water4

Page 1

°“√æ—≤π“‡∑§π‘§°“√„™â Gas chromatograph §«“¡‰« Ÿß‡æ◊ËÕ°“√µ√«® Õ∫ ‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕππÈ”„µâ¥‘π‚¥¬ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬ Development of High Sensitivity Gas Chromatograph for Detecting Factories Causing Groundwater Contamination by Volatile Organic Compounds π“¬¡’»—°¥‘Ï ¡‘≈‘π∑«‘ ¡—¬* 𓬠’Àπ“∂ ™“≠≥√ߧå*

°“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»„π¥‘π (Soil gas) ‡æ◊ËÕµ√«®«—¥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬

∫∑§—¥¬àÕ ß“π«‘®—¬π’È ‰¥â „™â§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õß°“√¡’§«“¡¥—π ‰Õ Ÿß¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬¡“„™â „π°“√§âπÀ“‚√ßß“π ∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√¥—ß°≈à“«„π™—Èπ„µâ¥‘π ‚¥¬°“√π” adsorbent tube ¡“¥Ÿ¥®—∫‰Õ “√ ·≈– Õà“π™π‘¥·≈–§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß‰Õ “√∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥µË” ¥â « ¬‡§√◊Ë Õ ß GC ∑’Ë æà « ßÕ¬Ÿà °— ∫ √–∫∫ thermal desorption unit ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ GC ¡’§«“¡‰« Ÿß “¡“√∂ µ√«®«—¥‰Õ¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπµË” ∂÷ß 5 à«π „πæ—π≈â“π à«π ®÷ß∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂π”√–∫∫ ∑’Ë æ— ≤ π“¢÷È π ¡“µ√«®®— ∫ ‚√ßß“π∑’Ë °à Õ „Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ °“√ ªπ‡ªóô Õ π¢Õß “√Õ‘ π ∑√’ ¬å √ –‡À¬®“°√–¬–‰°≈ ®“°®ÿ¥∑’Ë¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ‰¥âª√– æº≈ ”‡√Á® ‡§√◊ËÕß Gas chromatograph §«“¡‰« Ÿß

*»Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡∑§‚π∏“π’ µ.§≈ÕßÀâ“ Õ.§≈ÕßÀ≈«ß ®.ª∑ÿ¡∏“π’ 12120 ‚∑√. 0-2577-1136 ‚∑√ “√. 0-2577-1138 Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion. Technopolis. Klong 5 Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 e-mail: Mesak@deqp.go.th


ABSTRACT Because of high vapor pressure of volatile organic compounds, this research designs a system using adsorbent tube to trap organic vapor and analyze compounds qualitatively and quantitatively by GC attached with a thermal desorption unit. The system can detect organic vapor as low as 5 ppb which could be used to detect factories causing soil and groundwater contamination by volatile organic compounds. The developed technique is very useful for searching and detecting VOCs-contaminated locations in soil from far distances.

1. §”π” “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬‡ªìπ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë¡’ ¡∫—µ‘ „π°“√øÿÑ߇ªìπ‰Õ‰¥âßà“¬„π ¿“æ∑’Ë¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘·≈–§«“¡ ¥— π ª°µ‘ “√„π°≈ÿà ¡ π’È ª √–°Õ∫¥â « ¬ “√ª√–°Õ∫ ¡“°¡“¬À≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“µ“¡»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√ ‡ªìπ “√∑’Ë “¡“√∂°àÕªí≠À“„Àâ°—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬ ‡©æ“–°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕππÈ”„µâ¥‘π·≈â« “¡“√∂·∫à߉¥â‡ªìπ 2 °≈ÿà¡À≈—° §◊Õ °≈ÿà¡∑’ˇªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫¢ÕßπÈ”¡—𠇙◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß ´÷Ëß¡—°‡°Á∫‰«â „π∂—ß∫√√®ÿ„µâ¥‘π “√„π°≈ÿà¡π’È ‰¥â·°à benzene, toluene, xylene ·≈– “√ª√–°Õ∫ ∑’Ë¡’πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ ŸßÕ◊ËπÊ Õ’°À≈“¬™π‘¥ à«π°≈ÿà¡ ∑’Ë ”§—≠Õ’°°≈ÿà¡Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ °≈ÿà¡∑’Ëπ”¡“„™â‡ªìπ “√™–≈â“ß

·≈– “√≈–≈“¬„π∑“ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ´÷Ëß “√„π°≈ÿà¡π’È “¡“√∂·∫à ß ÕÕ°‰¥â ‡ ªì π 2 °≈ÿà ¡ À≈— ° µ“¡ ¡∫— µ‘ „π°“√‡ªìπæ‘…µàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ §◊Õ °≈ÿà¡ hydrocarbon ∏√√¡¥“ ‡™àπ benzene, toluene ·≈– xylene ·≈–°≈ÿà¡ chlorinated hydrocarbon ‡™àπ trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1,1 trichloroethane (TCA), tetrachloroethylene (PCE) œ ´÷Ë ß ¡’ √ “¬ß“π«à “ “√ª√–°Õ∫„π°≈ÿà¡À≈—ßπ’È ‰¥â°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ πÈ”„µâ¥‘π„πª√–‡∑»∑’Ëæ—≤π“·≈â«À≈“¬ª√–‡∑» ‡™àπ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ¬ÿ‚√ª ·≈– ≠’˪ÿÉπ œ≈œ ·≈–®“°°“√ µ‘¥µ“¡ ∂‘µ‘¢Õß°“√π”‡¢â“ “√ TCE TCA ·≈– PCE ¢Õß°√¡»ÿ≈°“°√ · ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 æ∫«à“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ¡’Õµ— √“°“√π”‡¢â“ “√¥—ß°≈à“«‡¢â“¡“„™â „πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ Ÿß¡“° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–„π™à«ß 2-3 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ ª√–°Õ∫ °—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¬—߉¡à¡’°ÆÀ¡“¬ °Æ°√–∑√«ß„¥Ê „π °“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√„™â ·≈–°”®—¥ “√¥—ß°≈à“« ®÷ß∑”„Àâ ‡ªìπ∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ‰¥â«à“ “√‡À≈à“π’ÈÕ“®°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ πÈ”„µâ¥π‘ ·≈â« ´÷ßË ®–∑”„Àâª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕ߇ ’¬§à“„™â®“à ¬ ∑’Ë Ÿß „π°“√·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“∑’Ë®–µ“¡¡“ °“√·°â ‰¢ªí ≠ À“πÈ” „µâ ¥‘ π ªπ‡ªóô Õ π¥â « ¬ “√Õ‘ π ∑√’ ¬å √ –‡À¬ µâ Õ ßª√–°Õ∫¥â « ¬¢—È π µÕπ°“√ µ‘¥µ“¡µ√«® Õ∫À“∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ √«¡∑—Èß ¢π“¥ √Ÿª√à“ß ·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√ ªπ‡ªóôÕπ ‡æ◊ËÕπ”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë ‰¥â ‰ª„™â „π°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ ·≈– «“ß·ºπøóôπøŸπÈ”„µâ¥‘π∑’˪π‡ªóôÕππ—ÈπÊ µàÕ‰ª ¥—ßπ—Èπ ß“π«‘ ®— ¬ π’È ® –‡πâ π °“√»÷ ° …“‡æ◊Ë Õ π” ¡∫— µ‘ ¢ Õß “√ Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬¡“„™â „π°“√æ—≤π“«‘∏’°“√µ‘¥µ“¡µ√«®

√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ∂‘µ‘°“√π”‡¢â“ “√ TCE ·≈– PCE ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«∫√«¡®“°‡Õ° “√¢Õß°√¡»ÿ≈°“°√ »Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

¢-27


Õ∫°“√ªπ‡ªóô Õ π “√¥— ß °≈à “ «„𥑠π ·≈–πÈ” „µâ ¥‘ π ‚¥¬‡πâπ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥„π°“√„™â‡∑§π‘§°“√µ√«® Õ∫ °ä“´„π¥‘π

¡∫—µ‘¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë√–‡À¬‰¥â “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬ §◊Õ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ¥— π ‰Õ Ÿ ß °«à “ 1.3 kPa ∑’Ë § «“¡¥— π ·≈–Õÿ ≥ À¿Ÿ ¡‘ ¡“µ√∞“π ¥—ßπ—πÈ “√„π°≈ÿ¡à π’®È ß÷ ¡’Õ¬Ÿ¡à “°¡“¬À≈“¬™π‘¥ “¡“√∂·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπª√–‡¿∑µ“¡§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õß°“√ ≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â‡ªìπ 2 ª√–‡¿∑ §◊Õª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë≈–≈“¬πÈ” ‰¥â¥’ (aqueous phase liquid) ·≈–ª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë≈–≈“¬ πÈ”‰¥â ‰¡à¥’ (nonaqueous phase liquid À√◊Õ NAPL) ´÷Ëß “√„π°≈ÿà¡ NAPL π’È ®–‡ªìπ “√∑’Ë¡’»—°¬¿“æ„π °“√°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕππÈ”„µâ¥‘π‰¥â¡“° ´÷Ëß ¡’°√≥’∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÀ≈“¬Ê ª√–‡∑» ·≈–À“°æ‘®“√≥“ µ“¡«‘ ∏’ ° “√·°â ‰¢øóô π øŸ πÈ” „µâ ¥‘ π ∑’Ë ª π‡ªóô Õ π¥â « ¬ “√ ¥—ß°≈à“«·≈â« “¡“√∂·∫àߪ√–‡¿∑¢Õß NAPL ÕÕ° ‰¥âÕ’°‡ªìπ 2 ™π‘¥ §◊Õ light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) À√◊Õ “√∑’Ë¡’§«“¡Àπ“·πàππâÕ¬°«à“ §«“¡Àπ“·πàπ¢ÕßπÈ” “√™π‘¥∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“ „Àâ °— ∫ πÈ” „µâ ¥‘ π à « π„À≠à ¡— ° ‰¥â · °à “√„π°≈ÿà ¡ ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß™π‘¥µà“ßÊ ‡æ√“– πÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß¡—°‡°Á∫‰«â „π ∂“π’∫√‘°“√πÈ”¡—π¿“¬„π ∂—ß ´÷Ëß∫√√®ÿ‰«â „ µâ ¥‘ π ´÷Ë ß ∂— ß πÈ” ¡— π π’È ¡— ° ∑”¥â « ¬‡À≈Á ° ‡¡◊ËÕ∂—߇À≈Á°π’È ºÿ°√àÕπ≈ß°Á®–∑”„Àâ¡’πÈ”¡—π√—Ë«‰À≈≈ß Ÿà¥‘π·≈–´÷¡≈ß ŸàπÈ”„µâ¥‘π‰¥â “√ LNAPL π’È ‰¥â·°à “√Õ‘π∑√’¬åÀ≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡™àπ benzene, toluene, xylene œ≈œ ´÷Ëß “√‡À≈à“π’È ¡—°¡’§«“¡Àπ“·πàππâÕ¬ °«à“πÈ” ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕππÈ”¡—°®–≈Õ¬Õ¬Ÿà à«π∫π ¢Õß™—È π πÈ” „µâ ¥‘ π ·≈–À“°πÈ” „µâ ¥‘ π ¡’ ° “√‰À≈°Á ® – §àÕ¬Ê ·æ√à°√–®“¬ÕÕ°‰ª‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥°«â“ß à«π “√ Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë√–‡À¬‰¥âÕ’°°≈ÿà¡Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠„π°“√

°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕππÈ”„µâ¥‘π‰¥â¡“°‡™àπ°—π ‰¥â·°à “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë¡’§≈Õ√’π‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫§◊Õ ´÷Ë߉¥â·°à TCE TCA ·≈– PCE ´÷Ëß “√‡À≈à“π’È¡—° ¡’§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ¡“°°«à“ πÈ”®÷ß®—¥‡ªìπæ«° DNAPL (dense nonaqueous phase liquid) “√ DNAPL π’È ¡—°¡’°“√π”‡¢â“¡“„™â°—π¡“°„πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“° ‡ªìπ “√∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√≈–≈“¬‰¢¡—π‰¥â¥’ ®÷ß∂Ÿ° π”¡“„™â „π°“√≈â“ߺ≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑“ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ‡™àπ à«πª√–°Õ∫Õ‘‡≈Á§‚∑√𑧠·≈–º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’ˇªìπ‚≈À– ‡ªìπµâπ πÕ°®“°π—Èπ ¬—ßπ‘¬¡π”¡“„™â „π¢∫«π°“√ ´—°·Àâß ´÷Ëß®–∑”„Àâ°“√´—°¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ·≈– ‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“° “√„π°≈ÿà ¡ π’È ‡ ªì π “√∑’Ë „ ™â „ π°“√™–≈â “ ß ¥— ß π—È π‡¡◊ËÕπ”¡“„™â·≈â« “√‡°◊Õ∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥°Á®–°≈“¬ ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇ ’¬ À“°°”®—¥Õ¬à“߉¡à∂Ÿ°µâÕß·≈â«°ÁÕ“®®– ‡ªì π “√∑’Ë °à Õ „Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ ªí ≠ À“°“√ªπ‡ªóô Õ ππÈ” „µâ ¥‘ π ‰¥â ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¡“°¥—ß∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈â«„πª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡ À≈“¬ª√–‡∑» ‡™àπ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ¬ÿ‚√ª ·≈–≠’˪ÿÉπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“° “√„π°≈ÿà¡ DNAPL ‡ªìπ “√∑’Ë °à Õ „Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ ªí ≠ À“„Àâ °— ∫ πÈ” „µâ ¥‘ 𠇪ì π Õ¬à “ ß¡“°·≈– ‡ªì π “√∑’Ë °à Õ „Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ ¡–‡√Á ß ·°à ºŸâ ∑’Ë ∫ √‘ ‚ ¿§‰¥â ¥—ßπ—Èπ »Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ®÷߉¥â∑”°“√ »÷°…“ªí≠À“πÈ”„µâ¥‘πªπ‡ªóôÕπ “√Õ—πµ√“¬‚¥¬‡πâπ °“√»÷ ° …“‡∑§π‘ § „π°“√µ√«® Õ∫§â π À“∫√‘ ‡ «≥∑’Ë πÈ”„µâ¥‘π∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ “√ DNAPL °à Õ π∑’Ë ® –∑”°“√µ√«® Õ∫§â π À“ “√ DNAPL „ππÈ”„µâ¥‘π‰¥âπ—Èπ§«√®–µâÕß∑√“∫§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘ ¢Õß “√ DNAPL π’È°àÕπ §◊Õ “√„π°≈ÿà¡π’ÈπÕ°®“°®– ‰¡à≈–≈“¬πÈ”À√◊Õ≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥âπâÕ¬·≈⫬—ß¡’§«“¡Àπ“ ·πàπ¡“°°«à“πÈ” §◊Õ 1.3-1.6 °√—¡/≈∫´¡. ¡’§«“¡ Àπ◊ ¥ πâ Õ ¬ ·≈–¡’ · √ßµ÷ ß º‘ « µË” ‚¥¬ “¡“√∂ √ÿ ª §ÿ ≥ ¡∫— µ‘ ∑ “߇§¡’ ¢ Õß “√„π°≈ÿà ¡ DNAPL ‰¥â ¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë 1

µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘ ¢Õß DNAPL ∑’ˇªìπ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë¡’§≈Õ√’π‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫πÈ” “√ª√–°Õ∫ TCE PCE Chloroform TCA Carbon tetrachloride πÈ”

¢-28

§«“¡¥—π‰Õ (mmHg)

°“√≈–≈“¬πÈ” (mg/l)

§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ (g/ml)

§«“¡Àπ◊¥ (x10-6 m2/s)

47.3 18.5 194.8 120.7 115.2 12.8

1,100 150 8,150 1,320 770 -

1.47 1.63 1.49 1.35 1.60 1

0.39 0.57 0.39 0.67 0.65 1.14

»Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡


®“°§ÿ ≥ ¡∫— µ‘ ¥— ß °≈à “ «π’È ‡ Õß K. Murata ·≈– T. Hirata(1, 2) ‰¥â∑”°“√∑¥≈Õß„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√ ‡æ◊ËÕ§âπÀ“惵‘°√√¡¢Õß “√ DNAPL ‡¡◊ËÕ∑‘Èß≈ß Ÿà¥‘π ‚¥¬æ∫«à“‡¡◊ËÕ∑‘Èß “√ DNAPL ≈ß Ÿà¥‘π “√π’È®–§àÕ¬Ê ‰À≈≈߉ªÕ¬Ÿà¥â“π≈à“ߢÕß™—ÈππÈ”„µâ¥‘π ‡æ√“–¡’§«“¡ Àπ“·πàπ¡“°°«à“§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ¢ÕßπÈ”π—Ëπ‡Õß ·≈– °“√∑’Ë “√ DNAPL ¡’ §ÿ ≥ ¡∫— µ‘ „ π°“√≈–≈“¬πÈ” ‰¥âπâÕ¬ “√¥—ß°≈à“«°Á®–°Õß√«¡Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë¥â“π≈à“ߢÕß ™—ÈππÈ” ‡√’¬° DNAPL pool „π°√≥’∑’ËπÈ”„µâ¥‘π¡’ °“√‰À≈ “√‡À≈à“π’È°Á®–§àÕ¬Ê ≈–≈“¬πÈ”·≈–ªπ‰ª °— ∫ πÈ” „µâ ¥‘ π ∑’Ë ‰À≈‰ª Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ “√ DNAPL à«π„À≠à°Á®– – ¡Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë DNAPL pool ´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà „ µâ ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë “√π’È ´÷¡≈ß Ÿà¥‘π ·≈– “√ DNAPL ∫“ß à«π∑’˵°§â“ßÕ¬Ÿà„π¥‘π ·≈– à«π∑’Ë≈–≈“¬πÈ”„µâ¥‘π°Á®– °≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ ´÷Ë߉ե—ß°≈à“«π’È®–·∑√°´÷¡Õ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß ™à Õ ß«à “ ß„π¥‘ π ∑’Ë ‰ ¡à Õ‘Ë ¡ µ— « ¥â « ¬πÈ” ´÷Ë ß À“° “¡“√∂ æ—≤π“‡∑§π‘§„π°“√‡°Á∫‰Õπ—Èπ‰¥â °“√µ√«® Õ∫‡æ◊ËÕ §âπÀ“∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ “√¥—ß°≈à“«°Á “¡“√∂ °√–∑”‰¥âßà“¬

„π°“√‡°Á ∫ ‰ªΩí ß ‰«â „ 𥑠𠇪ì π √–¬–‡«≈“π“π‡™à π 1 —ª¥“Àå À√◊Õ 1 ‡¥◊Õ𠇪ìπµâπ ·≈â«®÷ßπ”°ä“´∑’ˇ°Á∫ ‰¥â¡“«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å ∑’Ë√–‡À¬‰¥â °“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·∫∫π’È¡’¢âÕ¥’ §◊Õ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∑’Ë ‰¥â®–¡’§«“¡·ª√ª√«ππâÕ¬ à«π«‘∏’‡°Á∫Õ’°«‘∏’Àπ÷Ëß §◊Õ·∫∫ grab sampling °“√‡°Á∫·∫∫π’È®–∑”°“√ ‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß°ä“´¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕߥŸ¥Õ“°“» ∑”°“√‡°Á∫ „π√–¬–‡«≈“ —ÈπÊ ‡™àπ 5 π“∑’ «‘∏’‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·∫∫π’È ¡’ ¢â Õ ¥’ §◊ Õ ∑”„Àâ ∑ √“∫¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ ‰¥â √ «¥‡√Á « ·µà ¡’ § «“¡ ·ª√ª√«π¢Õß°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå§àÕπ¢â“ß Ÿß°«à“·∫∫·√° ‡∑§π‘ § ∑’Ë æ— ≤ π“¢÷È π ∑’Ë »Ÿ π ¬å «‘ ®— ¬ ·≈–Ωñ ° Õ∫√¡¥â “ π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ”À√—∫‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»„π¥‘π®–‡ªìπ ·∫∫ grab sampling „π∑’Ëπ’È®–°≈à“«‡©æ“–«‘∏’ grab sampling ‡∑à “ π—È π Õÿ ª °√≥å „ π°“√‡°Á ∫ Õ“°“» ·∫∫ grab sampling · ¥ß‰¥â¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 2

2. «— ¥ÿÕÿª°√≥å·≈–«‘∏’°“√ °“√µ√«® Õ∫§âπÀ“∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë “√ DNAPL ªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π¥‘π ·≈–πÈ”„µâ¥‘π‚¥¬„™â«‘∏’°“√«—¥Õ“°“» „π¥‘π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ‘π∑√’¬å “√∑’Ë√–‡À¬‰¥â (VOCs) ¡’ §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√√–‡À¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥âßà“¬ ‡æ√“–¡’§«“¡ ¥—π‰Õ Ÿß ¥—ßπ—Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ “√¥—ß°≈à“«ªπ‡ªóôÕπÕ¬Ÿà „µâ¥‘πº‘« ¥‘πÀ√◊Õ„ππÈ”„µâ¥‘π “√¥—ß°≈à“«®–√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ ‡§≈◊Ë Õ π∑’Ë · ∑√°´÷ ¡ ¢÷È π ¡“Õ¬Ÿà „ π™à Õ ß«à “ ß∑’Ë ‡ ªì π à « π Õ“°“»„π¥‘π„π™—πÈ ¥‘π∑’ˉ¡àÕ¡‘Ë µ—«¥â«¬πÈ” (vadose zone) ¥—ßπ—πÈ «‘∏‡’ °Á∫Õ“°“»„π™àÕß«à“ß∑’‡Ë ªìπ à«πÕ“°“»¢Õߥ‘π (soil gas) ¡“«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß VOCs ‡æ◊ËÕ ∫àß∫Õ°°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õߥ‘π·≈–πÈ”„µâ¥‘π ‚¥¬ “√ Õ‘π∑√’¬å‡À≈à“π’È®÷ß∑”‰¥âßà“¬ √«¥‡√Á« ·≈–ª√–À¬—¥ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫«‘∏’°“√¢ÿ¥‡®“–∫àÕ∫“¥“≈‡æ◊ËÕ‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß πÈ”„µâ¥‘π¡“«‘‡§√“–Àå ·≈–«‘∏’ soil gas π’È “¡“√∂ π”¡“„™â ”√«®‡æ◊ËÕ«—µ∂ÿª√– ߧ套ßπ’È °) §âπÀ“∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√À°¢Õß “√‡À≈à“π’È À√◊Õ§âπÀ“µ”·Àπàß∂—ß„µâ¥‘π∑’Ë “√‡À≈à“π’È√—Ë«‰À≈ ¢) À“¢π“¥¢Õß°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’ËÀ√◊Õ¢¬“¬µ—« ¢Õß∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ “√‡À≈à“π’È „ππÈ”„µâ¥‘π ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª°“√‡°Á∫ soil gas ‡°Á∫‰¥â 2 ·∫∫ §◊ Õ ·∫∫ passive sampling ·≈–·∫∫ grab sampling °“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß°ä“´·∫∫·√°„™âÕÿª°√≥å »Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 Õÿª°√≥å„π°“√‡°Á∫Õ“°“»·∫∫ grab sampling 1. ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ‡°Á∫ soil gas ∑’Ëæ—≤π“¢÷Èπ‚¥¬ »Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‚¥¬§«“¡™à«¬ ‡À≈◊ Õ ¢ÕßÕß§å ° “√§«“¡™à « ¬‡À≈◊ Õ √–À«à “ ߪ√–‡∑» ¢Õß≠’˪ÿÉπ 2. adsorbent tube ·∫∫ Carbotrap 300 ¢Õß∫√‘…—∑ Supelco 3. ‡§√◊ËÕß gas chromatograph ¢Õß ∫√‘…—∑ HNU ´÷ËßµàÕÕ¬Ÿà°—∫√–∫∫ thermal desorption unit ACEM 900 ‚¥¬‡§√◊ËÕß GC „™â column VOCOL Borosilicate glass 0.75 mm ID §«“¡¬“« 60 ‡¡µ√ ¢-29


°“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß soil gas ‡æ◊ËÕ«‘‡§√“–Àå À“™π‘¥ ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë√–‡À¬‰¥â„π¥‘π ‚¥¬ª°µ‘À≈Õ¥¥Ÿ¥®—∫ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬ (adsorbent tube) ∑’Ëπ”¡“„™âπ’È®–∂Ÿ°ÕÕ°·∫∫‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ „™â µ√«® Õ∫À“™π‘¥·≈–ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬ ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„πÕ“°“»‡∑à“π—Èπ ·µà „π°“√«‘®—¬§√—Èßπ’È ‰ ¥â ¥—¥·ª≈ß ·≈–ª√–¬ÿ°µå√–∫∫°“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß°ä“´ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ “¡“√∂π”À≈Õ¥¥Ÿ¥®—∫ “√π’È¡“„™â „π°“√µ√«® Õ∫°“√ªπ‡ªóô Õ π¢Õß “√Õ‘ π ∑√’ ¬å √ –‡À¬„𥑠π ·≈– πÈ”„µâ¥‘π‰¥â‡ªìπº≈ ”‡√Á® ‚¥¬°“√„™â‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ‡®“– ¥‘π≈÷°ª√–¡“≥ 1 ‡¡µ√ Ωíß soil gas sampler ´÷Ëß ∑’˪≈“¬¥â“πÀπ÷Ëß∑”¥â«¬ teflon ´÷Ëßµ‘¥µ—ÈßÀ≈Õ¥¥Ÿ¥®—∫ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë√–‡À¬‰¥â (adsorbent tube) à«π ª≈“¬Õ’°¥â“πÀπ÷ËßµàÕ°—∫‡§√◊ËÕߥŸ¥Õ“°“»Ωíß soil gas sampler ≈ß„πÀ≈ÿ¡‡®“– ‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»∑’Ë∑√“∫ ª√‘¡“µ√∑’Ë·πàπÕπ¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕߥŸ¥Õ“°“»π”À≈Õ¥‡°Á∫ µ—«Õ¬à“߉ª‰≈৫“¡™◊Èπ¥â«¬°“√ºà“π°ä“´‰π‚µ√‡®π·≈– ∑” tube „ÀâÕÿàπ ∑”°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ≈Õ¥‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß ¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ portable gas chromatograph (GC) ´÷Ëß¡’√–∫∫π” “√µ—«Õ¬à“߇¢â“‡§√◊ËÕß GC ‚¥¬„™â‡§√◊ËÕß thermal desorption unit °“√ª√—∫‡∑’¬∫‡§√◊ËÕß GC ‡æ◊ËÕ§”π«≥À“ §à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß‰Õ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬„π™—Èπ¥‘π „™â syringe ¥Ÿ¥ “√¡“µ√∞“π trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, benzene ·≈– xylene §«“¡∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï 99.56% ª√‘¡“µ√ 10 ml

©’¥ “√¡“µ√∞“π¥—ß°≈à“«‡¢â“°√–∫Õ°·°â«‡µ√’¬¡ “√ ¡“µ√∞“π (Static dilution bottle) „™â sleeve heater Àÿâ¡°√–∫Õ°·°â«‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„Àâ “√¡“µ√∞“π‡ªìπ °ä“´ ¥Ÿ¥ “√¡“µ√∞“π„π√Ÿª°ä“´ª√‘¡“µ√ 20, 40 ·≈– 60 µl ©’¥‡¢â“ adsorbent tube ª√–°Õ∫ adsorbent tube ‡¢â“°—∫ thermal desorbtion unit ‡æ◊ËÕ©’¥ “√¡“µ√∞“π‡¢â“‡§√◊ËÕß gas chromatograph ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß°√“ø¡“µ√∞“π√–À«à“ß peak area ·≈– §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπµàÕ‰ª

3. º≈°“√∑¥≈Õß·≈–«‘®“√≥å µ— « Õ¬à “ ß chromatogram ∑’Ë Õà “ π‰¥â ® “° ∫√‘‡«≥∑’˧“¥«à“πà“®–¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë √–‡À¬‰¥â „ 𥑠π À√◊ Õ πÈ” „µâ ¥‘ π · ¥ß‰¥â ¥— ß √Ÿ ª ∑’Ë 3 „π°“√∑¥ Õ∫‡§√◊Ë Õ ß¡◊ Õ „π π“¡®–∑”°“√‡°Á ∫ µ— « Õ¬à “ ßÕ“°“»„𥑠𠇪ì π ®ÿ ¥ Ê √Õ∫Ê ‚√ßß“π∑’Ë µâÕß°“√µ√«® Õ∫«à“®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√ªπ‡ªïôÕπ¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬„π¥‘πÀ√◊Õ„ππÈ”„µâ¥‘π ‚¥¬∑”°“√ ‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·µà≈–®ÿ¥Àà“ß°—πª√–¡“≥ 20 ‡¡µ√ ∑” ‚¥¬‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“߇ªìπ·π«·≈â«π” chromatogram ∑’ËÕà“π§à“‰¥â®“°°“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß„π·µà≈–®ÿ¥ ·≈â«π” §à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß‰Õ “√®“°®ÿ¥‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ßÀ≈“¬Ê ®ÿ¥¡“‡¢’¬π≈ß∫π·ºπ∑’Ë ´÷Ë ß ‚¥¬«‘ ∏’ ¥— ß °≈à “ «®– “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ ∑ √“∫ ≈— ° …≥–¢Õß°“√°√–®“¬µ— « ¢Õß “√Õ‘ π ∑√’ ¬å √ –‡À¬ „π™—Èπ„µâ¥‘π‰¥â ®“°«‘∏’°“√¥—ß°≈à“« ∑”„Àâ∑√“∫‰¥â

√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 · ¥ßµ—«Õ¬à“ß chromatogram ∑’ËÕà“π‰¥â®“°∫√‘‡«≥∑’˧“¥«à“πà“®–¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å ∑’Ë√–‡À¬‰¥â „π¥‘πÀ√◊ÕπÈ”„µâ¥‘π ¢-30

»Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡


√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 √Ÿª· ¥ßº≈°“√π”§à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√ TCE „π‰Õ “√„π¥‘π∑’˧«“¡≈÷° 1 ‡¡µ√ „µâº‘«¥‘π ®”π«π 60 ®ÿ¥ „πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑”°“√»÷°…“¡“∑”°“√ interpolate ¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√ linear regression ‡æ◊ËÕ§âπ‚√ßß“π∑’Ë∑”„Àâ “√ TCE ‰À≈´÷¡≈ß Ÿà„µâ¥‘π ‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ«à“‚√ßß“ππ—Èππà“®–¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ ·≈–°àÕ „À⇰‘¥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬„π¥‘πÀ√◊Õ πÈ”„µâ¥‘πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à¥—ß· ¥ß‰¥â „π√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ®“°º≈°“√∑¥ Õ∫°“√„™â‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ëæ—≤π“ ¢÷È π „™â „π π“¡ æ∫«à“‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ¥—ß°≈à“« “¡“√∂„™â µ√«®À“∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬‰¥â „π¥‘πÀ√◊ÕπÈ”„µâ¥‘π‰¥â¥’‡æ√“–¡’§«“¡‰« Ÿß “¡“√∂ µ√«®®—∫°“√ªπ‡ªóÕô π„πÕ“°“»„π¥‘π‰¥âµË”°«à“ 5 ppbv ·≈– “¡“√∂æ—≤π“‡∑§π‘§∑’Ë „ ™â „π°“√§âπÀ“∫√‘‡«≥ ∑’Ë¥‘π·≈–πÈ”„µâ¥‘π ‰¥â¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¥â«¬ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å √–‡À¬·≈⫉¥âÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·≈–‡ ’¬§à“„™â®à“¬πâÕ¬

4. √ÿª ß“π»÷°…“«‘®—¬π’È ‰¥âπ”‡Õ“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õß “√ Õ‘ π ∑√’ ¬å √ –‡À¬∑’Ë “¡“√∂√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªì π ‰Õ‰¥â ¥’ ¡ “ „™â „π°“√µ√«® Õ∫§âπÀ“∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ “√ ¥— ß °≈à “ «„π™—È π „µâ ¥‘ π ∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ®“°°“√¥”‡π‘ π °“√¢Õß ‚√ßß“πÕÿ µ “À°√√¡ ‚¥¬°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫π”‡Õ“ adsorbent tube ¡“¥Ÿ¥®—∫ “√ ·≈â«π”¡“«‘‡§√“–Àå ¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß GC ·∫∫∑’Ë¡’√–∫∫ thermal desorption unit ´÷Ë ß ∑”„Àâ √ –∫∫¡’ § «“¡‰« Ÿ ß “¡“√∂µ√«®«— ¥ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß‰Õ “√„π™—Èπ¥‘π‰¥âµË”∂÷ß√–¥—∫ 5 à«π µàÕæ—π≈â“π à«π (ppb) ®÷ß “¡“√∂π”√–∫∫∑’Ëæ—≤π“ »Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

¢÷Èπ¡“µ√«®§âπÀ“‚√ßß“π∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬„π¥‘π‰¥â ‚¥¬∑”°“√µ√«®«—¥„π®ÿ¥ ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà ‰°≈®“°»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߢÕß°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕ𠇙àπ ®ÿ¥∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà πÕ°∫√‘‡«≥‚√ßß“π‰¥â ”‡√Á® Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡«‘∏’°“√µ√«® Õ∫‚¥¬ soil gas π’ȇªìπ«‘∏’ °“√‚¥¬ÕâÕ¡‡∑à“π—Èπ ∑’Ë®–„™â§âπÀ“∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√ªπ ‡ªóôÕπ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬‰¥â „π¥‘πÀ√◊ÕπÈ”„µâ¥‘π ¥—ßπ—Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë ‰¥â®“°«‘∏’ soil gas · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ·π«‚πâ¡ «à“Õ“®®–¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈â« §«√„™â«‘∏’‡°Á∫ µ—«Õ¬à“ߥ‘π·≈–πÈ”„µâ¥‘π¡“«‘‡§√“–Àå‡æ◊ËÕ¬◊π¬—π°“√ ªπ‡ªóôÕπÕ’°§√—ÈßÀπ÷Ëß ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ ‰¥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë·πà™—¥„π°“√ «“ß·ºπøóô π øŸ πÈ” „µâ ¥‘ π ∑’Ë ª π‡ªóô Õ π‚¥¬ “√Õ‘ π ∑√’ ¬å ∑’Ë √–‡À¬‰¥â‡À≈à“π’ȵàÕ‰ª (3,4)

5. ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß 1. Murata , K. and T. Hirata . 1988 . Hydraulic Behavior of Chlorinated Organic Compounds in water. Water. Res. 22 (4) : 485-489. 2. Hirata , T. and K. Muraoka . 1988 . Vertical Migration of Chlorinated Organic Compounds in Porous Media. Water. Res. 22 (4) : 481-484. ¢-31


3. Donn, I.M. and H.B. Kerfoot. Soilgas Surveying Techniques. 1988. Environ. 22 (7) : 740-745. 4. Michale, O.R. 1995. Soil-gas Signatures from Volatile Chlorinated Solvents : Borden Field Experiments. Ground Water. 33 (1) .

6. °‘µµ‘°√√¡ª√–°“» ºŸâ‡¢’¬π¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥ Mr. Munihiro Fukuda ºŸâ ‡ ™’Ë ¬ «™“≠¢ÕßÕß§å ° “√§«“¡™à « ¬‡À≈◊ Õ √–À«à “ ß ª√–‡∑»¢Õß≠’Ë ªÿÉ π ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â „ Àâ § «“¡™à « ¬‡À≈◊ Õ „π°“√®— ¥ À“‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ „À⧔·π–π” µ≈Õ¥®π°“√√à«¡ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ß“π°—∫ ºŸâ‡¢’¬π®πß“π«‘®—¬§√—Èßπ’È ”‡√Á®≈ÿ≈à«ß‰¥â‡ªìπ Õ¬à“ߥ’

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

¢-32

»Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.