/Institut_for_Industrielt_Design_og_Interaktive_Medie by Designskolen Kolding

Robots: blood

A methodology

Robots: blood A methodology

Robots: blood

A methodology

Robots: blood

Designskolen Kolding Aagade 10 6000 Kolding Denmark www.designskolenkolding.dk

A methodology

Robots: blood A methodology

Editor Barnabas Wetton Text Barnabas Wetton plus student contributions Translation Barnabas Wetton Photos Student contributions Graphic design Léon Kranenburg en Loes Sikkes - www.leon-loes.nl Supported by The Netherlands Foundation for Visual Arts, Design and Architecture

Typefaces ArnhemFine, Sansa Thanks to Anders Stensgaard Sørensen, Ivan Brandslund, Elle-Mie Ejdrup Hansen, the students of Designskolen Kolding, Industrial Design and Interactive Media Students Morten Bender Adamsen, Lasse Bolvig Engedal, Jakob Dunning, Sahar Ghaheri, Johan Grann Kristiansen, Niels Grubak Iversen, Marcus Hannibal Madsen, Benny Henningsen, Mette Hjørngaard Lauritzen, Yukari Hotta, Niels Jeppe Jensen, Nils Koster, Marjatka Kürner, Michael Larsen, Torsteinn Laufkvist P. Helgason, Kristian Lindhardt Nørhave, Louise Ry Mathiasen, Marie Louise Nørgård Mäkinen, Henry Philippe Schlesser, Mette Schmidt, Mi-Hyang Shine Park, Louise Springborg, Sabine Storm, Sabine Stougaard Knudsen, Kenneth Weigelt,Thomas Willemoes Høyer ISBN 87-90775-12 printed and bound in denmark

Can the comfort of a hug be transferred to a blood-taking robot? Though it may sound far fetched this concept is just one of a number of serious attempts to develop interfaces for the blood taking machines of the future. By combining an understanding of the wider social context and user interaction students at Designskolen Kolding are helping to develop ways that machines can take blood. This will free bio-analysts from a number of work related injuries and let them concentrate more on analysis and patient care. This publication runs through the project and looks at how developing a user and innovation driven teaching methodology can provide answers to some of the wider technological and ethical issues in design as well as describing the work processes of the task.

Robots: blood

A methodology

contents

contents Background Street teaching Phase two Interview

with Ivan Brandslund and Marthe Stahl

Conversation

between Barnabas Wetton and Elle-Mie Ejdrup Hansen

The projects

Veinomatic, Caveo, Pinguis, Hug, Sessio, Sessio 02, Phlorider, Complete, Vento, Dolphin, Reorganize, Lookse

Robots: blood

A methodology background

ba ck gr ou nd In the Danish health care sector blood tests have increased at a rate of 7% per year since 1987. Currently this amounts to ten million tests per year and advances in the kinds of analysis that are possible means that this exponential growth will continue in the foreseeable future. An increase in the number of medical conditions that can be diagnosed through blood tests is part of the reason for this growth. Further to this a number of medical conditions require continous monitoring with day patients returning to the hospital for regular check-ups. Both of these factors means that

Robots: blood

A methodology background

serious bottlenecks are occuring within the system with all the consequences this entails for patient care in terms of waiting times for results and the knock-on effects this can cause by delaying patient treatment. Seen from the perspective of the bio–analysts there are two other issues to be addressed. The increase in the number of patients means that this staff group are now using 40% of their working hours in the actual taking of blood. The result of this is a greater consequence of arm, hand and finger injuries because of the repetitive nature of the work with all the resulting issues in terms of the other functions the bio-analysts are required to fulfil. And the actual taking of blood is not a particularly complicated task and so can ask the question whether it is a reasonable use of resources to employ highly trained analysts to work so much with tasks that do not employ the degree of skills they have been educated for. This is relevant both from the perspective of cost/benefit analysis but possibly more importantly when considering their own personal motivation and the consequences this can have for recruitment in the future. In 2005 Consultant Ivan Brandslund (Denmark’s leading expert in blood analysis) from Vejle Hospital started a long term development project with Robocluster to work on creating a robot that could replace the bio-analyst’s role. Robocluster is an Odense based comptence network for the development of robots, intelligent mechanical systems and automation. The network is made of suppliers and purchasers within the field as well as research and educational establishments with specialisation in robotics and automation technology. The project started with aon simple question; is it possible to get a machine to take blood? Apart from the enormous task of developing reliable technologies to perform such a sensitive task it also raises other questions with regard to the framework of their use. It is currently a requirement that patients identify themselves by confirming their name and personal registration number. What it would mean for the bio-analysts if they lost contact with the patients? Last but not least is the question of patient response; is it possible to engender the same sense of confidence in a machine around issues that are a question of life and death. And most people are not accustomed to having sharp objects stuck into their bodies and so fear of this very real and present fear of possible illness is compounded by fear of pain. In the spring of 2006 Designskolen Kolding’s Institute of Industrial Design and Interactive Media joined the project to produce preliminary answers to these questions in conjunction with Robocluster. The role of a designer in a project of this compexity is to understand the emotional and physical needs of all the people involved in the use of such a machine and translate them into a set of forms and actions that make these needs clear. It is just as important to deal with irrational fears as it is to think about how to clean the machine. By trying to push the “soft” aspects of the work to the fore at this early stage in the project the consortium will effectively map all the major areas to be addressed – technology, interaction, emotions and form.

Robots: blood

A methodology street teaching

street teaching In-situ observation and finding ways of developing a relationship with the people one is designing for are central markers for the concept Designskolen Kolding calls “Street Teaching”. By embedding themselves in the physical context students are able to incorporate tacit knowledge into their design process and allow subconscious insights to help drive the design process forward.

This is underpinned by working on building relationships with the users to allow their own implicit knowledge around the existing processes to be voiced. Because such a large amount of knowledge is carried as tacit knowledge we as designers need to find ways of making that knowledge visible and explicit. This is able to drive the design process in itself as well as give respondents ways of expressing explicitly what is understood at a motoric or sub-concious level and for this reason all the students on the Roblood project learned to take blood from each other and. Take blood: feel fear

Polanyi worked with the concept of tacit knowledge; knowledge that is embedded in movement and action but not readily transferable to a word based discourse. He worked with the mapping of processes and it can be understood through learning to use a clutch on a car. In the primary learning stage one is concious of how the foot is positioned and it is hard to concenrate on anything else. Once accustomed to using it one has a “sense” of how the engine feels and one becomes unaware of the motoric and mental processes that underpin everyday driving. Using this as one model or lense to observe actions allows the students to decipher “everyday” tasks and question their efficiency and the reasoning that they are based on.

Robots: blood

A methodology street teaching

If one starts with the presumption that there exists a tacit knowledge in the tasks involved as bio-analyst one of the conclusions one can draw from this is the necessity to “get in under the skin” of the actual act of taking blood. For this reason all the students had to learn to take blood and in all we spent a week at Kolding Hospital learning and observing the tasks involved. This plays out in two ways; firstly by teaching in a very practical sense what kind of pressure needs to be applied to puncture the skin and how to organise the act of blood taking in a wider sense. What to do with the vials, how to release the torniquet within the allotted time and so on. But one could argue that there is a more important aspect that allows the student to react with the same kind of fear a patient would do as well as understand and observe how an experienced bio-analyst is able to respond to the emotional needs of the patients by reading the signals they send before, during and after the act itself. Certainly the staff we spoke to related in many ways that this “human aspect” was a prerequisite for a successful career within the field. It follows therefore as a logical consequence from this that emotional factors have to be taken into account in the development of the machine. The presumption of tacit knowledge is one way of developing an understanding of the processes taking place. By filming the tasks involved it is also possible to play and then replay the different stages of the task at hand which then allows them to be divided into relatively discreet units that can be timed and analysed. Spin Off

One group took an analysis of how the staff went on their rounds as the basis for a project that didn’t address the given task of developing an interface and form for a robotic blood-taking machine but concentrated on how to improve the small cart the phlobotomist uses. Each

movement was analysed, timed and set in a sequence of events. This formed the starting point for a reworking of the cart the bio-analysts use to move to patients around the hospital. It is maybe a utopia to assume that these savings could then be used to develop a patient/staff relationship by freeing the time available for assurance and human contact. Nonetheless the ability of the staff to act within a framework that allows them to appreciate the considerations of the patient and allow the patient to express concern and gratitude to them was one the foremost positive aspects of their work after the ability to provide a correct and efficient service. But maybe this is not so far-fetched. According to Ivan Brandslund’s perspective the ability of healthcare providers to compete in terms of patient satisfaction could create a decisive competitive factor in a future health care system that competes amongst the constituent parts for funding. Street teaching requires of its practitoners an ability to form strong personal relationships with the people they are working with because the nature of the tasks they are observing are as much a mental condition as well as a physical action. In spite the best efforts of all involved in the observation of action it is not possible to fully relate to how something feels on an emotional level, especially when dealing with people who are trained in what kind of signals they send to the patients. Therefore the practice of observation demands a degree of empathy that allows for the people within the field to express feelings and emotional responses that are at odds with the goals of the tasks they are performing. Only by forming empathic relationships is it possible for a fuller sense of how something feels to play a role in the design process by making these feelings explicit whilst at the same time protecting the individuals. This act of making respondants anonymous is very important. By emphasizing its role

Robots: blood

A methodology street teaching

respondants are better able to give voice to feelings and approaches that are outside the acceptable or what power structures want. It also makes it possible to liberate the insights into scenarios can be done by including the emotional and physical observations in scenarios. Probes

The designer/observer too is subject to emotional and intuitive insight. It is vital for a successful design process to also be driven by leaps of the imagination that are founded on a solid position within the design task but not necessarily dependent on a direct, verbalized link to the observed material that underpins it. One of the methods that opens for this kind of input is the development of probes. A probe is a form of questionnaire that asks the respondent to visualise aspects of the area of work or activity being investigated rather than communicating in words. This can also take the form of asking people to photograph how they see the activity in question with disposable cameras. The fact that the cameras are disposable supports the work in two ways. The fact that it is not possible to edit or delete the images means that aesthetic or other considerations after the act of taking the photograph are not given the chance to impinge on the job of providing visual data for the survey. Disposable cameras feel cheap; this works to the advantage of the design team too in that respondents are less likely to feel that they are wasting money. Reflective teams

Reflective teams build on the notion that listening openly to information raises questions and observations. It is almost a law of nature that these observations are accompianied by ideas that occur as a result of simply listening openly. But listening intently and remembering all the things that occur during the act of listening is as

good as impossible. Even well trained people are only able to remember around ten separate ideas at the same time and simply the act of trying to remember blocks the act of listening openly and attentively – effectively it “blocks the hard disc”. Reflective teams deal with this issue by asking the listeners to use Post-it notes on which to note single words, short sentences or small sketches of ideas as they appear in the conscious mind. This work covers three major areas; the main points of what you hear, ideas that spring to mind and issues to be addressed. By noting simply what you hear the speaker is guided in how precise his or her communication is and thereby presentation skills are developed. The ideas section provides a bank of possible ways of bringing the project forward. Issues to be addressed covers the wider framework of the task at hand. Once the presentation is finished each person explains very shortly the meaning of each Post-it note and sets them on the wall. This simple action gives an equal voice to all of the respondants and provides a valuable document for the following work. Effectively it is a condensed map of the thoughts of the listeners. It is very important that the small messages don’t result in the person who has just presented “defending” their position. Part of the training of working in reflective teams requires that all involved do not allow the response to be experienced as an attack or specific critique even if the response opens new lines of enquiry for the design project. They should rather be seen as potential guides that are to be evaluated in an ongoing design process. This means that they can be rejected as well as integrated as part of the thinking. From a team consisting of four or five people a collection of Post-it notes often comprises 40 or 50 seperate documented points. Of course there is a degree of overlap, either as a result of an effective communication of the major

Robots: blood

A methodology street teaching

points on the part of the speaker or because the reflective team is in agreement as to how to go forward. Nonetheless this can result in 30 or so points to work with. Post-it notes can be moved around. This means that the designer can then move the Post-its in relation to each other to form simple sentences and questions that can open for its own set of associations and intuitions about the project. For example the two seperate notes (Body position) and (Adjust) can be put together to question possible changes in the positioning and ergonomics of the machine. Equally one Post-it can be seen as a lense though which to view a position. For example the Postit (Uncomfortable, too angular) can be seen through the lense of (Space) and open for a set of associations. The associations become skewed in a another direction by seeing the same issue (Uncomfortable, too angular) through (Hygiene) or (Age groups). This ability to cross check and cross reference provides in itself a useful tool for evaluation of product function or form as well as a methodology for creating relevant ideas for problem solving. MECE

To put this intuitive and relatively unstructured method in perspective each of the projects then underwent a MECE evaluation. MECE is an acronym for Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive. The process demands that the analysis separates specific areas for evaluation and the areas are as separate as possible from each other to avoid blurring distinctions. The reason for emphasising the groups as distinct from each other is to maintain focus on the core aspects of each area without coming into unnecessary questions of definition, for example the difference between interface and control systems. This MECE analysis is divided into three subtexts; positive, negative and again, as

with the reflective teams, the questions to be addressed. By systemising the analysis and communicating the results knowledge is held in common by the group as a whole and insights from one group are set into a wider context.

Robots: blood

A methodology Phase Two

phase two Rome wasn’t built in a day

Robots: blood

A methodology Phase Two

Roblood. Phase 2

All things being equal one can conservatively estimate that a working prototype of a blood taking robot could be developed by 2012. This is dependent on whether public institutions are willing to fund the preliminary stages of the work and the degree to which private investors will take the product to market.

A continued co-operative project between DK:, Odense Teknikum and Vejle and Give Hospital based on the earlier work developing blood-taking robots for use in the Danish healthcare sector. Goal “The Danish state uses 1 billion kroner a year taking blood for diagnosis per year and the amount of blood being taken is increasing on average by 7% per year. The process requires a high level of training for the technicians. Further to this over a longer period of time the staff involved in this work suffer occuptaional injury because of its repetative nature. Nonetheless from the consortium’s point of view honing the projects potential at this early stage is a natural prerequisite for bringing the machine to completion. The second stage has a different structure to the first. The process takes the original projects as a starting point. The following is a quoted directly from the course description. The first project involved interactve media designers working in cross-disciplinary teams with industrial designers. The second phase solely involved industrial design students who were then presented with the following task. By returning to the results of the first project the students were challenged to set their results in a new perspective. The challenge for the teaching staff lies in trying to find ways of maintaining the knowledge base so that with each successive task the sum of knowledge is increased. This should not be dependent on the same students following the course because, if the project is to run over a number of years the institutions will need to find methods of transferring the essence of the work and maintaining its progression.

The goal of the project is develop a workable basis for the development of a robotic machine that can replace the technician the taking of blood. Emphasis is placed on understanding the emotional and physical mechanisms of the process. From this it is our aim to develop a workable model for a robotic machine that is formed out of the needs of the patient for clear instruction, safety, privacy and emotional security. As the work is to be developed in conjunction with the end-user and engineers the primary area of responsibility lies in forming a solution that is able to create enough confidence in itself that people dare use it.” The first two paragraphs are taken from the first course description. Interest in the project has been great, both from an engineering and investment point of view. The work has been shown to the Ministry of Science and Højteknolgifonden. The preliminary results are seen as an important starting point for the project as a whole and therefore it is our task now to qualify their various qualities. The reason for this is twofold; the first is to train the students to work in teams to develop the potential of the various products by evaluating their qualities and pitfalls and the second is to establish a continued working relationship with Robocluster and the wider community involved in cutting edge product development.

Robots: blood

A methodology A conversation

with Doctor Ivan Brandslund and Marthe Stahl M.Sc

Ivan Brandslund

was the primary instigator of the blood taking robotics project. Marthe Stahl

is responsible for routine biochemistry and quality control at Vejle Hospital.

A conver sation with Doctor Ivan Brandslund and Marthe Stahl M.Sc [ What is the basis for the robotics project? IB

This actual act of taking blood is a part of our activity of tapping blood is a an area of our work we haven’t really focussed on. And as the amount of blood we need to take is increasing this demands more and more of time as a part of total the total time we use. We have achieved significant productivtiy increases in the past 25 years and it is getting cheaper and cheaper to do tests themselves. We are at the stage where 30 to 40 % of bioanalysts work is actually devoted to sampling. This means that the bio -analysts are not doing what they educated to do. They don’t want to do it. It’s boring. But there is a paradox here - on the other hand they need human contact and one of the reasons they choose the education is the desire for human contact. But you don’t need to use three and a half year bachelor education to learn how to do it. If you don’t have routine it is a very slow process but once you get up to speed the workload around the practical creates repetitive strain injuries on the hands. Two thirds do tests and one third take samples. [ Nothing has really been done in the last 30 years for patient care and the procedures haven’t been optimized from the

last century. What are the major challenges from a clinical point of view?

and MS Just think about difficult patients and what this can mean fro the pressure and flow into the vacutainer. You’ll end up with a specimen you have to get rid of. The patient has to feel confident. No pain and no failure is the mantra we work by. The machine should not open the connection before the syringe is in the vein. But most importantly the machine has to be more reliable than a human but not feel like a machine. We can accept that humans make mistakes, it isn’t the same with health technology. Clincally it is important that machine doesn’t try and doesn’t succeed. We can only accept failure from a human. We can relate to human failure and you have to remember that veins collapse because of stress. So calmness and reliability are really important or you have situation that means the tubes just don’t get filled or that you don’t get enough blood for the test. IB

[ What about the legal framework around blood taking?

There is no real problem. You just need to swipe your social security card through the Machine.

Robots: blood

A methodology A conversation

with Doctor Ivan Brandslund and Marthe Stahl M.Sc

Unless the person is a regular visitor you don’t know the patient and you cannot check the identity because there is no picture on the cards anyway. We know some patients cheat but it isn’t our job to follow this up or check up. We work on trust and that is a really important thing to remember when you are working in the health service. It is simply a question of identification. These are the hospital rules. First number then name. There is no legal ruling as such. I know. I’ve worked in this field for 30 years. [ But there are political issues to be addressed, aren’t there? IB

What you need is a physical connection between you and your identity card. In Baghdad gunmen are having identity numbers tattooed on their arms in order not to end up in a mass grave without the family being informed. MS

Iris scanning makes it possible to make the connection between the physical body and identity. But we don’t really need this for usual clinical work. We are not the police. We take care of patients. We trust the patient. Medical purposes are not the same as legal purposes. [ Our preliminary studies have produced two spin offs. Are there any parallel projects that deal with how to make the overall system more efficient?

There is a matter than hasn’t been dealt with when taking blood. We say it is convenient to take the samples in the tubes. If we order the test that needs five tests in five different places in the lab we order five tubes. Even if we only need one sediment and could distribute it through the system it would be better. You need smallest possible turnaround time. Parallel testing is now quicker than serial. All the big companies

that make the analyzing machines are working on reorganizing the plant to take account of this. We always knew that by starting a project like this there would be spin offs. And that is something we should look at. You don’t have to start with the robot. Do something that gets behind the skin of the project and work from behind and work your way up. This could just as easily be a question of trying to re-organise the systems of who does what. The introduction of new technologies means that systems have to change too. And I don’t just mean the technological systems. By introducing blood-takng robots the bioanalysts could be liberated to fulfil other tasks but health care is about being a human too. Maybe hospitals could start employing lesser trained health workers to act as a kind of patient guides. Hospitals compete against each other. Introducing this kind of measure and putting it into a wider context could be just one competitive advantage. Itcould also mean that we need to do more research into the caring aspects of the staff. Bio-analysts have their primary success criteria related to getting the blood out and tested correctly. Other staff groupings are trained to deal with the patient holistically and deal with their feelings and emotional responses. Again we need to see the whole system as a living unit and work with the consequences the machines would bring us. [ What are the core points to be looked at with regard to the working environment for bio-analysts?

Two things. Firstly the position of the bioanalyst in relation to the patient, so, look at body position. This makes the changing of the tubes difficult. The vein is positioned in an inconvenient way. And we can’t re-design the human body yet Instead of moving the vein you need to move the lab technician. Positioning gives another spin off. The things you need for

Robots: blood

A methodology A conversation

with Doctor Ivan Brandslund and Marthe Stahl M.Sc

these procedures are not ergonomically placed. We have just involved a project involving 40000 tubes. All test come from general practice through the post. We were looking at how far and how much the measurable limits can change before a test becomes useless. First the tests were centrifuged and pipetted because we need the plasma if you weant to send it by mail. With hundreds of different clinics potentially it can be contaminated and label lost. So I thought “who says they need to be centrifuged?” It costs the amt 7000000 kroner a year. Can we do something else? Not all blood components are time sensitive so the centrifuging could be done centrally and save money. We tried to look holistically at the whole system but this brought us into conflict with the doctors even though we were improving the system because they were paid for each constituent part of the process and of course they don’t want to lose the money but it need to be standardized. And that is a psychological problem too – you are taking money and tasks away from them and that is seldom an easy thing. What are the psychological implications for the staff of a project like this? And what about the implications for work practice? The process will require fewer lab technicians. They will pay for the machines by loosing their jobs. But we already have a shortage of lab technicians. Anyway so it could be that this will take up the slack from the shortfall. We simply can’t get people to do this work. So in this way it a good thing. MS

But what about the patient? Would you want to do this? Would you really want have a machine take your blood: The machines have to be seen as assistants.

The lab tech doesn’t deliver human contact if they have to focus on 130 various procedures. Therefore the machine will release the person for more human contact. But it depends on the price of the system if you can have people doing that. Competition between hospitals will also get more patients to come if is human contact. You should send reassuring signals. We have already experimented with removing the lab techs and employed social and health assistants to follow the patients. They are better at it. Lab techs are focused on blood. Health asssistants are trained to focus on the whole. It is wrong to replace all the people because without the staff people would not dare to to use the system. [ In an imagined future scenario what would your machine feel like?

It doesn’t look like a robot. It should be concealed. It should be a virtual experience. I don’t need to see the machine. You have a thing working for you and not against you. It isn’t a machine it is an arm rest. In someway it is like an x-ray. We as professionals don’t need interference from the patients and we don’t want to involve the patient unless it is necessary. You will be stressed if you have to involve yourself in your doctor’s problem. [ Can you predict any kinds of advances in technology or diagnosis that could make this project redundant?

Sure. By testing blood by non-invasive means. But it is not realistic in the next ten twenty years. But on the other hand you can measure glucose. You can measure oxygen non-invasively because it visible through the skin. Maybe through spit. MS

I have expectations.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Projectname

Robots: blood

A methodology Design, Art, Ownership

A discussion between Elle-Mie Ejdrup Hansen and Barnabas Wetton

Design, Art, Ownership A discussion between Elle-Mie Ejdrup Hansen

Robots: blood

A methodology Design, Art, Ownership

A discussion between Elle-Mie Ejdrup Hansen and Barnabas Wetton

and Barnabas Wetton

EMH

BSW

“Designskolen Kolding is on the cusp of a revolutionary change in the way design is seen in the world and the role it can play. Designers can really act upon the world and really do something if they themselves realise that the work of a designer goes beyond styling. Designers should have the ambition to work for change and have an image of themselves as effective enough to actually get things done. That is why the Roblood project is a clear case of the whole of the problem of how we as a subject area change thhe way we perceive ourselves and how we can get industry and wider society to see us. Before the designers were basically responsible for all the areas of forming. It is different now. We have teams of made up of different abilities. It is a bit like a foodchain, with one area feeding off the other in a positive way. In this case there are engineers from SDU who have a specific problem. Seen from our perspective the most shocking for us was that without design simply looking at the task from an engineering perspective means that they will produce a torture instrument that could do the job but scare the patient to death in the process! The designers we train need to have a holistic overview. Because we have created a design process built on observation it creates research with a well founded basis for making argumentation. And it is this kind of argumentation that works because the choices it stands for become visible. When they become visible it makes it possible for other groups to come in and contribute with they own issues and perspectives. Therefore our designbers have to understand that they don’t have a single ownership. They can’t “sign” works as they did before. On one hand we miss the right to put our signature on things but we gain the right to work with much more complex tasks.”

“But that question of ownership isn’t only a question of design. Hearing what you say makes me think of that beautiful Rauschenberg poster we have hanging at the library here at the school. Of course you can say that Rauschenberg is a product of his times and his imagery reflects that but it also becomes a precursor for the kind of sharingof ownership you are talking about. He signs them as his own but they carry signs of a greater complex world. Effectively they become a sign of the collective in that they borrow and redefine imagery from such a wide source. So this tendency isn’t only limited to design; art carries it too and to a much greater extent today. And this really makes me wonder about how that kind of collective aesthetic will then play out in the actual field of design itself. Especially when you think about the conditions that mass customization. Your own work with Linien-Lyset did the same; it queried where a work should start physically as well as in a wider philosophical sense. And by including artists contributing in a way that is so site specific the notion of ownership of expression is challenged in scale as well as place.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

the projects

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Veinomatic Sabine Stougaard Knudsen, Niels Grubak Iversen, Morten Bender Adamsen

veinomatic Sabine Stougaard Knudsen, Niels Grubak Iversen, Morten Bender Adamsen

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Veinomatic Sabine Stougaard Knudsen, Niels Grubak Iversen, Morten Bender Adamsen

Veinomatic Veinomatic ensures a secure, easy

Overal aim Veinomatic Veinomatic sikrer

and fast blood taking. This can take place in cubicles, or an open or closed environment. All of these situations are made possible because the device is designed to easily movable and because of its screen based instructions is a “selfservice” machine. Personal contact with the staff is maintained at the start of the process when the bio-analyst checks social security details and delivers the vials to be loaded into the machine. These are returned again once the operation is complete. This product reduces waiting times, work-related injuries and the need to pay staff to perform tasks the machine is able to.

dig en nem, hurtig og sikker blodprøvetagning. Blodprøvetagningen kan foregå i båse, i åbne eller lukkede rum. Veinomatic er til at flytte så den kan let indgå i forskellige senarier.Man skal selv betjene Veinomatic og dette gøres sikkert og trygt gennem oplysninger fra skærmen. Den personlige kontakt opnår man ved ankomst, man møder her en sygeplejerske der tjekker personoplysninger og udleverer kassetten med de prøverør som man sætter i Veinomatic, blodprøvetagningen klare dig og Veinomatic og kassetten med de fyldte rør afleveres derefter til sygeplejersken igen. Med Veinomatic undgår man ventetid, arbejdsskader og lønninger kan nedsættes.

How it works On arrival social security and

personal details are checked and a cassette containing pre-prepared test vials is delivered to the patient. The patient goes to the first available Veinomatic, the cassette is clicked intothe machine, the screen is folded out and the patient is guided through the process. 1 Apply torniquet 2 Clean with serviette 3 Place arm 4 Veinomatic scans the veins 5 Needle inserted 6 Tests vials are moved into place by a revolver system in order to avoid coagualtion. 7 Needle removed and plaster applied 8 Torniquet removed 9 Cassette ejected 10 Cassette deleivered to the bio-analyst

How does it work/Advantages Ved ankomst

tjekkes personoplysninger af sygeplejerske, der også udleverer kassette med de prøverør der skal bruges ved prøven.Patienten går hen til Veinomatic, som er placeret i forskellige båse. Kassetten klikkes i Veinomatic, skærm foldes ud og patienten vil blive guidet gennem processen. 1 tag stase om arm 2 Rengør med serviet 3 placer arm 4 Veinomatic scanner vener 5 nål stikkes ind, nål holdes helt på plads under prøven 6 prøverør kører til nålen, en revolver funktion drejer prøverør rundt så flere rør fyldes på samme tid, blodet undgår dermed koagulering. 7 nål tages ud og plaster sættes på. 8 stase tages af 9 kassette kører op og man tager kassetten i hånden 10 kassette afleveres til sygeplejerske Conclusion Man undgår ventetid,

arbejdsskader og lønninger nedsættes.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Veinomatic Sabine Stougaard Knudsen, Niels Grubak Iversen, Morten Bender Adamsen

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Caveo Mette Schmidt, Lasse Bolvig Engedal, Mette Hjørngaard

Caveo Mette Schmidt, Lasse Bolvig Engedal,

Mette Hjørngaard Lauritzen, Yukari Hotta

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Caveo Mette Schmidt, Lasse Bolvig Engedal, Mette Hjørngaard

Lauritzen,

Yukari Hotta

CAVEO The goal of the CAVEO project is to

Mål Vi ønsker med Caveo at nedsætte antallet

reduce the number of blood tests taking place at the hospital. CAVEO is allottted to the 63% of patients that require blood thinning medicine for heart conditions. They are regular repeat visitors and only need to have one vial test taken at a time. Thet are typically older, with difficulties walking and therefore have difficulty getting back and forth from the hospital. It is our intention to create a project that is easily used and that can ispire confidence in the user. We imagine that home helps will be trained to assist in their use until the patient is totally at home with their use.

af blodprøvetagninger på sygehusene. Caveo er tilegnet de 63% mennesker der er blodpatienter. Disse mennesker får blodfortyndende medicin, og skal tit have taget blodprøve, for at tjekke at de fortsat får den rigtige mængde medicin. Netop denne gruppe mennesker får kun tappet et prøverør, det rør der bærer farven lyseblå farvekode. Blodpatienter er typisk ældre mennesker, som ofte er besværet af gangproblemer. De har det svært ved at komme frem og tilbage fra sygehuset så ofte. Vi ville skabe et produkt som var nem at betjene, et produkt som de kunne være trygge ved. Vi forstiller os at hjemmeplejen ville være uddannet til at hjælpe, de første par gange indtil patienten er helt tryk ved at udføre processen selv.

Function The patient collects needles and test

vials from the pharmasist. (If the patient is to weak this task can carried out by the home help). The needle and the vial are packed in a single unit that makes the CAVEO easy to load and unload without the blood or needle being visible for the user. 1 Caveo is loaded 2 Caveo is moved up the arm until the “found vein” signal is sounded. 3 Caveo is held still. 4 Press start. 5 Caveo gives a signal that the blood taking process was successful. The machine pulls the needle back itself before the signal is given. 6 Apply the plaster from the packet. 7 The vial is delivered to home help, pharmacy or hospital. Advantages If a proportion of heart patients

can uset his system a significant decrease on the pressure in the actual hospital can be achieved by reducing the waiting time in the waiting room and i twill have an effect on the number of work related injuries. The patients themselves won’t need to go the hospital so often and thereby have the experience of feeling less as a patient.

Funktion Vi forestiller os at patienten henter

nål og prøverør nede på apoteket. ( Hvis patienten er meget svag, kan hjemmehjælpen have den med). Nålen og prøverøret er pakket i en enhed, det gør at Caveo er nem at “lade” og “aflade”, uden blod og nål er synlig for brugeren. 1 Caveo lades med tamponen 2 Før Caveo op af armen indtil den giver signal til at den har fundet en vene med dens skanner. 3 Hold Caveo stiller og vent på signal til at du må starte processen. 4 Tryk på “start” knappen. Caveo starter nu blodprøvetagningen. 5 Caveo giver signal når blodprøvetagningen er færdig og du kan fjerne den fra din arm. Caveo trækker selv nålen tilbage, inden den giver dig signal. 6 Sæt nu plaster på, som følger med i pakken med tamponen. 7 Tamponen skal nu gives med hjemmehjælpen eller afleveres på apoteket.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Caveo Mette Schmidt, Lasse Bolvig Engedal, Mette Hjørngaard Lauritzen, Yukari Hotta

Fordele Hvis bare en brøkdel af

Konklusion Vi kan med Caveo afhjælpe mange

Robots: blood

hjertepatienterne ville benytte denne mulighed, ville det lette arbejdet meget på ambulatorierne væsentligt. Det ville nedsætte ventetiden i venteværelset og nedsætte arbejdsskader blandt bioanalytikerne. Hjertepatienterne ville være fri for at skulle på sygehuset så ofte. De vil måske føle sig mindre syge, når de kan udfører prøven selv.

af de problemer der er opstået i takt med at der tages flere og flere blodprøver. Samtidig med at de ældre kan få deres blodprøve foretaget i deres hjem, hvor de er trygge og tilpasse.

A methodology The Projects

Pinguis Sabine Stougaard Knudsen, Mette Schmidt

pinguis Sabine Stougaard Knudsen, Mette Schmidt

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Pinguis Sabine Stougaard Knudsen, Mette Schmidt

Pinguis Pinguis ensures an easy, fast and

reliable blood test for children suffering from neurological illnesses such as epilepsy. The blood test takes place at home after a parent or carer has taken a course in the use of the device and is thereby able to check the chil’s medication. The child is in a secure environment and is able to have an influence on how the procedure takes place. In this way the parents become more involved in the progress of the child’s illness and a number of visits to the hospital are avoided, thus freeing up staff time for other tasks. Pinguis is available at a chemists and the product includes a story and a plaster the first time you buy it. After having been introduced to the story subsequent parchases include only the plaster and device.

Overal aim PinguisPinguis sikrer en nem,

hurtig og sikker blodprøvetagning til børn der lider af Neorologiske lidelser som Epilipsi og andre hjernesygdomme. Blodprøvetagningen foregår i hjemmet, og den forældre der har haft kursus i at stikke, må tage prøven på barnet. Barnet er i trygge rammer når prøven foregår og er selv med til at kontrollere handlingen. Man køber Pinguis på apoteket hvor der følger et samleark en historie, et plaster og et klistermærke med først gang. Anden gang er det kun plaster og klistermærke og så kan man gå hjem og tage prøven. How does it work/Advantages Vi forestiller

os at forældrene til de syge børn kan vælge at tage et kursus i at stikke, derved kan de i fremtiden tjekke deres børns medicinering. Prøven foregår hjemme hvor barnet og forælderen sammen styrer processen.

How it works

1 Buy Pinguis 2 Read the story for your child before taking blood 3 Parent inserts needle 4 Either the parent of child presses Pinguis o nits belly 5 Letting go allows the blood to flow 6 Pinguis then shows the result under its feet 7 The needle is removed and plaster applied 8 The child gets a sticker as reward 9 On completing a collection of stickers the child gets a present from the chemists

1 Køb Pinguis på apoteket 2 Læs historien højt for barnet inden prøvetagning, hvis det er første gang. 3 Den forældre der tager prøven, stikker barnet 4 Barnet eller forælderen trykker Pinguis på maven, hvorved der dannes undertryk 5 Trykket slippes og Pinguis suger blod ind 6 Pinguis viser efter et kort stykke tid resultatet under fødderne hvor et display sidder. 7 nål tages ud og Pinguis-plaster sættes på 8 Barnet får klistermærke som belønning som sættes i samlearket 9 Når samlearket er fyldt kan barnet vælge en gave på apoteket. Conclusion Barnet opnår større tryghed ved

prøvetagningen og forældrene en større styring af barnets sygdom, sygehuset undgår en del patienter og analyser.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Pinguis Sabine Stougaard Knudsen, Mette Schmidt

Robots: blood

A methodology

The Projects

Pinguis

Hug

Sabine Stougaard

Sahar Ghaheri,

Knudsen,

Thomas Willemoes

Mette Schmidt

Høyer, Jakob Dunning, Marjatka Kürner, Mi-Hyang Shine Park

HUG Sahar Ghaheri, Thomas Willemoes Høyer, Jakob Dunning, Marjatka Kürner, Mi-Hyang Shine Park

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Hug Sahar Ghaheri, Thomas Willemoes Høyer, Jakob Dunning, Marjatka Kürner, Mi-Hyang Shine Park

Hug In order to achieve a successful blood-

taking robot we have to take into consideration that first time users will not be comfortable with the idea of a machine replacing the human interaction they are accustomed to. The interaction, the comfort and confidence that they once took for granted is gone. So, how do you create that experience in a medical robot? How can you imitate that personal interaction and human touch? Imagine when you are most comfortable and secure. What images come to your mind? Maybe childhood memories when your mother held you or maybe being hugged and embraced by a beloved one after a long day’s hard work. You are most likely thinking of images of warmth and touch. Our concept is to create a robot that allows people to feel comfortable and safe. When taking the nurse out of the actual blood-taking procedure we have to ensure that the experience is positive. We have to create trust and confidence in the robot to make the patient comfortable. We’re doing this by incorporating the feeling of a hug to replace the initial feeling of human touch. Although having human interaction is soothing while having blood taken lack of time often prevents the patient from having this positive experience. Also, if the nurse is having a bad day or for some reason is unable to perform at his/her best the patient will be the one that suffers. By offering confidence in the precision of a machine we are eliminating any outside factors that may have a negative impact on the blood-taking experience. To create a more personal experience, there is an instruction video that accompanies the device. It will resemble the familiar sights and sounds and serve as a guide throughout the entire process. Like a nurse speaking to you it is supposed to distract and comfort you. It demonstrates how to use the machine and creates a feeling of security and makes it clear to anyone how to use the robot. We give control of the machine into the hands of the user. A touch

screen is used in order to reassure that anyone can easily control the procedure. Most people will fear the machine because of the lack of control. We enable the patients to take their time and become familiar with the idea of a machine taking over the process. We are mainly focusing on the comfort and security of first time users. Through time and growing experience, the process of blood-taking will become faster but in order to overcome initial fears we must allow the patients to take their time and create a calm soothing environment to create an efficient and eventually time saving process. In the near future simple medical procedures will be maintained by robots once people understand and accept the idea. The process will eventually become smooth and help to reduce the nurses’ workload. Taking blood is a rather stressful procedure for nurses and bio-analysts in hospital. Relieving them of the stress will create a better work environment both for them and the patients. Hug Hvad er de første indfald du får når du

tænker på et hospital? -Læger, patienter, nåle, kirurgi og smerte? - Vi har alle fordomme rettet mod ordet HOSPITAL. På grund af måden vores hjerner fungerer, husker vi ved at bruge vores sanser. Synssansen, hørelsen, lugtesansen, smagssansen og berøringsansen. Ligegyldig hvem vi er og hvor vi er fra. Vi er alle mennesker, vi elsker at blive omfavnet og blive krammet, hygget omkring og berørt. Findes der en måde at bringe alle disse aspekter ind i et hospital? Tænk 15 år tilbage i tiden... Dengang ville vi aldrig have forestillet os en verden med mobiltelefoner. Før eller siden vil medicinske procedurer også blive overtaget af teknologiens fremskridt. Sygeplejerskens mennskelige tilstedeværelse vil blive erstattet af maskiner. Er det muligt at skabe maskiner der er i stand til at imitere den menneskelige tryghed og interaktion? Ikke fuldstændigt, men

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Hug Sahar Ghaheri, Thomas Willemoes Høyer, Jakob Dunning, Marjatka Kürner, Mi-Hyang Shine Park

det er muligt at skabe en maskine som føles tryg, familiær, interaktiv og varm. En maskine der simulerer følelsen af et KRAM. En maskine som er tilpasset kroppen, er justerbar, komfortabel, og som integrerer professionel interaktion. Kram For at bygge en brugbar robot, der

kan tage blodprøver af mennesker, må vi tænke på at førstegangsbrugerne ikke vil være særlig trygge ved idéen om en maskine, der erstatter den sygeplejerske, de ellers er vant til. Trygheden og sikkerheden ved menneskelig interaktion, som de hidtil tog for givet, er blevet erstattet af en maskine. Hvodan kan man skabe den tryghed og tillid til en medicinsk robot? Hvordan efterligner man bedst den menneskelige interaktion og følelsen af menneskelig tilstedeværelse? Forestil dig, at du er mest tryg og sikker - hvilke billeder skyder op i dit hovede? Måske minder fra din barndom, den gang din mor holdt om dig, da du faldt af cyklen, eller måske at blive krammet og holdt om af en du har kær efter en lang dags hård slid. Du tænker højst sandsynlig på billeder af varme og berøring. Vores koncept går ud på at skabe en robot, som gør det muligt for brugerne at føle sig tryg. For at fjerne sygeplejersken må vi skabe tillid og sikkerhed til robotten hos patienten. Vi erstatter den menneskelige kontakt med følelsen af et kram. Når vi fjerner sygeplejersken fra den egentlige blodtagnigsproces må vi sikre os at oplevelsen er positiv. Selv om menneskelig interaktion virker beroligende mens man får taget en blodprøve, forhindrer andre faktorer som for eksempel mangel på tid ofte denne positive erfaring. For eksempel hvis sygeplejersken har en dårlig dag, eller af en eller anden grund ikke kan præstere sit bedste, er det patienten, der lider under det. Ved at tilbyde tryghed i form af en maskine fjerner vi alle uvedkommende faktorer, der kunne gøre blodtagningsprocessen til en negativ erfaring. For at skabe en mere personlig

oplevelse har vi lavet en instruktionsvideo, der følger med robotten. Videoen genskaber de kendte billeder og lyde knyttet til processen - en sygeplejerske der taler til dig for at aflede din opmærksomhed og som får dig til at føle dig tryg. Hun taler til dig gennem videoen, som om hun villle stå lige ved siden af dig og leder dig gennem proceduren. Samtidig demonstrerer videoen, hvordan man skal bruge maskinen. Dette skaber en følelse af sikkerhed og skal sikre, at alle brugere kan forstå hvordan man bruger maskinen. Maskinens betjening er overladt til brugeren. Vi bruger en tryk-sensitiv skærm for at være sikker på, at brugeren nemt kan kontrollere processen. Mange gange vil folk være bange for en maskine på grund af manglende kontrol over den. Her der det det mulig for patienten at tage deres tid og vænne sig til at en maskine har overtaget proceduren. Vi fokusserer meget på trygheden for førstegangsbrugere. Med tiden og voksende erfaring vil blodtagnigsprocessen tage mindre tid. Men for at få folk til overvinde deres angst til at begynde med, må vi skabe et roligt og afslappet miljø. Processen bliver efficient og tidssparende ved at opnå patienternes tillid og tillade dem at vænne sig til den tekniske udvikling. I den nære fremtid vil simple medicinske procedurer blive varetaget af maskiner, så snart menneskene har forstået og accepteret idéen i det. Processen vil gå hurtigere og nemmere end før og vil i sidste ende hjælpe til at reducere personalets arbejdspres. Blodtagningen på sygehuset er en meget stressende procedure for sygeplejersker og bioanalytikere i dag. Ved at fjerne arbejdspresset fra sygeplejersken skaber vi et bedre miljø både for de ansatte og patienterne.

Robots: blood

A methodology

The Projects

Hug

Sessio

Sahar Ghaheri,

Kristian Lindhardt

Thomas Willemoes

Nørhave, Marcus

Høyer, Jakob Dunning,

Hannibal Madsen,

Marjatka Kürner,

Louise Springborg

Mi-Hyang Shine Park

sessio Kristian Lindhardt Nørhave, Marcus

Hannibal Madsen, Louise Springborg

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

SESSIO Sessio is a chair with a built in robot

that is able to take a blood test, thereby relieving the bio-analyst of the strain involved in that part of the job.

Sessio How it works On arrival the patients health Kristian Lindhardt Nørhave, Marcus Hannibal Madsen, Louise Springborg

insurance card is read by a machine and links it to the kinds of tests to be taken. The patient is then free to choose whether he or she will use SESSIO. During the waiting period the patient will be provided with information as to how the chair works whilst at the same time it is possible to see other people using the system to alliviate any residuary fear. When it is the patient’s turn he or she is guided to the chair. The system has already identified the patients’s needs and preparted the necessary vials in the correct order. The arm is then placed on the arm rest. It automatically adjusts in height and follws the patients movements. The arm is held fast by a comfortable vacuum that pulls the exposed area down towards the needle.. Lights indicate how far the process is and change gradually from green to red to green again. The final green light shows the process has been successfully

completed. The patient is free to go. When the vials have been filled up they are transferred to analysis via an under-floor vacuum pipe system directly to analysis. Here they will be sorted according to barcode and distributed through the system. The core of this project is to make the taking of blood as down-to-earth as possible. This is achieved by creating a visibly open environment to negate any experience of tension. The chair is formed to feel “homey”. The arm rest is flexible and hides the needle, part of the experience the majority of patients don’t want to see. By transporting the blood samples in a closed under-floor system the bioanalyst is removed from the process whereby he or she has to carry them to the laboratory. In this way a possibility of human error is removed from this part of the process. Sessio is a blood taking area where patients can communicate with each other before, during and after the session. The space is open and light and a far cry from the danger associated with this process and patients with the same illness often have an increased need to speak with others in the same situation.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Sessio Session er en stol der har indbygget

Fordele Udgangspunktet ligge i at gøre

en robot der kan fortage en blodprøve, så bioanalytikeren bliver aflastet for at skulle tage blodprøver.

blodprøvetagningen så uhøjtidelig som mulig, dette sker ved at åbne rummet op så man ikke for en spændt fornemmelse når man kommer ind i venteværelset. Stolen er formgivet med henblik på at den skal henlede tanken på noget der virker hjemligt. Armlænet er fleksibelt og skjuler nålen og selve prøvetagningen, som er det de fleste patienter ikke kan lide at se. Ved at blodprøverne bliver transporteret via et transportbånd under gulvet, fjernes den proces hvor bioanalytikeren, skal indsamle prøveglassene og aflevere dem på laboratoriet. På denne måde fjerner man også det menneskelige fejl som kan ske, under processen; at prøveglas bliver forbyttet m.m. Session er et blodprøveområde, hvor patienter kan kommunikere med hinanden, både før og under blodprøvetagningen. Rummet er åbent og lyst, som fjerner alt skræmmende og farligt ved at få foretaget blodprøver.Det er nemlig at patienter, men samme sygdom, har et stort behøv for at snakke med patienter, som lider af det samme. Der bliver færre bioanalytikkere, som skal tage sig af patienterne. For når blodprøvetagningen er i gang, kan bioanalytikkeren, gå videre til næste patient.

Sessio Hvordan det virker Når patienten ankommer Kristian Lindhardt Nørhave, Marcus Hannibal Madsen, Louise Springborg

til ambulatoriet, sætte sygesikringsbeviset ind i “infostanderen”, her registrere det, hvilke blodprøver, man skal have taget. Disse informationer bliver sendt til bioanalytikkerens computer. Herefter vælger patienten i hvilken klasse han/hun tilhører; om patienten ønsker at benyttet Sessio-stolen. Et nummer kommer ud, og patienten sætter sig og venter. Under ventetiden, bliver patienten gjort opmærksom på hvad der vil komme til at ske og hvorledes stolen fungere. Samtidig kan patienten sidde og kikke på andre, som får foretaget blodprøver. Derved kan patienten se at det er ganske ufarligt at få foretaget blodprøver; det farlige og ukendte ved blodprøvetagningen forsvinder. Når det bliver patientens tur, bliver han eskorteret af bioanalytikkeren, hen til den stol som systemet har gjort prøveglassene klar til den pågældende patient. Patienten sætter sig i stolen, og ligger armen på armlænet. Armlænet justere sig i højden og følger efterfølgende efter armen bevægelser. Et vakuum suger armen blidt fast, men fast nok, til at armen ikke kan fjernes fra armlænet. Maskinen foretager nødvendig målinger af venernes placering og dybde. Mens prøven bliver taget skifter farven i armlænet langsomt fra grøn til rød for at indikere hvor langt man er i processen, herefter skifter lyset tilbage til grøn igen. Når lyset er skiftet til grøn igen, er prøven færdig, og patienten kan rejse sig og gå. Når et prøveglas er blevet fyldt op, bliver det, via stolen, ført ned under gulvet, hvor det via et transportsystem bliver ført ind til ambulatoriet. Her bliver det sorteret efter stregkoder, til de respektive afdelinger, hvor analysen skal foretages.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Sessio 02 Kristian Lindhardt Nørhave, Yukari Hotta

sessio 02 Kristian Lindhardt Nørhave, Yukari Hotta

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Sessio 02 Kristian Lindhardt Nørhave, Yukari Hotta

SESSIO 02 This project is related to the waiting and test rooms. The test room should be open so that people sitting and waiting their turn are able to see what is happeing in the next area but at the same time hte people who are actually having their tests taken are not denied a degree of privacy. The waiting room should also be open with comfortable chairs in that one often has to wait quite some time. They should also be arranged in such a way that those waiting are able to talk with each other because many of the patients suffering from the same illness have a need to speak to each other. The test room itself is equipped with chairs designed in such a way that when you sit in them you have the feeling of sitting in a private room whilst at the same time being open in such a way that you can follow what is happening around you. Between the chairs there are dividing screens that cover the upper part of the body and in that way allows for a feeling of openess in the room. The dividing screens are equipped with yellow lights to give a pleasant atmosphere during the procedure. The chairs are arranged in such a way that face-to –face contact is almost impossible and will only happen in passing, again to avoid a sense of being stared at. SESSIO 02 Med udgangspunkt i

automatisering af bloprøvetagning, har vi arbejdet med venteværelset og selve prøverummet. Prøverummet skal være åbent, således at folk som sidder og venter på deres tur, har en føelse af at kunne se hvordan det foregår. Men samtidigi med at det skal være åbent, skal der også være en hvis privathed over det, således at de patienter som sidder og får foretaget en blodprøve ikke føler sig til skue, for resten at ambulatoriet. Venteværelset skal ligeledes være åbent, stolene skal være behangelige at sidde I, da

mange ofte venter I lang tid. Samtidig skal de være placeret således, at de patienter som sidder og venter, har mulighed for at snakke sammen, for mange patienter som lider af en eller anden sygdom, har nemlig behov for at snakke med andre som også lider af sygdommen. Til prøverummet, har vi lavet en stol, som gør at når man sætter sig I den, får man følesen af at sidde I et lille privat rum, samtidig er den helt åben I sidderne, således at man til dels kan følge med I hvad der sker omkring en. Imellem stolene er der skillevægge, som kun lige skygger for den øverste del af kroppen, når man sidder I stolen. På den måde er rummet stadig meget åbent. Samtidig er der et let gult lys I skillevæggene, som giver et behaligt lys til patienterne som sidder I stolen. Stolene er opstillet på en måde, således at man kun få steder har mulighed for at se ansigtet, på den person som sidder I stolen. Igen for at patienten ikke kommer til at føle sig til skue.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Phlorider Kenneth Weigelt, Henry Philippe Schlesser, Niels Jeppe Jensen

Robots: blood

PHLORIDER Blood samples reach the laboratory

A methodology

from three main sources; the hospital clinic, doctors offices and from hospital rounds (taking samples from admitted patients). Each account for approximately a third of the samples processed at the laboratory. Phlorider focuses on improving the working situations of bio-analysts. Our goals for the project were to streamline specific tasks regarding taking blood during hospital rounds. Our observations and research of hospital rounds illustrated a mixture of products designed to do specific tasks but not designed to work together. The existing carts being used to carry the equipment were over packed with supplies, they ere awkward to fill up and were simply chaotic to look at (fig.1). The bio analysts had conformed to what was available; co-opting items from their immediate surroundings as an attempt to improve their working conditions. Placing themselves between the patient and the cart made it necessary for them to have multiple things in their hands while preparing the patient. Observing the process was like an elaborate juggling act seamlessly conducted by a well trained magician. Our previous research clearly showed that some of these tasks were the cause of work related injury but we realized that the problem was much larger. Through an indepth task analysis we observed everything from the focus shifts by the worker between patient and cart, to the equipment used, processing of information and handling of blood samples. Using video to record numerous interactions we listed what was happening from second to second in order to grasp a better understanding of the situation while looking for patterns and glitches. Phlorider was designed as a system for taking blood during hospital rounds. If we ‘zoom out’ we see the cart being used in four different working situations. These situations included; preparation for a round,

The Projects

Phlorider Kenneth Weigelt, Henry Philippe Schlesser, Niels Jeppe Jensen

transportation between lab and patients, the extraction process and returning to the lab to process the samples. The following is a brief description as to how the system could work: Every day, the cart must be filled with supplies needed for the rounds. This process takes place in a storage room where carts and equipment are stored together. The Vacutainers come in a variety of colours according to the sample type and chemicals contained; the various Vacutainers were taken from larger trays and mixed into a single tray (fig.2). Simply changing the packaging of the Vacutainers could save time on a daily basis (fig.3). Today, it is common to see electric scooters in hospitals in order to cover literally the kilometers of hallways. These scooters however, were not designed for specific hospital tasks. Phlorider was designed with mobility in mind. Its upright postion, sharp turning radius and small footprint allow it to get into small spaces. While taking blood, the cart often had to be parked quite far from the patient. During the process we recorded up to 13 shifts of focus between the bio analyst, the cart and the patient. These shifts in focus prolonged the process while the bio analysts twist their backs in repetitive working situations. We’ve eliminated most focus shifts by automating processes of Phlorider. This is initiated when the patient’s RFID wristband is read by the agent (fig.4) carried by the bio analyst. This transmits secure patient information to the Phlorider which processes the order. The specific Vacutainers are then loaded in the correct order into a mechanical cartridge making it simple for the worker to handle them. This step takes away the risk of human error as the samples never come into contact with human hands. Using the automated cartridge also eliminates the stress put on the finger muscle and joints of the worker by mechanically changing the Vacutainers. After all tubes are filled, the bio

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Phlorider Kenneth Weigelt, Henry Philippe Schlesser, Niels Jeppe Jensen

analyst puts the container back into the cart. The cart empties the container into Phlorider so it is ready for the next patient (fig. 5). The filled samples’ RFID-tags are read and if necessary the samples are oscillated to mix the content with anti-coagulant or other chemicals. The tubes then slide into holders designed specifically to go directly into Laboratory equipment (fig. 6). On the way down to the holders, the tubes will be ordered and sorted according to urgency, sample type, etc. The RFID tags imbedded into the Vacutainers will make it impossible to load a tube into a wrong machine. Not only is the process made simpler and less stressful for the worker but because the Bio analyst and machine can work together simultaneously we estimate that the time involved can be reduced up to 50% Phlorider’s use of RFID technology also automates the administrative work, communicating with the central computer system of the hospital and can tell the worker what blood samples have to be taken from which patients. PHLORIDER Vores observationer af

hospitalsrunderne illustrerer en blanding af produkter, designet til at udføre specifikke opgaver. Disse produkter fungerer ikke sammen. De eksisterende blodprøvevogne som bliver brugt til at transportere udstyret med, var overfyldte med tilbehør, de var upraktiske at fylde op rodede at kigge på. (Fig. 1) Phlorider er designet som et system til blodprøvetagning, under hospitalsrunderne. Hvis vi ’zoomer’ ud kan vi se vognen brugt i fire arbejdssituationer; forberedelse til en runde, transport igennem laboratoriet og patientstuerne, processen hvor blodprøven tages og følgende retur til laboratoriet for registrering af blodprøver. Hver dag fyldes vognen op med Vacutainers da kommer i forskellige farver der hører til prøvetype og deres kemiske indhold. bioanalytikerne tog de forskellige

Vacutainers fra de oprindelige bakker og fylder en ny bakke, med blandet Vacutainers (fig. 2). Simple ændringer Vacutainers prøveglassenes emballage af kunne spare tid i hverdagen (fig. 3). Phlorider er designet omkring mobilitet. Dens oprette position og skarpe omdrejningspunkt gør det muligt at navigere hvor der er meget lidt plads. Under optagelsen, så vi at bioanalytikeren lavede 13 fokusskift mellem patienten og vognen. Disse bevægelser optog unødvendig tid og kunne muligvis medføre arbejdsskader. Med Phlorider har vi fjernet disse bevægelser ved at automatisere en del af arbejdsprocesserne. Det starter med at patientens RFID armbånd scannes af ”Agenten” (fig. 4) som bioanalytikeren har på sig. ”Agenten” leder sikker patientinformation til Phlorider som registrer informationen. Prøveglassene placeres i den korrekte rækkefølge i et håndholdt mekanisk hylster. Dette trin fjerner risikoen for menneskelige fejl da prøverne bliver i det lukkede system. Brugen af den håndholdte mekaniske hylste fjerner stress fra fingermuskler og led hos bioanalytikeren fordi skiftningen af prøveglassene nu er automatiseret. Efter at alle prøverne er fyldt placeres den håndholdte mekaniske hylster tilbage i Phlorider hvor den automatisk klargøres til den næste patient (fig. 5). De fyldte prøvers RFID chip læses og hvis det er nødvendigt oscilleres prøverne for at undgå koagulation. Prøverne falder derefter på plads i holderen der er designet til at passe direkte med laboratoriets udstyr (fig. 6). Prøverne sorteret efter vigtighed, prøvetype, etc. Processen er forenklet, mindre stressfuld for bioanalytikeren pga. bioanalytikeren og Phlorideren, som arbejder synkront. Ud fra dette mener vi at der kan spares 50% tid i processen. Pholriders brug af RFID teknologien kan automatisere det administrative arbejde, da den konstant er i kontakt med EDB systemet på hospitalet og kan vise bioanalytikeren hvilke prøver der skal tages fra patienterne.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Phlorider Kenneth Weigelt, Henry Philippe

Fig. 4

Schlesser,

Niels Jeppe Jensen

2 Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 5

Fig. 3

Fig. 6

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Complete Kenneth Weigelt

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Complete Kenneth Weigelt

COMPLETE – Phlebotomy system After

analyzing the various concepts developed by the class in Phase 1 of the projects I noticed that they were all focusing on the use of existing Vacutainers; the tubes that use vacuum pressure to extract the blood and contain it throughout the analysis process. None of the concepts looked at the virtual infrastructure that would support the atomization of the extraction process. Yes, we can quicken the process of extracting blood; we can reduce the strenuous repetitive actions of blood workers during the extraction process—the extraction process is a small part of the Phlebotomy system. How are hospitals and labs going to handle the increase in the volume of blood going through the system? The samples still need to be processed, transported, analyzed, recorded and disposed of. The existing system simply cannot handle a significant increase in blood samples. Phlebotomy as a system needs to be redesigned. This new system will help define important criteria for automating specific stages in the entire process. When products are introduced into such a system it is essential that each stage of the process is taken into account along with critical factors and accurate projections of future changes within the healthcare system including upcoming technologies, securities, medical advancements, economies, etc. The following is an example of a concept developed over three weeks in December of 2006 that looks at some of these issues. The ‘Complete’ blood sample cartridge concept focuses on reducing the number of blood samples taken (which is typically three samples per patient) and reducing the volume of blood needed for sample analysis. My research showed that only about 5-10 micro liters of plasma is needed per blood test. The volume of blood taken today is defined by the mechanical tolerances of current analytical equipment as well as the process of using a centrifuge

to separate the blood from the plasma. If alternative methods could be used to separate blood and plasma and to distribute plasma more efficiently the volume of blood needed to perform multiple tests could be significantly reduced. Complete uses a dual vacuum system. The first vacuum extracts blood form a patient. As the blood fills the first chamber a membrane on the chemically impregnated filters dissolves and the second vacuum engages. This draws the blood through the filters separating blood cells from the plasma. Some whole blood is directed to a separate chamber while the plasma is directed to a number of different chambers representing different test types. As the plasma is separated at the point of extraction the need for chemicals including anti-coagulants could possibly be eliminated. When the separation process is finished the sample is ready for both ‘point of care’ analytical equipment as well as stationary laboratory equipment. With its versatility to be used for multiple tests Complete could replace the diverse selection of Vacutainers. This would save time throughout the blood taking process including requisition (only one test to order), extraction, processing (Complete includes a ‘Spot Memory Chip’ to hold and transfer secure patient information), and analyzing as all the tests can be done separately at the same time. The significant reduction in blood volume will also save costs in transport, storage and disposal. Complete – Phlebotomy system Efter en

analyse lavet for de forskellige koncepter fra 1. fase af projektforløbet; observerede jeg at alle koncepter fokuserede på brugen af de eksisterende ’Vacutainers’. Disse prøverør bruger vakuum til at samle blod fra patienten og indeholder blodet igennem hele processen. Der var ingen af koncepterne hvor man kiggede på den virtuelle infrastruktur som kunne støtte et automatiseret system. Man kan

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Complete Kenneth Weigelt

gøre blodprøvetagnings processen hurtigere, vi kan minimere arbejdsskader med at reducer ensformigt arbejde. Blodekstraktion er en lille del af hele systemet — Hvordan vil hospitalerne og laboratorierne klar den stigende mængde af blod, som køre igennem systemet? Prøverne skal registreres, transporters, gennemgå forskellige analyse og til sidst kasseres. Det eksisterende system kan simpelthen ikke klar det stigende antal blodprøver. Phlebomy systemet skal redesignes. Det ny system vil hjælpe med at definer de kritiske kriterier for at automatisere specifikke faser igennem hele processen. Når produkterne er introduceret i sådan et system, er det nødvendigt at hvert stadige af processen er taget til eftertanke med disse kritiske faktorer og en detaljeret projektion af fremtiden forandringer i sundhedssystem. Dette skal inkludere nye teknologier, personsikkerhed, medicinske fremskridt, økonomi osv. Det følgende eksempel af konceptet, som er udarbejdet over tre uger i december 2006, ser nærmere på disse problemstillinger. Den samlede blodprøvepatron fokuserer på reduceringen af antallet af blodprøver (der bliver i gennemsnit taget 3 pr. patient) og reducere mængden af blod som skal bruges til analyse. Min undersøgelse viste at der kun skal bruges 5-10 mikroliter af plasma til at lave de fleste blodanalyser. Den mængde af blod som

bliver taget i dag, er defineret af den mekaniske tolerance som nuværende maskiner kan klare, også med den proces at bruge en centrifuge til at adskille plasma fra blod. Hvis man kunne bruge alternative metoder til at adskille plasma fra blod og distribuere plasma mere effektivt, den mængde af blod som er nødvendig til at fortage forskellige analyser, kunne blive betydeligt reduceret. ”Complete” bruger et dobbelt vakuum system til at tage blod fra en patient. Da blodet fylder det første rum, en membran forsvinder fra det kemiske imprægnerede filter og anden vakuum aktiveres. Dette suger blodet igennem filteret, og derved adskilles plasmaet fra blodet. En del af det ufiltret blod, bliver gemt i et separat rum. mens plasmaet deles ind i forskellige rum, som repræsenterer forskellige prøveanalyser. Da plasmaet er adskil fra blodet, i øjeblikket hvor blodprøven bliver taget, kan behovet for kemiske anti-koagulation muligvis blive unødvendig. Når adskillelsesprocessen er færdig, er prøven klar til både at blive analyseret med det samme eller blive sent til laboratorium. Med Complete’s alsidighed, kan prøven blive brugt mange analyser og muligvis erstatte en eksisterende del af Vacutainers. Dette vil spare tid igennem hele processen, da bestilles en prøve og da den kan lave flere analyser på samme tid. Complete indeholder en ’Spot Memory Chip’, som indeholder og som sikkert sender patientinformation. Pga. reduceringen af den mængde blod, vil det også spare omkostninger i transport, lager og afskaffelse.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Complete Kenneth Weigelt

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Vento Marcus Hannibal Madsen, Niels Grubak Iversen

vento Marcus Hannibal Madsen, Niels Grubak Iversen

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Vento Marcus Hannibal Madsen, Niels Grubak Iversen

VENTO The Vento project places emphasis on ergonomy and security. The stabilising of the arm is an important problem with the automisation of blood-taking so we have decided to hold the arm i place with the help of four inflatable cushions in order to make this part of the process as pleasant as possible. At the same time this will result in a more secure experience as the arm isn’t strapped or held down in a purely mechanical way and it allows for every size of arm and their symmetrical form is suitable for right and left arms. The magazine is delivered on arrival at the hospital and can contain up to seven vials in each cassette. We consider this part of the process necessary to give the patient a sense of connectedness to the procedure without feeling that the blood simply dissappears into the system. How does it work? The vein is localised with

an infra-red camera. All movable parts are controlled by pressurised air. Liquid bandage is sprayed onto the puncture hole.

VENTO roblood part 2 På grund af stigende

antal blodprøver der bliver taget hver år, er vento beregnet til at aflaste bioanalytikere, ved automatisere blodprøvetagningen. Med vento er der lagt vægt på ergonomi, og et tillidsvækkende udtryk. Fiksering af armen er et vigtigt problem ved automatisering af blodprøvetagning. For at dette føles så behageligt som muligt, fikseres armen ved hjælp af 4 oppustelige puder. Samtidig med armen er fikseret giver dette en tryg fornemmelse af at man ikke er spændt fast til maskinen. Magasinet udleveres ved ankomst til blodambulatoriet, magasinet indeholder op til 7 vacutainers samt en nål. Magasinet giver et tilhørsforhold til patienten og modvirker fornemmelsen af blodet bare forsvinder ind i maskinen. Ved at Vento anvender oppustelige puder til at fiksere armen, kan den tilpasse sig alle størrelser arme. Samtidig tillader pudernes symmetriske form at både højre og venstre arm kan anvendes. How does it work? Til at lokalisere venen

Materials De forskellige plastik dele er

sprøjtestøbt i kemikaliebestandigt plastik De oppustelige puder er fremstillet i som er coated med nylon tråde som giver en velour lignende overflade. Polyolefinelastomer er elastisk og kemikaliebestandigt. All plastic parts are made of chemicalresitant plastic. The inflatable bags are made of polyolefinelastomes coated with nylon thread that gives a velvet-like surface. Polyolefinelastomes are chemical resistant and elastic.

anvendes et infrarød kamera Alle bevægelige dele styres af lufttryk Liquid bandage (Flydende plaster ) sprøjtes på indstikshullet. Materials De forskellige plastik dele er

sprøjtestøbt i kemikaliebestandigt plastik De oppustelige puder er fremstillet i polyolefinelastomer som er coated med nylon tråde som giver en velour lignende overflade. Polyolefinelastomer er elastisk og kemikaliebestandigt.

Robots: blood

A methodology

The Projects

Vento

Dolphin

Marcus Hannibal

Torsteinn Laufkvist P.

Madsen,

Helgason, Nils Koster,

Niels Grubak Iversen

Johan Grann Kristiansen, Michael Larsen

Dolphin Torsteinn Laufkvist P. Helgason,

Nils Koster, Johan Grann Kristiansen, Michael Larsen

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Dolphin Torsteinn Laufkvist P. Helgason, Nils Koster, Johan Grann

Dolphin The idea behind the Dolphin is to be

Dolphin En af grundidéerne bag Dolphin

able to fix the arm at two points in a comfortable way, without the sensation of having the arm locked in place in order to be able to secure a safe and stable insertion of the needle. Warmth from the lower cabinet’s machinery is used to heat up the surface that comes in contact with skin under the procedure. The shell is removable for ease of cleaning.

er at brugerens arm på behagelig vis fixeres i to punkter uden at brugeren kommer til at føle ubehag ved at være fastlåst. Fixeringen er dog alligevel en nødvendighed under nålens indførelse i armen så vi har arbejdet os hen imod den mest behagelige løsning for brugeren både fysisk og mentalt. Varme fra den nedre del af maskinen bruges til at opvarme overfladen som brugerens arm er i kontakt med under proceduren. Skallen er let at afmontere, hvilket gør rengøringen af den meget let og overskuelig.

Kristiansen, Michael Larsen

The blood taking procedure Patient takes

a seat in a chair next to the Dolphin and places his right arm comfortably in the slider. The patient’s arm is now fixed firmly into the device without being locked. The Dolphin now proceeds to take blood through the opening in the device’s base. The vein is located with an infrared camera, where after the needle is inserted precisely at a 15 degree angle. Vacutainers are being filled and stored, then sent downwards into the Dolphin’s lower cabinet. The needle is retracted and a liquid band aid administered. The patient is now free to leave. The time taken for the procedure varies with the amount of vials to be filled.

Blodtagingsproceduren Patienten tager

plads i en stol ved siden af Dolphin og placerer sin arm i maskinens sliske. Armen er nu grundigt fastholdt uden at være fastlåst. Proceduren fortsættes nu fra åbningen i Dolphins base. Blodåren lokaliseres via et indfrarødt kamera hvorefter nålen indføres i armen med en vinkel på præcis 15 grader. Prøveglas fyldes og sendes ned i Dolphins nederste kabinet. Nålen trækkes ud og en flydende sårforseglingsvæske sprøjtes på hudåbningen. Patienten er nu parat til at gå fra blodprøvetagningen. Blodprøvetagingstiden afhænger af hvor mange prøveglas der skal fyldes.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Dolphin Torsteinn Laufkvist P. Helgason, Nils Koster, Johan Grann Kristiansen, Michael Larsen

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Reorganize Marie Louise Nørgård Mäkinen

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Reorganize Marie Louise Nørgård Mäkinen

Reorganize The emphasis of this project

Reorganize Baggrunden for dette projekt var at

lies in a reorganization of the whole working environment. For both patients and staff including the “back room” where the blood samples are analysed. A large part of all of this work is automated and is organised in an ad hoc way with the integration of new machines and processes. The working method employed was to follow and record the taking of blood samples and the record how they passed through the system. The lack of structure was particularly striking and machines were not placed in logically consistent positions in relation to each other. Reorganising the space reduces the amount of time moving between tasks and provides a positive knock on effect in terms of staf moral as well as liberating more working hours. The new structure also provides more space to use in the specific task areas and places key staff more appropriately. By placing related staff in working groups they will be able to share knowledge and experience much more efectively and minimise mistakes based on lack of communication. By designing an open space with moveable walls the hospital is able to accomodate future machines and working practices more easily.

forbedre forholdet for både patient og personale i og omkring blodprøvetagningsprocessen, samt laboratoriet hvor prøverne blev analyseret. En stor del af arbejdet er automatiseret og organiseret i en proces hvor integrering af nyt udstyr og metoder ofte indføres løbende. Den stillede opgave var at følge, notere og dokumentere blodprøvetagningen samt blodprøven gennem de forskellige arbejdsgange i laboratoriet. Mangelen på struktur var slående både i forhold til en ulogisk placering af maskiner og udstyr i forhold til anvendelse samt udnyttelsen af kvadratmeter. En omstruktureringen af arbejdsarealet vil kunne reducerer den tid som bruges mellem arbejdsopgaver og dermed bidrage positivt i form af bedre arbejdsmiljø og tid til de relevante opgaver, hvilket vil medføre en effektivisering indenfor brugte arbejdstimer. Den nye struktur vil også kunne frigive flere kvadratmeter til de enkelte fagområder og dermed give mulighed for en central placering af nøglepersoner. Ved at placere relateret personale i arbejdsgrupper vil de være i stand til at dele viden og erfaring langt mere effektivt og dermed minimere eventuelle fejl baseret på kommunikation. Ved at skabe et åbent rum med flytbare vægge er man i stand til at tilpasse fremtidigt udstyr og arbejdsgange uden større besvær.

Robots: blood

A methodology

The Projects

Reorganize

Lookse

Marie Louise Nørgård

Benny Henningsen,

Mäkinen

Sabine Storm, Marie Louise Nørgård Mäkinen, Louise Ry Mathiasen

Lookse Benny Henningsen, Sabine Storm, Marie Louise Nørgård Mäkinen, Louise Ry Mathiasen

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Lookse Benny Henningsen, Sabine Storm, Marie Louise Nørgård Mäkinen, Louise Ry Mathiasen

Lookse Children often require a longer time to take blood than adults. They are often unsure, scared and nervous and therefore need calming. The tension has an effect on staff and parents who experience stress as a result of the procedures. Lookse’s point of departure is preventing angst. Security starts at home. By packing information into fun figures and a computer game it is our intention to give the child an insight into the process and through that a sense of control as well as turning the situation into something positive. The different figures that explain and guide were all inspired by blood. The small figures the child gets to know at home then appear on the screen. The child’s attention can be diverted during the process as she or he can touch the screen and play with the figures. The figures react by saying funny things. The machine itself should be as simple as possible. For this reason it is made up of a soft cushion on a base with a transparent screen to guide the user through the process. The solution allows for the procedure to take place with both the left and right arm, an important factor to take into account for patients who often need to return. The transparent screen contains an interface that allows for the patient to either follow the process, hide it or have focus changed by involving him or herself in an interaction. Further to this there is an emergency button. Conclusion The intention of preparing the

child from home and turning the procedure into something positive is realistic and achievable. Nonetheless development of the technology would require great effort and the hte physical engineering would need strengthening. Because of the degree of autmisation instructions would also have to be screen based to fulfil patient security needs.

Lookse Børn tager ofte længere tid for at få taget en blodprøve end voksne. De føler sig usikre, bange og nervøse, og har derfor brug for at blive beroliget. Børnenes anspændthed påvirker både personale og forældre, der også oplever blodprøvetagningen som stressende. Lookses formål er at forebygge og forhindre angst. Trygheden starter derhjemme. Ved at pakke information ind i underfundige figurer og et underholdende computerspil er det vores intention at give barnet en indsigt i processen, og derigennem opnåes en følelse af kontrol samtidig med at det vender situationen til noget positivt. De forskellige figurer som fortæller og guider er alle skabt med inspiration fra blodets bestanddele. Barnet lærer figurerne at kende hjemmefra og vil så møde dem igen på lookses skærm på Hospitalet. Under selve blodprøvetagningen kan barnets opmærksomhed blive afledt, da han eller hun kan røre skærmen og lege med figurerne. De reagere ved at sige sjove kommentarer. Maskinen selv skal være så simpel som muligt. Af denne grund er Lookse lavet af en blød pude monteret på et underlag med en transparent skærm til at guide brugeren gennem processen. Denne løsning gør det muligt at bruge både højre og venstre arm, en vigtig faktor for de patienter der ofte får taget blodprøver. Den transparente skærm indeholder et interface, der gør det muligt for patienten at vælge, hvorvidt de vil følge processen, have den skjult eller have opmærksomheden afledt med forskellige typer interaktion med skærmen. Der findes yderligere en knap til nødstilfælde. Konklusion Intentionen om at forberede

barnet hjemmefra, og gøre proceduren til en positiv oplevelse er realistisk og opnåelig. Ikke desto mindre vil udvikling af teknologien og selve ingeniørarbejdet kræve en stor indsats. For at opfylde patientens sikkerhedsbehov fordrer denne type automatisation af processen skærmbaserede instruktioner.

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Lookse Benny Henningsen, Sabine Storm, Marie Louise Nørgård Mäkinen, Louise Ry Mathiasen

Robots: blood

A methodology The Projects

Lookse Benny Henningsen, Sabine Storm, Marie Louise Nørgård Mäkinen, Louise Ry Mathiasen