nino/Southern cillation ‡Õπ‚´à ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë„™âÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈„π·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√·≈–§«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß√–∫∫ Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ ®÷ßÀ¡“¬§«“¡√«¡∂÷ߪ√“°Ø°“√≥å∑ß—È ‡Õ≈π’‚πà·≈–≈“π’≠“à °≈ÿ¡à π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¡°— „™â§”«à“ ¿“«–Õÿπà ¢Õ߇Õπ‚´à to the east, opposite of the former one and to cause the sea water surface along the coast of Peru warmer than normal. Such phenomenon is called La Nina.

Late 1950ûs El Nino phenomenon was discovered to have close correlation and link with the variations of the climate system in the Southern Oscillation. El Nino is a phenomenon occurring in the ocean while the variations of the climate system in the Southern Oscillation happen in the atmosphere (Nicholl N., 1987). During the El Nino phenomenon, the air pressure at the sea level around the east of Pacific Equator is lower than normal, while its counterpart (in Indonesia and north of Australia) is higher than usual. This characteristic is correlated and happens 26 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« 20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß

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‚¥¬‡©æ“–°ä“´ CO2 ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√ ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡À≈à“π’ȵâÕßÕ“»—§«“¡√à « ¡¡◊ Õ ®“°Õß§å ° √À√◊ Õ Àπ૬ߓπÀ≈“¬ΩÉ“¬ ®“°°“√ ‡®√®“„π√–¥— ∫ π“π“™“µ‘ ·≈– ™–≈Õ°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“·≈– àß ‡ √‘¡°“√ª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â ‡æ◊Ëՙ૬¥Ÿ¥ ´—∫°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å „π°√–∫«π°“√ — ß ‡§√“–Àå · ß ∑ÿ ° §√—È ß ∑’Ë ¡’ ° “√‚§à π ·≈–¡’ ° “√ ‡º“∑”≈“¬µâ π‰¡â ·≈–°”Àπ¥ ¡“µ√∞“π°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å·≈–°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° Õ◊Ë π Ê ®“°·À≈à ß °”‡π‘ ¥ ‚¥‡©æ“–®“°°“√º≈‘µ°√–· ‰øøÑ“ ·≈–®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â¢Õ߇™◊ÕÈ ‡æ≈‘ß ®“°¬“π¬πµå ·≈–≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´ ¡’‡∑π„π∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬≈¥≈–°“√ ∫√‘‚¿§∑’ËøÿÉ¡‡øóÕ¬ √«¡∑—Èß≈¥°“√ „™â ∑ √— æ ¬“°√∑’Ë ® –π”¡“´÷Ë ß °“√ ‡πà“‡ªóòÕ¬ºÿæ—ß ·≈–‡ªìπµâπµÕ„π °“√°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°ä“´¡’‡∑π ·≈–µàÕµâ“π °“√„™â “√´’‡Õø´’ (CFCs) §«√¡’ °“√≈¥ ≈– À√◊ Õ ‡≈‘ ° „™â «— ¥ÿ ∑’Ë ¡’

carbon dioxide (CO2). The reduction of greenhouse gases emission, as a result, requires cooperation from many organizations or agents, the international negotiating conferences, and the suspension of deforestation while promoting forest growing every time the activities of cutting or burning forests exists, in order to absorb carbon dioxide in the photosynthetic process. We impose the criteria on the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the source of generation, especially in the electricity production and the fuel combustion of vehicles, the reduction of the methane amount in the atmosphere by stopping and reducing luxury consumption, including the cut down of the use of resources that are causing decaying process and are the source of methane generated, and ban on using CFCs, which there should reduce, stop, or discontinue materials having CFCs as components such as foam for food packaging and air freshener spray. In stead, more use of renewable energy from the natural, such as, wind energy, solar power energy, natural gases, nuclear power, and tide energy, should be imposed. Also, the effective use of fuel to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere should be enforced. The campaigns on reducing the use of car, the amount of

(ENSO warm event À√◊Õ warm phase of ENSO) „𧫓¡À¡“‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫‡Õ≈π’‚πà‡æ◊ËÕÕ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥ µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√Õÿàπ¢÷Èπº‘¥ª°µ‘ ·≈–„π∑“ß °≈—∫°—π®–„™â§”«à“ ¿“«–‡¬Áπ¢Õ߇Õπ‚´à (ENSO cold event À√◊Õ cold phase of ENSO) „𧫓¡À¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫≈“π’≠à“ ´÷Ëß°Á§◊Õª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’Ë Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡º‘ «‘ πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß·ª´‘ø°î ‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å µŸ √ ‡¬Áπ°«à“ª°µ‘ at the same time of the weakening southeast trade wind, causing the change of the wind; producing the west wind instead of the southeast trade wind. This wind will bring the sea water, usually producing high temperature, from the West of the Pacific Ocean to the center and East of the Ocean. From this correlation, when speaking of El Nino, we usually refer to the variation of the climate system in the Southern Oscillation at the same time, so together they ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 27 20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß

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à«πª√–°Õ∫¢Õß “√´’‡Õø´’ ‡™àπ ‚ø¡∫√√®ÿÕ“À“√ ·≈– ‡ª√¬å πÈ”ÀÕ¡ª√—∫Õ“°“» ·≈–°”Àπ¥„Àâ‡≈◊Õ°„™âæ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π∑’Ë ‡°‘¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘„Àâ¡“°¢÷πÈ ‡™àπ æ≈—ß≈¡ æ≈—ßß“π· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å °ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ æ≈—ßß“π𑫇§≈’¬√å °√–· πÈ” œ≈œ ·≈–°”Àπ¥ „Àℙ⇙◊ÕÈ ‡æ≈‘ßÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡æ◊ÕË ≈¥°“√·æ√à°√–®“¬¢Õß °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π™—πÈ ∫√√¬“°“» ·≈–√≥√ߧå ßà ‡ √‘¡ °“√≈¥„™â√∂¬πµå ·≈–√≥√ߧå≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âª¬ÿÜ ‰π‚µ√‡®π ≈¥ °“√‡º“º≈“≠‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑∂à“π·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥ ª»ÿ —µ«å‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥¢Õ߇ ’¬®“° —µ«å ·≈–°”Àπ¥„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡ æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ ≈¥°“√∑”≈“¬ªÉ“ ∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬µâÕß√à«¡·√ß·¢Áߢ—π™à«¬°—π≈¥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ·≈– ∑’˪√–™“™π “¡“√∂∑”‰¥âßà“¬Ê §◊Õ °“√≈¥°“√„™â ‘ËßøÿÉ¡‡øóÕ‚¥¬‰¡à®”‡ªìπ ≈¥°“√„™â “√‡§¡’ ·≈–„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π„Àâ‡≈◊Õ°„™â “√ °—¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘·∑π Õ“∑‘ ‡ª√¬åπÈ”ÀÕ¡ °Á„™â„∫‡µÀ√◊Õ∂à“π À√◊Õ¥Õ°‰¡â ¥∑’πË ¬‘ ¡ª≈Ÿ°„π∫â“π Õ“∑‘ ¥Õ°·°â« √“µ√’ ≈’≈“«¥’ œ≈œ °Á‰¥â∫√√¬“°“»·∫∫‰∑¬Ê Õ’°·∫∫∑’Ë¥Ÿπà“√—°¥’

nitrogen fertilizer, the burning of coal fuel, the amount of livestock to reduce wastes produced from them should be promoted. And the measures of increase the areas of forestry and reducing deforestation should also be imposed.

Every sector must vigorously cooperate in reducing greenhouse gases and what people can simply do is to reduce the use of unnecessary luxurious things, reduce the use of chemical based products while on the contrary increase the use of natural-extracted products such as use pandan or coal in place of perfuming spray or use fresh flowers that are popular household gardens, such as, orang jessamine, endorphine plumeria, etc., producing a Thai atmosphere, looking cute in a way.

~ are called ENSO, an English abbreviation of El Nino/Southern Oscillation.

ENSO is a term to explain the change of the sea surface temperature in the Pacific Equator and the variations of the climate system in the Southern Oscillation. Consenquently, it gives the comprehensive meaning to both El Nino and La Nina phenomena. A group of scientists usually use ENSO warm event or warm phase of ENSO in the same meaning of EL Nino to explain the unusual warmer sea surface temperature of the central and east of the Pacific Equator, and on the contrary use ENSO cold event or cold phase of ENSO in the same meaning of La Nina, that is, the unusual colder sea surface temperature over the central and east of the Pacific Equator.

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

Reference

1. °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ, 2548 1. Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, 2. http://www.tmd.go.th/knowledge/know_elnino01.html Global Warming, 2005 2. ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π‘‚πà ™ÿ¥ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡, UNEP/GEMs 2. http://www.tmd.go.th/knowledge/know_elnino01.html ‡≈à¡∑’Ë 8,2544 3. El Nino phenomenon, Environment, UNEP/GEMs Volume 8, 2544 28 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« 20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß

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“√§¥’À≈—°

‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß®“°∫∑‚∑√∑—»πå√“¬°“√ ”√«®‚≈°

Main Feature

Edited from the TV Script of World Exploration Program

Õ’°∑ƒ…Ø’Àπ÷Ëß„π°“√∑”π“¬º≈°√–∑∫®“° °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈° Another theory of prediction the impact from the global climate change

¿“æÕ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°°”≈— ß µ°Õ¬Ÿà „ π ¿“«–ªÉ «¬ °“√ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇撬߇≈Á°πâÕ¬Õ“®‡ª≈’ˬπ‚≈°‡√“‰¥â ·≈–∂Ⓡ√“ ¡Õ߇¢â“‰ª„πÕ𓧵 ¿“æÕ“°“»Õ“®‡ª≈’¬Ë π‰ª √Ÿª·∫∫™’«µ‘ ¢Õ߇√“°Á®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª¥â«¬ ·µà¡—π®–‰ª∑“߉Àπ ¿—¬·≈âß∑’Ëπà“ –æ√÷ß°≈—«À√◊ÕÕ𓧵∑’Ë∂Ÿ°·™à·¢ÁßÕ¬Ÿà„𧫓¡À𓫇¬Áπ µÕππ’È‚≈°¢Õ߇√“µâÕß√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ ¿“æÕ“°“»·ª√ª√«π ∑’Ë à ß º≈„Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ §«“¡‡ ’ ¬ À“¬Õ¬à “ ß„À≠à À ≈«ß ‰¡à «à “ ®–‡ªì π Õÿ∑°¿—¬À√◊ÕΩπµ°„À≠à ‰ª®π∂÷ߧ«“¡√âÕπ√–Õÿ·≈–¿—¬·≈âß ‡√“ ‰¡àÕ“®®–Àπ’®“°§«“¡°√“¥‡°√’Ȭ«¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘π’ȉ¥â π—∫·µà ‡√‘Ë¡Õ“√¬∏√√¡ ¿“æÕ“°“»¢Õ߇√“§ß∑’Ë¡“µ≈Õ¥ ·µà∫—¥π’È¡’ À≈—°∞“π∑’™Ë „’È Àâ‡ÀÁπÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π«à“ ¡—π°”≈—߇ª≈’¬Ë π‰ª ‡√“®”‡ªìπ µâÕß√Ÿâ«à“®–‡°‘¥Õ–‰√¢÷Èπ„π«—π¢â“ßÀπâ“ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ 擬ÿ ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π ¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Áß §«“¡‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß„¥§√Õß‚≈° °“√§âπÀ“ §”µÕ∫®÷߇√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π ∂“π∑’Ë∑’ËÀà“߉°≈∑’Ë ÿ¥·ÀàßÀπ÷Ëß„π‚≈° The worldûs climate is being in ailing condition. A little change can trigger the transformation to our world and if we look into the future, despite of the climate change, so does our pattern of life. But which is it leading into; an appalling drought or the freezing future?

Our world is now dealing with the fluctuation of the climate, causing massive catastrophes, ranging from flood or rain to heat and drought. We cannot inevitably avoid the anger of nature. Since the civilization era, our climate has been stable but evidences have clearly shown that it is now changing. As a result, we must know what will happen in the future; global warming, hurricanes, ice age, which transformation conquers the world, the exploration. The answer to this question starts ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 29 29-32/À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈°

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∫π¬Õ¥‡¢“‡¡“πà“‚≈Õ“ (Mauna Loa) Œ“«“¬ Õ“°“»∑’Ëπ—Ëπ –Õ“¥·≈–∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï ‰°≈Àà“ß®“°¡≈¿“«–Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ∑’Ëπ’˧◊Õ ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë®–µ√«®«—¥Õ“°“» ‡¡◊ËÕ 20 ªï°àÕπ ‡√“‰¥âµ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß¿—¬®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕ𠇪ì π §√—È ß ·√° ∑ÿ ° Ê ªï √— ∞ ∫“≈µà “ ßÊ „π‚≈°„™â ‡ ß‘ π °«à “ 4 æ—π≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”𓬠¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¥“«‡∑’¬¡ ∑’Ë “¡“√∂∫Õ°∂÷ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π∑–‡≈·≈–™“¬À“¥ ∑ÿ°·Ààß„π‚≈° ·µà∑«à“Õÿª°√≥åµà“ßÊ ¡“°¡“¬°≈—∫欓°√≥å Õ“°“»≈à«ßÀπⓉ¥â‡æ’¬ß‰¡à°«’Ë π— ¿“«–¢Õß‚≈°¿“¬„π√–¬– 100 ªï¢â“ßÀπâ“À√◊Շ撬߷§à 20 ªï ®÷߬—ߧ߇ªìπª√‘»π“ ¿“æÕ“°“»π—Èπ¡’µ—«·ª√Õ—πÀ≈“°À≈“¬ ´—∫´âÕπ‡°‘π °«à“®–欓°√≥剥ⷡà𬔷µà«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å°”≈—ß欓¬“¡∑”π“¥â«¬°“√∑”·∫∫®”≈ÕߢÕß ¿“æÕ“°“»Õ—π´—∫´âÕπ ·≈–º≈ √ÿª§◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 1.5 Õß»“ „πÕ’° 100 ªï¢â“ßÀπâ“ Õ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π ¡—πÕ“®øíߥŸ‡À¡◊Õπ‰¡à√⓬·√ß ·µàÕ—π∑’Ë®√‘ßπ’˧◊Õ Ÿ µ √ ”‡√Á ® ¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ß„π∑“߇≈«√â “ ¬ °“√ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑’Ë¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ«à“®–‡√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ·≈â« ·µà¬—ß¡’ ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë ∫—π∑÷° ¿“æÕ“°“»‡Õ“‰«â ∑ÿ ° ªï ¡ “π“ππ— ∫ æ— π ªï · ≈â « ‘Ë ß ∑’Ë ·¢Áß·°√àß·≈–«“ß„®‰¥â ´÷ßË ∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥â∫π— ∑÷° ¿“æÕ“°“»‡Õ“‰«â ¿“¬„µâ‡ª≈◊Õ°¢Õßµâπ‰¡â‚∫√“≥ §◊Õ∫—π∑÷°¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“» „πÕ¥’ µ ∑’Ë · ¡à 𠬔 ¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ „π«ßªï ¢ Õßµâ π‰¡â ™à « ¬„Àâ ‡ √“‡ªî ¥ Àπ⓵à“߉ª Ÿàª√‘»π“„πÕ¥’µ‡¡◊ËÕ 8 æ—πªï°àÕπ „π«ßªïÀ≈“¬Ê ¢π“¥‰¥â ‘Ëß∑’Ëæ«°‡¢“¡ÕßÀ“§◊Õ «ßªï∑’Ë·§∫ ´÷Ë߫ߪï∑’Ë·§∫ · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“‡ªìπªï∑’Ë·Àâß·≈âß ¬‘Ë߫ߪ﷧∫‡∑à“‰√ ¿—¬·≈â߬‘Ëß √ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ °“√∑”𓬠¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬«ßªïπ—Èπ§àÕπ¢â“ß®– ·πàπÕπ à«πªí®®—¬∑’ºË ≈—°¥—π„Àâ ¿“æÕ“°“»‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ßπ—πË °Á§Õ◊ ¡≈¿“«– ≈–ÕÕßπÈ”®“°∑–‡≈ ≈–ÕÕß¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø ·≈–§«—π‰Õ‡ ’∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß®–¢÷Èπ‰ªÕ¬Ÿà∫π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»®–‰ªµ‘¥Õ¬Ÿà„πÀ‘¡–∑’Ë µ°∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«‚≈° ¡—π®–°≈“¬‡ªìππÈ”·¢Áß µ°≈ß¡“∑—∫∂¡´âÕπ °—π‰ª∑ÿ°ªï ™—ÈππÈ”·¢Áßµà“ßÊ ®÷ß°≈“¬‡ªìπ·À≈àߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë摇»… ΩÿÉπ·≈– “√‡§¡’µà“ßÊ „ππÈ”·¢Áß ‡º¬«à“‚≈°‡√“µ°Õ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâ πÈ”·¢ÁßÕ“¬ÿÀ≈“¬æ—πªï πÈ”·¢Áß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß™à«ß‡«≈“·™à·¢Áß §√—Èß„À≠൓¡¥â«¬™à«ß‡«≈“Õ∫Õÿàπ‡æ’¬ß√–¬– —ÈπÊ ∂Ⓡ√“°≈—Ëπ ‡ âπ‡«≈“‡ âπ·√° ·≈â«æ‘®“√≥“¬âÕπ°≈—∫‰ª‚¥¬„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·°π πÈ”·¢Áß ‡√“®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ°“√·™à·¢Áߧ√—Èß√⓬·√ß ·≈–¬—߇ÀÁπ™à«ß ‡«≈“Õ∫Õÿàπ√–¬– —ÈπÊ ‚≈°¢Õ߇√“ ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ‡¡◊ËÕ∑«’ª·¬°®“°°—π ·≈–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ ‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“ Õ’°∑—ßÈ ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√„À¡àÕπ— °«â“ß„À≠àπ∫— ®“°π—πÈ ¡“ ¬ÿ§ πÈ”·¢Áß°Á‡√‘¡Ë ‡°‘¥·≈–À“¬‰ªÕ¬Ÿ‡à π◊ÕßÊ ¬“¡∑’‚Ë ≈°‚§®√√Õ∫¥«ß Õ“∑‘µ¬å «ß‚§®√¢Õß‚≈°∑”„Àâ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡°‘¥πÈ”¢÷Èπ·≈–πÈ”≈ß ¡— 𠇪ì π °ÿ ≠ ·® ”§— ≠ „π°“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ß ¿“æÕ“°“» ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑ÿ°·Ààß„π‚≈°≈â«π‡™◊ËÕ¡µàÕ°—π¥â«¬°√–· πÈ”À≈—°

in one of the most remote areas of the world, up in the mountainûs top, Mauna Loa, Hawaii where only clean and pure air are existing, away from the industrialization, which is a perfect place for the measurement of the air.

The last 20 years made us first aware of disasters caused by global warming. The governments all over the world have spent more than $ 4 billion to predict the climate condition, using satellite technology, which can exactly tell the temperature of all the sea and beach in the world. However, many of the equipment are able to predict the weather only a few days in advance. The worldûs conditions within the next 100 or just 20 years are still mystery to us.

There are many variables involved in the prediction of the climate condition, too complex to produce accurate prediction. However, scientists have been trying to make the complex climate simulations and the conclusion is an obvious increase of 1.5 C within the next 100 years may not sound precarious but this is the fixed formula of the worse change, the change that seems to have already started. However, there is one thing that has recorded the climate condition for thousands of years, the strong and trusting that the nature has recorded underneath the bark of ancient trees, which is the accurate record of aged climate condition. The data of the annual ring of the trees open up the window to the puzzle in the last 8,000

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special source of information. Dust and chemical substances inside the ice reveal that our world has been underneath the ice for thousands of years.

The ice shows the long period of freezing followed by a short period of warmth. If we produce the first time line and think back by using the information of iceûs stem, we will see the intense freezing time and a short period of warmth.

Our world was originated when the two continents split apart and formed the mountain range as well as the massive vast of oceans. Since then the ice age formed on and off. When the earth orbits around the sun, the orbit path cause the ocean to produce high and low tide, a main key of climate change. One major current connects every ocean in the world.

This current brings warm seawater to the polar. And when the seawater is highly condensed, it will dip. The dipped seawater is a pump, a force behind the whole system, making the circulatory water from the Atlantic to the Pacific and vice versa. As long as the current is circulating, the weather is warm. However, once it stops, the ice age returns based on the model of evidence. It can predict historically that what will happen next. The signs, from the ice stem, the tree, the fossils at the bottom of the sea, shows that we are gradually entering the ice age again and the cooling of the world will occur in the next 3,000 years.

New evidence shows that the change might come into place faster.

The climate is in crisis around the globe. The people are waiting desperately, when their life has been destroyed by the weather never before experienced. While one continent is encountering the disaster of storm, the other is facing the drought catastrophe. The weather condition of the world is on the change by greenhouse effects and deforestation created by man made. It is the first in the history that human changes the climate balance by his/her own hand.

The rise of temperature causes the currentûs circulation to be suspended.

The global warming melts the polar ices, diluting the seawater flowing into the north polar. Without the warm current circulation throughout the world, the circulation of the current in the ocean stops, leading to the expansion of ice pole. The evidence shows that the world is warmer and will suddenly be frozen.

Today, the world is experiencing the warming condition and it may lead to the freezing condition of the world again. If the history has repeated itself, what will the future of the world be underneath the ice?

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß/Reference : www.nextstep.co.th 32 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« 29-32/À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈°

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Àπ÷Ëß°√–· °√–· π’Èπ”‡Õ“πÈ”‡§Á¡Õ∫Õÿàπ‰ª¬—ߢ—È«‚≈° ´÷Ë߇¡◊ËÕ πÈ”Àπ“·πàπ¢÷Èπ°Á®–®¡≈ß πÈ”‡§Á¡∑’Ë®¡≈ßπ’ȧ◊Õªíö¡∑’˺≈—°¥—π∑—Èß √–∫∫ ∑”„ÀâπÈ”‰À≈‡«’¬π®“°·Õµ·≈𵑰‰ª®π∂÷ß·ª´‘øî° ·≈–°≈—∫¡“Õ’°§√—Èß µ√“∫„¥∑’Ë°√–· πÈ”¬—߉À≈‡«’¬π ¿“æ Õ“°“»°Á¬—ߧßÕ∫Õÿàπ∂â“¡—πÀ¬ÿ¥ ¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Áß®–‡√‘Ë¡Õ’°§√—Èß®“° √Ÿª·∫∫À≈—°∞“π∑“ߪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å “¡“√∂∑”𓬉¥â«à“®– ‡°‘¥Õ–‰√¢÷ÈπµàÕ‰ª —≠≠“≥µà“ßÊ ®“°·°ππÈ”·¢Áß ®“°µâπ‰¡â ®“°øÕ ´‘≈„π°âπ∑–‡≈ · ¥ß«à“‡√“°”≈—ß®–§àÕ¬Ê °â“«‡¢â“ Ÿà ¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢ÁßÕ’°§√—ßÈ ·≈–°“√‡¬Áπ≈ߢÕß‚≈°®–‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ ¿“¬„πÕ’° 3 æ—πªï¢“â ßÀπâ“ À≈—°∞“π„À¡à· ¥ß«à“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â‡√Á« °«à“π—Èπ Õ“°“»°”≈—ß«‘°ƒµ‘∑—Ë«‚≈° ºŸâ§π‡ΩÑ“¡ÕßÕ¬à“ß ‘ÈπÀ«—ß ¬“¡∑’Ë™’«‘µ¢Õßæ«°‡¢“∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬¥â«¬ ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’ˉ¡à‡§æ∫‡ÀÁπ¡“°àÕπ ¢≥–∑’∫Ë π∑«’ªÀπ÷ßË ¡’¿¬— ∑’‡Ë °‘¥®“°æ“¬ÿ ·µà∫π ∑«’ªÕ’°·Àà߇°‘¥¿—¬·≈âß ¿“æÕ“°“»„π‚≈°°”≈—߇ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ªØ‘°√‘ ¬‘ “‡√◊Õπ°√–®°®“°Ωï¡Õ◊ ¡πÿ…¬å·≈–°“√∑”≈“¬ªÉ“ π—∫‡ªìπ §√—È ß ·√°„πª√–«— µ‘ » “ µ√å ∑’Ë ¡ πÿ … ¬å ‡ ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ß ¡¥ÿ ≈ ¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬¡◊Õ¢Õßµ—«‡Õß °“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ∑”„Àâ°“√‰À≈‡«’¬π¢Õß°√–· πÈ” À¬ÿ¥™–ß—° ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷πÈ ∑”„ÀâπÈ”·¢Áߢ—«È ‚≈°≈–≈“¬ ∑”„ÀâπÈ”‡§Á¡ ∑’ˉÀ≈¡“∂÷ߢ—È«‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ‡®◊Õ®“ß °“√‰À≈‡«’¬π¢Õß°√–· πÈ” „π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√À¬ÿ¥∑”ß“π≈߇¡◊ËÕª√“»®“°πÈ”Õÿàπ‰À≈‡«’¬π‰ª ∑—Ë«‚≈° ¢—È«πÈ”·¢Áß®÷ߢ¬“¬µ—« À≈—°∞“π· ¥ß«à“‚≈°∑’Ë√âÕπ¢÷Èπ ·≈–®–∂Ÿ°·™à·¢ÁßÕ¬à“ß°–∑—πÀ—π «—ππ’È‚≈°¢Õ߇√“‡°‘¥¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈–Õ“®π”‰ª Ÿà ¿“«–‚≈°·™à·¢ÁßÕ’°§√—Èß ·µà∂⓪√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å°≈—∫¡“´È” √Õ¬‡¥‘¡ ‚≈°¢Õß«—πæ√ÿàßπ’È®–‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√¿“¬„µâπÈ”·¢Áß

years. With the annual rings of many sizes, what they are looking for is the narrow annual ring, representing the symbol of drought year. The narrower the annual ring is, the more sever is the drought. The prediction of climate condition using the annual ring produces quite accurate information.

The forcing factors of the climate change are pollution, sea vapor, dust from volcano, and toxic smoke.

All of these will drift into the atmosphere, trapped in the snow falling in the polar areas, and then becoming ice accumulated year by year. Each layer of ice then is a

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21/12/05, 3:36 PM

“√§¥’À≈—° Main Feature

‚¥¬ : §√√™‘µ ªîµ–°“ by : Kanchit Pitaka

¢π¡‰∑¬... ¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’ˉ√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Thai Desserts... Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment ‡¡◊ÕË ∂÷߇∑»°“≈ß“πµà“ßÊ À√◊Õ„π‚Õ°“ ”§—≠Ê À≈“¬§π §ßµâ Õ ß‡µ√’ ¬ ¡À“¢Õߢ«— ≠‰ª¡Õ∫„Àâ · °à § π∑’Ë √— ° À√◊ Õ §π∑’Ë ‡§“√æπ—∫∂◊Õ ¬‘ËßµÕππ’ÈÕ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß‡∑»°“≈ªï„À¡à °Á‡≈¬Õ¬“° ·π–π”¢Õߢ«—≠Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ßË ∑’πË “à ®–´◊ÕÈ À“‰ª¡Õ∫„Àâ°π— π—πË °Á§Õ◊ ¢π¡‰∑¢π¡‰∑¬¡’§Ÿà‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬¡“µ—Èß·µà§√—Èß‚∫√“≥°“≈ ∑—Èß∑’ˇªìπ ¢π¡‰∑¬¥—ßÈ ‡¥‘¡·≈–¢π¡∑’√Ë ∫— ¡“®“°µà“ß™“µ‘¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“™â“π“π ®π°≈◊π°≈“¬‡ªìπ¢π¡¢Õ߉∑¬¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å ¢π¡‰∑·µà≈–™π‘¥πÕ°®“°®–¡’§«“¡ «¬ß“¡®π∂÷ߢ—Èπ«‘®‘µ√æ‘ ¥“√ ·≈â« ™◊ÕË ¢Õß¢π¡¬—ß∫àß∫Õ°∂÷ߧÿ≥§à“·≈–§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑“ß∑’¥Ë ’ ·≈–‡ªìπ ‘√‘¡ß§≈ ´÷Ë߇ªì𧫓¡™à“ߧ‘¥¢Õߧπ‰∑¬‚∫√“≥‡ªìπ Õ¬à“߬‘ßË ¢π¡∑’¡Ë §’ ”«à“ ç∑Õßé π”Àπâ“ ‡™àπ ∑ÕßÀ¬‘∫ ∑ÕßÀ¬Õ¥ ΩÕ¬∑Õß ∑Õß¡â«π œ≈œ ≈â«π‡ªìπ™◊ÕË Õ—π‡ªìπ¡ß§≈·°àº∑Ÿâ ‰’Ë ¥â√∫— ‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ªï„À¡à ‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ§”Õ«¬æ√∑’Ë·Ωߧ«“¡À¡“„π¢π¡„Àâ¡’·µà§«“¡√ÿà߇√◊Õß„π™’«‘µµ≈Õ¥‰ª ™◊Ë Õ ¢ Õ ß ¢ π ¡‰∑¬‚¥à « π„À≠à · ≈â « ‡ªì π ™◊Ë Õ ∑’Ë ¥’ · ≈ – ‡ ªì π ¡ ß § ≈ ∑—È ß ‘È π ¢π¡‰∑¬∫“ß™π‘¥πÕ°®“° ®–¡’™Õ◊Ë ‡ªìπ¡ß§≈ ¬—ß· ¥ß ∂÷ߧ«“¡ Ÿß àß·≈–Õ≈—ß°“√ ‡™àπ ¢π¡®à“¡ß°ÿÆ ¢π¡ ∫—«≈Õ¬ ·¡â™◊ËÕ®–‰¡à „ ™à »— æ ∑å · ß«‘ ®‘ µ √ ·µà °Á

Once the arrival of festivals or occasions, many of you are looking for buying gifts for the beloved or respected ones. As especially now itûs a New Year festival, Iûd like to advise a gift for others, that is, Thai dessert.

Thai desserts, both the original and the long-timeforeign-adapted ones, have been around in Thailand since the ancient times. Each of Thai dessert not only represents exquisite beauty, but its name also represents value and positive meaning and fortune, expressing the great thinker of the ancient Thais. Dessert with the name beginning with çTHONG,é such as Thong Yib, Thong Yord, Foi Thong, Thong Maun, etc., all of which their names bring lucks to those who receive them as a New Year gift; its name is representing a greeting with hidden meaning for forever prosperity.

The name of the Thai desserts mostly has good names and fortunate meaning. Some of the Thai desserts not only contain lucky name, but they also represent the nobility and greatness such as Ja-Mongkut dessert. Bualoy dessert, despite of its plain

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∑”„Àâπ÷°∂÷ߥհ∫—«∑’Ë≈Õ¬Õ¬Ÿà‡Àπ◊ÕπÈ” ‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬¢Õß §«“¡ «à“ß∑“ߪí≠≠“ °“√„Àâ¢π¡‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ªï„À¡à°‡Á À¡◊Õπ„Àâ ß‘Ë ¢ÕßÕ¬à“ßÕ◊πË §◊Õ µâÕß√Ÿ«â “à ºŸ∑â ‰’Ë ¥â√∫— ™Õ∫¢π¡™π‘¥‰Àπ ´÷ßË ∂Ⓡªìπ§π∑’ Ë π‘∑ π¡ °—π°Á‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕßßà“¬ à«π§π∑’ˉ¡à π‘∑ π¡ °Á‰¡à¬“°π—° ∂â“°≈â“ ∑’Ë®–∂“¡®“°§π„°≈♑¥°àÕπ‡≈◊Õ°´◊ÈÕ ·µàÀ“°‰¡à·πà„® „Àâ‡≈◊Õ° ¢π¡À≈“¬Ê ™π‘¥√«¡°—π‰ª·≈–‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡∑’‡Ë ªìπ°≈“ßÊ §◊Õ ‰¡à À«“π¡—π®—¥ ∂â“À“°®–‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë¥’·ΩßÕ¬Ÿà ”À√—∫ ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ëπ—∫∂◊ÕÀ√◊Õ‡§“√æ ´÷ËßÕ“®®–„ à√«¡‰ª°—∫¢π¡™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ §≈–°—π æ√âÕ¡°“√奧”Õ«¬æ√∑’Ë‚¬ß∂÷ß™◊ËÕ¢π¡Õ—π‡ªìπ¡ß§≈ π—Èπ°Á®–¥Ÿπà“ª√–∑—∫„®‰¡àπâÕ¬∑’‡¥’¬« ¢π¡∑’Ë¡Õ∫„À⧫√‡ªìπ¢π¡·Àâß®–‡À¡“–°«à“ Õ“®®–¡’ ¢π¡™π‘¥‡ªï¬°∫â“ß ∑—Èßπ’È¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ºŸâ√—∫¥â«¬ ·µà§«√®–¡’¢π¡∑’Ë “¡“√∂‡°Á∫‰«â∑“π‰¥âÀ≈“¬«—π¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–¢π¡∫“ß™π‘¥∂â“ ∑“π™â“À√◊Õ∑“π‰¡àÀ¡¥ Õ“®®–‡πà“‡ ’¬∑‘È߉ª‡ª≈à“Ê °“√‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ §«√¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬ ∑—Èß „π‡√◊ÕË ß√ ™“µ‘·≈–§«“¡ «¬ß“¡ ‡√’¬°«à“§«√æ‘∂æ’ ∂‘ π— ‡ªìπ摇»… Õ—π· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡µ—Èß„®¡Õ∫„À⺟â√—∫¥â«¬§«“¡Õ“∑√·≈–§«“¡ ‡§“√æπ—∫∂◊Õ ‡¡◊ÕË ‡≈◊Õ°‰¥â¢π¡ «¬Ê πà“∑“π‰¥âÀ≈“¬™π‘¥·≈â« §«√À“ ¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ „ Àâ ¡‘ ¥ ™‘ ¥´÷Ë ß ¢÷È π Õ¬Ÿà °— ∫ ™π‘ ¥¢Õߢπ¡¥â « ¬ ¢π¡ ∫“ß™π‘¥Õ“®®–µâÕß„ à„π‚À≈·°â« ‚¥¬®—¥‡√’¬ß≈ß„π‚À≈Õ¬à“ß ‡ªìπ√–‡∫’¬∫ ‰¡à„™à‡∑À√◊Õ¬—¥≈߉ª ∑”„À⥟‰¡àß“¡µ“ ∫“ß™π‘¥ µâÕß∫√√®ÿ„π∂“¥·°â« À√◊Õ°≈àÕß·°â« ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⺟â√—∫ “¡“√∂π”

name, yet reminds of a lotus floating on top of the water surface, a sign of enlightenment.

The giving of Thai dessert as New Year present is similar to giving other types of presents, that is, which type of dessert the receiver like. If the receiver is close person, itûs easy to find out. However, it may not be that difficult if you dare to ask from those who are close to him/her. If you are uncertain, pick many kinds of desserts together and choose the kinds that have mild taste, that is, not too sweet.

If you are to choose the desserts with lucky names for the respected or honored person, they might be combined with other kinds along with a greeting card linked to the fortunate name of the dessert. This may be quite impressive.

The desserts should be the dry type mixed with the wet ones, depending on whom the recipient is.

However, there should be some kinds that can be kept for many days because some dessert, if not eaten all up, may be thrown away and rotten.

To choose the dessert as a gift should produce a variety, both in terms of taste and beauty, which is called special delicacy, expressing your willing to give to the receiver with thoughtfulness and respect.

Once you have bought many of beautiful sweets, a tight lid container should be used, which is depending on the type of dessert.

Some dessert may be kept in a glass container, lining orderly

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¿“™π–°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à‰¥â ‰¡à§«√∫√√®ÿ„π°≈àÕßæ≈“ µ‘°‡æ√“– ‡¡◊ÕË „™â‡ √Á®°Á‚¬π∑‘ßÈ °≈“¬‡ªìπ¿“√–¢Õß —ߧ¡‰ªÕ’° ‡ √Á®·≈â« ºŸ°¥â«¬√‘∫∫‘Èπ ’ ¥„ À√◊Õ∂â“®–„À⇰㵓¡°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…å «—≤π∏√√¡‰∑¬ °Á∫√√®ß‡¬Á∫°√–∑ß·∫∫ «¬ß“¡¡’™—Èπ‡™‘ßµ“¡ °“√®—¥Õ¬à“߉∑¬‚∫√“≥°Á “¡“√∂ √â“ߧÿ≥§à“¢Õߢπ¡‰∑¬∑’Ë ∑à“π®–𔉪Ω“°ºŸÀâ ≈—°ºŸ„â À≠à‰¥â·≈â« ®“°π—πÈ °Á∫√√®ÿ„ à°√–‡™â“ À√◊Õµ–°√â“À«“¬À√◊Õ‰¡â‰ºà¢π“¥æÕ‡À¡“– ·≈â«„™â√‘∫∫‘È𧓥 À√◊ÕºŸ°∑’ËÀŸÕ’°∑’Àπ÷Ë߇∑à“π’È∑à“π°Á‰¥â¢ÕßΩ“°∑’Ë “¡“√∂π”°≈—∫ ‰ª„™â‰¥â∑ÿ° à«π·≈–‰¡à‡À≈◊Õ´“°¢¬–„À⇪ìπ¿“√–¢Õß —ߧ¡ µàÕ‰ª À“°¿“¬„πµ–°√â“À√◊Õ°√–‡™â“¬—ßæÕ¡’∑’Ë«à“ß Õ“®®–¡’ Àπ—ß ◊Õ¥’Ê „Àâ§≥ ÿ §à“∑“ߪí≠≠“ —° 1-2 ‡≈à¡„ à≈߉ª ‡ªìπ°“√ ¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠∑’‡Ë ªìπÕ“À“√∫”√ÿ߇≈’¬È ß√à“ß°“¬·≈–Õ“À“√∫”√ÿß ‡≈’È¬ß ¡Õߥ⫬ ‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æÕ’°‡∑à“µ—« ‡¡◊ËÕ¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ·°à°—π‡π◊ËÕß„π«—πªï„À¡à “°≈¥â«¬

inside the container, not throwing or stuffing, producing unpleasant image. Some may be stored on the glass tray or box for the receiver to reuse the container.

They shouldnût be put in the plastic box because once eaten, the plastic box will be thrown away, causing societal burden in another way. When done packing, a colorful-colored-ribbon tied around it would be nice, or if you want something cool as the Thai conservative trend, making a delicate banana leaves vessel using the traditional Thai arrangement can add value to the Thai dessert you are giving to the superior. Later arrange them in a right size of basket or rattan or bamboo basket and tie ribbon at one handle and at another.

You will then have a gift of which its part can be reused and no residues left to be the burden of society any longer.

If there is some room left inside the basket, one or two good books for intellectual enhancement might be good. Itûs a gift that is nourishing your health and your brain at the same time; it is called double gift.

When giving the present with Thai dessert for the occasion of international New Year, the Thai people should not forget the Thai New Year or çSongkran Festival,é an end of the year festival, starting on the 14th night of solar eclipse in the 4th month, the ancient people considered it as an end to the old year and marked it as an inherited tradition until now.

As the Thai New Year is in mid April, a summer season, the present given should be dry desserts and if the recipient doesnût live too far and itûs convenient for the giver to deliver, a cool dessert can be added or just only cool one is enough.

The cool Thai dessert includes Thai melon, a ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 35

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¢π¡‰∑¬·≈â « §π‰∑¬°Á ‰ ¡à § «√≈◊ ¡ ªï „ À¡à ‰ ∑¬ À√◊ Õ çµ√ÿ … ß°√“πµåé ´÷ßË ‡ªìπ‡∑»°“≈ ‘πÈ ªï ‡√‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ „π«—π·√¡ 14 §Ë” ‡¥◊Õπ 4 §π„π ¡—¬‚∫√“≥∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ«—π ‘Èπªï‡°à“·≈–‰¥â¬÷¥∂◊Õ‡ªìπ ª√–‡æ≥’ ◊∫∑Õ¥°—π¡“®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π ªï„À¡à‰∑¬Õ¬Ÿ„à π™à«ß°≈“߇¥◊Õπ‡¡…“¬π ‡ªìπƒ¥Ÿ√Õâ 𠧫√ ®–¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠‡ªìπ¢π¡·Àâß ·≈–∂â“À“°ºŸâ√—∫Õ¬Ÿà‰¡à‰°≈π—° ·≈–ºŸâ„Àâ “¡“√∂𔉪„À≥⠖¥«° Õ“®®–¡’¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ ‡æ‘Ë¡ ‡¢â“‰ª À√◊Õ„À⇪ìπ¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ Õ¬à“߇¥’¬«°Á‰¥â ¢π¡‰∑¬∑’ˇªìπ¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ ‰¥â·°à ·µß‰∑¬ ‡ªìπº≈‰¡â‰∑∑’Ë¡’‡π◊ÈÕπÿà¡ÀÕ¡À«“ππà“°‘π ·§à°‘π‡ª≈à“Ê ¬—ßÕ√àÕ¬™◊Ëπ„® ∂â“ ∑”‡ªìπ°–∑‘·µß‰∑¬¬‘ßË À«“πÕ√àÕ¬®—∫„® ≈Ÿ°µ“≈≈Õ¬·°â« °Á‡ªìπ ¢ÕßÀ«“π·∫∫‰∑¬·∑â∑’ËÀ«“π©Ë”„®Õ’°·∫∫Àπ÷Ëß µâ¡√“°∫—« „ àπÈ”µ“≈∑√“¬·¥ß°ÁÕ√àÕ¬πà“∑“π πÈ”µ“≈∑√“¬·¥ß®–¡’√ À«“π·∫∫∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈–‰¡à¡‚’ ∑…‡À¡◊ÕππÈ”µ“≈øÕ°¢“« ´÷ßË ¡’ ·µà “√‡§¡’ πÈ”√“°∫—«„ àπÈ”·¢Áߥ◊Ë¡™◊Ëπ„®·≈–„Àâª√–‚¬™πåµàÕ √à“ß°“§π‰∑¬‡√“πà“®– √â“ߧà“π‘¬¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß§«“¡‡ªìπ‰∑¥â«¬°“√¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ·°à°π— ‡π◊ÕË ß„πªï„À¡à‰∑¬¥â«¬¢π¡‰∑°—π¥Ÿ∫“â ß ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“™“µ‘‰∑¬‡√“¡’‡Õ°≈—°…≥凪ìπ¢Õß µ—«‡Õß¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“™â“π“π·≈â« ¥—ßπ—Èπ „πªï„À¡à‰∑¬À√◊Õµ√ÿ… ß°√“πµå∑’Ë®–‡«’¬π ¡“∂÷ßÕ’°«“√–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ‚Õ°“ 摇»…∑’˧π‰∑¬§«√®–¡Õ∫ ¢π¡‰∑¬‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ · °à °— 𠇪ìπ°“√· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡ √—°„§√à π‘∑ π¡·≈–§‘¥∂÷ß°—π¥â«¬§«“¡‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ“∑√

Thai fruit containing soft, delicious meat, eaten it producing a fresh feeling. If it is made into melon-coconut milk dessert, it is even more delicious. Sugar palm in syrup is an authentic Thai dessert, very luscious to the heart. It can be boiled with red sugar, producing a quite delicious dessert as well. The red sugar gives natural sweet and is not so harmful as the bleached white sugar, containing only chemical substances. The iced lotus root drink is a refreshing and healthy drink for the body.

The Thai people should create value to express the Thai characteristics by giving the present on New Year day with the Thai dessert, to show that the Thai nation has its own uniqueness for a long time.

Therefore, the Thai New Year or Songkran that is coming another round marks another special occasion for the Thai people to give the Thai dessert as present for each other, a representative of love, friendship, and thoughtfulness.

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®—∫‡¢à“§ÿInterview

‚¥¬ : °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ by : Editorial Board

—¡¿“…≥å ¡ÿ¡¡Õß™“«∫â“πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ Interview the Perspective of the Villagers´ in the North

∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√

«“√ “√‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫ àß∑⓬ªï æ.». 2548 æ“∑à“π‰ªæ∫查§ÿ¬°—∫ ™“«∫â“π„πµ”∫≈ª“°µ÷ß Õ”‡¿Õ·¡à®—π ®—ßÀ«—¥‡™’¬ß√“¬ „π¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕß°“√ ‡º“ªÉ“ π“ ‰√à „πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ°—π ∫π‡ âπ∑“ß®“°µ—«‡¡◊Õ߇™’¬ß√“¬ Ÿ·à ¡à “¬ ∑‘«‡¢“¢â“ßÀπâ“∑’‡Ë ÀÁπ ™“«∫â“π ∫Õ°‡√“«à“π—Ëπ§◊Õ‡¢“π“ßπÕπ à«π∑’ËÀ—π¡“∑“ß∑‘»∑’ˇ√“°”≈—ß·≈àπµ√߉ª§◊Õ »’√…–¢Õßπ“ßπÕπ ∑‘«∑—»πå¢â“ß∑“ß¡’·µà¿Ÿ‡¢“≈âÕ¡√Õ∫‡¢’¬«™–Õÿࡵ≈Õ¥∑“ß ‡™’¬ß√“¬‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß„πÀÿ∫‡¢“®√‘ßÊ ‰¡à«“à ®–¢—∫√∂ºà“π‰ª∑’‰Ë Àπ°Á®–‡ÀÁπ·µà¿‡Ÿ ¢“ ∂Ⓡ∑’¬∫°—∫∑“ß¿“§Õ’ “π∫â“π‡√“¿Ÿ‡¢“§π≈– ’°π— ‡≈¬ Õ“°“»∑’πË °’Ë ™Á ¡ÿà ™◊πÈ °«à“ ‡æ√“–¬—ß¡’æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ¡“°°«à“ ¢â“ßÀπâ“∑’ˇ√“°”≈—ß®–‰ª‡æ√“–‡ÀÁ𧫗π‰øÕ¬Ÿà Àπâ“∫â“π ∑’Ëπ’ˇ¢“‡º“¢¬–°—π‡°◊Õ∫∑ÿ°∫â“π∑’‡¥’¬« ∫â“π™“«‰∑¬¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ à«π„À≠àª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â°—π·∑∫∑ÿ°∫â“π ∫“ß∫â“π°Á‡™◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕ߉¡â¡ß§≈ ª≈Ÿ°µâπ ¡–¬¡‰«âÀπâ“∫â“π „∫¡–¬¡√à«ß°√“«·≈⫇¢“®–®—¥‡°Á∫‡»…„∫‰¡â°ß‘Ë ‰¡âπÕ’Ë ¬à“߉√

√—µπå °—π∑–¬«ß Green Line magazine, a farewell of 2005, takes you to talk with the villagers in Paak Teung Tambon, Mae Chan District, Chiengrai province, in their view of burning forest, rice paddy, and crop in the northern areas.

From the center of Chiengrai to Mae Sai, a view ahead of us is Nang Non Mountain. The part that is coming into our straight way is the head of Nang Non. All the sideways are surrounding by green mountains. Chiengrai really is a city in a valley. Wherever we are cruising by, a bunch of mountains are seen. If the mountains are compared to those of the northeastern, they have different color.

The weather here is more moisture, as there are more of the forest areas. We are going straight because we see the smoke in front of the house. Here almost every household burns waste. Most households of the Thais in the north grow a lot of plants. Some believe in lucky plants. Lots of Mayom plants are at the front of the house. When the leaves fall down, how they can collect twigs and leaves. The simple ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 37 37-40/®—∫‡¢Ë“§ÿ¬

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ßà“¬Ê ∑’∑Ë ”°—πÕ¬Ÿ®à “°Õ¥’µ®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫π— §◊Õ‡º“ À≈“¬Ê §√—«‡√◊Õπ æ√â Õ ¡„®°— π ‡º“ πà “ ®–≈Õß«‘ ®— ¬ °— π — ° ∑’ «à “ °“√‡º“¢¬–„π ∫â“π‡√◊Õπ 1 §√—Èß°àÕ°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å´÷Ë߇ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ Ÿà ™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡∑à“‰√ ·≈â«π”¡“ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å„À♓«∫â“π ™à«¬≈¥°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë®–°àÕ°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å°—π ¿“§√—∞§ß µâÕßÀ“«‘∏’°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¢¬–„π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å™ÿ¡™π Õ“∑‘ °“√ √≥√ߧå„À♓«∫â“πµ—È߇ªìπ™ÿ¡™π∑”ªÿܬ àߢ“¬‡ªìπ OTOP ™ÿ¡™π À√◊ÕÕ–‰√°Á‰¥â µ√ßπ’ȧ‘¥«à“§π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ëπà“®–√Ÿâ™àÕß∑“ß ‰¥â¥’°«à“ ‡√◊ËÕß°“√‡º“¢¬–„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬∑“ß¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ‡√“æ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥âµ≈Õ¥∑“ß ‰¡à«“à „π«—¥ „π∫â“π ∂â“π÷° πÿ°®—∫æ◊πÈ ∑’Ë ™ÿ ¡ ™π¡“‡√’ ¬ ß°— π ·≈â « ·µà ≈ –∫â “ π‡º“¢¬–æ√â Õ ¡°— π °Á πâ Õ ßÊ ‰øªÉ“‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ·∂¡‡°‘¥‡ªìπª√–®”∑ÿ°«—π‡ ’¬Õ’° ·µà®–¥’°«à“ ‰øªÉ “ Àπà Õ ¬µ√ß∑’Ë ‡ √“¬— ß ¡’ æ◊È π ∑’Ë ªÉ “ §ß‡À≈◊ Õ „Àâ ™à « ¬≈¥°ä “ ´ §“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å Ÿà∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â ‡√“·«–À¬ÿ ¥ æ— ° ‡æ◊Ë Õ æŸ ¥ §ÿ ¬ °— ∫ ™“«∫â “ πµ”∫≈ª“°µ÷ ß Õ.·¡à ®— π °— π ¥’ ° «à “ ´÷Ë ß ∑à “ π‰¥â ≈–‡«≈“„Àâ ∑—È ß π’È ∑ “ß°Õß ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√µâÕߢհ√“∫¢Õ∫æ√–§ÿ≥‰«â ≥ ∑’Ëπ’È §◊Õ §ÿ≥√—µπå °—π∑–¬«ß ·≈–§ÿ≥∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√ §ÿ≥√—µπå °—π∑–¬«ß ‰¥â „Àâ¡¡ÿ ¡Õß·≈–§«“¡√Ÿ‡â °’¬Ë «°—∫°“√‡º“π“ ‰√à ·≈–ªÉ“ ‡æ◊ÕË „™â‡ªìπ æ◊πÈ ∑’∑Ë ”°‘π«à“ 燥’ά«π’È™“«∫â“π‡√“‰¡à‡º“ªÉ“·≈â« ∑’ˇÀ≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ®–‡ªìπæ«°°–‡À√’¬Ë ß´–¡“°°«à“ ‡æ√“–√—∞‡¢“‡¢â“¡“√≥√ߧå„π À¡Ÿà∫â“π æ«°‡√“°Á√Ÿâ·≈â««à“¥’‰¡à¥’Õ¬à“߉√ ‡¥‘¡ “‡Àµÿ∑’ˇº“ªÉ“ ‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√àπ—Èπ‡æ√“–µâÕß°“√¶à“À≠â“·≈–«—™æ◊™„Àâ∂÷ß√“° ¢Õß¡—π ∂Ⓡ√“∂Õπ‡¥’Î¬«¡—π°Á¢÷ÈπÕ’° ·¬àߪÿܬ·¬àßÕ“À“√¢Õß æ◊™æ—π∏ÿå∑’ˇ√“ª≈Ÿ° ∂â“®–‰∂°≈∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑”°‘π¢Õ߇√“°Á¡’À‘π∫â“ß °ÁÕ¬Ÿà∫π‡¢“¡—π°Á∑”≈”∫“°®÷߉¡à§àÕ¬π‘¬¡°—π ·≈–∑’Ë ”§— ≠

way, carried out from the past until now, is burning. Many households jointly burn waste.

There should be a study on how much carbon dioxide, one of the greenhouse gases, a major factor of global warming, emits in the atmosphere if one household burns waste for 1 time. Then, take that figure and use it as a campaign for the villagers to help reduce the activities causing carbon dioxide. The government sector should find the way to collect waste in the community innovatively such as the campaign for the formation of community and producing fertilizer as OTOP product or any activities, which the villagers should know about the better channel. Burning waste in their residence in the northern part of Thailand has been found on the way we drive even in the temples. If we line up the community areas in a row and each house burn waste at the same time, it can be a brother to wild fire and on top of that it happens everyday. However, the good part is we still have lots of forests remained, reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Weûd better stop to talk with the villagers of Paak Teung Tambon, Mae Chan District, Chiengrai province.

All of them spare their own time to talk with us. We, the Editor Team, would like to say thank you. They are Khun Ratt Kanthayaung and Khun Banjob Santhabutr. Khun Ratt Kanthayaung showed her perspective and knowledge of paddy rice, crop, and forest burning that: çWe, the villagers, do not burn forests. Those that do are mostly Karen. Since the government has carried out campaign in the village, we now know how bad it is. Originally, we burn the forest, paddy rice, and crop, because we want to get rid of grasses and weeds to their roots. If we pull them out, they will grow back very

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‡ ’¬§à“„™â®à“¬¡“°¥â«¬ °“√‡º“®÷߇ªìπ«‘∏’∑’ˇ√“π‘¬¡„™â‡æ√“–‰¡à ‘Èπ‡ª≈◊Õß ·≈–‰¥âº≈¥’ ´“°À≠â“∑’ˇº“°Á°≈“¬‡ªìπªÿܬÀπâ“¥‘π ¥â«¬é

∂â“Õ¬à“ßπ—πÈ °“√‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√à „π¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕߧÿ≥√—µπå §‘¥«à“ ‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ ç∂â“∂“¡«à“°“√‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√à ·≈–‡º“ªÉ“ ‡æ◊ÕË „™â‡ªìπæ◊πÈ ∑’Ë ∑”°‘π¥’‰À¡°ÁµÕ∫‰¥â«“à ‰¡à¥·’ πàπÕπ ‡æ√“– Õ∫µ. °”π—π ‡¢“°Á ∫Õ°·≈â««à“¡—π‰¡à¥’µàÕ à«π√«¡Õ¬à“߉√π– ™“«∫â“π∑’Ëπ’Ë°Á√Ÿâ°—π Õ¬Ÿà ¡‡¥Á®∑à“π°Á∫Õ° ‡√“µâÕß√—°…“À≈—ߧ“∫â“π‡√“ ∂Ⓡ√“‰ª ∑”≈“¬ªÉ“°Á‡À¡◊Õπ∑”≈“¬À≈—ߧ“∫â“π·≈⫇√“®–Õ¬Ÿ°à π— Õ¬à“߉√ ∫â “ π∑’Ë √à ¡ ‡¬Á π °Á ® –·Àâ ß ·≈â ß Õ—ππ’Èæ«°‡√“°Á™à«¬°—π„À⧫“¡ √à«¡¡◊Õ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’°∫— ¿“§√—∞ ™“«∫â“π„πæ◊πÈ ∑’√Ë “∫‡¥’¬Î «π’‰È ¡à¡’ °“√‡º“‰√à π“ ªÉ“·≈â« ‡√“„™â‰∂À«à“π‡À¡◊Õπ∑’ËÕ◊ËπÊ ∂â“Õ¬“° ‡ÀÁπ°“√‡º“ªÉ“ ‡º“π“ µâÕߢ÷πÈ ‰ª∫π‡¢“π—πË °Á¬ß— ¡’„Àâ‡ÀÁπÕ¬Ÿà ‡¢“ ‡º“°—π∑’‡°◊Õ∫§√÷Ëß≈Ÿ° ·µàµÕππ’ÈÀπâ“À𓫇¢“‰¡à§àÕ¬‡º“°—π ®–‡º“°—πµÕπÀπâ“√âÕπÀ≈—߇°Á∫‡°’ˬ« ·µà°ÁæÕ‡ÀÁπ√àÕß√ÕÕ¬Ÿà ≈Õߢ—∫√∂¢÷Èπ‰ª¥Ÿ´‘é

rapidly, competing for food of the plants we are growing.

If we do the plough, rocks still exist. Sometimes the land is on the mountain, so it is harder and not popular and sometime using other method costs quite a fortune.

Thus, burning is a famous one because it doesnût cost much and is effective. And the burnt grass residues become fertilizer covering the soil surface.é

So, what is your point of view on burning paddy rice and crops? çIf you ask whether the burning of paddy rice, crops, and forest is good or not, we definitely answer that it is not because as the local administration, the village chief told that how bad it is for the public. The villagers here have realized that. Her Majesty the Queen also said that. We must preserve the roof of the house.

If we destroy the forest, itûs like we destroy our roof of the house as well. And how can we live? The peaceful house will turn drought. We have very well cooperated with the government sector. Villagers in the plain areas do not burn paddy rice, crops, or foresee. We do the plough just like others. If you want to see burning of forest or paddy rice, you have to up the mountain. When they do burning, half of the mountain is burnt.

But now itûs winter. They rarely burn.

They will burn during the summer after the harvesting but you might

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®∫§”∫Õ°‡≈à“¢Õߧÿ≥√—µπå °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√‰¥âæ∫·≈– 查§ÿ¬°—∫§ÿ≥∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√ ‡°…µ√°√¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õ߉∑∑à“π‰¥â„Àâ¢Õâ §‘¥‡ÀÁπ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫°“√‡º“π“ ‰√à ªÉ“ ‡æ◊ÕË „™â‡ªìπ·À≈àß ∑”°‘π«à“ ç·µà°àÕπ‡√“°Á‡º“°—ππ– ·µà‡¥’ά«π’ȇ√“‰¡à‡º“·≈â« °“√‡º“ π—Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ∂“ßæ«°«—™æ◊™ À√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‡º“‡æ◊ËÕ°”®—¥¢¬–æ«°ø“ß„π π“ ‡æ√“–‡√“‰¡à√Ÿâ®–‡Õ“‰ª∑”Õ–‰√ µàÕ¡“‡°…µ√Õ”‡¿Õ‡¢“ ·π–π”«à“ø“ߢ⓫‡¢“‡Õ“‰ªª≈Ÿ°¢‘ß ‡¥’ά«π’ȧπ‰√࢑߇¢“¡“¢Õ ´◊ÈÕ∑’Ëπ“°—π‡≈¬ ‰¡àµâÕ߉ª‡º“·≈â« „πæ◊Èπ∑’˺◊π√“∫∫â“π‡√“ (·¡à®π— ) ‡¢“‰¡à‡º“°—π·≈â«®–¡’°·Á µàæ«°∫π‡¢“‚πàπ¬—ß∑”°—πÕ¬Ÿà ™“«∫â“π‡√“®–‡º“°Á·µà¢¬–‡≈Á°Ê πâÕ¬Ê ‡æ√“–‰¡à√Ÿâ®–‡Õ“‰ª ∑”Õ–‰√ à«πø“߇¥’ά«π’Èπ’ˇ¢“À“´◊ÈÕ°—π¡“° ‡Õ“‰ªª≈Ÿ°‡ÀÁ¥ ‡æ“–µâπ°≈â“ ‡°…µ√Õ”‡¿Õ‡¢“¡“∫Õ°À¡¥é ®“°§”∫Õ°‡≈à“¢Õߧÿ≥√—µπå °—π∑–¬«ß ·≈–§ÿ≥∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√ ‡√“Õ¬“°π”¿“æ°“√‡º“‰√à π“ ∫π‡¢“¡“Ω“° ‡ÀÁπ ∑—Èß Õß∑à“π∫Õ°«à“ ‡ âπ∑“ß “¬·¡à “¬π’Ⱥà“π‡¢“ Ÿß “¡“√∂ ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â ‡√“¢â“¡‡¢“µ√߇¢â“ Ÿà·¡à “¬¿“æ¢Õß∑‘«∑—»πå¢â“ß∑“ß µ√ßµ“¡§”∫Õ°‡≈à“ ¿Ÿ‡¢“∑’ˇÀÁπ‡¢’¬«Ê ∫“ß≈Ÿ°‡À¡◊Õπ∂Ÿ°µ’ µ“√“߉«â ’πÈ”µ“≈∫â“ß ’¥”∫â“ß ’‡¢’¬«ÕàÕπ∫â“ß ‰¡àÀ≈߇À≈◊Õ ‰¡â„À≠àÊ „Àâ‡ÀÁπ °Á¡’∫“ß·Ààß∑’ˇÀÁπ≈‘∫Ê ¡’§«—π°”≈—߇º“Õ¬Ÿà ·µà °Á Õ ¬Ÿà ‰ °≈‰¡à “¡“√∂¢â “ ¡‰ª‰¥â ‡ æ√“–¬— ߉¡à ¡’ ‡ â π ∑“ß §¡π“§¡∑’¥Ë ’ ·µà∂ß÷ Õ¬à“߉√ ‡√“°Á™π◊Ë „®«à“§π‰∑¬¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ‡ÀÁ𠧫“¡ ”§—≠„π°“√≈¥ªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √—°…åº◊πªÉ“ ·≈–¡’ §«“¡√Õ∫√Ÿ‡â √◊ÕË ß‡°…µ√°√√¡¡“°¢÷πÈ √Ÿ®â °— „™â∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ Õ¬à“ߧÿâ¡§à“ ‰¡à‡º“∑‘È߉ª„Àâ°àÕ °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å Õ— 𠇪ì 𠓇Àµÿ ¢ Õß °“√‡°‘¥ª√“°Ø°“√≥å ¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ∑’Ë ∑”„Àâ ‚ ≈°¢Õß ‡√“√â Õ π¢÷È π ∑ÿ ° ¢ ≥ – ‡ À ¡◊ Õ π ªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π ∑’Ë ‡ √“ ‡º™‘≠Õ¬Ÿà

see some evidence. Maybe you can drive there to observe.é After the end of the story from K. Ratt, the Editor team met and discussed with Khun Banjob Santhabutr, an agriculture in the north of Thailand. He gave some thought that regarding the burning of paddy rice, crops, and forest to use as an agricultural area that: çBefore we did burn, but now we donût. The burning is for eliminating weeds or hay of the paddy rice because we donût know what we can further do with them.

Later, the District Agricultural Office advised us that rice hays could be used for growing ginger. Now the farmer of ginger crop comes to buy them at the rice paddy.

So there is no need to burn. In the plain land (Mae Chan), they are not burning but those up in the mountains still practice. Our villagers will burn only small amount of wastes because they donût know how to use them. For rice hays, they are bought to grow mushroom, seedlings. The District Agricultural Office came to tell us all.é From the interview of Khun Ratt Kantayaung and Khun Banjob Santhabutr, weûd like to show you the pictured of burning paddy rice up in the mountains.

Both of them told us that this stream of river is running through the high mountains. We were crossing the mountains to Mae Sai, a picture of which is like what being told. Some green mountains were like checker, brown table, black one, or pale green. There were no large trees left. In some places as seen afar rose the smoke. However, we couldnÕt reach there because of poor transportation. However, we are delighted that the Thai people of the North see the importance in the reduction of pollution to preserve forest areas and they are more knowledgeable about agriculture. They know how to use natural resources worthily. They donût burn them to produce carbon dioxide, a cause of greenhouse effect, thus resulted in the global warming, a problem we are now facing.

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—ߧ¡ ’‡¢’¬« Green

‚¥¬ : ‡¡…≠“ ™◊ËπÕ“√¡≥å/π—°‡¢’¬πÕ‘ √– Society by : Mesaya Chuenarom/Freelance Writer

‡°…µ√°√√¡‡ªìπÕ“™’æÀ≈—°¢Õߧπ‰∑¬¡“™â“π“π·≈â« ¥â«§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡¢Õß¿Ÿ¡ª‘ √–‡∑» ¿Ÿ¡Õ‘ “°“» ·≈–∑’ Ë ”§—≠π‘ ¬— °“√ ∫√‘‚¿§¢Õߧπ‰∑¬ ‡√“®÷ßµâÕßæ÷ßË æ“°“√∑”‡°…µ√°√√¡µ≈Õ¥¡“ ‡°…µ√°√ ¡§«√‡ªìπ∫ÿ§≈“°√∑’Ëπà“¬°¬àÕߢÕ߉∑¬ ·µà°Á‡ªìπ∑’Ë ∑√“∫°—π¥’«à“‡°…µ√°√π—ÈπµâÕß·∫°√—∫ªí≠À“‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√‡æ“– ª≈Ÿ°‡ ¡Õ ´÷ßË ªí≠À“À≈—°πÕ°®“°√“§“¢Õߺ≈º≈‘µµË”∑’‰Ë ¡à§¡ÿâ ∑ÿπ ·≈â « ‘Ë ß ”§— ≠ ∑’Ë ‡ °…µ√°√¡Õߢ⠓ ¡‰ª°Á §◊ Õ √Ÿ ª ·∫∫°“√∑” ‡°…µ√°√√¡¢Õ߇°…µ√°√∑’Ë∑”„ÀâµâÕß„™âµâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘µ∑’Ë Ÿß ·≈–¬—ß∑”„Àâº≈º≈‘µÕÕ°¡“„πª√‘¡“≥µË”¥â«°“√∑”π“¢Õ߇°…µ√°√π—Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°’ˬ«¢â“«‡ √Á®·≈â«®–¡’ ø“ߢ⓫∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ®“°°“√∑”𓇪ìπ®”π«π¡“°´÷Ë߇ªìπÕÿª √√§„π °“√‰∂°≈∫ ‡°…µ√°√®÷ß∑”°“√‡º“‚¥¬Õ“®‡º“∑—Èßø“ߢ⓫·≈– µÕ´—ß À√◊Õ‡º“‡©æ“–ø“ߢ⓫‡æ’¬ßÕ¬à“߇¥’¬« ‡æ◊ÕË „À⇪ìπ°“√ßà“µàÕ°“√‰∂‡µ√’¬¡¥‘π‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ°ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈µàÕ‰ª ´÷Ë ß ∑’Ë π “

Agriculture has long been a main occupation of the Thai people due to suitable geography and climate and, more important, the consumer behavior of the Thai people. We, then, count heavily on the agriculture all along. Farmers should be respectable people of Thailand. However, it has been widely known that farmers always bear the burden of agricultural problem. Besides a major problem of the low price of the products that is not break even, what farmers overlook is the way they do the cultivation, demanding high production cost but yielding low production output.

In the primitive rice cultivation method, after harvesting, an abundance of rice straws is left, creating a problem of plough up. Farmers, as a result, burn both rice straws

°“√≈¥°“√‡º“æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡ The Way to Reduce Burning Agricultural Areas

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1 ‰√à ®–¡’ø“ߢ⓫·≈–µÕ´—ߪ√–¡“≥ 1 µ—π ∂Ⓡ°…µ√°√√Õ ‡«≈“∑‘ßÈ „Àâø“ߢ⓫·≈–µÕ´—ßπ‘¡Ë ‰¡à¡°’ “√‡º“„™â°“√‰∂°≈∫‡æ’¬ß Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ø“ߢ⓫·≈–µÕ´—ß·≈â«®–¡’∏“µÿ Õ“À“√®”æ«°‰π‚µ√‡®πª√–¡“≥ 10 °‘‚≈°√—¡ Õ’°¥â«°“√‡º“«— ¥ÿ∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ„™â®“°°“√‡°…µ√‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√‡º“ ø“ߢ⓫ „∫ÕâÕ¬ À√◊ÕÕ◊πË Ê ∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈‡ ’¬À≈“¬Õ¬à“ß∑—ßÈ µàÕ°“√ ‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ°¢Õ߇°…µ√°√‡Õß ∑”„À⇰‘¥Õÿ∫µ— ‡‘ Àµÿ®“°∑—»π«‘ ¬— ∑’‰Ë ¡à ¥’®“°§«—π‰ø ·≈⫬—ß∑”„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»„π¥â“π ΩÿÉπ≈–ÕÕß·≈–°ä“´æ‘…À≈“¬Ê ™π‘¥ ∑”„À⇪ìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ°“√ À“¬„®Õ’°¥â«ªí®®ÿ∫π— ¡’À≈“¬Àπ૬ߓπ∑’¬Ë π◊Ë ¡◊Õ‡¢â“¡“™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ ‰¡à«“à ®– ‡ªìπ°√–∑√«ß‡°…µ√·≈– À°√≥å °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·≈–Õ’°À≈“¬Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡àπ“π ¡“π’È°√¡ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡°…µ√·≈–°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…‰¥â ®— ¥ ∑” ‚§√ß°“√‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°·ºπ·¡à∫∑·Ààß™“µ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡º“„π∑’Ë‚≈àß µ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ßÕ“‡´’¬π‡√◊ÕË ß¡≈æ‘…®“°À¡Õ°§«—π¢â“¡·¥π ‚¥¬„™â ¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡º“„π∑’Ë‚≈àß„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡π”√àÕß 4 ®—ßÀ«—¥§◊Õ æ√–π§√»√’Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ ™—¬π“∑ ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√’ ·≈–‡™’¬ß„À¡à ‚¥¬¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡º“„π∑’Ë‚≈àß¡’‡ªÑ“À¡“¬À≈—°§◊Õ 1. ≈¥‰ø‰À¡âªÉ“„Àâ‡À≈◊Շ撬߉¡à‡°‘πªï≈– 300,000 ‰√à 2. ®—¥°“√‡»…«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â®“°¿“§°“√‡°…µ√∑¥·∑π°“√ ‡º“„πæ◊πÈ ∑’‡Ë °…µ√°√√¡Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 600,000 ‰√à ¿“¬„πªï æ.». 2550 3. π”‡Õ“‡»…«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â®“°¿“§°“√‡°…µ√¡“„™â‡ªìπ æ≈—ßß“π™’«¡«≈∑¥·∑π°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π„π‡™‘ßæ“≥‘™¬å §‘¥‡ªìπ √âÕ¬≈– 21 ·≈– 25 ¢Õߧ«“¡µâÕß°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π„πªï æ.». 2549 ·≈–ªï æ.».‹ 2554 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ 4. ≈¥°“√‡º“¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬„π∑’Ë‚≈àß‚¥¬®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√°”®—¥ ¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°À≈—°«‘∏’·≈–ª≈Õ¥¿—¬‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 50 ¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ·≈–¡’°“√„™âª√–‚¬™πå¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬‰¡àµË”°«à“ √âÕ¬≈– 30 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πªï æ.». 2549 ‚¥¬°‘ ® °√√¡π’È ‡ °…µ√°√®–¡’ ° “√√«¡°≈ÿà ¡ ·≈– √â “ ß ‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬°“√‰¡à‡º“µÕ´—ß·≈–„∫ÕâÕ¬ æ√âÕ¡∑—ßÈ ¡’°“√≈ß —µ¬“∫—π

and cobs or just the rice straws for easier preparation of land for the next season of crop. One rice paddy contains 1 ton of rice straws and stalks. If farmers wait and let the rice straws and cobs become soft, do not use the burning method and do only plough, once the rice straws and cobs are decomposed, such nutrients as nitrogen of about 10 kilograms contain in the composition.

Burning agricultural residues, whether be burning of rice straws, sugar caneûs leaves or others, causes a lot of damages both to the cultivation, accidents from poor visibility owing to smoke of burning, and air pollution in terms of dust and toxic gases, detrimental to breathing.

Today there are many authorities to offer their hand, whether be the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, and many other agencies involved. Not long ago the Department of Agricultural Extension and Pollution Control Department held the project led by the National Master Plan on open-air burning according to the agreement among ASEAN on the air pollution from across-border smoke. The measures of open-air burning control are implemented in 4 provinces of the piloting agricultural areas, that is, Ayudthaya, Chainat, Suphanburi, and Chiengmai.

Measures of Open Air Burning Controlûs major targets are : 1. Reduce the forest fire down to less than 300,000 rais per year 2. Manage material residues from the agricultural sector in place of burning method in at least 600,000 rais of agricultural areas by 2007 3. Utilize agricultural residues as biomass supplementary energy, accounted for 21% and 25% of the total energy consumption in 2006 and 2011, respectively.

4. Reduce the open-air burning of waste by providing the acceptable and safe method of waste disposal not less than 50% of all provinces and utilize waste not less than 30% of the waste generated in 2006.

Farmers convene and build network of non-straws and caneûs leaves burning under these activities, including ratifying on the non-straws and caneûs leaves burning, which has been in operation as follows 1. Provide training on the management of vegetation

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°“√‰¡à‡º“µÕ´—ß·≈–„∫ÕâÕ¬ ´÷Ëß¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¥—ßπ’È 1. °“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡°“√®—¥°“√‡»…æ◊™ ·≈–‡»…«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â ∑“ß°“√‡°…µ√ ®”π«π 12 °≈ÿà¡ °≈ÿà¡≈– 10 §π ‚¥¬°“√ π—∫ πÿπ«— ¥ÿÕÿª°√≥å„π°“√º≈‘µπÈ” °—¥™’«¿“æ·≈–ªÿܬÀ¡—° ™’«¿“æ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰…µ√°√𔉪„™â‡Õ߇ªìπ°“√≈¥°“√„™â “√‡§¡’ √«¡∑—È߇ªìπ°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß∫”√ÿߥ‘π„Àâ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å À√◊Õ “¡“√∂𔉪 ®”Àπà“¬ √â“ß√“¬‰¥â„Àâ°—∫°≈ÿࡇ°…µ√°√ 2. °√¡ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡°…µ√‰¥â®—¥∑”·ª≈ß “∏‘µ°“√‰∂°≈∫ µÕ´—ß·≈–°“√‰∂°≈∫„∫ÕâÕ¬∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ “¡“√∂‰∂°≈∫ µÕ´—ß„À⇪ìπªÿܬ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡Õ‘π∑√’¬å«—µ∂ÿ„π¥‘π„Àâ∏“µÿÕ“À“√æ◊™°≈—∫ §◊π Ÿ¥à π‘ µ≈Õ¥®π‡ªìπ°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥ ¡∫—µ∑‘ ß—È °“¬¿“æ ™’«¿“æ ·≈–‡§¡’ √«¡∑—È߇ªìπ°“√∫”√ÿߥ‘π„Àâ ¡∫Ÿ√≥嬗Ë߬◊π ¥—ßπ’È - ®—¥∑”·ª≈ß “∏‘µ°“√‰∂°≈∫µÕ´—ß (‡™’¬ß„À¡à 250 ‰√à, Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ 200 ‰√à, ™—¬π“∑ 200 ‰√à ·≈– ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√’ 200 ‰√à) - ®—¥∑”·ª≈ß “∏‘µ°“√ ‰∂°≈∫„∫ÕâÕ¬ ( ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√’ 150 ‰√à) ‚¥¬°“√‰∂°≈∫µÕ´— ß ¢Õß‚§√ß°“√π’È¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ¥—ßπ’È Ô “¡“√∂‰∂æ≈‘°°≈∫ ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈– ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ ∑—ßÈ ·ª≈ß Ô æ≈‘°‡Õ“√“°À≠â“¢÷Èπ ¡“µ“°·¥¥„Àâ·Àâßµ“¬ ‡¡◊ÕË µ“°¥‘π∑’ºË “à π°“√‰∂æ≈‘°Õ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·≈â« · ß·¥¥®–‡ªìπµ—«™à«¬∑”≈“¬‚√§ ·¡≈ß ∑’Ë – ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π¥‘π ™à«¬≈¥°“√„™â “√‡§¡’„π°“√°”®—¥·¡≈ß Ô “¡“√∂‰∂‰¥â≈°÷ ∑”„ÀâÀπâ“¥‘πÀ≈«¡ √“°æ◊™™Õπ‰™‡µ‘∫‚µ ·≈–À“Õ“À“√‰¥âßà“¬ æ◊™·µ°°Õ¥’ 3. ®—¥π‘∑√√»°“√°“√∂à“¬∑Õ¥‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ „À⧫“¡√Ÿ·â °à‡°…µ√°√ ∑’ˇ¢â“√à«¡‡ªìπ‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬°“√‰¡à‡º“µÕ´—ß ·≈–‡°…µ√°√¢â“߇§’¬ß „πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë®—ßÀ«—¥π”√àÕß ®”π«π 4 §√—Èß §√—Èß≈– 120 §π 4. ®—¥ª√–™ÿ¡‡™‘ߪؑ∫µ— °‘ “√„πæ◊πÈ ∑’πË ”√àÕß 4 ®—ßÀ«—¥ ”À√—∫ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ Ë «à π√“™°“√∑’‡Ë °’¬Ë «¢âÕß ·≈–‡°…µ√°√‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬ §√—ßÈ ≈– 60 §π ®“°°“√ ”√«®¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ ¿“æªí ≠ À“°“√‡º“„πæ◊È π ∑’Ë ‡°…µ√°√√¡¢Õß‚§√ß°“√®”π«π 400 ™ÿ¥ æ∫«à“ Ô °àÕπ‡√‘Ë¡‚§√ß°“√¡’‡°…µ√°√∑’ˇº“ø“ߢ⓫·≈–‡»…æ◊™ „π‰√àπ“ √âÕ¬≈– 85 ‰¡à‡º“√âÕ¬≈– 15 “‡Àµÿ∑’ˇº“ à«π„À≠à ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡à –¥«°„π°“√‡µ√’¬¡¥‘𠇪ìπ«‘∏’∑’Ëßà“¬ ·≈–µâÕß°“√ ‡√àß√—¥°“√„™âæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ擖ª≈Ÿ°Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß Ô À≈—ß®“°∑’¡Ë ‚’ §√ß°“√ ¡’‡°…µ√°√„À⧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ∑’®Ë –‰¡à

residues and agricultural residues for 12 groups with 10 people of each by supporting materials needed for bio-water production and organic fertilizer composting, enabling farmers to use and reduce chemical substances. It also is the improvement to the soil fertility or generating income for the farmers.

2. The Department of Agricultural Extension has provided the crop demonstration of the effective way of plough rice stalks and sugar caneûs leaves, which can turn them into fertilizer and increase organic materials in the soil, replenishing plant nutrients to soil. It also improves soil properties in relation to physical, biology and chemistry, as well as, the sustainable enrichment of soil : - Demonstration of Rice Stalks Plough (250 rais at Chiengmai, 200 rais at Ayudthaya, 200 rais at Chainat, and 200 rais at Suphanburi) - Demonstration of Sugar Caneûs Leaves Plough (150 rais at Suphanburi) The project of rice stalks plough is effective as follows : Ô Being able to do the complete and consistent plough over the crop Ô Overturn grass roots to be exposed in the sunlight and become dry and finally dead Ô Once ploughed soil has been completely exposed to the sun, the sunlight will help kill diseases and insects, accumulated beneath the soil, reducing the use of pesticides. Ô The soil can be deeply ploughed, resulting in loosen soil surface, suitable for the roots to burrow and easier to get food. The plant is sprouting very well.

3. Organize technology transfer exhibitions 4 times with 120 participants each, educating the participating farmers, who are the member of network of non-straws and caneûs leaves burning, and neighboring farmers in the piloting provinces.

4. Organize workshop training at 4 piloting provinces for the involved government officials and networking farmers, 60 people each.

From the 400 surveys of the problem of burning in the agricultural areas, it has found that : Ô Before the existence of the project, 85% of farmers burnt rice straws and agricultural residues of the crop, while 15% did not. The reason of burning is that itûs ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 43

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inconvenient for them in land preparation while burning is easier and fast method for the continual use of crop. Ô After the existence of the project, 49% of the farmers are cooperating and not burning rice straws and agricultural residues. They are in need of the government support in terms of agricultural machines, plough service to replace burning, including providing knowledge in other areas such as composting manure and bioextract as well.

‡º“ø“ߢ⓫·≈–‡»…æ◊™‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 49 ·≈–¡’§«“¡µâÕß°“√ „Àâ√—∞ π—∫ πÿπ‡§√◊ËÕß®—°√°≈°“√‡°…µ√ „π°“√∫√‘°“√√—∫®â“ß ‰∂°≈∫‡æ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“°“√‡º“ √«¡∑—Èß°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π‡§√◊ËÕß ®—°√°≈‡°…µ√ µ≈Õ¥∂÷ß°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ¥â“πÕ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °“√∑”ªÿÜÀ¡—° °“√∑”πÈ” °—¥™’«¿“æ¥â«„π®—ßÀ«—¥ ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√°’ ¡Á À’ ≈“¬Àπ૬ߓπ∑’‡Ë ¢â“‰ª·π–π” ·≈– „À⧫“¡√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘™“°“√Õ¬à“ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ ·≈–®“°°“√ Õ∫∂“¡ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°‡°…µ√°√ æ∫«à“„πªí®®ÿ∫π— °“√‡º“π“®–≈¥≈ß®“°‡§‡º“∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (ø“ß·≈–µÕ´—ß) ‡À≈◊Õ·§à°“√‡º“ø“ß∑‘Èß·µà‡À≈◊Õ µÕ´—߉«â ®“°π—Èπ®–∑”°“√‰∂°≈∫À√◊Õµ’¥‘π ·≈–„ à®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å≈ß „π·ª≈ßπ“‡æ◊Ëՙ૬„π°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ ∑‘È߉«âª√–¡“≥ 10-15 «—π ®“°π—Èπ®÷ß∑”°“√À«à“π¢â“«À√◊Õ¥”π“‰¥â ®–‡ÀÁ π «à “ ‡°…µ√°√°Á √— ∫ øí ß §«“¡√Ÿâ ∑ “ß«‘ ™ “°“√∑’Ë À ≈“Àπ૬ߓπ‡¢â“‰ª‡º¬·æ√à ·≈– “¡“√∂≈¥°“√‡º“æ◊πÈ ∑’πË “‰¥â ‡æ’¬ß ·µà°“√∑’Ë®–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√Ÿª·∫∫°“√∑”‡°…µ√°√√¡Õ¬à“ß ‘Èπ‡™‘ß ¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â µ√“∫®π°√–∑—ËßÀπ૬ߓπ∑“ß√“™°“√®– ∑”‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß„À⇰…µ√°√‡ÀÁπ«à“°“√‰¡à‡º“·≈â«„™â«‘∏’Õ◊Ëπ‰¥âº≈ ‰¡à‡ ’¬‡«≈“ ·≈–‡§√◊ÕË ß®—°√°≈∑’„Ë ™â°µÁ Õâ ߇撬ßæÕ ·≈–√“§“‰¡à·æß §ÿâ¡∑ÿπ¥â«¬ ∑’Ë ”§—≠«‘∏’∑’Ë®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π¡“„™â·∑π°“√‡º“µâÕß¡’°“√ ª√—∫‡ª≈’ˬπ„À⇢⓰—∫æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡∑’ˉ¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—π¢Õ߉∑‡°…µ√°√®÷ß®–‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ·≈–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¡“∑”°“√‡°…µ√·∫∫‰¡à ‡º“π“Õ¬à“ß∂“«√

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

In Suphanburi, many authorities constantly provide technical information and suggestion. From the survey of information from the farmers, it has found that currently the rice paddy burning decreases from the overall burning (both straws and cobs), to burning only rice straws but leave cobs alone. Later, plough or soil battering is done, and add microbes into the rice crop for the help of decomposition. Leave it for 10-15 days, then the process of sowing and transplanting rice seedlings begins.

As observed, farmers acknowledge the technical information provided by many agencies, and are able to reduce the burning of rice crop. However, the total revamp of the new method of agriculture cannot be done at once until the government agencies can show them that if they donût use the technique of burning, other practical, effective and fast alternative exists. The equipment too must be available, cheap, and cost-break even. What important is the alternative method to burning should be adaptable to suit different agricultural areas of Thailand. Consequently, farmers are convinced and permanently change to practice agriculture without burning.

Reference

1. ·ºπ·¡à∫∑·Ààß™“µ‘ «à“¥â«¬°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡º“„π∑’‚Ë ≈àß 1. The National Plan on the Control of Open Air Burning (°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…)

(The Pollution Control Department) 2. «“√ “√‡°…µ√°√√¡ª≈Õ¥°“√‡º“ ªï∑’Ë 1. ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2.

2. Non-Burning Agriculture magazine, Year 1, Volume 2 (°.§.-°.¬. 2547), ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2 (July-September, 2004), Issue 1 44 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« 41-44/≈¥æ∑.‡°…µ√°√√¡

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„∫ÕàÕπ

‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : ÿ¥“√—™ ‘ßÀ‚°«‘π∑å Young Leaf Compiled by : Sudarach Singhagowin

‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠇪ìπÀπ÷Ëß„π‚§√ß°“√∑’Ë ”π—°ß“π °Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.) „Àâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ ´÷Ëß®–‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß „π°“√æ—≤π“»—°¬¿“æ¢Õߧ√Ÿ ‚¥¬‡ª≈’ˬπ«‘∏’§‘¥·≈–°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ ®“°§√Ÿ∑’ˇ§¬ Õπµ“¡·∫∫·ºπ·≈–‡π◊ÈÕÀ“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„À⇪ìπ§√Ÿ„π∞“π– ºŸâ √â“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ®“°∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ∑’ˇªìπª√–‡¥Áπ∑âÕß∂‘ËπÕ¬à“ß¡’ à«π√à«¡√–À«à“ß‚√߇√’¬π°—∫™ÿ¡™π The local science project is among the funded projects of the Thailand Research Fund (TRF). The project is a guidance to develop the capacity of the teacher by transforming the thinking and teaching process. Formerly, the teacher gave the lesson on the basis of established patterns and contents. Now, the teacher becomes a creator of local knowledge through research projects, in order to build local scientific anecdotes with the participation between school and community.

Youth and the Local Science Lessons

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À≈—°°“√ ”§—≠„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ §◊Õ §√ŸµâÕß≈ß¡◊Õ §âπ§«â“À“§«“¡√Ÿ¥â «â ¬µπ‡Õß ∑—ßÈ ®“°‡Õ° “√·À≈àߧ«“¡√Ÿâ ·≈– ®“°°“√ ”√«®„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·≈â«π”¡“ √â“ß°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬πÕ¬à“߇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß ∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å «‘∂’™’«‘µ —ߧ¡ ·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√µ‘¥Õ“«ÿ∏∑“ߪí≠≠“ „Àâ·°à§√Ÿ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’˧√Ÿ‡¢â“¡“√—∫∫∑∫“∑‡ªìππ—° «‘®—¬ ·≈â«·ª≈§«“¡√Ÿâ®“°°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìπ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ ‚¥¬§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’ˉ¥âπ’ÈπÕ°®“°®–‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ‡©æ“–∂‘Ëπ·≈⫬—߉¥â √Ÿâ®—°·À≈à߇√’¬π√ŸâÕ’°¡“°¡“¬ ∑—Èß®“°π—°«‘™“°“√ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë Àπ૬ߓπ„πæ◊πÈ ∑’·Ë ≈–ª√“™≠噓«∫â“π ¥â«¬§«“¡‡™◊ÕË ∑’«Ë “à ‡¡◊ÕË ‡ª≈«· ß·Ààߪí≠≠“‡®‘¥®â“„πµ—«§√Ÿ·≈â«°“√ àߺà“𧫓¡√Ÿâ ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°§√ŸºŸâ Õπ¡“¬—ߺŸâ‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕπ—Èπ‡¥Á°Ê ºŸâ‡√’¬π®–∂Ÿ°ª≈Ÿ°«—§´’π∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥∑’ˇªìπ °√–∫«π°“√§‘¥·∫∫«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®¬— ∑’‡Ë ¥Á°Ê §ÿâ 𠇧¬°Á “¡“√∂𔉪ª√— ∫ ª√–¬ÿ ° µå „ ™â ‰ ¥â °— ∫ ç°“√‡√’ ¬ π√Ÿâ µ≈Õ¥™’«µ‘ é °“√‡√’¬πøî ‘° 宓°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“ ‡ªìπ µ— « Õ¬à “ ßÀπ÷Ë ß ¢Õß°“√‡√’ ¬ π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬π”‡Õ“‡√◊Ë Õ ß√“«„π ∑âÕß∂‘πË ¡“‡™◊ÕË ¡‚¬ß°—∫‡π◊ÕÈ À“«‘™“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ‚¥¬π“¬‰æ√√ÿßà ß“¡ ¡æ√æß»å ‚√߇√’¬πª√‘π å√Õ·¬≈«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ®.‡™’¬ß„À¡à ‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß‚§√ß°“√™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿ‡â √◊ÕË ß ¡∫—µ·‘ ≈–ª√“°Ø°“√≥å ¢Õߧ≈◊πË ‡ ’¬ß®“°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊πÈ ∫â“π¿Ÿ¡ª‘ ≠ í À“≈â“ππ“ ´÷ßË ™ÿ¥°“√ ‡√’¬π√Ÿâπ’ȇªìπ°“√π”¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬»“ µ√å ∑“ߥâ“πøî ‘° å Õ“∑‘ °“√π”‡Õ“¢à“ß‚«â¡“∑¥≈Õß ‡π◊ËÕß®“° §ÿ≥‰æ√√ÿßà ¡’§«“¡ π„®‡√◊ÕË ß°“√∑√ßµ—«·≈–°“√À¡ÿπ∑’‰Ë ¥â ¡¥ÿ≈ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ∑’ˇ¡◊ËÕ≈Ÿ°¢à“ßÀ¡ÿπ∑«π‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®– ‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ·µà∂â“À¡ÿπµ“¡‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‰¡à‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ª√–‡¥Áππ’È µâÕ߉ª»÷°…“À“§”µÕ∫®“°·À≈àߺ≈‘µ ´÷ßË §”µÕ∫∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— ¬‘ßË ∑”

The main principle of local learning is for the teachers themselves to search for knowledge both from the anecdotes and from the local surroundings, to create knowledge activities, associated with sciences, way of life, society, and culture, for students. As such, itûs the process of building intellectual weapon for the teacher through the research process where the teacher plays his/her role of the researcher and then transforms the knowledge gained from the study into lessons. The knowledge gained not only comes from the local anecdotes but also from different sources of knowledge; be academicians, local government officials, and local gurus. The belief that when the teacher is enlightened with the intellect, the knowledge gained and the learning processes are passed through to the learner. The students then are vaccinated with the scientific process of thinking and the familiar research process and they are able to apply such knowledge to çleft-time learning.é The learning of physics from the local Lanna wooden toys is an example of the learning/teaching lesson by relating local surrounding with the science.

Mr. Priaroong Ngamsomporn of Prince Royal College, Chiang Mai, is the project owner of the learning of properties and the phenomena of sound wave through the local Lanna wooden toy. This project is to apply the local toy to explain the principle of physics, such as, the experiment of the top, because K. Priaroong is

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„À⇧“√æ„π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑’Ë„™â«‘∏’°“√∫“°‰¡â‰ºà„À≥âÕß»“ ‡À¡“–‡®“– °“√°–¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ∑’Ë„Àâ≈¡ºà“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√ ‡ ’¬¥ ’√–À«à“ß≈¡°—∫√Ÿ ∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß¢÷Èπ‰¥â ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇≈àπ æ◊È π ∫â “ π∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ◊Ë Õ §«“¡√Ÿâ ¥â “ π§≈◊Ë π ‡ ’ ¬ ߉¥â ™— ¥ ‡®π∑’Ë ÿ ¥ “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß‡ ’¬ßµË” ®“°µâ𰔇𑥇 ’¬ß ·≈–§«“¡∂’Ë∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß·≈–·À≈¡ °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ¢Õß‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π·À≈¡ Õ.°—πµ—ß ®.µ√—ß ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’˧‘¥¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â »÷°…“‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ´÷Ëß ¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°„πµ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡ ¡“∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡ªìπ À≈—° Ÿµ√∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡°—∫π—°‡√’¬πµ—Èß·µà ª.4 ∂÷ß ª.6 „À≥â√Ÿâ∑—Èß ç∑—°…–°“√‡≈’¬È ßé ç«ß®√™’«µ‘ é √«¡∂÷ß ç√–∫∫𑇫»¢Õß™“¬Ωíßò é ·≈–¬—߇ªìπ°“√√≥√ߧå„À⇬“«™π‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢ÕßÀÕπ“ß√¡´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±åª√–®”µ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡¥â«·¡≈ßÀ°¢“∑’Ë ®— ß À«— ¥ ∫ÿ √’ √— ¡ ¬å ‡ªì π Õ’ ° Àπ÷Ë ß ™ÿ ¥ °“√ ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¥â“π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢Õ߇¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π°√–∑ÿà¡ Õ. µ÷° ®.∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡¥Á°Ê ∑’Ëπ’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡‡√’¬π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√宓° µ“√“ß∏“µÿ ·µà‡√‘¡Ë ®“°°Õߢ’§È «“¬ ‡æ◊ÕË »÷°…“«à“‡Àµÿ„¥·¡≈ß„π À¡Ÿà∫â“π®÷ß≈¥≈ß °‘®°√√¡∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê µâÕß∑”§◊Õ °“√ÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫ µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈ßæ√âÕ¡Ê °—∫»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∑—Èß®“°°“√ —߇°µ °“√ Õ∫∂“¡‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ‘¡®“°§π„π™ÿ¡™π ∑—ßÈ ¬—ßµâÕß»÷°…“√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ¢Õß·¡≈ß·∫∫≈ß≈÷°¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“«ß®√™’«‘µ ‚¥¬·∫àß°≈ÿà¡°—π ‡≈’Ȭ߷¡≈ß À√◊ÕÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈߇∫â“ ´÷ËßÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π ¢’§È «“¬ ‡¥Á°‡°‘¥§«“¡ ß —¬«à“‡æ√“–Õ–‰√¡—π∂÷߇¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿ„à ππ—πÈ ®÷ ß π”‰ª Ÿà°“√查∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¢Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ·≈–®“° °“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘πË ·≈⫇™◊ÕË ¡‚¬ß Ÿ∑à ƒ…Æ’µ“à ßÊ ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å ∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’‡Àµÿ¡’º≈

interested in the balance and the balancing spin, particularly when the tops are spun counter-clockwise, they will make sound. But if they are spun clockwise, the sound wonût be produced. We did a little research at the source of manufacturer. With the result, we have even been more respectful with the local intellect in the way that the cut of the groove on the bamboo at the right angle to make an appropriate hole for the wind to pass through, the friction between the wind and hole, can make sound. Itûs considered as a local toy that can clearly explain the knowledge of sound wave, the high and low tone from the original source of sound, and the frequency producing high and treble tone.

The learning of oyster at Ban Laem school, Amphur Kantang, Trang is another set of learning created for students to learn about nature through the study of oyster, which is plenty at Tambon Ban Laem.

The lesson is an integral part of the curriculum for Pratom 4-6 to teach çSkills of Farming,é çLife Cycle,é including çCoastal Ecology,é and it also is a campaign for the young people to regard the importance of oysters, a main product of Ban Laem sub-district.

6-legged insect at Burirum is another scientific learning set of students at Ban Gratoom school, Amphur Satuek, Burirum. Students here donût start to learn science from the Element Table but from the pile of buffalo dung to study why the number of the insects at

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™ÿ ¥ °“√‡√’ ¬ π√Ÿâ §ÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” ¢Õß™ÿ ¡ ™π ‡ªì π Õ’ ° ™ÿ ¥ °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¢Õß πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß Õ.∑ÿßà ß ®.π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™ ´÷ßË ∂◊Õ‰¥â«“à ‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊ÕπÀâÕ߇√’¬π√Ÿ∑â “ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘πË ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ‡æ√“–πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‡ªìπ·À≈àßµâππÈ”¢Õß·¡àπÈ”µ√—ß ∑’Ë À ≈à Õ ‡≈’È ¬ ߧπ„πÀ≈“¬æ◊È π ∑’Ë „πÕ¥’ µ π—È π ·¡à πÈ” „ –Õ“¥ “¡“√∂„™â¥◊Ë¡°‘π‰¥â ·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÀ≈“¬·Ààßµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„°≈â °—∫·À≈àßµâππÈ” °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡≈¿“«–∑“ßπÈ” Õ’°∑—Èߧπ„π™ÿ¡™π ¬—ߢ“¥§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√®—¥°“√πÈ” ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π™ÿ¥π’È®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠¬‘Ëß ”À√—∫™ÿ¡™ππ’È ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥Á°®–‰¥â√—∫πÕ°®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈â« ¬—ß ‰¥â√∫— ª√– ∫°“√≥åµ√ß ∑—°…– ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®¬— °“√∫—π∑÷° °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ´÷ßË ‰¡à„™à‡ªìπ°“√∑àÕß®”®“°µ”√“·∫∫‡¥‘¡Ê Õ’°·≈â« πÕ°®“°π’ȇ¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π·≈–§π„π™ÿ¡™π®–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å ∑’¥Ë µ’ Õà °—π ‡æ√“–∂â“π—°‡√’¬π‡¢“Õ¬“°√Ÿ‡â √◊ÕË ßÕ–‰√‡¢“®–∂“¡§π „π™ÿ¡™π ∫“ß∑’§π„π™ÿ¡™π°Á∂“¡„π ‘ßË ∑’‡Ë ¥Á°Ê ‡¢“‰ª ”√«®¡“ ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§π „π™ÿ¡™π°Á‡√‘¡Ë ‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢Õß “¬πÈ”·Ààßπ’¡È “°¢÷πÈ º≈®“° °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·≈–»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê ‡°‘¥§«“¡§‘¥µàÕ¬Õ¥®“°°‘®°√√¡ ”√«®πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« æ«°‡¢“ ‡ÀÁ π «à “ §«√®–¡’ ° “√∑”·ºπ∑’Ë æ√â Õ ¡°— ∫ √à “ ß·≈–∑”·ºπ∑’Ë πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√° π—∫‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’ˬ—߉¡à‡§¬¡’„§√§‘¥∑” ¡“°àÕπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·Ààßπ’È ‚¥¬®–∑”√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µà“ßÊ ‰«â Õ“∑‘ °“√æ∫ª≈“µŸÀπ“ ´÷ßË ‡ªìπª≈“∑’‡Ë ®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â¥„’ π∫√‘‡«≥πÈ”π‘ßË À√◊ժɓæ√ÿ ‡¢“°Á‰ª»÷°…“À“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–§âπæ∫«à“¡—π„°≈â ≠ Ÿ æ—π∏ÿå ‡µÁ¡∑’·≈â« ®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ—π∏ÿåª≈“™π‘¥π’È¢÷Èπ ªí®®ÿ∫—π·ºπ∑’Ë “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ∑”¢÷Èππ’È ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’√“™¡ß§≈‰¥â¢Õ·ºπ∑’ˉª„™â»÷°…“µàÕ ·≈–Õߧ尓√∫√‘À“√

the village are decreasing. The activities these children had to do were collecting insect samples, studying the information both through observation and from interviewing additional information from the local community. Apart from this, they had to go deep in details of the insect through the study of its life cycle. They were divided into groups to perform different tasks, such as, raising the insect or collecting samples of the insects living inside the buffalo dung. The students were wondered why they reside in the dung, thus leading to the chemical structure of buffalo dung. And from the study of natural surroundings, it can also link to other scientific theories, enabling the children to explain natural phenomenon reasonably.

The learning set of the community quality of water is another scientific learning through the study of Pliew waterfall, a natural resource of Amphur Tungsong, Nakorn Sithammarat, considered as a local lab. Pliew waterfall is an original source of the Trang river, nourishing the people in the area. The water of the river was once so pure that it could be consumed directly. However, since there are many factories located nearby, the water pollution unavoidably occurs. Besides, the people still lack knowledge of water management in the community. As a result, this learning set of the community quality of water poses its importance for this community.

The children not only learn science, but they will also gain direct experience, skills, and the process of research, recording, analyzing, all of which are no longer

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à«πµ”∫≈°Á “¡“√∂π”·ºπ∑’Ëπ’ȉª„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“™ÿ¡™π„π ‡ âπ∑“ß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‰¥â¥â«°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°à‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√ ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àâµ”√“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å À√◊Õ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“°“√µà“ßÊ ¡’™’«‘µ¢÷Èπ¡“ „Àâæ«°‡¢“‰¥â‡√’¬π√Ÿâ Õ¬à “ ß πÿ ° π“π·≈â « ¬— ß ª≈Ÿ ° Ωí ß ”π÷ ° √— ° …å ∏ √√¡™“µ‘ °“√ — ß ‡°µ °“√∫— π ∑÷ ° °“√«‘ ‡ §√“–Àå ·≈–∑’Ë ”§— ≠ §◊ Õ °“√ √â“ß √√§å ‘Ëß„À¡àÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ™ÿ¡™π∑’˵π‡ÕßÕ¬Ÿà ‰¥â‡¢â“„® »“ µ√åæ◊Èπ∫â“π ·≈–‡°‘¥°“√‡§“√æ√—°∂‘Ëπ∞“π ∂â“À≈“¬Ê ™ÿ ¡ ™π‡°‘ ¥ ·π«§‘ ¥„π°“√æ— ≤ π“°“√‡√’ ¬ π°“√ Õπ„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘„π·µà≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠧑¥«à“Õ𓧵 ¢Õß™“µ‘ § ß¡’ Õ πÿ ™ π√ÿà π À≈— ß ∑’Ë √— ° ·≈–Àà « ß„¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ µ≈Õ¥®π«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–ª√–‡æ≥’∑âÕß∂‘ËπÕ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ

π„® Õ∫∂“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‰¥â∑’Ë ‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.) ‡≈¢∑’Ë 979 Õ“§“√‡Õ ‡ÕÁ¡ ∑“«‡«Õ√å ™—Èπ 14 ∂ππæÀ≈‚¬∏‘π ·¢«ß “¡‡ π„π ‡¢µæ≠“‰∑ °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400 ‚∑√»—æ∑å 0-2298-0455-72 For more information, please contact: The Local Science Project Thailand Research Fund (TRF), 14th Floor, SME Tower, 979, Paholyothin Rd., Samsennai, Payathai, Bangkok 10400 Tel: 0-2298-0455-72

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the memorization of the knowledge as that of the old lesson. Moreover, it also builds a good relationship between children and community people because the students will ask the community people of what they want to know. Sometimes, on the contrary, the community ask the students of what they have learnt, generating the sharing of knowledge among themselves.

More important is that the community sees the value of the river more. The result of learning and study of the Pliew waterfall enabled the children to further create other activities. They thought that there should be a map. So, they drafted the map and made it for the first time which nobody had ever thought of doing so. On the map, they put the remarks on such things as the discovery of Tu-Naa fish, a fish that can grow very well in the stagnant water, or Peat Swam Forest, where they looked into the information and found that itûs almost extinct. Thus, it created the sense of Tu-naa fish conservation in the community. Today, the Technology Ratchamongkol Institute has requested for the map to further study and the local administration is able to use the map to develop the community along the path of Pliew waterfall, too.

To educate the children and youth through the natural learning process not only revives the scientific textbooks or other academic contents, but it also makes learning science a fun way, and cultivates the awareness of loving nature, observation, recording, analyzing, and, more importantly, the innovation for their own community, to understand the local sciences, and the love for the community. If many communities develop the learning process through nature, the future of the country will lie in the hands of younger generation who definitely love and care for their nature, along with local cultures and traditions.

Reference

1. ™ÿ¡™π®—¥°“√§«“¡√Ÿ,â ‚§√ß°“√»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߧ«“¡√Ÿ·â Ààß™“µ‘ 1. Community Knowledge Management, Thailand (Thailand Knowledge Center : TKC) °√–∑√«ß Knowledge Center : TKC, Ministry of Information and ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊Ë Õ “√, Àπâ “ 102, Communication Technology, page 102, 2004 æ.». 2547 ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 49 45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë

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À≈—°°“√ ”§—≠„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ §◊Õ §√ŸµâÕß≈ß¡◊Õ §âπ§«â“À“§«“¡√Ÿ¥â «â ¬µπ‡Õß ∑—ßÈ ®“°‡Õ° “√·À≈àߧ«“¡√Ÿâ ·≈– ®“°°“√ ”√«®„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·≈â«π”¡“ √â“ß°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬πÕ¬à“߇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß ∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å «‘∂’™’«‘µ —ߧ¡ ·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√µ‘¥Õ“«ÿ∏∑“ߪí≠≠“ „Àâ·°à§√Ÿ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’˧√Ÿ‡¢â“¡“√—∫∫∑∫“∑‡ªìππ—° «‘®—¬ ·≈â«·ª≈§«“¡√Ÿâ®“°°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìπ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ ‚¥¬§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’ˉ¥âπ’ÈπÕ°®“°®–‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ‡©æ“–∂‘Ëπ·≈⫬—߉¥â √Ÿâ®—°·À≈à߇√’¬π√ŸâÕ’°¡“°¡“¬ ∑—Èß®“°π—°«‘™“°“√ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë Àπ૬ߓπ„πæ◊πÈ ∑’·Ë ≈–ª√“™≠噓«∫â“π ¥â«¬§«“¡‡™◊ÕË ∑’«Ë “à ‡¡◊ÕË ‡ª≈«· ß·Ààߪí≠≠“‡®‘¥®â“„πµ—«§√Ÿ·≈â«°“√ àߺà“𧫓¡√Ÿâ ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°§√ŸºŸâ Õπ¡“¬—ߺŸâ‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕπ—Èπ‡¥Á°Ê ºŸâ‡√’¬π®–∂Ÿ°ª≈Ÿ°«—§´’π∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥∑’ˇªìπ °√–∫«π°“√§‘¥·∫∫«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®¬— ∑’‡Ë ¥Á°Ê §ÿâ 𠇧¬°Á “¡“√∂𔉪ª√— ∫ ª√–¬ÿ ° µå „ ™â ‰ ¥â °— ∫ ç°“√‡√’ ¬ π√Ÿâ µ≈Õ¥™’«µ‘ é °“√‡√’¬πøî ‘° 宓°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“ ‡ªìπ µ— « Õ¬à “ ßÀπ÷Ë ß ¢Õß°“√‡√’ ¬ π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬π”‡Õ“‡√◊Ë Õ ß√“«„π ∑âÕß∂‘πË ¡“‡™◊ÕË ¡‚¬ß°—∫‡π◊ÕÈ À“«‘™“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ‚¥¬π“¬‰æ√√ÿßà ß“¡ ¡æ√æß»å ‚√߇√’¬πª√‘π å√Õ·¬≈«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ®.‡™’¬ß„À¡à ‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß‚§√ß°“√™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿ‡â √◊ÕË ß ¡∫—µ·‘ ≈–ª√“°Ø°“√≥å ¢Õߧ≈◊πË ‡ ’¬ß®“°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊πÈ ∫â“π¿Ÿ¡ª‘ ≠ í À“≈â“ππ“ ´÷ßË ™ÿ¥°“√ ‡√’¬π√Ÿâπ’ȇªìπ°“√π”¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬»“ µ√å ∑“ߥâ“πøî ‘° å Õ“∑‘ °“√π”‡Õ“¢à“ß‚«â¡“∑¥≈Õß ‡π◊ËÕß®“° §ÿ≥‰æ√√ÿßà ¡’§«“¡ π„®‡√◊ÕË ß°“√∑√ßµ—«·≈–°“√À¡ÿπ∑’‰Ë ¥â ¡¥ÿ≈ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ∑’ˇ¡◊ËÕ≈Ÿ°¢à“ßÀ¡ÿπ∑«π‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®– ‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ·µà∂â“À¡ÿπµ“¡‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‰¡à‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ª√–‡¥Áππ’È µâÕ߉ª»÷°…“À“§”µÕ∫®“°·À≈àߺ≈‘µ ´÷ßË §”µÕ∫∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— ¬‘ßË ∑”

The main principle of local learning is for the teachers themselves to search for knowledge both from the anecdotes and from the local surroundings, to create knowledge activities, associated with sciences, way of life, society, and culture, for students. As such, itûs the process of building intellectual weapon for the teacher through the research process where the teacher plays his/her role of the researcher and then transforms the knowledge gained from the study into lessons. The knowledge gained not only comes from the local anecdotes but also from different sources of knowledge; be academicians, local government officials, and local gurus. The belief that when the teacher is enlightened with the intellect, the knowledge gained and the learning processes are passed through to the learner. The students then are vaccinated with the scientific process of thinking and the familiar research process and they are able to apply such knowledge to çleft-time learning.é The learning of physics from the local Lanna wooden toys is an example of the learning/teaching lesson by relating local surrounding with the science.

Mr. Priaroong Ngamsomporn of Prince Royal College, Chiang Mai, is the project owner of the learning of properties and the phenomena of sound wave through the local Lanna wooden toy. This project is to apply the local toy to explain the principle of physics, such as, the experiment of the top, because K. Priaroong is

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„À⇧“√æ„π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑’Ë„™â«‘∏’°“√∫“°‰¡â‰ºà„À≥âÕß»“ ‡À¡“–‡®“– °“√°–¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ∑’Ë„Àâ≈¡ºà“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√ ‡ ’¬¥ ’√–À«à“ß≈¡°—∫√Ÿ ∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß¢÷Èπ‰¥â ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇≈àπ æ◊È π ∫â “ π∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ◊Ë Õ §«“¡√Ÿâ ¥â “ π§≈◊Ë π ‡ ’ ¬ ߉¥â ™— ¥ ‡®π∑’Ë ÿ ¥ “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß‡ ’¬ßµË” ®“°µâ𰔇𑥇 ’¬ß ·≈–§«“¡∂’Ë∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß·≈–·À≈¡ °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ¢Õß‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π·À≈¡ Õ.°—πµ—ß ®.µ√—ß ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’˧‘¥¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â »÷°…“‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ´÷Ëß ¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°„πµ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡ ¡“∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡ªìπ À≈—° Ÿµ√∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡°—∫π—°‡√’¬πµ—Èß·µà ª.4 ∂÷ß ª.6 „À≥â√Ÿâ∑—Èß ç∑—°…–°“√‡≈’¬È ßé ç«ß®√™’«µ‘ é √«¡∂÷ß ç√–∫∫𑇫»¢Õß™“¬Ωíßò é ·≈–¬—߇ªìπ°“√√≥√ߧå„À⇬“«™π‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢ÕßÀÕπ“ß√¡´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±åª√–®”µ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡¥â«·¡≈ßÀ°¢“∑’Ë ®— ß À«— ¥ ∫ÿ √’ √— ¡ ¬å ‡ªì π Õ’ ° Àπ÷Ë ß ™ÿ ¥ °“√ ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¥â“π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢Õ߇¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π°√–∑ÿà¡ Õ. µ÷° ®.∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡¥Á°Ê ∑’Ëπ’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡‡√’¬π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√宓° µ“√“ß∏“µÿ ·µà‡√‘¡Ë ®“°°Õߢ’§È «“¬ ‡æ◊ÕË »÷°…“«à“‡Àµÿ„¥·¡≈ß„π À¡Ÿà∫â“π®÷ß≈¥≈ß °‘®°√√¡∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê µâÕß∑”§◊Õ °“√ÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫ µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈ßæ√âÕ¡Ê °—∫»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∑—Èß®“°°“√ —߇°µ °“√ Õ∫∂“¡‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ‘¡®“°§π„π™ÿ¡™π ∑—ßÈ ¬—ßµâÕß»÷°…“√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ¢Õß·¡≈ß·∫∫≈ß≈÷°¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“«ß®√™’«‘µ ‚¥¬·∫àß°≈ÿà¡°—π ‡≈’Ȭ߷¡≈ß À√◊ÕÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈߇∫â“ ´÷ËßÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π ¢’§È «“¬ ‡¥Á°‡°‘¥§«“¡ ß —¬«à“‡æ√“–Õ–‰√¡—π∂÷߇¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿ„à ππ—πÈ ®÷ ß π”‰ª Ÿà°“√查∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¢Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ·≈–®“° °“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘πË ·≈⫇™◊ÕË ¡‚¬ß Ÿ∑à ƒ…Æ’µ“à ßÊ ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å ∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’‡Àµÿ¡’º≈

interested in the balance and the balancing spin, particularly when the tops are spun counter-clockwise, they will make sound. But if they are spun clockwise, the sound wonût be produced. We did a little research at the source of manufacturer. With the result, we have even been more respectful with the local intellect in the way that the cut of the groove on the bamboo at the right angle to make an appropriate hole for the wind to pass through, the friction between the wind and hole, can make sound. Itûs considered as a local toy that can clearly explain the knowledge of sound wave, the high and low tone from the original source of sound, and the frequency producing high and treble tone.

The learning of oyster at Ban Laem school, Amphur Kantang, Trang is another set of learning created for students to learn about nature through the study of oyster, which is plenty at Tambon Ban Laem.

The lesson is an integral part of the curriculum for Pratom 4-6 to teach çSkills of Farming,é çLife Cycle,é including çCoastal Ecology,é and it also is a campaign for the young people to regard the importance of oysters, a main product of Ban Laem sub-district.

6-legged insect at Burirum is another scientific learning set of students at Ban Gratoom school, Amphur Satuek, Burirum. Students here donût start to learn science from the Element Table but from the pile of buffalo dung to study why the number of the insects at

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™ÿ ¥ °“√‡√’ ¬ π√Ÿâ §ÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” ¢Õß™ÿ ¡ ™π ‡ªì π Õ’ ° ™ÿ ¥ °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¢Õß πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß Õ.∑ÿßà ß ®.π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™ ´÷ßË ∂◊Õ‰¥â«“à ‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊ÕπÀâÕ߇√’¬π√Ÿ∑â “ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘πË ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ‡æ√“–πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‡ªìπ·À≈àßµâππÈ”¢Õß·¡àπÈ”µ√—ß ∑’Ë À ≈à Õ ‡≈’È ¬ ߧπ„πÀ≈“¬æ◊È π ∑’Ë „πÕ¥’ µ π—È π ·¡à πÈ” „ –Õ“¥ “¡“√∂„™â¥◊Ë¡°‘π‰¥â ·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÀ≈“¬·Ààßµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„°≈â °—∫·À≈àßµâππÈ” °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡≈¿“«–∑“ßπÈ” Õ’°∑—Èߧπ„π™ÿ¡™π ¬—ߢ“¥§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√®—¥°“√πÈ” ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π™ÿ¥π’È®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠¬‘Ëß ”À√—∫™ÿ¡™ππ’È ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥Á°®–‰¥â√—∫πÕ°®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈â« ¬—ß ‰¥â√∫— ª√– ∫°“√≥åµ√ß ∑—°…– ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®¬— °“√∫—π∑÷° °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ´÷ßË ‰¡à„™à‡ªìπ°“√∑àÕß®”®“°µ”√“·∫∫‡¥‘¡Ê Õ’°·≈â« πÕ°®“°π’ȇ¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π·≈–§π„π™ÿ¡™π®–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å ∑’¥Ë µ’ Õà °—π ‡æ√“–∂â“π—°‡√’¬π‡¢“Õ¬“°√Ÿ‡â √◊ÕË ßÕ–‰√‡¢“®–∂“¡§π „π™ÿ¡™π ∫“ß∑’§π„π™ÿ¡™π°Á∂“¡„π ‘ßË ∑’‡Ë ¥Á°Ê ‡¢“‰ª ”√«®¡“ ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§π „π™ÿ¡™π°Á‡√‘¡Ë ‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢Õß “¬πÈ”·Ààßπ’¡È “°¢÷πÈ º≈®“° °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·≈–»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê ‡°‘¥§«“¡§‘¥µàÕ¬Õ¥®“°°‘®°√√¡ ”√«®πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« æ«°‡¢“ ‡ÀÁ π «à “ §«√®–¡’ ° “√∑”·ºπ∑’Ë æ√â Õ ¡°— ∫ √à “ ß·≈–∑”·ºπ∑’Ë πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√° π—∫‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’ˬ—߉¡à‡§¬¡’„§√§‘¥∑” ¡“°àÕπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·Ààßπ’È ‚¥¬®–∑”√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µà“ßÊ ‰«â Õ“∑‘ °“√æ∫ª≈“µŸÀπ“ ´÷ßË ‡ªìπª≈“∑’‡Ë ®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â¥„’ π∫√‘‡«≥πÈ”π‘ßË À√◊ժɓæ√ÿ ‡¢“°Á‰ª»÷°…“À“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–§âπæ∫«à“¡—π„°≈â ≠ Ÿ æ—π∏ÿå ‡µÁ¡∑’·≈â« ®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ—π∏ÿåª≈“™π‘¥π’È¢÷Èπ ªí®®ÿ∫—π·ºπ∑’Ë “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ∑”¢÷Èππ’È ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’√“™¡ß§≈‰¥â¢Õ·ºπ∑’ˉª„™â»÷°…“µàÕ ·≈–Õߧ尓√∫√‘À“√

the village are decreasing. The activities these children had to do were collecting insect samples, studying the information both through observation and from interviewing additional information from the local community. Apart from this, they had to go deep in details of the insect through the study of its life cycle. They were divided into groups to perform different tasks, such as, raising the insect or collecting samples of the insects living inside the buffalo dung. The students were wondered why they reside in the dung, thus leading to the chemical structure of buffalo dung. And from the study of natural surroundings, it can also link to other scientific theories, enabling the children to explain natural phenomenon reasonably.

The learning set of the community quality of water is another scientific learning through the study of Pliew waterfall, a natural resource of Amphur Tungsong, Nakorn Sithammarat, considered as a local lab. Pliew waterfall is an original source of the Trang river, nourishing the people in the area. The water of the river was once so pure that it could be consumed directly. However, since there are many factories located nearby, the water pollution unavoidably occurs. Besides, the people still lack knowledge of water management in the community. As a result, this learning set of the community quality of water poses its importance for this community.

The children not only learn science, but they will also gain direct experience, skills, and the process of research, recording, analyzing, all of which are no longer

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à«πµ”∫≈°Á “¡“√∂π”·ºπ∑’Ëπ’ȉª„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“™ÿ¡™π„π ‡ âπ∑“ß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‰¥â¥â«°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°à‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√ ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àâµ”√“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å À√◊Õ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“°“√µà“ßÊ ¡’™’«‘µ¢÷Èπ¡“ „Àâæ«°‡¢“‰¥â‡√’¬π√Ÿâ Õ¬à “ ß πÿ ° π“π·≈â « ¬— ß ª≈Ÿ ° Ωí ß ”π÷ ° √— ° …å ∏ √√¡™“µ‘ °“√ — ß ‡°µ °“√∫— π ∑÷ ° °“√«‘ ‡ §√“–Àå ·≈–∑’Ë ”§— ≠ §◊ Õ °“√ √â“ß √√§å ‘Ëß„À¡àÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ™ÿ¡™π∑’˵π‡ÕßÕ¬Ÿà ‰¥â‡¢â“„® »“ µ√åæ◊Èπ∫â“π ·≈–‡°‘¥°“√‡§“√æ√—°∂‘Ëπ∞“π ∂â“À≈“¬Ê ™ÿ ¡ ™π‡°‘ ¥ ·π«§‘ ¥„π°“√æ— ≤ π“°“√‡√’ ¬ π°“√ Õπ„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘„π·µà≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠧑¥«à“Õ𓧵 ¢Õß™“µ‘ § ß¡’ Õ πÿ ™ π√ÿà π À≈— ß ∑’Ë √— ° ·≈–Àà « ß„¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ µ≈Õ¥®π«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–ª√–‡æ≥’∑âÕß∂‘ËπÕ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ

π„® Õ∫∂“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‰¥â∑’Ë ‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.) ‡≈¢∑’Ë 979 Õ“§“√‡Õ ‡ÕÁ¡ ∑“«‡«Õ√å ™—Èπ 14 ∂ππæÀ≈‚¬∏‘π ·¢«ß “¡‡ π„π ‡¢µæ≠“‰∑ °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400 ‚∑√»—æ∑å 0-2298-0455-72 For more information, please contact: The Local Science Project Thailand Research Fund (TRF), 14th Floor, SME Tower, 979, Paholyothin Rd., Samsennai, Payathai, Bangkok 10400 Tel: 0-2298-0455-72

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the memorization of the knowledge as that of the old lesson. Moreover, it also builds a good relationship between children and community people because the students will ask the community people of what they want to know. Sometimes, on the contrary, the community ask the students of what they have learnt, generating the sharing of knowledge among themselves.

More important is that the community sees the value of the river more. The result of learning and study of the Pliew waterfall enabled the children to further create other activities. They thought that there should be a map. So, they drafted the map and made it for the first time which nobody had ever thought of doing so. On the map, they put the remarks on such things as the discovery of Tu-Naa fish, a fish that can grow very well in the stagnant water, or Peat Swam Forest, where they looked into the information and found that itûs almost extinct. Thus, it created the sense of Tu-naa fish conservation in the community. Today, the Technology Ratchamongkol Institute has requested for the map to further study and the local administration is able to use the map to develop the community along the path of Pliew waterfall, too.

To educate the children and youth through the natural learning process not only revives the scientific textbooks or other academic contents, but it also makes learning science a fun way, and cultivates the awareness of loving nature, observation, recording, analyzing, and, more importantly, the innovation for their own community, to understand the local sciences, and the love for the community. If many communities develop the learning process through nature, the future of the country will lie in the hands of younger generation who definitely love and care for their nature, along with local cultures and traditions.

Reference

1. ™ÿ¡™π®—¥°“√§«“¡√Ÿ,â ‚§√ß°“√»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߧ«“¡√Ÿ·â Ààß™“µ‘ 1. Community Knowledge Management, Thailand (Thailand Knowledge Center : TKC) °√–∑√«ß Knowledge Center : TKC, Ministry of Information and ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊Ë Õ “√, Àπâ “ 102, Communication Technology, page 102, 2004 æ.». 2547 ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 49 45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë

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°√’π‡«Á∫ Green

‚¥¬ : Mr.web Web by : Mr.web

WEBSITE ‡«Á∫‰´µå∑’Ëπ”¡“·π–π”°—π„π©∫—∫π’È ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫∑’Ë „Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√∑’Ëπà“√Ÿâ πà“ π„®¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π¢Õß ª√–‡∑» √«¡‰ª∂÷ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π¢Õß‚≈° ·∂¡ ∫“߇«Á∫¬—ß¡’≈‘ߧ剪¬—߇«Á∫∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß ∂⓵âÕß°“√ »÷°…“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ√—∫√Õ߉¡àº‘¥À«—ß

Websites introduced in this volume are webs that provides informative and interesting on the energy of Thailand as well as the World. Some webs may have links to other related webs. If you want to do research or educate, you wonût be disappointed for sure.

www.fti.or.th ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß ¿“Õÿµ “À°√√¡·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«∫√«¡ ‡√◊ÕË ß√“«¢Õß¿“«–Õÿµ “À°√√¡, SMEs, ¿“…’Õ“°√, ∑√—欓°√ ¡πÿ…¬å, °ÆÀ¡“¬, ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’, æ≈—ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡, ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ Õÿµ “À°√√¡, ¡“µ√∞“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡, à߇ √‘¡°“√≈ß∑ÿπ, °“√ àßÕÕ° It is the web of the Federation of Thai Industries, compiling the situation of industry, SMEs, taxes, human resources, law, technology, industrial energy, environmental industry, international standard of industry, support of investment, and export.

www.efe.or.th „Àâ¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√¥â“π°“√Õπÿ√°— …åæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π It provides information on energy and environment conservation and the use of renewable energy.

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www.ethanol-thailand.com ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ∂“∫—πæ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π‡Õ∏“πÕ≈‰∫‚Õ¥’‡´≈·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«∫√«¡¢à“« “√ °‘®°√√¡ ∫∑§«“¡ ‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ‡Õ∏“πÕ≈ This web belongs to the Foundation of Alternative Energy Ethanol-Bio Diesel of Thailand, compiling news, activities, and articles about ethanol.

www.ecct-th.org ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß»Ÿπ¬åÕπÿ√°— …åæ≈—ßß“π ¡’‡√◊ÕË ß√“«¢Õ߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’ æ≈—ßß“π °“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™âæ≈—ßß“π ‡¬“«™π°—∫æ≈—ßß“π ·≈–°“√ „™âæ≈—ßß“π„π§√—«‡√◊Õπ Itûs the website of the Center of Energy Conservation, offering the information of technology energy, the application of energy, youth and energy, and the use of household energy.

www.thaienergy.net „Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µà“ßÊ ¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π Õ“∑‘ √“§“πÈ”¡—𠇫Á∫‰´µå ¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π √«¡‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ëπà“ π„®∑—Ë«Ê ‰ª‡°’ˬ«°—∫æ≈—ßß“π ‚¥¬¡’»Ÿπ¬å “√ π‡∑»°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥∑” It provides an abundance of energy information such as the gas price, comprehensive links of energy, including other interesting things about energy. The Information Technology of the Center of Energy Conservation created the website.

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www.eppo.go.th ‡ªì 𠇫Á ∫ ¢Õß ”π— ° ß“ππ‚¬∫“¬·≈–·ºπæ≈—ßß“π „Àâ §«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢à“« “√¥â“π°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π It is the web of the Energy Policy and Planning Office, educating and providing information concerning the conservation of energy and environment, and the use of renewable energy.

www.energythai.net ”π—°∫√‘°“√ “√ π‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡æ≈—ßß“π ‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥ ∑”‡«Á∫π’È ‚¥¬„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡√◊ËÕß°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π The Information Technology of Industrial Energy Service Office created this website and provide information on the use of renewable energy.

www.eeit.or.th ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ∂“∫—πª√–À¬—¥æ≈—ßß“π·Ààߪ√–‡∑» ‰∑¬ „Àâ¢à“« “√¥â“π°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√ „™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π The website belongs to the Energy Efficiency Institute (Thailand) Foundation, offering information concerning the conservation of energy and environment, and the use of renewable energy.

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www.teenet.chula.ac.th „Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ∂“π°“√≥åæ≈—ßß“π ‰øøÑ“ ‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß °“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑µà“ßÊ √“§“ ®”Àπà“¬µ≈“¥µà“ߪ√–‡∑»·≈–„πª√–‡∑» ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» »—°¬¿“æ· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ‡ªìπµâπ It provides information about the situation of energy, electricity, fuel, the use of energy and fuels, the gas price of domestic and overseas market, climate, the sunlight capacity, etc.

www.ata.or.th ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫∑’√Ë «∫√«¡·≈–‡º¬·æ√à¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑‡’Ë À¡“– ¡ ß“π«‘ ®— ¬ ·≈–æ— ≤ π“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ∑’Ë ª √–À¬— ¥ „™â ßà “ ¬ ‚¥¬„™â ∑√—欓°√ ·≈–¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ‚¥¬¡’ ¡“§¡‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë ‡À¡“– ¡ (Appropriate Technology Association) ‡ªìπ ºŸ¥â ·Ÿ ≈ It is the website that compiles and provide information and appropriate technology, research and development, the saving and easy-to-use energy by using local resources and intelligence under the supervision of Appropriate Technology Association.

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π‚¬∫“¬ ’‡¢’¬« Green Policy

‚¥¬ : ¥ÿ…Æ’ ¡—Ëπ¿—°¥’ : π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… by : Dusadee Maanphakdee : Environmental Officer, Pollution Control Department

„π¬ÿ§ªí®®ÿ∫π— °“√¥”‡π‘π™’«µ‘ ‡À¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ “¬æ“π °“√º≈‘µ∑’®Ë –‡√‘¡Ë °√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ∑’‡Ë «≈“ 08.00 π. ‡√◊ÕË ¬‰ª®π∂÷ß 17.00 π. ª√‘¡“≥°“√∫√‘‚¿§‡Õß°Á‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ ◊ËÕ µ“¡°√–· ¢Õß —ߧ¡ ®÷ß∑”„Àâª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘µ¬‘Ë߇æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπµ“¡°√–· °“√∫√‘‚¿§ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√‡√à߇√â“„Àâ°“√º≈‘µ¿“§Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ‡æ‘¡Ë ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘µ„Àâ∑π— µàÕ§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å¡“°¢÷πÈ ·≈–®“°°“√∑’ÕË µÿ “À°√√¡¡’°“√¢¬“¬µ—«‡æ‘¡Ë ¡“°¢÷πÈ π—πÈ ∑”„Àâ ‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µ“¡¡“∑’Ë ”§—≠ §◊Õ°“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß ‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß à«π„À≠à¡“®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßøÕ ´‘≈ ‰¥â·°à °ä“´ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÈ”¡—π ·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ‚¥¬„πªï æ.». 2535 ≥ °√ÿß √‘‚Õ‡¥Õ®“‡π‚√ ª√–‡∑»∫√“´‘≈ ∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à Àª√–™“™“µ‘ «à“¥â«¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈–°“√æ—≤π“ (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development À√◊Õ UNCED) ¡’¡µ‘√—∫√ÕßÕπÿ —≠≠“ Àª√–™“™“µ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» (United Nation Framework Convertion on Climate Change À√◊Õ UNFCCC) ‡æ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´

Nowadays way of life is like the movement of conveyor belt that starts its operation from 8.00 am. until 5.00 pm. The consumption amount has been influenced by the media and the current of society, resulting in the increasing production output concurrent with the consumption rate. It stimulates the production of the industrial sector to increase its production output to be able to catch up with the rising demand of the people.

And since the industry has increasingly expanded, it has consequent impacts, that is, the rising of worldûs temperature, caused by the increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases are mostly from the burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, and coal, which are the major energy sources of the industrialized countries. In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development or UNCED agreed on the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change or UNFCCC in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to solve the issue of climate change as a

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‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ·≈–°“√√—°…“√–¥—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„ÀâÕ¬Ÿ„à π√–¥—∫∑’‚Ë ≈°ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ ‰¡à ßà º≈°√–∑∫ µàÕ§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß∑“ߥâ“πÕ“À“√·≈–°“√æ—≤π“∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π ´÷Ëß Õπÿ —≠≠“ UNFCCC ¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â‡¡◊ËÕªï æ.». 2537 ‚¥°”Àπ¥„Àâ ç∑’Ë ª √–™ÿ ¡ ¡— ™ ™“ª√–‡∑»¿“§’ Õ πÿ — ≠ ≠“œé (Conference of the Parties À√◊Õ COP) ‡ªìπÕߧå°√ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’Ë ‡ªì 𠇫∑’ ° “√‡®√®“√–À«à “ ߪ√–‡∑»¿“§’ ´÷Ë ß ®–®— ¥ ¢÷È π ‡ªì π ª√–®”∑ÿ°ªï ‚¥¬¡’¢âÕµ°≈ß«à“ª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡µâÕß≈¥ °“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß„Àâ‡∑à“°—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´œ „πªï æ.». 2533 ´÷Ë ß À≈— ß ®“°π—È π ¡“°Á ‰ ¡à ¡’ · π«‚πâ ¡ «à “ ª√–‡∑» Õÿµ “À°√√¡®–≈¥≈ߪ≈àÕ¬°ä“´œ ‰¥âµ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ߥ—ß°≈à“« ®÷ß ‡ªìπ∑’Ë¡“¢Õß æ‘∏’ “√‡°’¬«‚µ (Kyoto Protocol : ¡—¬ª√–™ÿ¡ COP ∑’Ë 3) „πªï æ.». 2540 ‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡æ—π∏°√≥’¢Õß Õπÿ —≠≠“œ ∑’Ë¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ·≈–æ—π∏–ºŸ°æ—π ∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ´÷Ëß°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»¿“§’¿“¬„µâÕπÿ —≠≠“œ ¡’Õ¬Ÿà ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 186 ª√–‡∑» ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 °≈ÿà¡ §◊Õ Ô Annex I : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡ À√◊Õª√–‡∑» æ—≤π“·≈â« 41 ª√–‡∑» Ô Annex II : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»√Ë”√«¬ 24 ª√–‡∑» (´÷Ëß ‡ªìπª√–‡∑»„π°≈ÿà¡ Annex I) Ô Non-Annex I : °≈ÿ¡ à ª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“ 145 ª√–‡∑» (√«¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¥â«¬)

consequence of the emissions of greenhouse gases by human, and to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that is safe and not affecting the food security and sustainable development.

The UNFCCC treaty entered into force in 1994 assigning çConference of the Parties or COPé to be the top organization of the world conferences among negotiating parties held annually. The agreement was the industrialized countries must reduce emissions of greenhouse gases equal to the emissions level in 1990. After that no industrialized nations seemed to reduce the greenhouse gases emissions as agreed. It, thus, led to the Kyoto Protocol, adopted at the third session of the Conference of Parties (COP-3), in 1997 to add more commitments to the treaty with the aim of operation, target, and legal binding. There are 186 countries under the treaty, categorized into 3 groups as follows : Ô Annex I : 41 industrialized countries or developed countries Ô Annex II : 24 rich countries (also countries in Annex I) Ô Non-Annex I : 145 developing countries (including Thailand)

°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ∑’®Ë –µâÕß≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ª≈àÕ¬≈ß¡’ 6 ™π‘¥ ‰¥â·°à °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (CO2), °ä“´ ¡’‡∑π (CH4), °ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å (N2O), °ä“´ ‰Œ‚¥√ø≈Ÿ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (HFCs), °ä“´‡ªÕ√åø≈Ÿ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (PFCs) ·≈–°ä“´´—≈‡øÕ√凌°´à“ø≈Ÿ‚Õ‰√¥å (SF6) ´÷Ëß „π®”π«π°ä“´∑—Èß 6 ™π‘¥π’È °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (CO2) ‡ªìπ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ”§—≠∑’ Ë ßà º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ∫√√¬“°“» ‚≈°¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥

Greenhouse gases needed to be reduced in amount of emissions are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), perfluorocarbon (PFCs) and sulfer hexafluoride (SF6). Of these 6 types, carbon dioxide is the main target that most impacts the worldûs atmosphere.

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°√“ø· ¥ß°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»®“°¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 Graph shows carbon dioxide emissions of the countries from Annex 1

‚¥¬æ‘∏’ “√π’È®–¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â°ÁµàÕ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà „π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (Annex 1) “¡“√∂≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 5.2% ¢Õß°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´ ‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑—ßÈ À¡¥„πªï 2533 „À≥⿓¬„πªï æ.». 2551-2555 ´÷Ëßªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫·≈⫇¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 16 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å æ.». 2548 ‚¥¬®–‡√‘Ë¡®“°ª√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (‚¥¬ª√“»®“°°“√ ≈ßπ“¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°√“¬„À≠à¢Õß‚≈°) ·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ°“√≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„πª√–‡∑»∑’Ëæ—≤π“·≈â«π—Èπ ®÷߉¥â°”Àπ¥ °≈‰°‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ 3 ·π«∑“ß §◊Õ 1. °“√´◊È Õ ¢“¬‡§√¥‘ µ °“√≈¥°“√ª≈à Õ ¬°ä “ ´‡√◊ Õ π °√–®° (Emission Trading : ET) ‡ªìπ°“√π”√–∫∫´◊ÕÈ ¢“¡“‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π°“√‡®√®“∑”æ—π∏°√≥’¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ß ª√–‡∑»æ— ≤ π“·≈â « °— ∫ ª√–‡∑»°”≈— ß æ— ≤ π“ ´÷Ë ß À¡“¬∂÷ ß ª√–‡∑»æ— ≤ π“·≈â « “¡“√∂π”√–¥— ∫ °ä “ ´‡√◊ Õ π°√–®°∑’Ë ¡’ √–¥— ∫ µË” ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»∑’Ë °”≈— ß æ— ≤ π“¡“À— ° ≈∫°— ∫ √–¥— ∫ °“√ ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»µπ∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫ Ÿß‰¥â à«π ª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“°Á®–‰¥âº≈ª√–‚¬™πåµÕ∫·∑π‡ªìπ√“¬‰¥â ¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√◊Õ‡√’¬°«à“ ç°“√§â“¢“¬§“√å∫Õπ‡§√¥‘µé 2. °“√¥”‡π‘π‚§√ß°“√√à«¡°—π (Joint Implementation : JI) ‡ªìπ°“√√à«¡°—π√–À«à“ß°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«° ∑’Ë 1 ¥â«¬°—π‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥ °ä“´¥—ß°≈à“«∑’Ë≈¥≈ß®–¡’°“√·∫à߇§√¥‘µ°—π 3. °≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑’Ë –Õ“¥ (Clean Development Mechanism : CDM) ‡ªìπ°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»

This protocol came into force only when the countries in Annex 1 could reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990 within 2008-2012. The agreement came into force on 16 February 2005, initiated by countries in Annex I (without the signatories of the United States and Australia which are the major countries that emit the large amount of greenhouse gases of the world) To achieve the most important target of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases in developed countries, 3 flexible mechanisms are established : 1. Emission Trading : ET is the adoption of trading program as a mechanism to be the negotiating tool of agreement between developed and developing countries. It means the developed countries can use the low level of greenhouse gases emissions of the developing countries as a credit to the high level of greenhouse gases emissions of their own. The developing countries receive the compensation in terms of the countryûs revenue, or what is called çcarbon credit trading.é 2. Joint Implementation : JI is a joint operation among countries in Annex I to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The reduced amount of gases will be shared in credit terms.

3. Clean Development Mechanism : CDM is a joint cooperation between countries of Annex I and non-

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„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 °—∫°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»πÕ°¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (´÷Ëß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬°ÁÕ¬Ÿ„à π°≈ÿ¡à π’¥È «â ¬) ´÷ßË ≈—°…≥–¢Õß‚§√ß°“√¿“¬„µâ °≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑’Ë –Õ“¥‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¡’Õ¬Ÿà 3 √Ÿª·∫∫ ‰¥â·°à Ô ‚§√ß°“√ª√— ∫ ª√ÿ ß ª√– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ°“√„™â æ ≈— ß ß“π (Energy Efficiency) ¡’ ‡ °≥±å «à “ ®–µâ Õ ß “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ ‡°‘¥°“√≈¥°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π≈߉¥â ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ 15 ®‘°–«—µµå ™—Ë«‚¡ß/ªï (æ—π≈â“πÀπ૬‰øøÑ“/ªï) Ô ‚§√ß°“√ à ß ‡ √‘ ¡ °“√„™â æ ≈— ß ß“πÀ¡ÿ 𠇫’ ¬ π (Renewable Energy Generation) ®–µâÕß¡’ ¡√√∂¿“æ ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“ 15 ®‘°–«—µµå™—Ë«‚¡ß/ªï (æ—π≈â“πÀπ૬‰øøÑ“/ªï) Ô ‚§√ß°“√√Ÿ ª ·∫∫Õ◊Ë π Ê „π·π«∑“߇æ◊Ë Õ ‡°Á ∫ °— ° §“√å∫Õπ (Carbon Sink) ‚¥¬§‘¥‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ª√‘¡“≥ §“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‰¡àπÕâ ¬°«à“ 15 °‘‚≈µ—π§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å /ªï ‡™àπ °“√ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“ ‚¥¬ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â„Àâ —µ¬“∫—πµàÕæ‘∏’ “√π’ȇ¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 28 ‘ßÀ“§¡ æ.». 2545 (‡ªìπª√–‡∑»¿“§’≈”¥—∫∑’Ë 89) ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂‡≈◊ Õ °∑’Ë ® –‡¢â “ √à « ¡¡◊ Õ °— ∫ °≈ÿà ¡ ª√–‡∑»æ— ≤ π“·≈â « ¿“¬„µâ°≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑’Ë –Õ“¥À√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‰¥â ‚¥¬‰¡à∂◊Õ‡ªìπ æ—π∏°√≥’„π°“√∑’Ë®–≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°µ“¡‰ª¥â«´÷Ëß‚§√ß°“√ CDM ∑ÿ°‚§√ß°“√®–µâÕß¡’°“√𔇠πÕ·°à§≥– √—∞¡πµ√’‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’°“√æ‘®“√≥“°≈—Ëπ°√Õ߇ªìπ°√≥’Ê ‰ª ∂÷ß·¡â«à“æ‘∏’ “√‡°’¬«‚µ®–¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â·≈â« ·µàÀ“° ª√–™“°√∫π‚≈°‰¡à√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß ´÷Ëß®–À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“¢Õß¿“§∏ÿ√°‘®Õÿµ “À°√√¡´÷Ëß ‡ªì π µâ π °”‡π‘ ¥ À≈— ° °“√≈¥°“√∫√‘ ‚ ¿§¢Õߪ√–™“°√∑’Ë

Annex I countries (including Thailand). The characteristics of the project under the Clean Development Mechanism in general have 3 types : Ô Energy Efficiency Improvement Project (Energy Efficiency) has set the criteria of the reduction of energy consumption by up to the equivalent of 15 gigawatt/hours per year (million watt a year) Ô Renewable Energy Generation Project (Renewable Energy Generation) there should be a maximum output capacity equivalent of up to 15 megawatts (million watt a year) Ô Other projects in terms of carbon capture (Carbon Sink) reduces anthropogenic emissions by sources and directly emits less than 15 kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent annually such as forest plantation Thailand ratified this protocol on 28 August 2002 (the 89th country), which could choose whether or not to enter into cooperation with the developed countries under the clean mechanism. The protocol is non-binding in the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. All of the projects in CDM will be presented to the cabinet for careful consideration case by case.

Though the Kyoto Protocol has been enforced, without the cooperation of the world population to seriously resolve the climate change, which means the cooperation to solve the problems incurred from the industrial ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 57

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π—∫«—π®–‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπµ“¡°√–· ¢Õß°“√∫√‘‚¿§π‘¬¡ °“√ „™â∑√—欓°√Õ¬à“ß√Ÿâ§ÿ≥§à“ °“√π” ‘ËߢÕß∑’Ë„™â·≈â«°≈—∫¡“ „™â„À¡à‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥¢—ÈπµÕπ¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ °“√ à߇ √‘¡ „Àâ¡’°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ °“√º≈‘µæ≈—ßß“π ®“°æ≈—ßÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π∑’Ë –Õ“¥ ª≈Õ¥¿—¬µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈â« ‰¡à«à“®–¡’æ‘∏’ “√Õ’°°’Ë©∫—∫ °Á‰¡à “¡“√∂·°â‰¢ªí≠À“ º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∫π ‚≈°‰¥â

À¡“¬‡Àµÿ : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (Annex 1) ‰¥â·°à Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Economic Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ·≈– United States of America

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß 1. «“√ “√ ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 ‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡∏—𫓧¡ 2548 2. http://web.ku.ac.th/shoolnet/snet6/envi3/pgreen/ pgreenn.htm 3. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ items/2774.php 4. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ items/2833.php 5. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ items/2213.php

sectors, a major source, the reduction of the peopleûs consumption that has been rapidly increased in conjunction with the trend of consumerism, the effective use of natural resources, the recycling of used materials to reduce the production process, the support of the effective use of energy, the generation of clean and safe renewable energy to the environment, no matter how many protocols come into force, the impacts of the climate change will never be resolved.

Note : Countries in Annex 1 are Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Economic Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ·≈– United States of America Reference 1. Appropriate Technology magazine, volume 4, October - December, 2005 2. http://web.ku.ac.th/shoolnet/snet6/envi3/pgreen/ pgreenn.htm 3. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ items/2774.php 4. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ items/2833.php 5. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ items/2213.php

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‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ’‡¢’¬« Green Tech

‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : §√√™‘µ ªîµ–°“ Edited by : Kanchit Pitaka

¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°™ÿ¡™π®—¥°“√§«“¡√Ÿâ ‚§√ß°“√»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ·Ààß™“µ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√

π—∫µ—ßÈ ·µàæ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–æÿ∑∏¬Õ¥øÑ“®ÿÓ‚≈° ‰¥â ∂“ªπ“°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‡ªìπ√“™∏“π’¢Õ߉∑¬ ‡¡◊ËÕªï æ.». 2325 ‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß·Ààßπ’ȉ¥â‡µ‘∫‚µ ¢÷Èπ„π∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“π ∑—Èß®”π«πª√–™“°√ °“√»÷°…“ ‡»√…∞°‘® °“√§¡π“§¡ ¢π àß ®π°≈“¬‡ªìπ ç¡À“π§√é ∑’¡Ë ª’ √–™“°√¡“°°«à“ 10 ≈â“π§π „πªí®®ÿ∫π— ·µà°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ∑’Ë¢“¥°“√«“ß·ºπ√Õß√—∫°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õ߇¡◊Õß∑’Ë™—¥‡®π ‰¡à¡¡’ “µ√°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ªí≠À“∑’‡Ë °‘¥¢÷πÈ ®“°§«“¡‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß ∑”„Àâ ª√–™“™π∑’Ë¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà„π¡À“π§√·Ààßπ’ȉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“° ¿“æ ªí≠À“µà“ßÊ °“√·°âªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“«πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–∫√√‡∑“ªí≠À“∑’Ë ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°Àπà«¬ß“π¿“§√—∞ ∑—Èß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ √«¡∂÷ßÀπà«¬ß“π¿“§ √—∞Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß Õÿµ “À°√√¡ °√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ œ≈œ ·≈â« °“√«“ß·ºπ√–¬–¬“« §◊Õ §”µÕ∫

Since its founding days in 1782, the city of Bangkok has been growing into a metropolis of ten million. But Bangkokians fully benefited from the city living. No definite preventive measures dealing with the rapid city growth and the lack of clear city planning have turned the city into a basket full of overdue problem. Apart from the actions from the agencies such as Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Interior, the city still badly needs the long term planning to deal with its looming threat of future energy ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 59

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∑’Ë ”§—≠„π°“√√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ªí≠À“∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕ𓧵 ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’È ç ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®¬— ·Ààß™“µ‘é ®÷߉¥â¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ ç∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬√à«¡¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡é (Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment-JGSEE) ·≈–§≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’ (¡®∏.) ∑”°“√»÷°…“ 炧√ß°“√ ·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬·∫∫∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡é ‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß (Roadmap) °“√«‘®—¬¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë®”‡ªìπµàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π∑—Èߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¿“¬„µâ« ‘ ¬— ∑—»πå‡æ◊ÕË °“√æ—≤π“∑’¬Ë ß—Ë ¬◊π¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ¥—ßπ’È ç‡ªìπ¡À“π§√∑’Ë´÷Ëß “¡“√∂æ÷Ëßµπ‡Õ߉¥â„π√–¬–¬“« „π¥â“𠇻√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬ª√–™“™π∑’ËÕ“»—¬µâÕ߉¥â√—∫ §«“¡ –¥«° ∫“¬∑—È ß ®“° “∏“√≥Ÿ ª ‚¿§ “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§¢—Èπæ◊Èπ∞“𠇙àπ πÈ” ‰øøÑ“ √–∫∫ ¢π à ß √–∫∫°“√®— ¥ °“√¢¬– Àπà « ¬∫√‘ ° “√ ™ÿ ¡ ™π “∏“√≥ ÿ ¢ ‡æ◊Ë Õ §«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿— ¬„π™’ «‘ µ ·≈–∑√—æ¬å π‘ √«¡∂÷ߧÿ≥¿“æ∑’¥Ë ¢’ Õß ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡™àπ Õ“°“»∫√‘ ∑ÿ ∏‘Ï ·À≈àßπÈ” –Õ“¥ æ◊πÈ ∑’ Ë ‡’ ¢’¬« ∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ ´÷Ë߇ªìπªí®®—¬æ◊Èπ∞“π„π°“√¥”‡π‘π ™’«µ‘ ·≈–°“√æ—°ºàÕπ∑“ß®‘µ„® ‚¥¬§ß‡Õ°≈—°…≥å ¢Õ߇¡◊Õߥâ“π ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡ »‘≈ª«—≤π∏√√¡ §«“¡¡’‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√‡≈◊Õ° ·≈–∑“ß°“√∫√‘À“√ ®—¥°“√∑√—欓°√∑’¡Ë Õ’ ¬Ÿ®à ”°—¥„À⡪’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·≈–ª√–À¬—¥ ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬Õߧ姫“¡√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘™“°“√ ·≈–§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π∑“ߪؑ∫µ— ∑‘ ß—È ®“°¿“§√—∞·≈– ‡Õ°™π ·≈–‡µ√’¬¡À“«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë®–π”∑√—欓°√ ‡À≈à“π—ÈπÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à‰¥â„πÕπ“§µé ¿“¬„µâ ‚ §√ß°“√»÷ ° …“¥— ß °≈à “ « ∑’ ¡ «‘ ®— ¬‰¥â · ∫à ß °“√»÷ ° …“ÕÕ°‡ªì π 5 ª√–‡¥ÁπÀ≈—° §◊Õ çº—ß‡¡◊Õß·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √√§å √â“ßé çπÈ”‡ ’¬é 碬– ¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬é ç¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»é ·≈– ç°“√§¡π“§¡¢π àßé ´÷Ëß≈â«π‡ªìπ ªí≠À“‡°’ˬ«°—∫æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’˧π°√ÿߪ√– ∫Õ¬Ÿà ´÷Ëß®“°°“√ §âπæ∫ °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå —ß‡§√“–Àå ·≈–°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ°—∫ºŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß ºà“π‡«∑’µà“ßÊ “¡“√∂„Àâ¿“æ¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æœ „π·µà≈–¥â“π∑—Èß„π¿“æ ªí®®ÿ∫—π·≈–¿“æ∑’Ë°”≈—ß®–¡“∂÷߉¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ªí®®ÿ∫—π§π°√ÿß √â“ߢ¬– 1.24 °‘‚≈°√—¡/«—π ª√‘¡“≥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬∑’Ë ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°·À≈àßµà“ßÊ ¡’·π«‚πâ¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ∑ÿ°ªï *1·≈–¡’Õ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥¢¬– ¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬„π‡¡◊Õß„À≠à‡©≈’ˬ Ÿß∂÷ß 1.24 °‘‚≈°√—¡/§π/«—π À“°‰¡à √ «¡ ª√–™“°√∑’ˇ¥‘π∑“߇¢â“¡“∑”ß“π Õ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬‡©≈’ˬ®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ 1.61 °‘‚≈°√—¡/§π/«—π ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« √». ¥√. ‘√‘π∑√‡∑æ ‡µâ“ª√–¬Ÿ√ ª√–∏“𠓬 ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Àπ÷Ëß„π §≥–«‘®—¬®“°∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬√à«¡¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (JGSEE) ºŸ»â °÷ …“‡√◊ÕË ß·ºπ∑’πË ”∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√¢¬–°≈à“««à“ ª√‘¡“≥¢¬–∑’§Ë π°√ÿß √â“ߢ÷Èπ¡’®”π«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ ¥—ßπ—ÈππÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√À“∑’ËΩíß°≈∫

and environmental problems.

The National Research Council assigned the Joint Graduation School of Engineering and Environmental or JGSEE to study Bangkokûs energy and environment situation and draw up the roadmap. The study tries to seek possibilities in resources and management in recycling to make the city economical, social and environmental sustainable. Its citizens should be able to benefit from the efficient infrastructure, Quality of urban life, from clean environment. They

should be able to enjoy hat the city can offers to its people in terms of culture, architecture and freedom of choice.

The study is divided into five major areas.

They are City Planning and Productive Environment, Polluted Water, Trash, Air Pollution and Transportation.

Extensive interviews with the Bangkokians through many public forums along with other sources gives the team an access in field information that will give clearer pictures of what kind of energy and environmental issues Bangkok is and will be confronting.

Now the Bangkokians have 1.24 kilo of trash per person a day. The cityûs trash from domestic is rising. The average cityûs trash has reached the rate of 1.24 kg.a day per person

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∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„π à«π¢Õß çπÈ”‡ ’¬é √–∫ÿ«à“ ·π«‚πâ¡¢Õߪí≠À“πÈ”‡ ’¬¡’≈—°…≥–∑«’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“° ¬‘ßË ¢÷πÈ º». ¥√. √âÕ¬¥“« «‘π‘®π—π∑√—µπå ®“°§≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ ¡®∏. ºŸâ∑”°“√«‘®—¬„π à«π¢Õß çπÈ”‡ ’¬é °≈à“««à“ °∑¡. ¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë 1,568 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ·µà‚√ß∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬∑—ßÈ 6 ·Ààß∑’¡Ë Õ’ ¬Ÿà √Õß√—∫πÈ”‡ ’¬‰¥â„πæ◊πÈ ∑’Ë 191 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ À√◊Õ§‘¥‡ªìπ 12.22 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå‡∑à“π—Èπ À√◊ÕÀ“°®–√«¡ ‚§√ß°“√∫”∫— ¥ πÈ” ‡ ’ ¬ ∑’Ë ® –‡°‘ ¥ ¢÷È π „πÕ𓧵∑’Ë ∑”„Àâ √ –∫∫∫”∫— ¥ πÈ” ‡ ’ √Õß√—∫πÈ”‰¥â„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√«¡°—π 358 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ (22.82%) °Á¬—ß¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë °√ÿ߇∑æœ Õ’°°«à“ 3 „π 4 ∑’ˬ—߉¡à¡’√–∫∫∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬√«¡ ‘ßË ∑’∑Ë ¡’ «‘®¬— ‡ πÕ·π–ºà“π√“¬ß“π©∫—∫π’°È §Á Õ◊ „Àâµß—È ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬√à«¡°—π ¢Õß∑ÿ°Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√®—¥°“√§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”„π°√ÿ߇∑æœ «à“ ®– µâÕß ç≈¥ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬„å π·À≈àßπÈ”¢Õß °∑¡. „Àâ “¡“√∂𔉪„™â‡æ◊ÕË °“√Õÿª‚¿§-∫√‘‚¿§ ·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡‰¥âé (‡°≥±å¡“µ√∞“π§ÿ≥¿“æ·À≈àß πÈ”º‘«¥‘πª√–‡¿∑ 4) ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥¥—™π’™’È«—¥ §◊Õ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√∫”∫—¥ πÈ”‡ ’¬ √âÕ¬≈–¢Õß®”π«πª√–™“°√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈– ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°‘®°√√¡°“√„™âπÈ” à«π¥â“π°“√§¡π“§¡ º». ¥√.®”πß √æ‘æ—≤πå ª√–∏“𠓬«‘™“ æ≈—ßß“π JGSEE Àπ÷Ëß„π§≥–«‘®—¬ “¢“°“√¢π àß ‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“ ®“°°“√ »÷°…“ªí≠À“√–∫∫¢π àß„π‡¢µ°√ÿ߇∑æœ æ∫«à“ —¥ à«π√–À«à“ß√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈ µàÕ√∂ “∏“√≥–‡¡◊ÕË ‡∑’¬∫°—∫‡¡◊Õß„À≠àÕπ◊Ë Ê „πª√–‡∑»·∂∫‡Õ‡™’¬ ª√“°Ø «à“°√ÿ߇∑æœ ¡’ ¥— à«π°“√„™â√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈ Ÿß°«à“√∂ “∏“√≥– §‘¥‡ªìπ —¥ à«π 55% µàÕ 45% ‡∑’¬∫°—∫°√ÿß¡–π‘≈“ ª√–‡∑»øî≈‘ªªîπ å 22% µàÕ 78% ·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡°“√„™â√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈ Ÿß¢÷È𠧓¥«à“„πªï æ.». 2546 ®–¡’√∂ “∏“√≥–‡À≈◊ Õ ‡æ’ ¬ ß 34% ªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π √–¬–‡«≈“„π°“√‡¥‘ π ∑“ߢÕß√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈‚¥¬‡©≈’¬Ë ª√–¡“≥ 50 π“∑’ ¢≥–∑’√Ë ∂ “∏“√≥–„™â‡«≈“∂÷ß 70 π“∑’ º≈°√–∑∫Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°ªí≠À“°“√®√“®√ §◊Õ ªí≠À“°“√ „™âæ≈—ßß“π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¢≥–π’È„π∑“߇»√…∞»“ µ√å æ∫«à“ ¿“§°“√¢π àß¡’ ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥√âÕ¬≈– 38 (¿“§Õÿµ “À°√√¡ √âÕ¬≈– 32 ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬√âÕ¬≈– 23 °“√§â“√âÕ¬≈– 4 ·≈–°“√‡°…µ√√âÕ¬≈– 3) ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âπÈ”¡—π·µà≈–™π‘¥®–„™â°—∫ √∂¬πµå‡ªìπÀ≈—° ‚¥¬„™âπÈ”¡—π‡∫π´‘π√âÕ¬≈– 98 ·≈–πÈ”¡—π¥’‡´≈√âÕ¬≈– 77 ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ«à“º‘¥À≈—°„π °“√«“ß·ºπ∑“߇»√…∞»“ µ√å πÕ°®“°π’È¡≈æ‘…®“°√–∫∫¢π à߇ªìπ·À≈àß °”‡π‘¥ ”§—≠¢Õß “√æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“» °≈à“«§◊Õ °àÕ „À⇰‘¥ “√‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ (HC) ÕÕ°‰´¥å¢Õß ‰π‚µ√‡®π (NO) °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ¡ÕπÕ°‰´¥å (CO) ·≈–ªí≠À“ΩÿπÉ ¢π“¥‡≈Á° (PM) ‡ªìπ —¥ à«π 100% 80% 75% 54% µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ´÷Ëß¡’º≈µàÕªÕ¥¢Õß §π °àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ·≈–‚√§¡–‡√Áß ªí≠À“π’È ¡’·π«‚πâ¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬ “‡ÀµÿÀ≈—°‡°‘¥®“° „™â¬“πæ“Àπ–‡À≈à“π’È

expected to be finished in the near future.

It can serve only 22.82 per cent. In another word, three out of four of Bangkokûs waste water will be left untreated.

The research team suggests all involved agencies to make all efforts to lower the mount of organic substance in the cityûs water sources. The treated water may be suitable for consumption and industry use according to surface water resource standard type four.

In case of transportation, Dr.Jamnong Sorapipat of JGSEE transportation study team reports that Bangkokûs ratio of personal vehicles: public transportation vehicles is tipping heavily towards the personal vehicle side (55.45). Itûs expected that the ratio will reach the rate of 62:38 in 2021 Most of the countryûs energy is consumed in transportation section (38 per cent). Thirty-two per cent is for the industry section. Twentythree per cent is for homes. Four per cent is for trades. And three per cent is for agriculture.

Itûs the economy planning that is coming out of proportion.

Transportation is reported to be the major source of air pollution. Exhaust fume contains hydrocarbon, oxide of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and micro particles. All are highly hazardous to health and the

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»Ÿπ¬å°≈“߇¡◊ÕßÀ≈—° ·µà°‡Á ªìπ°“√°”Àπ¥¢÷πÈ ‡æ◊ÕË ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√‡¥‘π∑“ߢÕß §π®“°√Õ∫πÕ°‡¢â“¡“‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡à¡’°“√ ç √â“ßß“π‰«â√Õß√—∫é çπÕ°®“°¢“¥·π«∑“ß°“√ √â“ßß“π·≈â« °“√ √â“ß™’«‘µ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߬àÕ∑”„Àâ§π¡’«‘∂’°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¢÷Èπ ¡‘„™à„™â™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà°—∫°“√‡¥‘π∑“ß ·≈–°“√∑”ß“π‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« ≈“π°’Ó ÀâÕß ¡ÿ¥ À√◊Õ ·¡â°√–∑—Ëß≈“π·≈–‡«∑’°“√· ¥ßµà“ßÊ ´÷ËßÀ“°»Ÿπ¬å°≈“߇¡◊Õ߬àÕ¬∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥ ¢÷πÈ ‰¡à¡À’ √◊Õ„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫æ◊πÈ ∑’∑Ë ®’Ë –‡µ‘¡‡µÁ¡§«“¡‡ªìπ¡πÿ…¬åπÕâ ¬‡°‘π‰ª √«¡∂÷߉¡à¡ß’ “π¡“√Õß√—∫§π√Õ∫πÕ°Õ¬à“߇撬ßæÕ °“√‡¥‘π∑“߇¢â“ Ÿ°à ≈“ß ‡¡◊Õß®–‰¡à¡’«—π≈¥≈ßé ¢âÕ‡ πÕ ”§—≠®“°°“√»÷°…“π’§È Õ◊ ∑”Õ¬à“߉√„Àâ§π°√ÿ߇∑æœ ‡°‘¥§«“¡ µâÕß°“√∑’Ë®–‡ÀÁπ‡¡◊ÕߢÕßµπ‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π ·≈– “¡“√∂Õ¬Ÿà‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ §«“¡ ÿ¢ ‡æ√“–À“° “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥ª√–™“¡µ‘√«à ¡°—π‰¥â‡¡◊ÕË ‰√ °“√º≈—°¥—𠇙‘ßπ‚¬∫“¬°Á®–¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ Õπ÷Ëß ·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß©∫—∫π’È·¡â®–‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ߢÕß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‡©æ“–¥â“π°“√«‘®—¬„πª√–‡¥Áπæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·µàµ≈Õ¥ °√–∫«π°“√¢Õß°“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È ‰¥â‡πâπ°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢ÕߺŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß∑—Èß ¿“§√“™°“√·≈–‡Õ°™π ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ §«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ ª√– ∫°“√≥å ·≈– ·π«∑“ß°“√®—¥°“√∑’¡Ë “°∑’ Ë ¥ÿ ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’√Ë «∫√«¡‰¥â®“°Àπ૬ߓπ‡À≈à“π’È ®–ºà“π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå —ß‡§√“–Àå ‡æ◊ËÕ°”Àπ¥°√Õ∫¢Õß°“√«‘®—¬„π·µà≈– ª√–‡¥Áπ ·≈–𔇠πÕ°≈—∫‰ª¬—ߺŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß‚¥¬„™â°“√ª√–™ÿ¡‡™‘ߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√ ‡ªìπ‡«∑’·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ √». ¥√.∫—≥±‘µ øÿÑß∏√√¡ “√ ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ JGSEE „π∞“π–À—«Àπâ“ ‚§√ß°“√ °≈à“««à“ ®“°°“√ª√–™ÿ¡‡™‘ߪؑ∫µ— °‘ “√∑’πË ”‡ πÕª√–‡¥Áπ»÷°…“∑—ßÈ 5 ª√–‡¥Áπ ®”π«π 2 §√—ßÈ √«¡∂÷ß°“√ª√–™ÿ¡°≈ÿ¡à ¬àÕ¬Õ’°À≈“¬§√—ßÈ πÕ°®“° ®– “¡“√∂ √â“ߧ«“¡‡¢â“„®·≈–√–¥¡§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ®“°ºŸâ¡’ à«π‰¥â à«π‡ ’‡æ◊ËÕ√«¡°—π°”Àπ¥¿“æ©“¬Õ𓧵∑’Ëæ÷ߪ√– ߧå¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√„π √Ÿª¢Õß«‘ —¬∑—»πå ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ·≈–µ—«™’È«—¥·≈â« ¬—߉¥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ—π‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“π ”À√—∫°“√°”Àπ¥‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’·≈–°“√®—¥°“√‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪 Ÿà°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß (Roadmap) °“√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ∑’ˇªìπ·ºπ √–¬–¬“« 10 ªï (2550-2560) ∑’∑Ë “ß ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®¬— ·Ààß™“µ‘ “¡“√∂®–𔉪‡ πÕµàÕ√—∞∫“≈·≈–°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√µàÕ‰ª

™◊ËÕ‚§√ß°“√ : ·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬·∫∫∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ π—°«‘®¬— : ∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬√à«¡¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ (JGSEE) §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’ ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà : ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’ 91 ∂.ª√–™“Õÿ ∑‘ » ·¢«ß∫“ß¡¥ ‡¢µ∑ÿà ß §√ÿ °∑¡. 10400 Àπà « ¬ß“π π— ∫ πÿ π : ”π— ° ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘ ®— ·Ààß™“µ‘ («™.)

population study team criticizes that the cityûs sub-centers in the suburbs are in fact organized to ease the in and out bound traffic flows from the further outskirts. Jobs and city life are not available for those living in the sub-center areas. çCity living doesnût mean just commuting and works. Without and sport facilities, parks, and other recreation, Bangkokians will not stop commuting to seek the city life quality in the inner city area,é Dr.Ganjanee comments.

The team suggests that the topic of the future city must be focused to raise the public concern and further discussions.

The energy and environment roadmap for the future of Bangkok (will be completed in February 2005) would like to thanks the collaborations and kind assistance of involved government and private agencies. Discussion and feedback on the study will be a constructive tool for the solutions.

Dr.Bandit Foongdhammarsarn, the JGSEE director and the chief of the project, says the information acquired from many meetings in all involved agencies and communities is valuable information needed before the process of technology and technological management. The ten year plan roadmap for the future of Bangkok will be reported to the government and BMA.

The Energy and Environment Roadmap Research for the Future of Bangkok The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE) Department of Energy and Materials, King Mongkutûs Iniversity of Technology, Thonburi Address : King Mongkutûs Iniversity of Technology, Thonburi 91 Pracha-utis road, Bangmod, Tungkru, Bangkok 10400

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Dr.Sirintaratep Taoprayoon, one of JGSEE head researchers, says recycling and recycling management are the answers to the cityûs overflowing trash problem. The capacity of the cityûs trash recycling can be improved with the study of the types of trash (commercial, hazardous, and infectious).

Suitable trash collection system that correspond to the routine of recycling must be identified. Moreover public involvement and full participation will be a great help in the war against the cityûs trash In situation of air pollution in Bangkok hasnût yet reach the alarming state, the city apparently has an air pollution situation. There were reports of the locations where poor air quality were monitored. Most are in the highly populated areas and the areas with heavy traffic. The considerable amount of micro particles were found at Rama 6 road in front of Ministry of Science and Technology, Onnuch intersection, Mansri intersection, Yommaraj intersection and Pratunam area.

Heavy traffic and increasing construction are thought to be cause of the pollution.

In case of hydrocarbon gas hasnût reached the hazardous level. But during the certain hours in some areas, the amount of the gas was considerable high. The exception of the research strategy on air quality and air pollution monitoring is need. Government agencies must plan and learn to respond to the air pollution emergency calls.

In case of water pollution in Bangkok.

Each day the city releases 2.19 million cubic meters of waste water into its sewage. The JGSEE study indicates that the incoming tendency of increasing water pollution is almost inevitable. Dr.Soidao Vinichnantaratana of JGSEE water pollution study team reports that the cityûs six water treatment plants can serve only the 12 per cent of the city area. Even with the full operation with plant ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 61

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¢âÕ‡ πÕ‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ®“°°“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È §◊Õ °“√„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√ ç¢π§πé ¡“°°«à“ ç¢π√∂é ‚¥¬®–µâÕß°”À𥇪ìππ‚¬∫“¬„Àâ™—¥‡®π«à“ çµâÕß°“√„Àâ§π°√ÿ߇∑æœ ‡¥‘π∑“ߥ⫬√–∫∫¢π àß “∏“√≥–é ‚¥¬¡’¡“µ√°“√ µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ®Ÿß„® ‡™àπ ®—¥„Àâ¡’√–∫∫¢π àß¡«≈™π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ∑’ˇªìπ‰ª‰¥â„π ∑“ߪؑ∫µ— ‡‘ æ◊ÕË √Õß√—∫‡ ’¬°àÕπ ®÷ߧàÕ¬¡’¡“µ√°“√®”°—¥°“√„™â√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈ µ“¡¡“ ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—πµâÕß √â“ß√–∫∫°“√ª√– “πß“π√–À«à“ßÀπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë √—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“߇հ¿“æ·≈–≈¥§«“¡´È”´âÕπ¥â«à«π¥â“πº—߇¡◊Õß·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √√§å √â“ß ·¡â«à“°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ®–¡’°“√°”Àπ¥º—ß‡¡◊Õß¡“°«à“ 20 ªï ·µà¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈®“° ”π—°º—߇¡◊Õß °∑¡. °≈—∫ æ∫«à“ ‰¡à “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߉¥â ‚¥¬ª√–™“°√°√ÿ߇∑æœ ∑’Ë ¡’¡“°°«à“ 10 ≈â“π§ππ—Èπ °≈—∫¡’°“√°√–®ÿ°µ—«°—π„π∫“߇¢µ∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡ Àπ“·πàπ¢Õߪ√–™“°√ Ÿß∂÷ß 4 À¡◊πË §π/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ¢≥–∑’‡Ë ¢µ™“π‡¡◊Õß À≈“¬·Ààß¡’‰¡à∂÷ßÀ¡◊Ëπ§π/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ¥√.°—≠®π’¬å æÿ∑∏‘‡¡∏’ ®“°§≥– ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡·≈–°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ ¡®∏. Àπ÷Ëß„π∑’¡»÷°…“«‘®—¬°≈à“««à“ ∑’˺à“π¡“·¡â«à“®–¡’°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊Õ¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫∑’Ë §«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇¡◊ÕßÕÕ°¡“§àÕπ¢â“ߥ’ ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å°“√ æ—≤π“¥â“πº—߇¡◊Õß·≈–°“√„™â∑’Ë¥‘π ∑’Ë·¡â®–°”Àπ¥„Àâ¡’ 统π¬å°≈“߇¡◊Õß ¬àÕ¬é (Sub-Center) °√–®“¬Õ¬Ÿà„π‡¢µ™“π‡¡◊Õß ‡æ◊ËÕ·∫à߇∫“¿“√–¢Õß

situation is getting worse.

The teamûs suggestion is that the government should come out with the more defined policy on the cityûs mode of transportation.

Unless it demands Bangkokians to use only public transportation, the environmental and energy problem wil remain unsolved. Moreover big improvement on public transportation is needed.

In case of crowded city, Bangkok has its city plan for over twenty years. But the statistic form the Bangkok Office of City Planning itself shows that itûs lost control on the growth of the city. Its population is densely populated in some areas (40,000 per one square km.

In some suburbs, the population is less that 10,000 per one square km.

Dr.Ganjanee Buddhimetee of the ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 63

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“√–πà“√Ÿâ Green Tips

çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß„À¡à Dong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yai New World Heritage «—π∑’Ë 14 °√°Æ“§¡ 2548 ∑’ºË “à π¡“ §≥–°√√¡°“√æ‘®“√≥“ ¡√¥°‚≈°¢ÕßÕߧ尓√»÷°…“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡·Ààß Àª√–™“™“µ‘ (UNESCO) ‰¥â ª √–°“»¢÷È π ∫— ≠ ™’ çªÉ “ ¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ æ√âÕ¡°—∫ ·À≈àß∏√√¡™“µ‘ ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õ◊ËπÊ Õ’° 7 ·Ààß ‡π◊ËÕß®“° ‡ªìπº◊πªÉ“Ωπ‡¢µ√âÕπ∑’ËÕÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß ™’«¿“æ¡“° ‚¥¬‡ªìπ·À≈àß√«¡æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™°«à“ 800 ™π‘¥ ·≈– —µ«å‡≈’¬È ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡Õ’° 112 ™π‘¥ ∑—ßÈ ¬—ß¡’π°·≈– —µ«å‡≈◊ÕÈ ¬§≈“π ∑’Ë„°≈â Ÿ≠æ—π∏ÿåÀ≈“¬™π‘¥ Õ“∑‘ ™–π’¡ß°ÿÆ π°‡ß◊Õ° ’πÈ”µ“≈ ®√–‡¢âπÈ”®◊¥ ‡ªìπµâπ ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß„À¡à‡ªìπº◊πªÉ“∑’Ë„À≠à∑’Ë ÿ¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬º◊πªÉ“„À≠à 5 ·Ààß §◊ÕÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠à∑—∫≈“π-ª“ß ’¥“-µ“æ√–¬“-·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“ ¥ß„À≠à ¡’æπ◊È ∑’√Ë «¡∑—ßÈ À¡¥ 4 ≈â“π‰√à °—πÈ °≈“ß√–À«à“ß∑’√Ë “∫ Ÿß Õ’ “π·≈–∑’Ë√“∫≈ÿà¡¿“§°≈“ß „πÕ¥’µº◊πªÉ“·Ààßπ’‡È §¬∂Ÿ°‡√’¬°¢“π«à“ ç¥ßæ≠“‰øé ¥â«‡ªìπªÉ“¥ß¥‘∫°«â“ß„À≠à∑’ˇµÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬¿¬—πµ√“¬∑—Èß®“° —µ«åªÉ“ π“π“™π‘¥ ‰¢âªÉ“ ·≈–§«“¡≈’È≈—∫¡“°¡“¬ ‡ªìπ∑’ËÀ«“¥À«—Ëπ ¢Õߧπ∑—Ë«‰ª ®π‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√ √â“ß∑“ß√∂‰ø‡™◊ËÕ¡¿“§°≈“ß°—∫ ¿“§Õ’ “π„π ¡—¬æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–®ÿ≈®Õ¡‡°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—« æ√–Õߧå¡√’ ∫— —ßË „À⇪≈’¬Ë π™◊ÕË ‡ ’¬„À¡à«“à çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπé ‡æ◊ÕË §«“¡√ࡇ¬Áπ‡ªìπ ÿ¢¢ÕߺŸâ§π∫√‘‡«≥π’È À≈—ß®“°¡’°“√ √â“ß∂ππ¡‘µ√¿“æµ—¥ºà“π‡¡◊ÕË ‡°◊Õ∫ 50 ªï °à Õ π ªÉ “ ¥ß¥‘ ∫ º◊ π π’È °Á ∂Ÿ ° §«“¡‡®√‘ ≠ √ÿ ° §◊ ∫ ‡¢â “‰ª √— ∞ ∫“≈ ®Õ¡æ≈ ƒ…¥‘Ï ∏π–√—™µå ‡ªìπÀà«ß«à“º◊πªÉ“®– Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª®÷߉¥â ®—¥µ—È߇ªìπÕÿ∑¬“π ®π°√–∑—Ëß¡’°“√ª√–°“»„Àâº◊πªÉ“ à«πÀπ÷Ëß ¢Õߪɓ¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ„π‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“æπ¡¥ß√—° æ◊πÈ ∑’ªË √–¡“≥ 2,168

On the 14th of July, 2005, the Committee of World Heritage, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) announced çDong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yaié to be a natural world heritage together with 7 other major natural resources because of the fertile tropical rainforest, producing a biodiversity, a major collection of more than 800 species of plants and 112 species of mammals, including birds and reptiles that are scarce such as Pileated Gibbon, brown hornbill, freshwater crocodiles, etc.

The new world heritage is the biggest forest area of Thailand, consisting of 5 vast forest areas, that is, Khao Yai National Park, Tab Lan National Park, Pangsida National Park, Ta Phraya National Park and Dong Yai Wildlife Preservation, a total area of 4 million rai, a central barrier between the Northeast plateau and the Central plateau.

In the past, this forest was called çDong Phayaphai,é as it is a vast rainforest, full of dangers from numerous wild animals, malaria fever, and mysteries, being frightened by everyone until the construction of railway connection between the central and the northeast. During the era of His Majesty the King Chulajormklao, had a decree to change the name to çDong Phayayen Foresté for peace and happiness of the people in that area.

After Mittraphab road had been constructed for almost 50 years ago, this rainforest was invaded by the

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µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ‡ªìπ çÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠àé „πªï æ.». 2505 π—∫‡ªìπÕÿ∑¬“π ·Ààß™“µ‘·Ààß·√°„π‡¡◊Õ߉∑°«à“∑’Ë çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ®–‰¥â√—∫°“√ª√–°“»‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°„π§√—Èßπ’È ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„™â‡«≈“π“π°«à“ 10 ªï ‚¥¬°àÕπÀπâ“π’ȉ∑¬‡ πÕÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ‡¢“„À≠à„À⇪ìπ¡√¥°‚≈°‡æ’¬ß·Àà߇¥’¬« ·µà‰¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“ ®π≈à“ ÿ¥‰¥âºπ«° º◊πªÉ“Õ’° 4 ·Ààß„πªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ §◊ÕÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘∑—∫≈“π Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ª“ß ’¥“ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘µ“æ√–¬“ ·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿ å µ— «åª“É ¥ß„À≠à ‡¢â“‰ª„π¢âÕ‡ πÕ ∑”„À⇢“„À≠à‰¥â√—∫°“√ª√–°“»‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß∑’Ë 5 ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߉∑¬ ®“°‡¥‘¡¡’ ¡√¥°‚≈° 4 ·Ààß §◊Õ Õÿ∑¬“πª√–«—µ»‘ “ µ√å ‚ÿ ¢∑—¬-»√’ ™— π“≈—¬-°”·æ߇æ™√ Õÿ∑¬“π ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√åæ√–π§√»√’Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ ·À≈àß‚∫√“≥§¥’∫â“π‡™’¬ß ®.Õÿ¥√∏“π’ ·≈–‡¢µ √—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“∑ÿàß„À≠àπ‡√»«√-À⫬¢“·¢âß „π°“√ª√–°“»§√—Èßπ’È ¬Ÿ‡π ‚°¬—ߢ÷Èπ∫—≠™’¡√¥°‚≈°„À¡àÕ’° 7 ·Ààß ‰¥â·°à §“∫ ¡ÿ∑√™‘‡√‚∑‚°–∫π‡°“–ŒÕ°‰°‚¥¢Õß≠’ªË πÿÉ , Àÿ∫‡¢“ª≈“«“à „π∑–‡≈∑√“∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢ÕßÕ’¬ª‘ µå, ø¬Õ√å¥ 2 ·Ààß∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢ÕßπÕ√‡«¬å, À≈ÿ¡Õÿ°°“∫“µ «‡√‡¥øÕ√å∑ ‚¥¡ ∑“ßµ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ¢Õßπ§√‚¬Œ—π‡π ‡∫‘√å° ·Õø√‘°“„µâ ´÷Ëß °”≈—߉¥â√∫— °“√æ‘®“√≥“„À⇪ìπÀπ÷ßË „π ‘ßË ¡À—»®√√¬å¢Õß‚≈°‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫¬Õ¥‡¢“ À‘¡“≈—¬·≈–°”·æ߇¡◊Õß®’π¥â«progress. However, the Marshall Sarit Thanaratch was concerned about the devastation of the forest, so he had the forest been called the park until a new announcement was released that some parts of the Dong Phayayen Forest in the Phanom Dongrak mountains, an approximate area of 2,168 square kilometer, to be Khao Yai National Park in 1962, considered the first national park of Thailand.

Before çDong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yaié was named to be a world heritage, Thailand had taken more than 10 years. Earlier Thailand had proposed only Kao Yai National Park to be a world heritage but hadnût been taken into consideration until 4 more forest areas of the Dong Phayayen forest; Tab Lan National Park, Pangsida National Park, Ta Phraya National Park and Dong Yai Wildlife Preservation, were added to the propose. As a result, Kha Yai was named the 5th national world heritage of Thailand. The prior world heritage places are Sukothai-Srisatchanalai-Kamphaengphet Historical Park, Ayudthaya Historical Park, Ban Chiang Archaeological Site, Udornthani Province, and Thung Yai Naresuan-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Preservation.

In this announcement, UNESCO listed 7 other new world heritages, that is, Shiretoko Peninsula on Hokkaido island of Japan, Whale valley in the desert, east of Egypt, 2 fjords of Norway, Vredefort Dome, southeastern part of Johanesberg, South Africa, currently being under consideration to be the worldû national wonder like the Himalaya and the Great Wall of China.

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß/Reference : www.nextstep.co.th 66 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« 65-66/Green Tips

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“¬¥à«π ’‡¢’¬« Green

‚¥¬ : °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ Expressway by : Editorial Board

1. §«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡™àπ · ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·≈– ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ ¡’º≈µàÕ§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à? ç·¡â«à“∏√√¡™“µ‘®–¡’ à«π°”Àπ¥ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π ·µà‰¡à ‡¥àπ™—¥«à“¡’º≈µàÕ‚Õ‚´π„π√–¬–¬“«é °“√øÕ√塵—«¢Õß‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»‡°‘¥®“°· ßÕ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√·ºà√—ß ’®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å®÷ß ¡’º≈µàÕÕ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥‚Õ‚´π‡™àπ°—π æ≈—ßß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ∂Ÿ°ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬∑—Èß· ßÕ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ ·≈–Õπÿ¿“§ª√–®ÿ ‡™àπ Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ·≈–‚øµ√Õπ ®–·ª√º—πµ“¡°“√‡°‘¥®ÿ¥„π¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å „π√Õ∫ 11 ªï (11-years sunspot cycle) °“√µ√«®«—Ø®—°√ · ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åÀ≈“¬Ê √Õ∫∑’˺à“π¡“µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1960 · ¥ß „Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“√–¥—∫‚Õ‚´π‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª 1-2% ®“°§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥∂÷ß §à“µË” ÿ¥¢Õß«—Ø®—°√ª°µ‘ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å°‰Á ¡à ßà º≈µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´π„π√–¬–¬“« ‡æ√“–«à“·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π¡’¡“°°«à“ 1-2% √Ÿª¿“æÀπâ“∂—¥‰ª· ¥ßæ≈—ßß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åµß—È ·µàªï §.».

1978 ¡’§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥„πªï §.». 1980 ·≈– 1991 ·≈–µË” ÿ¥„πªï 1985 ·≈– 1996 ·≈–®– Ÿß ÿ¥Õ’°§√—Èß„πªï §.». 2002 ·µà ‚Õ‚´π¬—ߧß≈¥≈ß„π™à«ßπ—πÈ °“√ª√–‡¡‘π‚Õ‚´π„π√“¬ß“π ‰¥â ®“°°“√æ‘®“√≥“Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å¥â«¬ ·≈–®“°°“√ µ√«®«—¥·≈–·∫∫®”≈Õ߉¥â· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ Õπÿ¿“§®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø ‰¡à “¡“√∂‰ª∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß ¡’‡æ’¬ßªØ‘°‘√‘¬“®“° §≈Õ√’π®“°°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¢÷Èπ°—∫Õπÿ¿“§º‘«æ◊Èπ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡°“√ Ÿ≠ ‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–®“°ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√ ·≈–°“√µ√«®∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “‡§¡’ ∑’Ë º‘«æ◊Èπ¢ÕßÕπÿ¿“§¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø∑’Ëæÿàß°√–®“¬ Ÿà µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åµÕπ ≈à “ ß𔉪 Ÿà°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π ‚¥¬°“√‰ª‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ ¢Õߧ≈Õ√’π„π√Ÿª¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’®“° “√ —߇§√“–Àå‚¥¬¡πÿ…¬å Õ¬à“߇™àπ CFCs °“√√–‡∫‘¥¢Õß ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø ‡™àπ Agung (1963) Fuego (1974) El Chichon (1982) ·≈– Pinatubo (1991) ‡ªìπµâπ º≈®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø

1. Does the change of nature such as sunlight and the eruption of the volcano have the impact on the change of ozone? çThough the nature has played the part of determining the amount of ozone, it has not been clearly seen if it has impacts on the ozone in the long-term.é Ozone formation in the atmosphere occurs from ultraviolet light of the sun, so the radiation of the sun has affected the rate of ozone creation as well. The sunûs energy will release both the ultraviolet light and such molecules as electron and proton, directly varied with 11 years sunspot cycle. The sunlight cycle of the past cycle since 1960 has been monitored and shown that 1-2% of the ozone level has changed from its highest to the lowest value during the regular cycle.

However, the change of the sun has had no impact to the ozoneûs change in long run as the declining trend of ozone has been 1-2% more prevalent. The figure below shows the energy from the sun since 1978 with the highest value in 1978 and 1991 and the lowest in 1985 and 1996, and will reach its peak again in 2002 However, the ozone has still been on its declining trend during that time. The ozone estimated in the report has been derived from the assessment of the sunûs influence as well. The eruption of volcano can directly inject substances into ozone but the measurement and simulation have show that the volcanoesû particles cannot directly damage ozone. Only the reaction from chlorine produced from the synthesis with neutron surface can increase the ozone depletion in the atmosphere nowadays. Especially the survey of operation and atmosphere has indicated that the chemical reactions at ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 67

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Pinatubo ‰¥â‡æ‘Ë¡Õπÿ¿“§∑’Ë®–‰ª‡æ‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥ °«â“ß º≈°√–∑∫®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘®ß÷ ¢÷πÈ Õ¬Ÿ°à ∫— “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π „π∫√√¬“°“»∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—∫‡¡¶„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑’Ë¢—È«‚≈° ‡æ√“–«à “ Õπÿ ¿ “§®–À“¬‰ª®“° µ√“‚µ ‡øï ¬ √å 2-5 ªï ®÷ ß °√–∑∫µà Õ ‚Õ‚´π™à « ߇«≈“ —È π Ê ®÷ ߉¡à ¡’ º ≈µà Õ §«“¡ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√–¬–¬“« °“√µ√«®«—¥·≈–°“√§”π«≥‰¥â™’È«à“ √–¥—∫‚Õ‚´πµË”°«à“ª°µ‘„πªï §.». 1992-1993 ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈ ®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø Pinatubo √–‡∫‘¥ æ√âÕ¡°—∫ª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’π∑’Ë Ÿß ¢÷Èπ„π∑»«√√… 1990 ‡∑’¬∫°—π°àÕπ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ ·π«‚πâ¡‚Õ‚´π∑—Ë«‚≈° ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ ·≈–«—Ø®—°√¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å

Trend of global ozone, eruption of volcanoes, and solar cycle ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß Percentage change

4 2

-2 -4 -6 -8

®”π«π®ÿ¥ sunspot the number of sunspots

‚Õ‚´π∑—Ë«‚≈° ∑’Ë≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 00 Õß»“„µâ∂÷ß 00 Õß»“‡Àπ◊Õ Global ozone at the north to south latitude

0

El Crichon

Mt. Pinctuto

°“√√–‡∫‘¥¢Õß¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø/Eruption of volcanoes

200 100 0 1978

«—Ø®—°√¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å/Solar cycle 1982

1996

1990

ªï/year

1994

1998

the surface of the volcanoûs aerosols, injected to the lower stratosphere, leading to the increased concentrations of chlorine in the form of active chemical by the synthetic substances produced by human such as CFCs, the eruption of the volcanoes like Mt. Agung (1963), Mt. Furego (1974), Mt. El Chichon (1982) and Mt. Pinatubo (1991), etc. The result from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo enhanced the aerosol to increase the extended chemical reaction. The impact from the nature depends on the chlorine compounds in the atmosphere similar to the clouds in the stratosphere at the polar. Because aerosol will be depleted from stratosphere for 2-5 years, it will affect ozone only for a short time and thus have no impact in a long-term change. The measurement and calculation have indicated the lower level of ozone than usual during 1992-1993, a result of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, and the increased amount of chlorine during the 1990s, compared to that before the eruption.

2. When did the first ozone hole occur?

2. √Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ§√—Èß·√°‡¡◊ËÕ„¥? √Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘ ‡ªìπ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπµâπ∑»«√√…∑’Ë 1980s ‡∑’¬∫°—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π Õ¥’µπ—∫®“° §.». 1957 π—∫®“°ªï §.». 1980 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ ‰¥â‡°‘¥ª√“°Ø°“√≥å√Ÿ√«—Ë ‚Õ‚´π ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π™à«ßª√–¡“≥ 3 ‡¥◊Õπ ‡Àπ◊Õ¢—È«‚≈°„µâ „πƒ¥Ÿ „∫‰¡âº≈‘ (‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π-惻®‘°“¬π) ‚¥¬§à“‚Õ‚´π≈¥≈ß Ÿß ÿ¥∂÷ß 60% à«πª≈“¬ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ‡¥◊Õπ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π‰¡à≈¥≈ß¡“°π—° ®“°°“√µ√«®«—¥®“° ∂“𒵓à ßÊ ·≈–¥“«‡∑’¬¡∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«‚≈°„µâ‰¥âº≈§≈⓬°—π °“√µ√«®«—¥ ‚¥¬∫Õ≈≈Ÿπ · ¥ß§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßµ“¡§«“¡ Ÿß„Àâº≈¥—ß√Ÿª ∑’Ë ∂“π’ Syowa (‚¥¬ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ„π∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°) æ∫«à“‚Õ‚´π≈¥≈ß∑’˧«“¡ Ÿß∫“ß™à«ß∑’ˇ°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π„π·µà≈– ªï¢Õ߃¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘‡∑’¬∫°—∫‚Õ‚´πª°µ‘°Õà πªï §.». 1980 ¡’ “‡Àµÿ §◊Õ§≈Õ√’π °àÕπ∑’ Ë µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å®–‰¥â√∫— º≈°√–∑∫®“°§≈Õ√’π ·≈–‚∫√¡’π®“°¡πÿ…¬åππ—È √–¥—∫‚Õ‚´πµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß∑«’ª ·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘µË”°«à“ƒ¥Ÿ‡¥’¬«°—π„π∑«’ªÕ“√å°µ‘° 30-40% §«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕß∑—ßÈ Õß∫√‘‡«≥‚¥¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ (µ√«® æ∫‚¥¬ Dobson) ‡π◊ÕË ß®“°§«“¡‡¬Áπ®—¥‡ªìπ摇»…·≈–√Ÿª·∫∫ ¢Õß≈¡„πƒ¥ŸÀπ“«¢Õß µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢Õß∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘° ‡¡◊ÕË ‡∑’¬∫°—∫Õ“√å°µ‘° §«“¡‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß∑“ßÕÿµπÿ ¬‘ ¡«‘∑¬“„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å‰¡à “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‰¥â ‡æ√“–®“°°“√ µ√«®«—¥æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡¢‘ Õß µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢Õß·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„π

çOzone hole over the Antarctica continent in spring was a phenomenon of the early 1980s compared to the past information since 1957.é From 1980 on, the phenomenon of ozone hole occurred during the 3-month period over Antarctica in spring (September-November) with a reduction of ozone value of up to 60%. The amount of ozone was not declined much at the end of summer January-March.

The measurement of many stations and the satellite near the Antarctica produced similar result. The measurement of balloon representing the change in relative with height showed the result as seen. Syowa station (by Japan in the Antarctic continents) detected the loss of ozone at some height where ozone depletion exists during the spring of each year compared to the normal ozone before 1980. Itûs cause is chlorine. Before the stratosphere had been affected by chlorine and bromine by man-made, the natural ozone level of the Antarctica continent in spring was lower than that of the Arctic by 30-40%. The difference of the two areas by nature (found by Dobson) was from the excessive cold it produced and the pattern of wind during winter by the stratosphere of the Antarctica continent compared

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ƒ¥ŸÀ𓫉¡à¡°’ “√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß °àÕπ∑’®Ë –‡°‘¥√Ÿ√«—Ë ‚Õ‚´π„π·µà≈– ªï„π‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π ‘ßË ∑’‡Ë ¥àπ™—¥§◊Õ “√ª√–°Õ∫ §≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π∑’Ë —߇§√“–Àå¢π÷È ‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠À“‰ª¢Õß‚Õ‚´π„πÀ≈“¬ªï∑º’Ë “à π¡“ °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘ ≥ ∂“π’ Syowa - ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘° The decrease of ozone level in spring at Syowa station - the Antarctica continent °àÕπ‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π §.». 1966-1980 Before the ozone hole (1966-1980)

√–¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿß (°‘‚≈‡¡µ√) Height Level (kilometer)

30

3. Why does ozone hole occur at the Antarctica continent while CFCs and Halon are mostly released in the northern hemisphere?

20

10

0

with those of the Arctic. The meteorological change in stratosphere could not explain ozone hole since from the measurement it was found that the temperature of stratosphere in winter was unchanged before ozone hole occurred annually in September. In contrast, what prominent was chlorine chemicals and bromine synthesized, causing ozone depletion during the past years.

™à«ß∑’ˇ°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π §.». 1991-1997 During the ozone hole (1991-1997)

0

5

10

15

20

ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π (§«“¡°¥, ¡‘≈≈‘-ª“ §“≈) The amount of ozone (pression, milli-Pascal)

3. ∑”‰¡√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘° ‡¡◊ËÕ CFCs ·≈– Halon à«π„À≠à∂Ÿ°ª≈àÕ¬„π´’°‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ? ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡’°“√À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π‚¥¬≈¡√Õ∫‚≈° °ä“´∑’Ë ∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π®–º ¡°— ∫ Õ“°“»∑’Ë À ¡ÿ 𠇫’ ¬ π‰ª‚¥¬∑—Ë « ∫√√¬“°“» √«¡∑—Èß·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°¥â«¬ ‰¡à¢÷Èπ°—∫«à“·À≈àߪ≈àÕÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë„¥ ¢÷Èπ°—∫‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢«à“°ä“´‡À≈à“π—Èπ®–¡’º≈µàÕ°“√∑”≈“‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°¡“°°«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫∑’ËÕ◊Ëπ °“√ª≈àÕ¬´’‡Õø´’·≈–Œ“≈Õπ ( “√ª√–°Õ∫‚∫√¡’π) à«π¡“°‡°‘¥∫√‘‡«≥´’°‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ ª√–¡“≥ 90% ¡“®“°¬ÿ‚√ª √— ‡´’¬ ≠’˪ÿÉπ ·≈–Õ‡¡√‘°“‡Àπ◊Õ °ä“´æ«°´’‡Õø´’·≈–Œ“≈Õπ ‰¡à≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”·≈–‰¡à∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“®–§≈ÿ°‡§≈â“„π∫√√¬“°“» ™—πÈ ≈à“ß¿“¬„π 1-2 ªï ·≈–®–¢÷πÈ ‰ª°—∫Õ“°“»∂÷ß µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å ∫√‘ ‡ «≥‡¢µ√â Õ π´÷Ë ß Õ“°“»‡∫“µ— « ®÷ ß ≈Õ¬µ— « ¢÷È π ·≈–≈¡æ— ¥ Õ“°“»‡À≈à “ π’È ‰ ª¬— ß ∫√‘ ‡ «≥¢—È « ‚≈°∑—È ß ‡Àπ◊ Õ ·≈–„µâ ¥— ß π—È π Õ“°“»µ≈Õ¥™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑—Ë«‚≈°®÷ß¡’ à«πª√–°Õ∫¢Õß §≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π ∫√‘‡«≥´’°‚≈°„µâ ¢—«È ‚≈°¡’ «à π¢Õßæ◊πÈ ∑«’ª

™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– Ozone Layer æ√âÕ¡· ¥ß√–¥—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Atmosphere and Ozone Layer with the level of temperature

çThe Earthûs atmosphere circulates around the world.

Gases destroying ozone are mixed with the air circulating in the atmosphere, including Antarctica, which does not depend on where the release of source is but on those gases which have more destroying impact at the Antarctic than any other places.é The release of CFCs and Halon (bromine compounds) occurs mostly over the northern hemisphere.

Approximate release of 90% is from Europe, Russia, Japan, and the North America. Those of CFCs and Halon arenût dissolved in water and wonût cause any reaction, but they will remain in the lower atmosphere within 1-2 years and build up to stratosphere in the tropical regions where the lighter air is floating and wind blows them to both north and south polar. The air of the entire stratosphere around the world, therefore, has chlorine and bromine as components. For the south polar, it contains a massive area of the Antarctica continent, surrounded by oceans and being symmetric, thus, causing a very cold air during winter of the stratosphere over the continent. As the air divided by the circulatory winds around the edge of the continent, the temperature is very low, leading to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, inducing the chemical change, enhancing the activation of chlorine and bromine and the rapid destruction of ozone layer.

Each year when the sun returns in September-October, the result is the production of Antarctic Ozone Hole.

The illustration presents the expanded ozone hole through the 1980s. It was the result of the increase of substances destroying ozone in the atmosphere. Unlike the Antarctica, the temperature of the Arctic is not very ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 69

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·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°∑’Ë°«â“ß„À≠à≈âÕ¡√Õ∫¥â«¬¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ·≈–°“√¡’ ≈—°…≥– ¡¡“µ√π’∑È ”„À⃥ŸÀπ“«¡’Õ“°“»‡¬Áπ®—¥„π™—πÈ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å ‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª ‡æ√“–Õ“°“»∂Ÿ°·¬° à«π‚¥¬≈¡∑’ËÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π√Õ∫ ¢Õ∫∑«’ª®÷ß¡’Õ≥ ÿ À¿Ÿ¡∑‘ µ’Ë Ë”¡“° ∑”„À⇰‘¥‡¡¶„π™—πÈ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å ¢—«È ‚≈° (Polar stratospheric clouds) ´÷ßË π”¡“´÷ßË °“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ∑“߇§¡’ à߇ √‘¡„Àâ§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ‚§√ß √â“ß·≈–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ‡¡◊ÕË ∑«’ª ‰¥â√∫— · ß·¥¥„π‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π-µÿ≈“§¡„π·µà≈–ªï º≈§◊Õ‡°‘¥ √Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘° (Antarctic Ozone Hole) √Ÿª· ¥ß¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë°«â“ߢ÷Èπµ≈Õ¥∑»«√√…∑’Ë 1980s ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ„π ∫√√¬“°“» ¿“«–¢Õß∑«’ªÕ“√å°µ‘°‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—π‡æ√“–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ „πƒ¥ŸÀπ“«™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢ÕßÕ“√å°µ‘°‰¡àµË”¡“°µ‘¥µàÕ °—πÀ≈“¬ —ª¥“À凙àπ„π¢—«È ‚≈°„µâ ‚Õ‚´π®÷ß≈¥≈ßπâÕ¬°«à“ ·≈– ¬—߉¡à∂ß÷ ‡°≥±å∑‡’Ë √’¬°√Ÿ√«—Ë ‚Õ‚´π (‡°≥±å§Õ◊ <220 Dobson Unit „π‡¢µ¢—È«‚≈°) ≈—°…≥–°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õß√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π The pattern of ozone holeûs expansion 1979

1986

1991

1996

4. °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’Ëæ◊Èπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ‰¡à? °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’Ëæ◊Èπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ‡æ√“–«à“‚Õ‚´π‡ªìπµ—«¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ ¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åª≈àÕ¬√—ß ’À√◊Õæ≈—ßß“π„π™à«ß°«â“ß √«¡∑—Èß∑’Ë Õ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µæ≈—ßß“π Ÿß¥â«¬ ª√–¡“≥ 2% ∫“ß à«π§◊Õ UV-B* ∑’Ë¡’‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ¡πÿ…¬å·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ ‡™àπ º‘«Àπ—߉À¡â‡°√’¬¡ ¡–‡√Áߺ‘«Àπ—ß ·≈–‚√§µ“ ª√‘¡“≥√—ß ’ UV ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫µ”·Àπàß∑’˵—Èß∫πæ◊Èπ‚≈° ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π „π∫√√¬“°“» ‡¡¶ ·≈–¡≈¿“«– π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√凙◊ËÕ«à“°“√ ‰¡à¡‡’ ¡¶À√◊Õ¡≈¿“«–„π¢≥–∑’‚Ë Õ‚´π Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª ∑”„Àâ√ß— ’ UV ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑’Ëæ◊Èπ‚≈° °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π¡“° ÿ¥„π√Õ∫ 15 ªï

low in consecutive weeks like that of Antarctica, so ozone is depleted less and then it canût be called ozone hole.

(The criterion is <220 Dobson Unit in the polar region.

4. Does loss of ozone cause the increase of ultraviolet light at the surface? çOzone depletion is expected to increase surface UV levels because ozone absorbs UV light.é The sun releases radiation or energy, including those released in the form of high ultraviolet radiation, around 2%, horizontally. Some of these are UV-B* that are detrimental to human and living creatures, such as, skin burnt, skin cancer, and eye diseases. The amount of UV reception lies on the location of the Earthûs surface, the amount of ozone in the atmosphere, clouds, and pollution.

Sciencetists believe that the disappearance of clouds or pollution during ozone depletion will lead to increases in surface UV. The higest depletion of ozone for the past 15 years, observed in the Antarctica continent during September-October when ozone hole occurred, as well as the measurement of UV radiation and ozone level in many stations, found that there was much more UV light than the regular level in Sandiego, California, where the sun is at its height with the horizontal column.

Where only small amount of ozone depletion occurs, it is difficult to detect whether or not the UV-B increases, particularly through the measurement of the trend of UV-B radiation, which associated with the decline of ozone. Itûs because of the complexity when clouds around, the pollution, and the condition of equipment used for many years, etc. Approximately at the end of 1980s the equipment available were not accurate enough for measuring UV-B, so the information from old stations with no specific use might be rarely trustworthy. Itûs particularly true for the measurement of paralleling cloudûs conditions or the absence of pollution. While the measurement of stations away from the community without pollution produces a high quality measure, the reduction of ozone is then correlated with the rise of UV-B. The illustration presents the measurement during clear sky from 6 stations, showing that the reduced ozone leads to the increase of UV-B.

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∑’˺à“π¡“∑’Ëæ∫‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬πµÿ≈“§¡ ∑’ˇ°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´πæ√âÕ¡°—∫°“√µ√«®«—¥√—ß ’ UV °—∫ ‚Õ‚´πæ√âÕ¡°—π„πÀ≈“¬ ∂“π’æ∫«à“√—ß ’ UV ¡’¡“°‡°‘π √–¥—∫ª°µ‘„π‡¡◊Õß San Diego, California ´÷Ëߥ«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ∑”¡ÿ ¡ Ÿ ß °— ∫ ·π«√“∫„π∫√‘ ‡ «≥∑’Ë ¡’ ° “√ Ÿ ≠ ‡ ’ ¬ ‚Õ‚´π πâÕ¬ ‡ªìπ°“√¬“°∑’Ë®–µ√«® Õ∫«à“ UV-B ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√µ√«®·π«‚πâ¡¢Õß√—ß ’ UV-B ∑’Ë —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ ‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë≈¥≈ß ‡æ√“–§«“¡´—∫´âÕπ„π°√≥’‡¡¶ ¡≈¿“«–·≈– ¿“«–¢Õ߇§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë„™â‡ªìπ‡«≈“À≈“¬ªï ‡ªìπµâπ √“«ª≈“∑»«√√… 1980 ¬— ߉¡à §à Õ ¬¡’ ‡ §√◊Ë Õ ß¡◊ Õ ∑’Ë ∂Ÿ ° µâ Õ ß‡∑’Ë ¬ ßµ√ß ”À√—∫µ√«®«—¥ UV-B ¡“°π—° ¥—ßπ—Èπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° ∂“π’„π ‡¡◊Õß∑’ˇ°à“·°à ·≈–‰¡à„™à ”À√—∫„™â‡©æ“–¥â“πÕ“®∑”„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‡™◊Ë Õ ∂◊ Õ‰¥â¬“° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√µ√«®§«∫§ŸàÀ“§«“¡µà“ߢÕß ¿“«–‡¡¶ À√◊Õ¡≈¿“«–¬—߉¡à§Õà ¬¡’ ¢≥–∑’Ë°“√µ√«®„π ∂“π’ ∑’Ë Àà “ ߉°≈·À≈à ß ™ÿ ¡ ™πª√“»®“°¡≈¿“«– ®–‡ªì π °“√µ√«® §ÿ≥¿“æ Ÿß °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π®÷ß®– Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°“√‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ¢Õß UV-B ¿“æ· ¥ß°“√µ√«®«—¥∑’¢Ë ≥–∑âÕßøÑ“·®à¡„ ®“° 6 ∂“π’ · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë≈¥≈ß∑”„Àâ√—ß ’ UV-B ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ

5. °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à? °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“»‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈߉¥âÀ≈“¬∑“ß ·µà‰¡à„™à “‡ÀµÿÀ≈—° ‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ¡¥ÿ≈Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß ‚≈° 2 ¥â“π §◊Õ°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®–∑”„Àâ ∫√√¬“°“» µ√“‚µ ‡øï ¬ √å Õ ∫Õÿà π ¢÷È π ·≈–¬— ß ¥Ÿ ¥ °≈◊ π √— ß ’ Õ‘πø√“‡√¥∑’˪≈¥ª≈àÕ¬®“°º‘«‚≈° ‡ªìπ∑’ˇ°Á∫§«“¡√âÕπ®“° ™—È π‚∑√‚æ ‡øï¬√å∑’Ë¥’ ¥—ßπ—Èπº≈°√–∑∫®“°§«“¡º—π·ª√‰ª ¢Õß‚Õ‚´π ®÷ߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫§«“¡ Ÿß∑’Ë¡—πÕ¬Ÿà ‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π‚¥¬¡πÿ…¬å

5. Does ozone depletion cause climate change? çOzone depletion causes climate change but it is not a major factor.é Ozone in the atmosphere has effects on the 2 sides of temperatureûs balance, that is, the absorption of ultraviolet radiation, which will make the stratosphere warmer, and the absorption of infrared radiation, emitted from the Earthûs surface, which is a good confinement of the heat from Troposphere. Therefore, the impact of the variation of ozone depends on how high the ozone is. The loss of ozone, as a result of chlorine and brominecontaining gases caused by human at the lower stratosphere, leads to the cooler of the Earthûs surface. It is expected, in contrast, that ozone will increase around the surface or troposphere because the pollution in the air warms the globe or greenhouse effect. To compare the impacts of ozone change with other types of gases in the atmosphere, doing the accurate calculation is considered difficult. From the picture, the opaque graph represents the temperature change while the transparent one represents ozone change; it has found that the increased CO2, generated by fuel burning such as coal, fuel, and natural gas, causes the most changes to climate. Currently, CO2 in the atmosphere increases 50% compared with 50 years ago. For other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), chlorofluorocarbon compounds, surface ozone (Tropospheric ozone), atmospheric ozone (Stratospheric Ozone), the graph represents the outcome. The climate change in return has impacts to ozone layer as well because ozone is influenced by meteorological conditions and the change of components of atmosphere, caused by the climate change. The more essence is the coldest stratosphere, and it will remain still for a long time. It stimulates the ozone depletion, particularly at the polar region. The size and boundary of cooler air will cause ozone to return to its balance state even more slowly.

6. Will ozone layer return to its normal state?

If it does, when will that be? çThe loss of ozone produced by chlorine compounds and bromine synthesized by man made is expected to gradually phase out by mid 21st century when such ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 71

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„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åµÕπ≈à“ß∑”„À⺑«‚≈°‡¬Áπ≈ß „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—𠧓¥«à “ ‚Õ‚´π®–‡æ‘Ë ¡ ¢÷È π ∑’Ë ∫ √‘ ‡ «≥º‘ « æ◊È π À√◊ Õ ‚∑√‚æ ‡øï ¬ √å ‡æ√“–«à“¡≈¿“«–„πÕ“°“»∑”„Àâ‚≈°Õÿπà ¢÷πÈ À√◊Õª√“°Ø°“√≥å ‡√◊ Õ π°√–®° (Greenhouse Effect) °“√‡ª√’ ¬ ∫‡∑’ ¬ ∫ º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´π°—∫°ä“´„π∫√√¬“°“»™π‘¥ Õ◊πË ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√¬“°∑’®Ë –§”π«≥‰¥â∂°Ÿ µâÕß ®“°√Ÿª °√“ø·∑àß∑÷∫ ·∑πÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡∑‘ ‡’Ë ª≈’¬Ë π ·∑àß ’¢“«·∑𧫓¡‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´π æ∫«à“ CO2 ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑”„Àâ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¡“° ÿ¥ ´÷Ëß ‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßµà“ßÊ ‡™àπ ∂à“πÀ‘π πÈ”¡—π ·≈– °ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ ªí®®ÿ∫π— CO2 „π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ 30% ‡∑’¬∫ °—∫ 50 ªï°àÕπ °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ◊ËπÊ ¡’º≈¥—ß°√“ø ‡™àπ ¡’‡∑π (CH4) ‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å (N2O) “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (CFCs) ‚Õ‚´πº‘«æ◊Èπ (Tropospheric Ozone) ‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“» µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å (Stratospheric Ozone) „π∑“ß°≈— ∫ °— π °“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ߢÕß¿Ÿ ¡‘ Õ “°“»‚≈°°Á ¡’ º ≈ °√–∑∫µàÕ™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π‡™àπ°—π ‡æ√“–‚Õ‚´π‰¥â √— ∫ Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°¿“«–∑“ßÕÿµπÿ ¬‘ ¡«‘∑¬“ ·≈–‚¥¬§«“¡‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß Õß§å ª √–°Õ∫„π∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ®“°°“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ß ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‘Ëß ”§—≠§◊Õ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑’ˇ¬Áπ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·≈–¬—ß §ß‡ªìπ‡™àππ’ȇªìπ‡«≈“π“𠇪ìπ ‘Ëß°√–µÿâπ°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡¢µ¢—È«‚≈° „πªí®®ÿ∫—π¢π“¥·≈–¢Õ∫‡¢µ¢Õß°“√ ‡¬Áπ≈ß ®–∑”„Àâ™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π°≈—∫§◊π ¿“æ‡¥‘¡™â“ÕÕ°‰ªÕ’° °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´µà“ßÊ „π∫√√¬“°“» The climate change due to different gases in the atmosphere Relative Importance °“√√âÕπ¢÷Èπ °“√‡¬Áπ≈ß Cooler

Hotter

§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å

Carbon dioxide

¡’‡∑π

Methane

‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å

Nitrous oxide

§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ Chlorofluorocarbon

‚Õ‚´π„π‚∑√‚æ ‡øï¬√å

Tropospheric Ozone

‚Õ‚´π„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å/Stratospheric Ozone

6. ™—È π ‚Õ‚´π®–°≈— ∫ §◊ π ¿“æÀ√◊ Õ ‰¡à ∂â “ °≈— ∫ §◊ π ®–‡ªì π ‡¡◊ËÕ„¥? °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π ∑’¡Ë πÿ…¬å ß— ‡§√“–Àå¢π÷È §“¥«à“®–§àÕ¬Ê À“¬‰ªª√–¡“≥°≈“ß »µ«√√…∑’Ë 21 ‡¡◊ËÕ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡À≈à“π’ȧàÕ¬Ê À“¬‰ª®“° ∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ §«“¡ ”‡√Á®Õ—ππ’ȇ°‘¥®“°¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»„π °“√À¬ÿ¥º≈‘µ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡¢âÕ µ°≈ßÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡∑’Ë®–™à«¬„Àâª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π°“√øóôπøŸ™—Èπ ‚Õ‚´π‰¥â ¥â«¬°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë ”§—≠Ê ‚¥¬¬àÕ ¥—ßπ’È

compounds slowly disappear from the atmosphere by natural process.é The success came from the agreement among international nations on the discontinued production and use of ozone-destroying substances. The full compliance to the agreement will contribute to the success of recovery of ozone layer through various implementations. The main actions are summarized as follows: 1981 Deep understanding of the capacity of chlorine and bromine in relative to ozone depletion 1985 The adoption of the Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer 1987 The existing of Montreal Protocol on phase out of substances that deplete the ozone layer 1990 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting substances were amended in London (London Amendment) to discontinue producing and use of ozone-destroying substances (CFCs, Halons) by year 2000 among the developed nation and 2010 among the developing countries and added controlling measures on other substances, that is, CCl4 by year 2000 and Methyl Chloroform by year 2005 in the developed countries. Nowadays 136 members, including Thailand, ratified the amendment.

1992 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting substances were amended in Copenhagen (Copenhagen amendment) by changing the time of discontinuing production and use of ozone-depleting substances to be enforced earlier from year 2000 to be 1995 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting substances were amended at Vienna (Vienna Amendment) concerning other additional articles such as the 10-years permission extended to the developed nations in adoption under the commitment of controlled substances of CFCs, Halons, CCl4, and Methyl Chloroform, including the use of Methyl Bromide amount on the basis of the figure of 1994.

1997 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting substances were amended in Montreal (Montreal Amendment) concerning other additional articles such as the control of Methyl Bromide to reduce by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% within 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005 respectively for developed nations. For developing

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ªï §.». 1981 ¡’§«“¡‡¢â“„®Õ¬à“ß≈÷°´÷Èß∂÷ß»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß §≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π„π°“√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ªï §.». 1985 ¡’Õπÿ ≠ — ≠“‡«’¬ππ“ ”À√—∫æ‘∑°— …å™π—È ‚Õ‚´π (Vienna Convention) ªï §.». 1987 ¡’æ‘∏’ “√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈«à“¥â«¬°“√‡≈‘°„™â “√ ∑”≈“¬™—πÈ ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π (Montreal Protocol) ªï §.». 1990 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√ ∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿß≈Õπ¥Õπ (London Amendment) „Àâ¡’°“√‡≈‘°º≈‘µ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π (CFCs, Halons) ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2000 „πª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ ·≈–ªï §.». 2010 „π ª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“ ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√µ—«Õ◊Ëπ§◊Õ CCl4 ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2000 ·≈– ‡¡∏‘≈ §≈Õ‚√øÕ√å¡ ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2005 „πª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ ªí®®ÿ∫π— ¡’ ¡“™‘°„Àâ µ— ¬“∫—π·≈â« ®”π«π 136 ª√–‡∑» √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑ªï §.». 1992 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√ ∑”≈“¬™—πÈ ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿß‚§‡ªπ‡Œ‡°π (Copenhagen Amendment) ‚¥¬‡ª≈’ˬπ‡«≈“‡≈‘°º≈‘µ ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π„Àâ ‡√Á«¢÷πÈ ®“°ªï §.». 2000 ‡ªìπ §.». 1996 ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ ‡æ‘¡Ë “√§«∫§ÿ¡‰Œ‚¥√‚∫√‚¡ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (HBFCs) ·≈– ‰Œ‚¥√§≈Õ‚√ø≈Ÿ Õ Õ‚√§“√å ∫ Õπ (HCFCs) “√∑¥·∑π ™—Ë«§√“«´÷Ëß¡’»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πµË” √«¡∑—Èß ‡¡∏‘≈ ‚∫√‰¡µå ‡¢â“‰ª¥â«¬ ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’ ¡“™‘°„Àâ —µ¬“∫—π·≈â«®”π«π 101 ª√–‡∑» √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑ªï §.». 1995 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√ ∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿ߇«’¬ππ“ (Vienna Amendment) ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫¢âÕ‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ‘¡Õ◊πË Ê ‡™àπ °”Àπ¥√–¬–‡«≈“ºàÕπº—π 10 ªï „Àâª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡æ—π∏°√≥’¢Õß “√§«∫§ÿ¡ °≈ÿà¡ “√ CFCs Halons CCl4 ·≈– ‡¡∏‘≈ §≈Õ‚√øÕ√å¡ √«¡ ∂÷ß„Àâ„™âª√‘¡“≥ Methyl Bromide µ“¡µ—«‡≈¢ªï §.». 1994 ‡ªìπ‡°≥±å ªï §.». 1997¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ π§√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈ (Montreal Amendment) ‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢âÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °“√§«∫§ÿ¡ ‡¡∏‘≈ ‚∫√‰¡µå „Àâ ≈¥≈ß 25% 50% 75% 100% ¿“¬„πªï 1999, 2001, 2003 ·≈– 2005 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ „Àâ≈¥≈ß 20% ·≈– 100% „πªï §.». 2005 ·≈– 2015 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ „πª√–‡∑» °”≈—ßæ—≤π“ ªï §.». 1999 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√ ∑”≈“¬™—πÈ ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿßªí°°‘ßË (Beijing Amendment) ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫ ¢âÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™à𠧫∫§ÿ¡ “√‚∫√‚¡§≈Õ‚√¡’‡∑π ·≈– ‰Œ‚¥√§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ §≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π‡√‘Ë¡≈¥≈ß„πªï §.». 1995 ‡æ√“–«à“µâÕß „™â‡«≈“ 3-6 ªï „π°“√§≈ÿ°‡§≈â“°—∫Õ“°“»∑’˺‘«æ◊Èπ ·≈–¢÷Èπ‰ª

™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– Ozone Layer/ Atmosphere and Ozone Layer

nations, the reduction of 20% and 100% were applied by 2005 and 2015 respectively.

1999 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting substances were amended in Beijing (Beijing Amendment) concerning other additional articles such as the control of bromochloromethane and hydrochlorofluorocarbon.

Chlorine and bromine declined in 1995 as it took 3-6 years to have mixed them with the surface air and drifted into the atmosphere. Then, chlorine remained stable and gradually reduced. With full compliance with the agreement, it will revive the ozone layer to its normal state by mid 21st century. Compared with the rapid depletion of CFCs, the recovery slowly takes place as it takes the natural process to decompose chlorine and bromine from the atmosphere. The approximate duration time of CFCs ranges 50 years to many hundred years. However, the future of ozone layer lies on many factors apart from chlorine and bromine compounds, such as methane, nitrous oxide, atomic sulfate in conjunction with the climate change. Ozone, consequently, will not be the same as pre-1980s. However, the finding of ozone loss and agreements will help preserve and prevent the problems that may occur.

The picture shows previous amount of chlorine and bromine and projected outcome. If the Montreal Protocol and other resolutions hadnût been established, CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances would have been increased in the atmosphere. The amount of ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 73

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chlorine and bromine in 2050 would have been 10 times of those in 1980. The agreements will direct the release of ozone-depleting substances as the dashed line of the picture. º≈®“°¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» µàÕ°“√≈¥·≈–‡≈‘°„™â “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π The outcome of the international agreement on the reduction and discontinuation the use of ozone-destroying substances 20

ª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà ( à«πµàÕæ—π≈â“π à«π)

Existent amount (1:1,000 million ratio)

„π∫√√¬“°“» ®“°π—È π ª√‘ ¡ “≥§≈Õ√’ π ®–‡√‘Ë ¡ §ß∑’Ë · ≈– ≈¥≈ßÕ¬à “ ߙ⠓ Ê ¥â « ¬°“√ªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ µ “¡¢â Õ µ°≈ßÕ¬à “ ߇µÁ ¡ ∑’Ë ®–∑”„Àâ ™—È π‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»°≈— ∫ §◊ π ¡“„π ¿“æª°µ‘ ª√–¡“≥°≈“ß»µ«√√…∑’Ë 21 °“√°≈—∫§◊πÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ‡∑’¬∫ °—∫°“√∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«‚¥¬ CFCs ‡æ√“–µâÕßÕ“»—‡«≈“„π°√–∫«π°“√µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ ∑’Ë ® – ≈“¬§≈Õ√’ π ·≈– ‚∫√¡’π®“°∫√√¬“°“» Õ“¬ÿ¢Õß CFCs à«π¡“°Õ¬Ÿ„à π™à«ß 50 ∂÷ßÀ≈“¬√âÕ¬ªï Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡Õ𓧵¢Õß™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π¬—ߢ÷Èπ°—∫ Õߧåª√–°Õ∫Õ◊πË πÕ°®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π¥â«‡™àπ ¡’‡∑π ‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å Õπÿ¿“§´—≈‡øµ µ≈Õ¥®π°“√ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈° ‡Àµÿπ’È™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ®–‰¡à ‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫™à«ß°àÕπ∑»«√√… 1980 π—° ‰¡à«à“®–Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ °“√§âπæ∫≈—°…≥–°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª‚Õ‚´π·≈–¢âÕµ°≈ßµà“ßÊ ®– ™à«¬„Àâ°“√√—°…“·≈–ªÑÕß°—πªí≠À“∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â √Ÿª· ¥ß ª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π„πÕ¥’µ·≈–°“√ª√–‡¡‘π·π«‚πâ¡ ∑”π“¬º≈À“°‰¡à¡æ’ ∏‘ ’ “√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈·≈–°“√·°â‰¢µà“ßÊ ·≈â« CFCs ·≈– “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πÕ◊ËπÊ ®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π∫√√¬“°“» ª√‘¡“≥ §≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ªï §.». 1980 ®–‡ªìπ 10 ‡∑à“ ª√–¡“≥„πªï §.». 2050 µ√ß°—π¢â“¡°“√¡’¢Õâ µ°≈ßµà“ßÊ ®–„Àâ º≈°“√ª≈àÕ¬ “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡‡ âπª√– ¥—ß√Ÿª

¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕπ Montreal 1987

À“°‰¡à¡’æ‘∏’ “√ 15

If the Protocol non-existed

≈Õπ¥Õπ London 1990

10

5

‚§‡ªπ‡Œ‡°π

Copenhagen 1992

‡«’¬ππ“ Vienna 1995

¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈

0

1980

Montreal 1997 2000

2020

2040

2060

ªï/Year

2080

2100

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

Reference

1. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ www.tmd.go.th

1. Information from the Meteorology Department www.tmd.go.th

*æ≈—ßß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åπ—Èπ‡¥‘π∑“ß¡“¬—ß‚≈°„π√Ÿª¢Õß√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ À√◊Õ √—ß ’¬Ÿ«’ (UV) ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬°—π “¡™π‘¥ §◊Õ ™π‘¥‡Õ (UVA) ™π‘¥∫’ (UVB) ·≈– ™π‘¥´’ (UVC) §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’π’È¡’¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“ 10.00-16.00 π. √—ß ’Õÿ≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“π∑’Ë„π√Ÿª§≈◊Ëπ·¡à‡À≈Á°‰øøÑ“ ‰¡à “¡“√∂¡Õߥ⫬µ“ √—ß ’ ¬Ÿ«’-‡Õ (UV-A) ‡ªìπ√—ß ’∑’Ë¡’æ≈—ßß“πµË” ‰¡à∑”„À⇰‘¥º‘«‰À¡â„π√–¬– —Èπ ·µà¡’º≈‡ ’¬µàÕº‘«„π√–¬–¬“« ‡æ√“– “¡“√∂∑–≈ÿºà“π‡¢â“∂÷ߺ‘«™—ÈπÀπ—ß·∑â (Dermis) °àÕ„À⇰‘¥ Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–∑”≈“¬º‘« πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—߇¢â“‰ª∑”≈“¬‡ âπ„¬§Õ≈≈“‡®π·≈–Õ’≈“ µ‘π ´÷Ëß∑”Àπâ“∑’˧ߧ«“¡°√–™—∫ ·≈–¬◊¥À¬ÿàπº‘«„Àâ≈¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ≈ß ·≈–¬—ßÕ“® àߺ≈ µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß∑’˺‘«Àπ—߉¥â √—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-∫’ (UV-B) ‡ªìπ√—ß ’∑’Ë¡’æ≈—ßß“π Ÿß ¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢Õß· ß Ÿß ÿ¥„πµÕπ‡∑’ˬ߫—π ·≈–™à«ß‡«≈“„πƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ∑’Ë¡’Õ“°“»√âÕπ®—¥ √—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-∫’ “¡“√∂ àÕßµ√ß∑”≈“¬º‘«™—ÈπÀπ—ß°”æ√â“ (Epidermis) ´÷Ë߇ªìπº‘«™—Èπ∫π ÿ¥ ∑”„À⺑«‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’‡¢â¡¢÷Èπ‡°‘¥§«“¡À¡Õߧ≈È” ®ÿ¥¥à“ߥ”·≈–ΩÑ“‰¥â ´÷Ëß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ‡À≈à“π’ȇ°‘¥®“°‡´≈≈å∑’Ë™◊ËÕ ‡¡≈“‚π‰´¥å (Melanocyte) ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™—Èπ≈à“ß ÿ¥¢Õß™—ÈπÀπ—ß°”æ√â“ ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë √â“߇¡Á¥ ’∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ ‡¡≈“π‘π (Melanin) ´÷Ë߇ªìπµ—«°”Àπ¥ ’º‘«¢Õß·µà≈–§π„Àâ·µ°µà“ß°—π ‡¡◊ËÕº‘«‰¥â√—∫√—ß ’π’ÈÕ¬Ÿà‡ªìπª√–®”°Á®–‡°‘¥°“√°√–µÿâπ„Àâ √â“߇¡≈“π‘π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ®÷ß àߺ≈„Àâ ’º‘«§≈È”¡“°¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°π’È√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-∫’¬—ß Õ“®‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Áߺ‘«Àπ—߉¥â‡™àπ°—π√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-´’ (UV-C) ‡ªìπ√—ß ’∑’ËÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕº‘«¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·µà¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂∑–≈ÿºà“π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π≈ß¡“∂÷ߺ‘«‚≈°‰¥â

*Energy of the Sun reaches the Earth in the form of ultra violet radiation or what is called UV, which is composed of 3 types, that is, UVA, UVB, and UVC. The most concentration of UV is during 10.00-6.00. Ultra violet is electric wave, invisible to human eyes. UV-A is a low energy radiation. It has no impact on the human skin in a short term, but it causes sunburn on human skin in a long period of time because it can penetrate the skin at the Dermis level, producing free radicals which can damage skin. Besides, it also damages collagen and elastin, mechanism for fitness and elasticity of the skin to be less effective, and causes skin cancer as well.

UV-B is a high energetic radiation, with its most intensity at midday and during the hot summer. With direct exposure to UV-B, it can directly damage the epidermis, an outer layer of skin, causing darker color of skin, spots, and scum. Such changes are the result of the cell, called Melanocyte, a cell at the lowest level of the epidermis, producing pigment called melanin, the primary determinant of different human skin color.

When the skin is constantly exposed to this radiation, it stimulates creation of more melanin, leading to the darker skin. UV-B, in addition, is also another cause of skin cancer. UV-C is the most harmful radiation to the skin, but still it is unable to pass through the ozone to the Earthûs surface.

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‚¥¬ : “¬¢à“« Environment News by : News Line Team

‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π·§∑√’π“ ∫∑‡√’¬π∑’§Ë π‰∑¬§«√„ à„® (Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå¢à“« ¥ «—π∑’Ë 12 µÿ≈“§¡ 2548) ∂“∫—π World Watch ´÷ßË ‡ªìπÀπ૬ߓπ∑’¡Ë ™’ Õ◊Ë ‡ ’¬ß∑“ߥâ“π ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡¢ÕßÕ‡¡√‘°“ √“¬ß“π«à“ π—∫µ—ßÈ ·µàªï §.». 1980 ¡’¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑—Ë«‚≈°√«¡∑—Èß ‘Èπ 12,000 §√—Èß √â“ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„Àâ·°à‡»√…∞°‘®‚≈°√«¡∑—Èß ‘Èπ 1.3 ≈â“π≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ ‚¥¬„π∑»«√√… 1980 §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 26,000 ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ/ªï „πªï §.». 2004 §«“¡‡ ’¬À“°≈—∫¡’¡Ÿ≈§à“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 104,000 ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ ·≈–‡©æ“–§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π·§∑√’π“Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« Ÿß∂÷ß 200,000 ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ ∂“∫—π World Watch ¬—߇µ◊Õπ«à“ À“°‚≈°‡√“¬—ߧߡ’°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π®“°·À≈àßøÕ ´‘≈„πÕ—µ√“∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ·∫∫π’È ·≈– ∑”≈“¬∞“π∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß °“√º®≠°—∫§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß擬ÿ·≈–‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„π √–¥—∫‡¥’¬«°—∫‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π·§∑√’π“ ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’ËÀ≈’°‡≈’ˬ߉¡à‰¥â „π¢≥–∑’Ëπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â“π¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» °Á¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπµ√ß°—π«à“ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕ𠇪ìπ ªí®®—¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë∑”„Àâ擬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∑’ˇ°‘¥„𻵫√√…π’È¡’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ («—¥∑’˧«“¡‡√Á«≈¡·≈–§«“¡¬“«π“π¢Õß™à«ß‡«≈“∑’Ë ‡°‘¥) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°æ“¬ÿ¥—ß°≈à“«¡’°“√ – ¡æ≈—ßß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬„π√Õ∫ 30 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“æ∫«à“ æ≈—ßß“π∑’˪≈àÕ¬®“°æ“¬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∑—Ë«‚≈° ¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 70% À√◊Õ ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 15% ·≈–§«“¡¬“«π“π¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥æ“¬ÿ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 60% πÕ°®“°π’È §«“¡µâÕß°“√°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® πÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àâ¡°’ “√¢¬“¬°‘®°√√¡∑“ߥâ“π°“√º≈‘µ·≈–∫√‘‚¿§ ÕÕ°‰ª·≈â« ¬—ß¡’°“√∑”≈“¬∞“π∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“° ·≈–Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ÕË ß„π∑ÿ°¿Ÿ¡¿‘ “§¢Õß‚≈° ∑—Èßπ’È ‡æ◊ËÕ¢¬“¬¢’¥®”°—¥„π°“√æ—≤π“∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª ‡™àπ °“√∑”≈“¬ªÉ“‰¡â™“¬Ωíòß ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π —π∑√“¬ ∑’Ë·µà‡¥‘¡ ‡§¬∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ·π«°—π™π擬ÿµà“ßÊ „À⇪ìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«

Hurricane Katerina, The Lesson Thai People should Concern (Khao Sod Newspaper, 12 October 2005) World Watch Institute, a well-known agency for the environment of the United States, reported that since 1980 12,000 weather-related disasters occurred around the world, causing a total of 1.3 trillion USD in the worldûs economic losses.

Average annual economic losses from such events have been $ 26,000 million in the 1980s, but the total cost of such disasters has risen to $ 104,000 million and only the disaster-specific-Hurricane Katerina-cost have been up to $ 200,000 million.

World Watch Institute still warned that if the world consumes the fossil fuel at this increasing rate and continuously destroys the natural resources and environment fundamental, the confrontation with the severity of storms and the same catastrophe currently experienced is unavoidable.

While the weather-related scientists all have the consensus that the climate change from global warming is a major factor to have caused the increased intensity of the Hurricane Katrina (measured by the wind speed and the duration of its occurrence) since such storm has accumulated more power.

During the last 30 years, the power released by the hurricane around the world was on average increasing approximately 70% or an equivalent of 15% increase of the speed and approximate 60% increase of the longtime occurrence of the storm.

In addition, the need of economic growth not only leads to the expansion of production and consumption activity, it also devastates the number of fundamental of natural resources constantly in every part of the world aiming at the extent of the economic development capacity. For example, the deforestation of the coastal forest, mangrove forest, and sand dune used to be storm barrier have been carried out for tourist areas. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 75 75-78/ÀÈÕߢ˓«

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‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡≈«√⓬∑”§π 50 ≈â“π¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ (Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æ塵‘™π «—π∑’Ë 12 µÿ≈“§¡ 2548) ∂“∫—π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈–§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ Àª√–™“™“µ‘ ‡º¬√“¬ß“π‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 11 µÿ≈“§¡ √–∫ÿ«à“ ¿“æ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’‡Ë ≈«√⓬≈߇√◊ÕË ¬Ê Õ“®®–∑”„Àâª√–™“°√‚≈°√“« 50 ≈â“π§π µâÕßÕæ¬æ®“°∂‘πË ∞“π∑’ÕË ¬Ÿ¢à Õßµ—«‡Õß¿“¬„π ªï æ.». 2553 Õ—π‡π◊ÕË ß¡“®“°§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß °“√‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ °“√‡°‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡·≈–擬ÿ ´÷ßË ‡°’¬Ë «‚¬ß°—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ‚≈°∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ®π∑”„Àâª√–™“°√‚≈°π—∫√âÕ¬≈â“π§π‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫ 𓬮“πÕ ‚∫°“√奒 À—«Àπâ“ ∂“∫—π„π‡¡◊Õß∫Õππå ª√–‡∑»‡¬Õ√¡π’ ‰¥âÕÕ°¡“‡µ◊Õπ„Àâ∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬‡µ√’¬¡√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‡æ√“–§“¥«à“Õ“®®–¡’ºŸâ≈’È¿—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ√“« 50 ≈â“π§π ´÷ËßÕ“®®–‡ªìπ‰¥â∑—Èߪ√–™“°√„π¬Ÿ‡§√π À√◊ÕÕ‘µ“≈’ ·≈–À“°‡≈«√⓬∑’Ë ÿ¥°Á®–¡’ºŸâ≈’È¿—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¡“°∂÷ßæ—π≈â“π§π∑’‡¥’¬« °√–π—πÈ °Áµ“¡ ‚∫°“√奧’ “¥«à“¡’ª√–™“°√√“« 20 ≈â“π§π ∑’°Ë ”≈—ß∂Ÿ°¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘√°ÿ √“πÕ¬ŸÕà π— ‡π◊ÕË ß¡“®“°ªí≠À“∑’‡Ë °‘¥ ¢÷Èπ®“°°“√∑”≈“¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ π—∫µ—Èß·µàªí≠À“‡√◊ËÕß°“√∑”°“√‡°…µ√‰ª®π∂÷ߪí≠À“¿“«–πÈ”‡ªìπæ‘… ´÷Ëߪí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕª√–™“°√π—∫≈â“π§π„π´—∫´“Œ“√“ ·Õø√‘°“ Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ·≈–‡Õ‡™’¬·≈â« πÕ°®“°π’È ∑“ß ∂“∫—π¬—߇√’¬°√âÕß„Àâ¡’°“√¬Õ¡√—∫§«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß ∂“π–¢ÕߺŸâ≈’È¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ߪ√–™“™π∑’Ë µâÕßÕæ¬æÕÕ°®“°∂‘πË ∞“πÕ—π‡π◊ÕË ß¡“®“° ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’‡Ë ≈«√⓬≈ß Õ—π‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈∑’§Ë «√‰¥â√∫— §«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ¥â“πÕ“À“√ ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ ∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬ °“√√—°…“欓∫“≈ ·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√¬Õ¡√—∫‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫ºŸâ≈’È¿—¬∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß Àπ’¿—¬ ߧ√“¡À√◊Õ∂Ÿ°°¥¢’Ë ¢à¡‡Àß (√Õ¬‡µÕ√å)

Worsening Environment, 50 million people Immigrating (Matichon Newspaper, 12 October 2005) The Environment and Human Security Institute, the United Nations University, revealed the report on October 11th that the worsening environment may have caused the approximate 50 million of world population to mitigate their own settlement by 2010 due to droughts, the increase of sea level, flood and storms, which are linked to the rise of global temperature affecting hundred millions of the world population.

Mr. Janos Bogardi, the head of the Institution in Bonn, Germany, warned those involved preparing to handle the existing situation as it was estimated the environment based immigrants of about 50 million, who could be people in Ukraine or Italy, and the worst was the expected number of up to 1,000 million immigrants.

However, Mr.Bogardi expected that 20 million people are threatening by the natural disasters caused by the destruction of the environment, ranging from the agricultural problem to contaminated toxic water problem. Such problems have already affected millions of people in the Sub-Sahara Africa, India and Asia.

The Institute is demanding for the acceptance of the status of the environment-related immigrants, meaning that, people who immigrate from their settlement due to worsening environment should be supported in terms of food, equipment, home, health care, and being accepted as the same refugees who immigrated for the reason of politics, war or abuse. (Reuter)

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‡æ‘¡Ë ‚∑… √.ß. Õÿµœ ∑”≈“¬ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ µ—ßÈ √“ß«—≈π”®—∫¥÷ß™ÿ¡™π Õ¥ àÕß (Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æ塵‘™π «—π∑’Ë 2 惻®‘°“¬π 2548) π“¬Õ‘ √– ‚™µ‘∫√ÿ °“√ Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“ „π‡√Á«Ê π’°È √–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡‡µ√’¬¡®–ª√–°“» ‡æ‘Ë¡∫∑≈ß‚∑…‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑’ˉ¡àªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡√–‡∫’¬∫¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫¢Õß°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’Ë¡’ à«π‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑—ßÈ „π‡√◊ÕË ß°“√°”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ °“√ª≈àÕ¬πÈ”‡ ’¬ ·≈–¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“» ®“°‡¥‘¡∑’®Ë –¡’‚∑…ª√—∫ Ÿß ÿ¥‡æ’¬ß 10,000-20,000 ∫“∑ ‡æ‘¡Ë ‡ªìπ 200,000 ∫“∑ ·∑π æ√âÕ¡°—∫¬—ß®–µ—ßÈ √“ß«—≈„Àâ°∫— ºŸ∑â ·’Ë ®â߇∫“–· ¢Õß‚√ßß“π∑’∑Ë ”º‘¥°ÆÀ¡“25% ¢Õß®”π«π‡ß‘π∑’˪√—∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡„Àâ·°à™ÿ¡™π√Õ∫‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡·µà≈–·Ààß„π°“√µ√«® Õ∫‚√ßß“π ç°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–¡’°“√°”Àπ¥™—¥‡®π«à“ À“°∑”º‘¥√–‡∫’¬∫Õ–‰√ ®–µâÕߪ√—∫®”π«π‡∑à“„¥ ´÷ßË ‚∑… Ÿß ÿ¥§◊Õ°“√≈—°≈Õ∫ °”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ª√—∫∑—π∑’ 200,000 ∫“∑ ·≈–‚√ßß“ππ—ÈπÊ ®–µâÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√·°â‰¢∑—π∑’ ¡‘‡™àππ—Èπ°Á®–¡’°“√„™â °ÆÀ¡“¬«—µ∂ÿÕ—πµ√“¬¡“∫—ߧ—∫„™â ∑’Ë®–¡’‚∑…®”§ÿ°Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 2 ªï ¡“‡Õ“º‘¥¥â«¬ ´÷Ëßªí®®ÿ∫—π‚√ßß“π∑’ˬ—ß∑”º‘¥√–‡∫’¬∫Õ¬Ÿà ª√–¡“≥ 25% °Á§“¥«à“À≈—ß®“°∑’‡Ë æ‘¡Ë ∫∑≈ß‚∑…·≈â« ®–∑”„Àâ¡‚’ √ßß“π∑’ªË Ø‘∫µ— µ‘ “¡√–‡∫’¬∫¡“°¢÷πÈ À√◊Õ‡æ‘¡Ë ‡ªìπ°«à“ 99%é π“¬Õ‘ √–°≈à“««à“ °àÕπ∑’Ë®–¡’°“√ÕÕ°µ√«®‚√ßß“π∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»π—Èπ °√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–¡’°“√ àßÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡«’¬π·®âß„Àâ·°à ‚√ßß“π∑—«Ë ª√–‡∑»∑√“∫°àÕπ ‡æ◊ÕË „À⇫≈“„π°“√ª√—∫·°â„π à«π∑’¬Ë ß— ‰¡à∂°Ÿ √–‡∫’¬∫ À≈—ß®“°π—πÈ ª√–¡“≥ 1-2 ‡¥◊ÕπÀ≈—ß®“°π’È °Á “¡“√∂ÕÕ°µ√«®‚√ßß“π∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»‰¥â‡≈¬ ‚¥¬°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–‡πâπ„π°“√µ√«®‚√ßß“π¢π“¥„À≠à·≈–„π‡¢µ°√ÿ߇∑æœ ·≈–ª√‘¡≥±≈ à«π‚√ßß“π„πµà“ß®—ßÀ«—¥π—Èπ∑“ߺŸâ«à“√“™°“√®—ßÀ«—¥·µà≈–®—ßÀ«—¥®–‡ªìπºŸâ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ πÕ°®“°π’È °√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡¬—ß¡’π‚¬∫“¬„Àâ‡æ‘¡Ë §à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡„π°“√°”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ´÷ßË ¢≥–π’°È √¡‚√ßß“πœ Õ¬Ÿ√à –À«à“ß°“√»÷°…“«à“®–µâÕߪ√—∫‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ‡ªìπÕ—µ√“‡∑à“„¥ °—∫°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ª√–‡¿∑„¥ √«¡‰ª∂÷ß°“√∑”≈“¬«à“µâÕß„™â«∏‘ ’ ∑”≈“¬¥â«¬°“√‰¡à„Àâ ßà º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬Õ—µ√“§à“∫√‘°“√®–‰¡à‡∑à“°—π ¥—ßπ—πÈ °√¡‚√ßß“πœ µâÕß°”Àπ¥√“§“°≈“ß ÕÕ°¡“ ‚¥¬√“§“°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√°”®—¥°“°œ ªí®®ÿ∫—π‡©≈’ˬ∑’Ë 1,000-4,000 ∫“∑/µ—π çªí≠À“¢Õß°“√°”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡„π¢≥–π’È §◊Õ ¬—ß¡’‚√ßß“π∑’Ë√Ÿâ‡∑à“‰¡à∂÷ß°“√≥åπ”¢¬–‡À≈à“π’ȉª∑‘Èß„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√°√â“ß ·≈–À≈ÿ¡Ωíòß°≈∫¢ÕßÕߧ尓√∫√‘À“√ à«πµ”∫≈ (Õ∫µ.) ´÷Ë߉¡à‰¥â¡“µ√∞“πµ“¡∑’Ë°√¡‚√ßß“πœ °”Àπ¥ ¥—ßπ—ÈπµâÕ߇√àß √â“ß §«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„® √«¡∂÷ß √â“ß·√ß®Ÿß„®„Àâ°”®—¥°“°Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·≈–‰¡à∑”≈“¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡æ√“–‡√◊ËÕß ‡À≈à“π’È®– àߺ≈µàÕÕ𓧵 ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑» 130,000 ‚√ßß“π ¡’ª√‘¡“≥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡∑’˵âÕß °”®—¥ª√–¡“≥ 6.4 ≈â“πµ—π ·≈–®“°®”π«π‚√ßß“π°«à“ 1 · π·Ààßπ’È ·∫à߇ªìπ®”π«π 20,000 ‚√ßß“π ∑’¡Ë °’ “°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ∑’Ë°”®—¥∑”≈“¬‰¥â¬“°é

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Penalty Increased for Industrial Factories Damaging Environment Incentive Reward for Community Watch Out (Matichon Newspaper, 2 November 2005) Mr.Issara Chottiburgarn, Director General of the Department of Industrial Works, revealed that the Ministry of Industry would soon increase more penalties to the industrial plants that do not conform to the rules and regulations of the Department of Industrial Works, particularly those who are involved with the environment in terms of industrial residues disposal, polluted water release, and air pollution, from the highest penalty of 10,000 -20,000 Baht to 200,000 Baht. We also have the rewards for those who offer us the inside information of the illegal plants, 25% of the fine to build engagement of each factories-neighboring community to help monitor the factories. çThe Department clearly defines which category of your illegal action falls into and how much penalty you will be fined. The highest penalty is the smuggling of industrial residues disposal with the immediate fine of 200,000 Baht and that factory is required to resolve the problem immediately, otherwise the provision of hazardous materials will be imposed, which penalizes at least 2-year imprisonment. Currently, 25% of the factories involving illegal actions are expected to comply with the new law, thus, leading to more than 99% increase of the factories complying to the regulations,é Mr.Issara said, however, that before the audit of all factories around the country, the Department would send circulating letter informing the factories over the country in advance for them to have time to correct what doesnût apply to the rules. Around 1-2 months later we could then audit the factories nationwide. The Department is aiming the audit of large factories both in Bangkok and its vicinity. For the factories outside Bangkok, the Governor of each province will be responsible.

Mr.Issara said that in addition the Ministry of Industry is setting the policy of imposing more fee in industrial residue disposal, which the Department is doing more study of how much fee will be increased for which type of industrial residues in conjunction with the disposal method, which must not affect the environment. The service fee charge for this is not the same, so the Department needs to set the average fee. The current service fee for industrial residues disposal is 1,000-4,000 Baht per ton on average. çThe problem of the current industrial residues disposal is some factories are benighted dumping such waste in the depilated areas and the landfill facilities of the local administration are not up to the standard.

Therefore, the education and knowledge must be rapidly promoted as well as create more incentives for correct, effective and environmental friendly method of industrial residues disposal because such issue will certainly impact the future, Mr.Issara saidé çAnd that currently there are 130,000 factories over the country and approximate 6.4 million tons of industrial residues needed to be eliminated. Of these, 20,000 factories produce industrial residues that are difficult to be disposed of.

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