‚§√ß°“√«‘®—¬‡æ◊ËÕª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â√–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞å (Constructed Wetlands) „π°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬®“°™ÿ¡™π Development of Constructed Wetlands for Domestic Wastewater Treatment π“¬ªî¬– »—π π¬ÿ∑∏*, π“¬ÕàÕπ®—π∑√å ‚§µ√æß…å* π“ß “«™«≈“ ‡ ’¬ß≈È”*
√–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞å (Constructed Wetlands) ¢π“¥®”≈Õß
∫∑§—¥¬àÕ
æ◊™∑¥≈Õß (µâπ°°°≈¡)
°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬π’È ¥”‡π‘π°“√»÷°…“√–∫∫∫÷ß ª√–¥‘…∞å (Constructed Wetlands) ¢π“¥®”≈Õß ´÷Ë߇ªìπ Free water surface system ®”π«π 4 ∫àÕ ·¬°®“°°— π ‚¥¬‡ª√’ ¬ ∫‡∑’ ¬ ∫ª√– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ„π°“√ ∫”∫— ¥ πÈ” ‡ ’ ¬ ¢Õßæ◊ ™ 3 ª√–‡¿∑ §◊ Õ µâ π ∏Ÿ ª ƒÂ…’ µâπ°°°≈¡ ·≈–µâπÀ≠â“ÕâÕ ·≈–√–∫∫∑’Ë ‰¡à¡’µâπæ◊™ ®“°º≈°“√µ√«® Õ∫§ÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” °à Õ π‡¢â “ ·≈–À≈— ß ÕÕ°®“°√–∫∫®”≈Õ߇∫◊È Õ ßµâ π · ¥ß„Àâ ‡ ÀÁ π Õ¬à “ ß ™—¥‡®π«à“ √–∫∫∑’Ë¡’µâπæ◊™ ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√ ≈¥§«“¡ °ª√°¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å µ–°Õπ·¢«π≈Õ¬ ·≈– “√Õ“À“√‰¥â¥°’ «à“√–∫∫∑’Ë ‰¡à¡µ’ πâ æ◊™ ‚¥¬ “¡“√∂ ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡ °ª√°„π√Ÿª¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬åµ–°Õπ ·¢«π≈Õ¬ ·≈– “√Õ“À“√‰¥â ‰¡à πâ Õ ¬°«à “ 70% ‚¥¬√–∫∫∑’Ë¡’µâπæ◊™µà“ß™π‘¥°—π®–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π °“√∫”∫—¥‰¡à·µ°µà“ß°—π
*»Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡∑§‚π∏“π’ µ.§≈ÕßÀâ“ Õ.§≈ÕßÀ≈«ß ®.ª∑ÿ¡∏“π’ 12120 ‚∑√. 0-2577-1136 ‚∑√ “√. 0-2577-1138 Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion. Technopolis. Klong 5 Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 e-mail: Mesak@deqp.go.th
ABSTRACT This research study is conducted by the model of the constructed wetlands system. The free water surface system was used in this study. Comparing the wastewater treatment by 3 different plants of cattail, bulrushes and reeds, were separately planted and efficiency one control pond with no plant. The results from the constructed wetland trenches showed higher efficiencies of pollutant removal by the system with plants than the one with no plant, and there was able to remove BOD, suspended solid, nitrogen, and phosphorus for not less than 70%.
1. §”π” °“√æ—≤π“ª√–‡∑»‚¥¬¡ÿà߇πâπ·µàº≈º≈‘µ∑“ß ¥â“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ‡ªì𠓇ÀµÿÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∑”„Àâ∑√—欓°√ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ≈ ¥πâ Õ ¬·≈–‡ ◊Ë Õ ¡‚∑√¡≈ßÕ¬à “ ß√«¥‡√Á « ªí≠À“¡≈æ‘…µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡æ—≤𓧫“¡√ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ ‡√◊Ë Õ ¬Ê µ“¡°√–· °“√æ— ≤ π“ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë ¢ “¥·ºπ °“√®—¥°“√∑“ߥâ“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√ ¢¬“¬µ— « ¢ÕßÕÿ µ “À°√√¡·≈–™ÿ ¡ ™π‡¡◊ Õ ß à ß º≈ „Àâª√‘¡“≥¢Õ߇ ’¬‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ∑ÿ°«—π ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡≈æ‘… ∑“ßπÈ”‡ªìπªí≠À“„À≠àªí≠À“Àπ÷Ëß πÈ”‡ ’¬∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° ‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡·≈–™ÿ¡™π‡¡◊Õß ®”‡ªìπµâÕ߉¥â√—∫ °“√®—¥°“√Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°«‘∏°’ Õà πª≈àÕ¬≈ß Ÿ·à À≈àßπÈ”∏√√¡™“µ‘ √–∫∫∫”∫— ¥ πÈ” ‡ ’ ¬ à « π„À≠à ® –„™â ß ∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë §àÕπ¢â“ß Ÿß ∑—Èß∑“ߥâ“π°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫°“√°àÕ √â“ß ·≈–°“√¥Ÿ·≈√–∫∫ πÕ°®“°π—Èπ¬—ßæ∫«à“√–∫∫∫”∫—¥ πÈ” ‡ ’ ¬ ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫Õ¬à “ ß∂Ÿ ° µâ Õ ß·µà ¢ “¥ ∫ÿ§§≈“°√∑’Ë¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡ “¡“√∂·≈–ª√– ∫°“√≥å „π‡∑§π‘§°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”¢Õß√–∫∫π—ÈπÊ àߺ≈„Àâ√–∫∫ ‰¡à “¡“√∂∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“浓¡ ∑’ÕË Õ°·∫∫‰«â »Ÿπ¬å«®‘ ¬— ·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ (»«Ω) ‚¥¬°≈ÿà ¡ ß“π«‘ ®— ¬ ·≈–æ— ≤ π“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¥â “ ππÈ” µ√–Àπ— ° ∂÷ ß §«“¡ ”§— ≠ ·≈–ªí ≠ À“¢Õß°“√∫”∫— ¥ πÈ”‡ ’¬¥—ß°≈à“« ®÷ß¡ÿà߇πâπ∑’Ë®–»÷°…“·≈–æ—≤π“«‘∏’°“√ ∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬‚¥¬„™â‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’Õ¬à“ßßà“¬·≈–µâπ∑ÿπµË” ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√«“ß·ºπ°“√®—¥°“√·≈–·°â ‰¢ ªí ≠ À“πÈ” ‡ ’ ¬ ™ÿ ¡ ™π √–∫∫∫÷ ß ª√–¥‘ … ∞å ‡ ªì π √–∫∫ ∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬∑’Ë ‰¥â√∫— §«“¡ π„®Õ¬à“ß¡“°„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑» ¢-2
‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°‡ªì π √–∫∫∑’Ë „ ™â ‡ ∑§‚π‚≈¬’ Õ ¬à “ ßßà “ ¬·≈– –¥«°µàÕ°“√¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“√–∫∫ ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ π—È π ‰¥â ¡’ ° “√π”√–∫∫π’È ‡ ¢â “ ¡“„™â „ π°“√∫”∫— ¥ πÈ” ‡ ’ ¬ ®“°™ÿ¡™π∫â“ß·≈â« ‚¥¬„™â¡“µ√∞“π°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ ®“°µà“ߪ√–‡∑» ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ß¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë®–»÷°…“ ∂÷ ß ¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ æ◊È π ∞“π„π°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫√–∫∫∫÷ ß ª√–¥‘ … ∞å ·≈–æ— ≤ π“√–∫∫¥— ß °≈à “ «„Àâ ‡ À¡“– ¡∑’Ë ® –„™â „ π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ ‰¥âª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ÿ¥
√–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞å „π∫√‘ ‡ «≥∑’Ë ¡’ πÈ” ∑à « ¡¢— ß ·≈–¡’ ª √‘ ¡ “≥¢Õß “√Õ‘ π ∑√’ ¬å À √◊ Õ “√Õ“À“√Õ¬Ÿà „ππÈ”π—Èπ ®– —߇°µ æ∫æ◊ ™ ª√–‡¿∑°°‡®√‘ ≠ ‡µ‘ ∫ ‚µÕ¬Ÿà °“√∑’Ë æ◊ ™ ‡®√‘ ≠ ‡µ‘∫‚µÕ¬Ÿàπ—Èπ ¡’ à«π™à«¬„À⧫“¡ °ª√°„π√Ÿª¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬åÀ√◊Õ “√Õ“À“√„ππÈ”≈¥≈ß π—∫‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ ¢∫«π°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Õß‚¥¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ √–∫∫ ∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞凪ìπ√–∫∫∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å √â“ߢ÷Èπ ‚¥¬‡≈’¬π·∫∫°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘¥—ß∑’Ë ‰¥â °≈à“«¡“¢â“ßµâπ √–∫∫®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬æ◊™∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë´÷Ëß¡’πÈ”∑à«¡¢—ß H. Brix (1993) ‰¥â®”·π°√–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞å µ“¡ª√–‡¿∑¢Õßæ◊™„π √–∫∫ÕÕ°‡ªìπ 4 ª√–‡¿∑„À≠àÊ §◊Õ 1. √ – ∫ ∫ æ◊ ™ º‘ « πÈ” (Free-floating macrophyte treatment systems) (¥Ÿ√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) æ◊™ „π√–∫∫®–≈Õ¬Õ¬Ÿàº‘«πÈ” æ◊™∑’Ë „™â à«π„À≠à ‰¥â·°àº—° µ∫™«“ 2. √–∫∫æ◊ ™ ™ÿà ¡ πÈ” (Emergent macrophyte treatment systems) ª√–°Õ∫¥â « ¬ æ◊ ™ ª√–‡¿∑°°„πæ◊Èπ∑’ËπÈ”∑à«¡¢—ß “¡“√∂·¬°¬àÕ¬µ“¡ °“√‰À≈¢ÕßπÈ”‰¥â‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑ (¥Ÿ√Ÿª∑’Ë 2) §◊Õ ª√–‡¿∑∑’ËπÈ”‰À≈ºà“π≈”µâπ (free surface flow) ª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë ‰ À≈ºà “ π√“°∑“ß·π«πÕπ (horizontal subsurface flow) ·≈–ª√–‡¿∑ ∑’ËπÈ”‰À≈ºà“π√“° ∑“ß·π«¥‘Ëß (vertical subsurface flow) 3. √–∫∫æ◊™„µâπÈ” (Submergent macrophyte treatment systems) (¥Ÿ√Ÿª∑’Ë 3) ª√–°Õ∫ ¥â«¬æ◊™∑’ˇ®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ„µâº‘«πÈ” 4. √–∫∫º ¡ §◊Õ √–∫∫º ¡√–À«à“ß√–∫∫ ∑’Ë°≈à“«¢â“ßµâπ‡¢â“¥â«¬°—πÀ√◊Õ„™â√à«¡°—∫√–∫∫∫”∫—¥ πÈ”‡ ’¬Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ√–∫∫∫àÕº÷Ëß (Stabilization ponds) ‡ªìπµâπ
À≈— ° °“√„π°“√∫”∫— ¥ πÈ” ‡ ’ ¬ ¢Õß √–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞å ‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°√–∫∫∫÷ ß ª√–¥‘ … ∞å ‡ªì π √–∫∫∑’Ë √â “ ߇≈’ ¬ π·∫∫∏√√¡™“µ‘ „ π°“√∫”∫— ¥ πÈ” ‡ ’ ¬ »Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 : √–∫∫æ◊™º‘«πÈ”
a
b
c
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 : √–∫∫æ◊™™ÿà¡πÈ” a : πÈ”‰À≈ºà“π≈”µâπ b : πÈ”‰À≈ºà“π√“°·π«πÕπ c : πÈ”‰À≈ºà“π√“°·π«¥‘Ëß
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 : √–∫∫æ◊™„µâπÈ”
»Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
®÷ ß ¡’ ¢ ∫ « π ° “ √ À ≈ “ ¬ Õ ¬à “ ß ‡ °‘ ¥ ¢÷È π „ π √ – ∫ ∫ ∑’Ë ™à « ¬„π°“√∫”∫— ¥ πÈ” ‡ ’ ¬ ´÷Ë ß “¡“√∂®”·π° ÕÕ°‡ªìπÀ—«¢âÕ „À≠à Ê ¥—ßπ’È 1. °“√µ°µ–°Õπ (Sedimentation/ Filtration) √“° ≈”µâπ¢Õßæ◊™ À√◊ÕÀ‘𠥑π ∑√“¬∑’Ë„™âª≈Ÿ° æ◊ ™ ‡ªì π ‡ ¡◊ Õ πµ— « °√Õßµ–°Õπ·¢«π≈Õ¬„ππÈ” ∑’Ë ‰À≈ºà“π√–∫∫ πÕ°®“°π’È “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§ ∫“ß™π‘¥¬—ß “¡“√∂µ°µ–°Õπ≈ߥ⫬ 2. ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å (Microorganisms) √“° ≈”µâ π ¢Õßæ◊ ™ À√◊ Õ À‘ 𠥑 π ∑√“¬ ∑’Ë „™âª≈Ÿ°æ◊™ πÕ°®“°®–∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπµ—«°√Õß ”À√—∫ µ°µ–°Õπ·¢«π≈Õ¬∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà „ππÈ”·≈â« ¬—߇ªìπµ—«°≈“ß (media) „Àâ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å„ππÈ”‡°“–Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åπ’È ´÷Ë ß ¡’ ∑—È ß ª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë „™âÕ“°“»·≈–‰¡à „™âÕ“°“»„π°“√ ‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ ™à«¬¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å„ππÈ” ∑”„Àâ §à“§«“¡ °ª√°¢ÕßπÈ”„π√Ÿª¢Õß∫’ ‚Õ¥’≈¥≈ß πÕ°®“° π’È · ∫§∑’ ‡ √’ ¬ ª√–‡¿∑ nitrifying bacteria ·≈– denitrifying bacteria ¬— ß ‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π “√ª√–°Õ∫ ‰π‚µ√‡®π„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà „π√Ÿª¢Õß°ä“´‰π‚µ√‡®π ®÷ߙ૬≈¥ ª√‘¡“≥‰π‚µ√‡®π„ππÈ” 3. °“√‡°“–µ“¡º‘« (Adsorption) À‘ 𠥑 π ∑√“¬ ®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â « ¬·√à ∏ “µÿ ∫“ß™π‘ ¥ ∑’Ë ™à « ¬„Àâ ø Õ øÕ√— „ππÈ” ‡°“–µ‘ ¥ Õ¬Ÿà µ “¡ º‘« ®÷ߙ૬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥øÕ øÕ√— „ππÈ”‰¥â 4. æ◊™ æ◊ ™ ¡’ à « π™à « ¬„π°“√∫”∫— ¥ πÈ” ‚¥¬ 2 «‘ ∏’ À≈— ° Ê §◊ Õ ‡ªì π ·À≈à ß Õ“»— ¬ ”À√— ∫ ®ÿ ≈‘ π ∑√’ ¬å ∑’Ë ™à « ¬¬à Õ ¬ ≈“¬ “√Õ‘ π ∑√’ ¬å „ππÈ” ´÷Ë߇ªìπ¢∫«π°“√ À≈—°„π°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬ πÕ°®“°π’Èæ◊™‡Õß°Á¬—ߥŸ¥´—∫ “√Õ“À“√∫“ß à«π„ππÈ”‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ
√–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞å „πµà“ߪ√–‡∑» √–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞å ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡ π„®Õ¬à“ß ¡“°„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑» ‡™àπ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ·≈–ª√–‡∑»„π∑«’ ª ¬ÿ ‚ √ª ‡ªì π µâ π ‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°‡ªì π √–∫∫∑’Ë „™â‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’Õ¬à“ßßà“¬ µâπ∑ÿπµË” „™âæ≈—ßß“π πâÕ¬ ·≈–ßà“¬µàÕ°“√¥Ÿ·≈·≈–∫”√ÿß√—°…“ ®“°°“√»÷ ° …“√–∫∫∫÷ ß ª√–¥‘ … ∞å ”À√— ∫ ∫â“π‡¥’Ë¬«·≈–™ÿ¡™π¢π“¥‡≈Á° ‚¥¬„™â√–∫∫∑’ËπÈ”‰À≈ ºà“π√“° (Subsurface flow) „π√“¬ß“π¢Õß G.R. Steiner ·≈– D.W. Combs (1993) æ∫«à“√–∫∫∑’˵‘¥µ—Èß ‰«â 3 ·Ààß ‚¥¬√—∫πÈ”®“° Septic tank “¡“√∂≈¥§à“ ∫’ ‚Õ¥’ µ–°Õπ·¢«π≈Õ¬ ·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ Fecal Coliform ‰¥â 73-89 % 90-95 % ·≈– 78-99 % µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ¢-3
R.A. Gearheart ·≈– M. Higley (1993) √“¬ß“π«à“ ®“°°“√»÷°…“√–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞åª√–‡¿∑ ∑’πË È”‰À≈ºà“π≈”µâπ (Free surface flow) ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ „π°“√≈¥§à “ ∫’ ‚Õ¥’Õ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß 41-65 ‡ªÕ√凴πµå πÕ°®“°π’È√–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞嬗ߡ’§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–摇»…∑’Ë “¡“√∂√—∫πÈ”∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ °ª√° Ÿßº‘¥ª°µ‘ (Shock loads) ‰¥â ‚¥¬‰¡à∑”„ÀâπÈ”∑’ËÕÕ°®“°√–∫∫¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ ∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß·≈–‰¡àµâÕß¡’¢∫«π°“√摇»…„¥Ê ™à«¬ πÕ°®“°√–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞å®–™à«¬∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬·≈â« ¬—߇ªìπ·À≈àß∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬¢Õßπ°·≈– —µ«åµà“ßÊ ·≈–¬—ß “¡“√∂„™â‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’Ëæ—°ºàÕπ‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬ À≈—°‡°≥±å„π°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫√–∫∫ ”À√—∫°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫√–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞å™π‘¥ ∑’ËπÈ”‰À≈ºà“π≈”µâπ (Free water surface system) G. Tchobanoglous ·≈– F.L. Burton (1991) ‰¥â√«∫√«¡§à“µà“ß Ê ”À√—∫°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫‰«â¥—ßπ’È - √–¬–‡«≈“°—°‡°Á∫πÈ”„π∫àÕ (Hydraulic detention time) 4-15 «—π - §«“¡≈÷°¢ÕßπÈ” (Water depth) 0.09-0.6 ‡¡µ√
- ¿“√–∫’ ‚Õ¥’ (BOD5 loading rate) <0.0067 °‘‚≈°√—¡/µ“√“߇¡µ√/«—π - ¿“√–ª√‘¡“≥πÈ” (Hydraulic loading rate) 0.014-0.046 ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡µ√/µ“√“߇¡µ√ /«—π
2. «— ¥ÿÕÿª°√≥å·≈–«‘∏’°“√ √–∫∫®”≈Õßµ‘¥µ—Èߢ÷Èπ„π∫√‘‡«≥¢Õß»Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬ ·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡ªìπ√–∫∫∑’ËπÈ”‰À≈ºà“π ≈”µâπ (Free water surface system) √–∫∫·∫àß ÕÕ°‡ªìπ 4 ∫àÕ (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ·≈– 5) ·¬°®“°°—π ·µà≈– ∫àÕ°«â“ß 1 ‡¡µ√ ¬“« 10 ‡¡µ√ ≈÷° 1.50 ‡¡µ√ „ ॑π„π∑ÿ°Ê ∫àÕ ª√‘¡“≥¥‘π≈÷° 0.60 ‡¡µ√ ·µà≈– ∫à Õ ®–¡’ ° √– Õ∫∑√“¬°—È π ·∫à ß §«“¡¬“«ÕÕ°‡ªì π 3 à«π ‡∑à“Ê °—π ‚¥¬¡’∑àÕ‡™◊ËÕ¡µàÕ·µà≈– à«π „ÀâπÈ” ‰À≈ºà “ π‰¥â · ≈–√— ° …“√–¥— ∫ πÈ” „π·µà ≈ –∫à Õ ≈÷ ° 20 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ‚¥¬∑’Ë∫àÕ∑’Ë 1 ‰¡à¡’°“√ª≈Ÿ°æ◊™ ∫àÕ∑’Ë 2 3 ·≈– 4 ª≈Ÿ°µâπÀ≠â“ÕâÕ (reed) ∏ŸªƒÂ…’ (cattail) ·≈– °°°≈¡ (bulrush) µ“¡≈”¥—∫
√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ·ºπ¿“æ· ¥ß√–∫∫∫÷ߪ√–¥‘…∞å¢π“¥®”≈Õß
√Ÿª∑’Ë 5 ¿“æµ—¥¢Õß√–∫∫®”≈Õß ¢-4
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‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢„π°“√»÷°…“
»«Ω. ¢÷Èπ‰ª‡°Á∫‰«â „π∂—ß¢π“¥ 1,000 ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡µ√ ∑’ˬ°√–¥—∫„Àâ Ÿß ®“°π—Èπ®–ª≈àÕ¬πÈ”∑ÿ°Ê ‡™â“ ‡¡◊Ë Õ ‰¥âª√‘¡“≥πÈ”∑’˵âÕß°“√ ·≈â«®÷ßÀ¬ÿ¥ª≈àÕ¬πÈ”
„π°“√»÷ ° …“®“°·∫∫®”≈Õßπ’È „π¢—È π µâ π ®– Ÿ∫πÈ”‡ ’¬®“°∫àÕ√«∫√«¡πÈ”‡ ’¬®“°ÀâÕßπÈ”¢Õß
¢âÕ°”Àπ¥ ”À√—∫°“√»÷°…“ ¢âÕ°”Àπ¥
‰¡à¡µ’ πâ ‰¡â
À≠â“ÕâÕ
∏ŸªƒÂ…’
°°°≈¡
20 1.776 7.8 0.026 0.0008
20 1.743 5.3 0.037 0.001
20 1.538 5.2 0.033 0.0010
20 1.630 6.0 0.030 0.0009
§«“¡≈÷°¢ÕßπÈ” (´¡.) ª√‘¡“µ√πÈ”„π∫àÕ (≈∫. ¡.) √–¬–‡«≈“°—°‡°Á∫πÈ”„π∫àÕ («—π) ¿“√–ª√‘¡“≥πÈ” (≈∫.¡./µ√.¡./ «—π) ¿“√–∫’ ‚Õ¥’ (°°./µ√.¡./«—π)
3. º≈°“√∑¥≈Õß·≈– √ÿªº≈ º≈°“√»÷°…“· ¥ß‰«â „π·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë 1 ·≈– 2 ´÷Ë ß “¡“√∂ √ÿ ª º≈ª√– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ„π°“√≈¥ª√‘ ¡ “≥ §«“¡ °ª√°µà“ß Ê „ππÈ”¢Õß·µà≈–∫àÕ ¥—ß· ¥ß‰«â „𠵓√“ߢ⠓ ß≈à “ ß ´÷Ë ß ®–æ∫«à “ ∫à Õ ∑’Ë ª ≈Ÿ ° µâ π ‰¡â ¡’ ª√– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “楒 ° «à “ ∫à Õ ∑’Ë ‰ ¡à ¡’ µâ π ‰¡â Õ ¬à “ ߇ÀÁ π ‰¥â ™— ¥ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√≈¥ §«“¡ °ª√° (‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå) ∫’ ‚Õ¥’ “√·¢«π≈Õ¬ ∑’‡§‡ÕÁπ øÕ øÕ√— ∑—ßÈ À¡¥
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß∫àÕ∑’Ë¡’µâπ‰¡â·µà≈–∫àÕ‰¡à·µ°µà“ß°—π ∑—È ß π’È ∫à Õ ∑’Ë ¡’ µâ π ‰¡â “¡“√∂≈¥ª√‘ ¡ “≥§«“¡ °ª√° „π√Ÿ ª ¢Õß ∫’ ‚ Õ¥’ “√·¢«π≈Õ¬ ∑’ ‡ §‡ÕÁ π ·≈– øÕ øÕ√— ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ‰¥âÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 89 82 70 ·≈– 82 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå µ“¡≈”¥—∫
‰¡à¡µ’ πâ ‰¡â (control)
À≠â“ÕâÕ (reed)
∏ŸªƒÂ…’ (cattail)
°°°≈¡ (bulrush)
2 -171 35 41
89 82 70 82
96 91 74 97
96 97 90 94
·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë 1 · ¥ßº≈¢Õß§à“ ∫’ ‚Õ¥’ µ–°Õπ·¢«π≈Õ¬·≈– ´’ ‚Õ¥’ „ππÈ”‡¢â“·≈–πÈ”ÕÕ°®“°∫àÕµà“ßÊ »Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
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4. ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß 1. Brix H. (1993). Wastewater Treatment in Contructed Wetlands : System Design, Removal Processes, and Treatment Performance. In G. A. Moshiri (ed) Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement, Lewis Publishers, U.S.A., pp.9-22. 2. Gearheart R.A. and Higley M. (1993). Constructed Open Surface Wetlands : the Water Quality Benefits and Wildlife Benefits - City of Arcata, California. In G.A. Moshiri (ed) Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement, Lewis Publishers, U.S.A., pp.561-567.
3. Steiner G.R. and Combs D.W. (1993). Small Constructed Wetlands Systems for Domestic Waste Water Treatment and their Performance. In G.A. Moshiri (ed) Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement, Lewis Publishers, U.S.A., pp.491-498. 4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Design Manual for Constructed Wetlands and Loading Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Waste Water Treatment. EPA/625/1-88-022, September, 1988 5. Tchobanoglous G. and Burton F.L. (1991) Waste Water Engineering : Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, 3 rd edition. MetCalf&Eddy, Inc. pp.992-1016.
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