Green Facades by DETAIL

Green Facades Nicole Pfoser

∂ Practice

Green Facades Nicole Pfoser

∂ Practice

Imprint Author: Nicole Pfoser with contributions from: Stefan Brandhorst, Markus Fierz, Yorck Förster, Rebecca Gohlke, Martin Heseler-Lülff, Ferdinand Ludwig, Julia Noder-Schaab, Brigitte Reichmann, Sebastian Schmauck, Kilian van Lier, Friederike Well Editorial services: Steffi Lenzen, Katja Pfeiffer (project management); Cosima Frohnmaier (examples), Jana Rackwitz (theory chapters) Editorial assistant: Valerie D’Avis, Laura Traub Cover design based on a concept by: Kai Meyer Drawings: Rana Aminian Translation into English: Mark Kammerbauer, Munich (DE) Copy editing (English edition): Stefan Widdess, Berlin (DE) Proofreading (English edition): Meriel Clemett, Bromborough (GB) Production and DTP: Simone Soesters Reproduction: ludwig:media, Zell am See (AT) Printing and binding: Grafisches Centrum Cuno GmbH & Co. KG, Calbe (DE) Paper: Peydur lissé (cover), Magno Volume (content) Publisher: DETAIL Business Information GmbH Messerschmittstr. 4, 80992 Munich detail.de © 2024, first edition ISBN 978-3-95553-620-6 (printed edition) ISBN 978-3-95553-621-3 (e-book) Printed on acid-free paper made from cellulose bleached without the use of chlorine. A German edition of this book is also available (ISBN 978-3-95553-597-1). Bibliographic information published by the German National Library. The German National Library lists this publication in the German National Bibliography (Deutsche Nationalbibliographie); detailed bibliographic data is available online at http://dnb.d-nb.de. This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved. These rights specifically include the rights of translation, reprinting and presentation, the reuse of illustrations and tables, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or any other media and storage in data processing systems. Furthermore, these rights pertain to any and all parts of the material. Any reproduction of this work, whether in whole or in part, even in individual cases, is only permitted within the scope specified by the applicable copyright law. Any reproduction is subject to charges. Any infringement will be subject to the penalty clauses of copyright law. This textbook uses terms applicable at the time of writing and is based on the current state of the art, to the best of the authors’ and editors’ knowledge and belief. [All drawings in this book were made specifically by the publisher.] No legal claims can be derived from the contents of this book. Certain content is based on contributions previously published in “Pfoser, Nicole: Vertikale Begrünung. Fachbibliothek Grün. Stuttgart 2018”. Use courtesy of Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart. Cover photo: Barkow Leibinger – Ina Reinecke

Contents

Foreword

Introduction Significance of Facade Greening in Architecture and Urban Design International Building Greening The Garden City Concept versus Vertical Green in Urban Space Legislative Initiatives for Greening Buildings in Germany

8 12 16 20

Knowledge Building Optimisation and Environmental Improvement as Performance Factors Facade Greening and Climate Change Blue-green Architecture – Water Resources and Vegetation for Buildings Architecture as an Ecosystem – Near-natural Design of Facades for Increased Urban Biodiversity Green Architecture – Potential of Baubotanik

38 42

Planning Facade Greening as a Design Factor Design Aspects of Ground and Facade Greening Construction Criteria Technical Vegetation and Supply Criteria Wall-based Guidance for Fire Protection Evaluation of Facade Greening Fifth Facade – Roof Greening

50 64 68 74 78 82

Action Project Examples

Appendix

116

26 30 34

4 Stefan Brandhorst, Vertiko

6 7

8 9

Rainwater management takes place directly on site at the Lise-Meitner-Haus in Berlin-Adlershof Examples of alternative urban water resources that permit use for irrigation Lise-Meitner-Haus (Department of Physics, Humboldt University of Berlin), Berlin (DE) 2003, Augustin und Frank Architekten Venlo City Hall (NL) 2016, Kraaijvanger Architects Biesbosch Museum, Werkendam (NL) 2015, Studio Marco Vermeulen

very beginning, a comprehensive analysis of existing and planned water infrastructure, as well as existing green and greening potential forms the basis of every blue-green project. This analysis offers insight into quantities, qualities and variations within water availability. The assessment of existing and emerging water demands, either due to buildingbased functions or for irrigating green systems, is an early criterion for the optimal coordination of blue-green interfaces.

Heavy rainfall management For heavy rainfall management, precipitation retention and sufficiently dimensioned storage systems are the means of choice. Conventional storage facilities (e.g. subterranean cisterns) and naturebased structures (e.g. floodplains and drainage swales) find use for this purpose. The Lise-Meitner-Haus in Berlin features a corresponding water concept that is linked to a facade greening measure (Figs. 5 and 7). Its five cisterns and one rainwater pond with overflow capacity can retain the entire amount of

4,700 m2 roof surface

precipitation on site when heavy rainfall occurs. Rainwater is used both for irrigation of the facade greening measure and for air conditioning via adiabatic cooling (evaporative cooling).

is treated within a constructed wetland and, in combination with rainwater, used to flush toilets and irrigate facade greening. The Biesbosch Museum in the Netherlands also employs an on-site nature-based system for grey water treatment (Fig. 9). The building is located within a large national park and was comprehensively renovated and expanded in 2015. The freshwater tidal area is characterised by fluctuating water levels. This “fluid” way of dealing with water became an architectural design theme. Water is managed close to the surface and can be experienced by visitors at the water playground and the open water surfaces. The waste water from wash basins is filtered by the turf roof and drained into the bordering wetland biotope. The ways of dealing with water have changed. They now offer major opportunities to generate positive change in the built environment. For the most part, water supply and disposal have heretofore been invisible. In typical cases, highquality drinking water is used for irrigation purposes and other needs that could be

Alternative water resources Vertical green systems can include facade greening and free-standing structures. In most cases, they require artificial irrigation, since supply based on natural rainfall is insufficient. Additionally, rising temperatures and periods of prolonged heat exacerbate the need for irrigation. For this purpose, the analysis of available water resources during early planning phases can include considerations on alternative water resources, such as household waste water with a low degree of pollution (grey water) or water from industrial production processes (e.g. cooling water) (Fig. 6) [4]. In the Dutch city of Venlo, the municipal administration occupies a building completed in 2016 that was planned according to the Cradle-to-Cradle principle (Fig. 8). Grey water from hand basins

Rainwater Friederike Well

Irrigation Adiabatic cooling, vented air 450 climbing plants Fresh water Waste water 5

Overflow cistern Altogether 5 cisterns, total volume 40 m3

225 m2 rainwater pond

180 m overflow volume

Alternative water resource

Availability

Quality

Grey water (waste water with a low degree of pollution from kitchens, showers, hand basins)

Continuous

Depending on use, partial treatment required

Rainwater (roof drainage)

Highly variable

Very good with rare exceptions

Rainwater (road and walkway drainage)

Highly variable

Depending on site conditions, partial treatment required

Air conditioner condensate

Variable

Principally good, requires initial testing for pollutants

Industrial process water

Continuous

High variability depending on site conditions Roland Krippner

Ronald Tillemann

met just as well by using lower-quality process water. At the same time, rainwater, a valuable resource, is led into combined sewer systems and discharged from the city. The integration of water and vegetation on the level of buildings creates synergies for climate change adaptation and urban ecology. It is necessary to dismantle prejudice against naturebased systems and to support the functional and design-based integration of these systems.

Friederike Well

Blue-green Architecture – Water Resources and Vegetation for Buildings

8 Ronald Tillemann

Notes [1] Kuttler, Wilhelm; Oßenbrügge, Jürgen; Halbig, Guido: Städte. In: Brasseur, Guy P.; Jacob, Daniela; Schuck-Zöller, Susanne (eds.): Klimawandel in Deutschland. Entwicklung, Folgen, Risiken und Perspektiven. Berlin 2017, p. 225 – 234 [2] Well, Friederike; Ludwig, Ferdinand: Blue-Green Architecture. A Case Study Analysis Considering the Synergetic Effects of Water and Vegetation. In: Frontiers of Architectural Research, 1/2020, p. 191– 202, doi: 10.1016/j.foar.2019.11.001 [3] Definition according to European Commission, Building a Green Infrastructure for Europe. 2013, p. 7. doi: 10.2779/54125 (accessed 23.05.2023) [4] A comprehensive overview is featured in Ludwig, Ferdinand et al.: Integrierte Planung blau-grüner Infrastrukturen. Ein Leitfaden. Munich 2021, p. 26 –29, doi:10.14459/2021md1638459 9

48 Nicole Pfoser

Planning

Facade Greening as a Design Factor Design Aspects: Buildings Design Aspects: Plants Application Guide: Climbing Plants Selection of Systems and Plants for Greening – Planting Tables 1– 9

50 50 52 54 55

Design Aspects of Ground and Wall-based Facade Greening Solutions for Unpaved Areas Solutions for Paved Surfaces

64 64 64

Construction Criteria Wall and Facade Constructions and Suitability for Greening Plant Selection

68 68 69

Technical Vegetation and Supply Criteria Site Factors Facade Greening Care Maintenance of Irrigation Systems

74 74 75 76

Guidance for Facade Greening Fire Safety Evaluations Building Law-related Fire Protection Goals and Requirements for Facade Greening Verification of Fire Prevention Fire Tests and Resulting Fire Safety Measures

Fifth Facade – Roof Greening Extensive Greening – Variants Prioritised for Weight Reduction Intensive Greening – Variants Prioritised for Use Special Roof Greening Types and Sub-variants – Multifunctional Roofs

82 82 83 84

78 79 79

Facade-based greening with planting troughs, administrative building, Vienna (AT) 2010

Facade Greening as a Design Factor Nicole Pfoser

It is not only urban ecological effects that have a role to play in facade greening; design and function are just as relevant. Within the fields of architecture, open space planning and urban design, they are inseparable. The proven design statement of “form follows function” expressed by Louis Sullivan in 1896 continues to serve as orientation for long-term decision making. It supports formulating aims for the conceptualisation of facade greening measures. With regards to design, ecology and energy-efficient construction, its multi-functional appeal permits transcending past assumptions (on high expenditure in terms of costs and care). At the same time, attention is given to the identity of the urban image, the memorability of places, the definition of spaces, as well as strategic goals for clear wayfinding. Measures can serve various purposes: Facade greening as markers, free-standing greening of planar elements as guide walls, green stelae as orientation or destination points. They can contribute to improved wayfinding by addressing lack of image, visual confusion or illdefined spaces (Fig. 1). Facade greening measures in urban space can lead to establishing inviting places, improving the amenity value and stimulating a dynamic urban image throughout the year, thanks to changing leaf and flower colours, as well as their appearance in winter [1].

greening in visual terms is its capacity to be impactful, even during the leafless phases of the year [2].

Defining spaces

Based on greening methods available today, no limits exist as to the extent of facade sizes intended for greening. For facade heights, climate conditions are the only limiting factor [5]. Interim solutions include evergreen construction types as a substitute for or concealment of deficient or unsightly building facades, for compartment walls, etc. Interdisciplinary formfinding by designers, architects, landscape architects, botanists and artists can, as a guiding theme of integrative

Facade greening has the capacity to define spaces in order to address disruptions in the urban fabric (e.g. gaps between buildings, disadvantageous building volumes) by creating spatial contours. Streets can undergo a deceleration of traffic and become “more private” through green spatial delimitations. In such cases, traffic needs to pay increased attention when intersecting a “garden”. A positive aspect of facade 50

Direction

Urban spaces are centred by green volumes (e.g. facades or green stelae) or given a diagonal accent (e.g. footpath). Facade greening that defines wall surfaces can direct attention to functions situated in front of them (shops, cafés) and by signalling an “invitation”. Tactically positioned green volumes can “topically” integrate ill-defined spatial forms into a coherent whole [3]. Impression in urban space

Greening of ground floor areas can join heterogeneous building into an ensemble. Complete greening of a building volume in surroundings characterised by stone-clad surfaces becomes a focus of attention and defines the character of a place. In the case of a sequence of similar building forms, facade greening can provide high recognition value. Green facades can subdivide long distances in the urban context, define destination points and exert influence on the geometrical effect of streetscapes in a targeted manner [4].

Design aspects: Buildings

Delineation, creating borders for open spaces

Calming, creating borders, zoning

Spatial contours, partitions, corrections

Amendment of volumes

Orientation

Centring, activation, pivot

Demarcation, wayfinding

Initialisation, motivation

Integration, visual orientation

Impression in urban space

Create ensembles, three-dimensional design appeal

Visual impression from afar, orientation

Unique selling point

Partition, distances appear shorter

Directing views, creating borders, limiting impression of depth

Longitudinal sequence, spaces appear greater in depth

Lateral orientation, spaces appear taller

Staggering, visual height limitation

Application criteria, urban space: Spatial formation, direction and effect Goals, advantages and disadvantages of groundbased (a) and wall-based (b) facade greening a Ground-based facade greening b Wall-based facade greening

architecture, become a leading urban design element [6]. A particular advantage of wall-based greening, in terms of design and, as required, economy, is that horticultural businesses can provide pre-cultivated facade greening elements as “complete” greening solutions to be applied when construction is complete, thus reducing the time required for development care on site. Being able to present a completed building greening measure by the time occupation begins increases its appeal and acceptance. Scale, proportion, rhythm, modularity

Stand-alone buildings in urban settings often offer a starting point for greening as a form of enhancement of architecture and climate. Aside from contributing to the micro-climate, greening of horizontal or vertical surfaces can, in a targeted manner, emphasise or modify the proportions of a building. Greening covering entire surfaces can visually reinforce or obscure the way a facade is structured [7].

Ground-based facade greening

Cubage

Plants/system

• Plants with stamina, perennial, ground-based, with growth support or direct wall greening

Aim

• Improvement of urban climate and/or energy optimisation of buildings • Ecological valorisation • Improving quality of stay, design aspects • Extensive independent plant supply

Focus

• Cost-efficient, long-term greening

Advantages • Typically simple implementation • Long-term greening effect • Highly relevant function for ecology and urban climate • Simple care (depending on growth height)

Disadvantages • Selection of suitable plants and design of growth support requires professional knowledge and /or consultation • Inadequate soil conditions/lacking available space as possible exclusion criteria in the streetscape • Comprehensive care in relation to increasing growth height

Ground-based facade greening

Wall-based facade greening

By use of a corresponding arrangement of partial greening, a ground floor area can be given a public or private character. The impression from nearby or afar can be adjusted accordingly [8]. Separation of layers, plasticity

Free-standing greening trellises can spatially integrate loggias and turn them Wall-based facade greening into green garden rooms. By use of a Plants / system • Plants with stamina, wall-based secondary layer consisting of deciduous climbing plants, extensively glazed Aim • Increase of quality of stay, environmental quality, attractiveness, role as attractor facade surfaces, conservatories and • Greening of otherwise unsuitable facades • Marketing effect (e.g. for commercial buildings or municipal facilities) energy-effective equipment (e.g. transFocus Long-term greening with high image value lucent thermal insulation, air collector facades) receive an effective seasonal Disadvantages Advantages • Planning, implementation and care requires qualified • Also possible for buildings without soil connection means of shading without heat build-up personnel • High degree of acceptance, high image value [9]. Free-standing greening constructions • Regular maintenance and care indispensable • Highly relevant function for ecology and urban • Less cost-efficient than ground-based systems in climate in relation to area can replace border fences, visually terms of construction, maintenance and care distinguish spaces, or form a large 2 51

Nicole Pfoser

Spatial formation

Nicole Pfoser

Facade Greening as a Design Factor

Application Guide: Climbing Plants The following plant tables (p. 55 ff.) present multiple steps to assist decision making in the selection of a suitable climbing plant and the corresponding growth support. When deciding to use self-climbers, individual criteria require consideration, such as the inclination of an exterior wall or the potential for damage (light-fleeing shoots, adhesive organs), necessary growth limiters and conditions in the case of a removal of greening measures. When deciding on scaffold-climbing plants, the selection of a growth support

has priority. It is architecturally relevant to the building, decisive in terms of form and area of the greening spread (horizontal, vertical or grid-based formation) and its composition (bars, tubes, chords, grids, mesh) correlates strongly with the plant selecton: Correspondence in terms of climbing strategy, plant weight, snow and / or ice loads, wind loads and fire loads are important [23]. Growth supports need to meet the requirements of plants. Grid dimensions, general dimensions, materials selection and avoidance of excessive heat due to light colours, mounting methods (elastic bar sections and suspended or tensioned ropes or cables) also require

Lighting needs: Shade, partial shade, sun Reflections of neighbouring buildings taken into account

consideration [24]. In the case of ropes, cables and bars that are insufficiently dimensioned for strong twiners, shoots need to be uncoiled during growth development at regular intervals and require parallel connection (led upward in parallel with the growth support, Fig. 3 a, p. 76). For seasonal shading (e.g. in front of windows, balconies, loggias, air collector facades, facades with transparent thermal insulation) the deciduous plant group is suitable. Greening approaches that offer synergies with energy-active exterior wall functions (cooling in areas close to photovoltaic systems, seasonal shading) require interdisciplinary resolution. Notes [23] Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e. V. – FLL (ed.): Richtlinien für die Planung, Bau und Instandhaltung von Fassadenbegrünungen mit Kletterpflanzen – Fassadenbegrünungsrichtlinie. Bonn 2018 [24] Brandwein, Thorwald: Kletterhilfen. Hinweise und Tipps zu Eignungsaspekten. Anbringungsweisen, 2012, www.biotekt.de/fassadenbegruenung/kletter hilfen-rankgitter (accessed: 5.12.2022) 6 Criteria for plant selection for ground-based single and multiple-year facade greening 7 Key, planting tables 1– 9 8 Planting tables 1– 9

! !

Growth height: Maximum growth height < growth support height Form and colour: Plant and flower colours, leaf forms

Strong twiners Negative phototropism

††

Highly toxic

†

Toxic Potentially invasive species

Growth performance (growth height / height growth per year)

Load influences (leaves / fruit / wood, dew / rain / snow / ice / wind loads, weight / tension conditions, climbing support

Native seed stock type and origin, related habitat function

Twining type: Related growth support (dimensioning/mesh widths / distance of growth support to wall)

Environmental conditions: Soil, temperature, climate zone, moisture Mechanical and chemical stress (de-icing salt, oil, urine, antifreeze agent, etc.)

m m

Height growth per year Girth growth Leaf form/coil orientation Plant name, botanical plant name, English Leaf colour/hue

Toxicity of plant components and accessibility taken into account Foliage phases: Evergreen, deciduous, wintergreen

Food plants for birds (B), butterflies (BF), bees (BE), bumblebee (BB)

Effort of care of plants: Especially strong twiner/ negative phototropic plants

Plant spacing (m) Average mesh width w ≈ h (cm) Growth support distance to wall (cm) Flower colour/month

Shoot diameter along root collar/distance of planting to wall

Fruit colour/month

Girth growth/plant spacing

Weight estimate/water-saturated professional cut (kg/m2)

Shoot diameter along root collar (cm)

T = twiners LA = leaf twiners, special type: Petiole twiners TE = tendril-bearing plants TH = thorn-bearing plants RO = root climbers TP = tendrils with adhesive pads, special form of tendril-bearing plants 7 ( ) = additional species-typical climbing strategy

Selection of Systems and Plants for Greening – Planting Tables 1– 9

Planting table 1: Scaffold climbers – deciduous creepers

Maximum growth height

Sun

Sun to semi-shade

Semi-shade

Semi-shade to shade

Shade

30 m

25 m

20 m

15 m † 3-4

12 m

Vitis vinifera Common grape vine (TE) VI X 30 •40 15 3-4

3-4

10 m

2-3

7 12

Vitis coignetiae Crimson glory vine (TE) 30 •40 15 V IX

1.5 6 30 21

Vitis monticola Mountain grape (TE) 15 VI

1.3 4 – –

Clematis orientalis † Oriental virginsbower (LA) 20 •20 15 VI-IX

1.4 4

Clematis tangutica Golden clematis (LA) 20 •30 15 VI+VIII

1.2 3

2-3 4m

†

5 9

Clematis viticella † Purple clematis hybrids (LA) 20 •20 5 VI-IX

3-4

Clematis montana var. Rubens V 20 •30 (LA) 15

3-4

Vitis amurensis Amur grape (TE) V 30 •30 15

†

3 4 8 12 0.3 6 IX

8 14

2.8 Parthenocissus inserta † 10 Thicket creeper (TE/TP) 15 VII VIII 20 – 1,5-2,5

† 1,5-2 ††

5 9

0.9 Ampelopsis aconitifolia 3 Monkshood vine (LA) 15 V-VIII IX-X 4 –

†

15 14

1.5 4

Ampelopsis brevipedun culata † Porcelain vine (LA) 30 •30 15 VII-VIII X-XI 5 13

†

(BE/BF) 8

15 19

1.8 6

1.5 Vitis riparia 6 Riverbank grape (TE) 30 •40 15 V VIII 18 17

Clematis terniflora † Sweet autumn clematis (LA) 20 •30 15 X 2

Clematis vitalba Old man’s beard (LA) 20 •30 15 VI+IX 1.5 6

††

Clematis viticella purple clematis (LA) 20 •20 5 VI-IX

Clematis ‘Jackmanii’ (LA) 5 VI-VIII

2 3 –

Bryonia alba 3-5 2 White bryony 5 VI-VII X VIII-IX – –

(BE)

Bryonia dioica 2-4 2 Red bryony X VIII-IX – – 5 VI-IX

(BE/BF)

3.2 3

(BB)

† 1-2

1.1 Clematis macropetala 1 Downy clematis (LA) V VIII 5 8 20 •20 5

3 8 †

0.9 3 8 †

Clematis alpina Alpine clematis (LA) V 20 •20 5

Clematis lanuginosa hybrids (LA) V VIII 5 0.2 (BF) 2 VIII

1.5 3 –

3 6

Michael Blaser

Action Project Examples

Residential tower in Wabern (CH), 2016, Buchner Bründler Architekten, facade engineering: Christoph Etter, Basel (CH)

State Archive Basel-Landschaft in Liestal (CH) Architects: EM2N, Zurich Facade planning: Emmer Pfenninger Partner, Münchenstein

Furniture Store with Hostel in Vienna Architects: querkraft architekten, Vienna Landscape architecture: Kräftner Landschaftsplanung, Vienna; Green4cities, Vienna

Residential and Commercial Building with Hotel in Freiburg (DE) Architects: Barkow Leibinger, Berlin Landscape architecture: raderschallpartner, Meilen

Residential Tower in Wabern (CH) Buchner Bründler Architekten, Basel Facade engineering: Christoph Etter, Basel l

100

Residential Complex Rooftop Garden in Munich (DE) Landscape architecture: Wamsler Rohloff Wirzmüller FreiRaumArchitekten, Regensburg Architects: a2 freising architekten + stadtplaner, Kai Krömer and Stefan Lautner, Freising

104

Office and Commercial Building in Stuttgart (DE) Architects: Tennigkeit + Fehrle Architekten Partnerschaft, Stuttgart (service phases 1– 4); Schwarz Architekten, Stuttgart (service phases 5 –9) Roof and facade design, conceptualisation, planning: ingenhoven associates, Düsseldorf

108

Office Building in Stavanger (NO) Architects: Bark Arkitekter, Stavanger Facade greening: Bergknapp, Sandnes; Sempergreen, Odjik

112

All project information – unless otherwise noted – was supplied by the architects mentioned above or by other parties involved in the planning. Project descriptions: Cosima Frohnmaier

Barkow Leibinger – Ina Reinecke

4 1

1 20 mm silver fir siding, grey glazed finish 50/24 mm battens 50/30 mm counterbattens 22 mm wood based panel 60/300 mm wood g-joist 300 mm inlaid mineral wool thermal insulation PE film 18 mm OSB Installation space: 60 mm aluminium channel framing 2≈ 12.5 mm gypsum board 2 240/300 mm reinforced concrete column 3 Window: Triple glazing in larch frame, U = 0.9 mm W/m2K 4 Ø 38 mm steel bar 5 Ø 12 mm stainless steel chord growth support 6 Cantilever, growth support fastener 10 mm flat steel, height: 100 –170 mm 7 3 mm canted sheet aluminium Breathable separation layer 24 mm wood siding 120/60 mm wood blocking 240 mm inlaid mineral wool thermal insulation 2 mm vapour barrier 240 mm reinforced concrete ceiling 8 2 mm galvanised sheet metal gutter 9 25 mm oak parquet, oiled finish 35 mm screed PE film separation layer 18 mm gypsum fibre board sheathing 332 mm adjustable raised floor pedestals 220 mm reinforced concrete ceiling 10 25 mm oak parquet, oiled finish 55 mm screed PE film separation layer 20 mm impact soundproofing 220 mm reinforced concrete ceiling slab 2≈ 12.5 mm perforated gypsum board hung ceiling 11 Sliding window: Double glazing in larch frame, U = 1.1 W/m2K 12 Flooring selected by tenant 90 mm heating screed PE film separation layer 80 mm impact soundproofing sealant 300 mm reinforced concrete ceiling slab 13 2 mm sheet aluminium plinth cladding 14 Planting pit Planting: Perennial shrubs and climbing plants Max. 650 mm substrate 15 400/500 mm reinforced concrete foundation 16 300/200/10 mm stainless steel angle, growth support anchor 17 180/300/120 mm concrete paver 30 mm crushed stone bed 0 – 45 mm gravel mix base layer, height: 250 mm

Stefan Müller

Horizontal section • Vertical section Scale 1:20

Zooey Braun

Residential and Commercial Building with Hotel in Freiburg

5 9 1

Zooey Braun

13 12

Residential Tower in Wabern

Buchner Bründler Architekten, Basel (CH) Landscape Nipkow Landschaftsarchitektur, architects: Zurich (CH) Facade engineering: Christoph Etter, Basel (CH) Structural engineering: Schnetzer Puskas Ingenieure, Basel (CH)

Wabern is located between the River Aare and Bern’s local mountain, the Gurten. It is also site of Bächtelenpark, a 24,000-m2 residential development comprising a total of 184 apartments, either for rent or owner-occupied. In order to achieve as much variety as possible and appeal to a broad range of users, the park comprises five sites with different design themes: Living around the courtyard, in the tree grove, with a patio or a balcony and with a panoramic view. The latter theme is manifested within an approx. 54-m-tall tower designed by Buchner Bründler Architekten. The polygonal floor plans increase in size from bottom to top, while offering a circumferential view of the surrounding landscape. Surrounding the central stairwell core, the rental and owner-occupied apartments cover areas ranging from 92 to 232 m2. The floor slabs cantilever by up to 3 m and form a circumferential balcony zone as a striking design element. Metal mesh surrounds the entire structure and serves as growth support for a vertical garden, intended to provide shade to the living areas. The mesh structure is interrupted by apertures that permit outside views. Their freely formable frames consist of circumferential metal sections. Altogether approx. 100 offset planting troughs with filling capacities of up to 1.24 m3 of substrate and weighing nearly 2 t are situated along the slab edges. They provide the facade with its typical undulating appearance. The plant selection is adapted to the building’s articulation and orientation. It includes honeysuckle, an evergreen plant with a pleasant scent, Virginia creeper as well as geraniums, blooming in white and pink. Aside from classical green species, there are also plants with leaves displaying a vivid interplay of colours along the facades in autumn. An automatic irrigation system supplies the required nutrients. 100

Michael Blaser

Architects:

Michael Blaser

Residential Tower in Wabern

Site plan Scale 1:7,500 Floor plans Scale 1:500 Section Scale 1:750 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Entrance Foyer Shop /practice Entrance to underground car park Kitchen /dining Living Bedroom Balcony

7 7

8 7

6 8

6 7

First floor

Fifteenth floor

4 1

Ground floor

101

Authors

Stefan Brandhorst Since 1983 self-employed, gardening and landscaping since the 1990s active in the field of vertical greening active in the Gardening and Landscaping Association 2007– 2009 instructor, inter-company training facility 2007 development of a planar wall-based fleece substrate system since 2009 active in the Professional Association for Building Greening (Fachvereinigung Bauwerksbegrünung e. V.) 2010 founding of Vertiko GmbH (firm for vertical greening concepts) since 2010 training and lectures at different educational institutions owner of five patents concerning building greening and irrigation technology collaboration and participation in various research projects 2021 co-founder, RAL Quality Association 2022 co-founder, co-developer, CityArc Institut für Stadtnatur

“Antonio de Campos. Konzepte für Zaha Hadid” (2022), “Deutsches Architektur Jahrbuch” partner, kuratorenwerkstatt Förster Gräwe active as curator and author

Rebecca Gohlke 2014 – 2020 studies, landscape architecture, Hochschule Geisenheim University, focus on building greening, thesis in the field of roof greening, rainwater management, sponge city concepts and climate adaptation in urban development since 2018 consultant for project work at Bundesverband GebäudeGrün (BuGG), focus: advising cities on municipal funding instruments for roof and facade greening project manager, “BuGG-Städtedialog Gebäudegrün” funded by the German Federal Foundation for the Environment (DBU), co-author, “BuGG-Marktreport Gebäudegrün” expert presentations for promoting building greening in the context of BuGG project assignments collaboration on reports and feasibility studies, various research and funding projects author, professional magazine “Neue Landschaft”

Markus Fierz Vocational training and practice in landscape gardening 1991–1993 Gartenbauschule Oeschberg technical and managerial school, work in various landscape architecture offices 1993 Diploma, Master gardener in gardening and landscaping, then senior employee, Werner Rüeger Landschaftsarchitekt BSLA in Winterthur since 1999 member of board of management, raderschallpartner ag landschaftsarchitekten 2000 postgraduate course in project management, Hochschule Rapperswil various teaching positions in advanced gardening training, expert advisor for professional and master examinations in gardening and landscaping 2007– 2008 lecturer, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Engineering and Architecture since 2008 managing partner, raderschallpartner ag landschaftsarchitekten bsla sia in Meilen (CH) project manager, various vertical greening projects, including MFO-Park Zurich, Stadthaus M 1 Freiburg i. B., Triemli hospital high-rise building Zurich

Yorck Förster Studies in philosophy, sociology and art education, Goethe University Frankfurt accompanied the exhibition “Einfach Grün. Greening the City” of the Deutsches Architekturmuseum (DAM) with a series of 22 online lectures on international examples of green architecture exhibitions and publications, e.g. “COOP HIMMELB(L)AU” (2015), “Between the Sun and the Moon. Studio Mumbai” (2016), “Große Oper – Viel Theater? Bühnenbauten im europäischen Vergleich” (2018),

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research focus on architectural concepts in which plants play a central role, addressing functional and design-based integration of plants as a solution to urgent contemporary ecological challenges, e.g. climate change adaptation, methodological challenges to dealing with aspects of growth and decay, chance and probability in design

Julia Noder-Schaab Studies in civil engineering, Technical University of Munich collaboration in project management division focus on fire safety evaluations, master thesis on facade greening from the perspective of fire safety technology 2019 implementation of four orientation fire tests, Technical University of Munich, in collaboration with Thomas Engel, published in 2020 in “Bautechnik” magazine 2019 collaboration with Bundesverband GebäudeGrün (BuGG), Magistrate Department 39 of the City of Vienna since 2020 civil engineer, Fire & Timber Ing. GmbH, focus on fire safety and timber construction consultant Bundesverband GebäudeGrün e. V.

Martin Heseler-Lülff 2001 apprenticeship in gardening and landscaping, experience as construction manager for different landscaping firms advanced development “European tree technician” 2006 – 2012 studies in landscape architecture in Höxter, studies in urban and regional development at the University of Kassel 2012–2015 research associate, HS OWL in Höxter 2015 –2018 research associate, TU Darmstadt 2018, doctorate, TU Darmstadt since 2015 collaboration on foundation 5+ Landschaftsarchitekten, responsible for service phases 5–9 since 2019 lecturer, building construction in the landscape architecture study programme, HfWU Nürtingen

Ferdinand Ludwig Professor for Green Technologies in Landscape Architecture, Technical University of Munich graduate studies in architecture, Botanical basics of Baubotanik and their application to design practice, University of Stuttgart 2007 founder and director of the Baubotanik research area as research associate at the Institute for Principles of Modern Architecture (Design and Theory), University of Stuttgart founder and director, Office for Living Architecture OLA, together with Daniel Schönle and Jakob Rauscher, application of botanical and constructionrelated approaches in the fields of architecture, urban planning and landscape architecture

Nicole Pfoser Dr.-Ing. architect, interior designer, International Master of Landscape Architecture, stadtnatur.de active in planning, research and teaching architecture, landscape architecture, urban development focus on sustainable design and construction, building greening and its impact on cities and buildings, energy consumption, climate and quality of life study programme director and professor, departement Landscape Architecture, HfWU NürtingenGeislingen, Faculty Environment Design Therapy (FUGT) long-standing Vice President, Bundesverband GebäudeGrün, member of the building greening regulatory committee, Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschafsbau e. V. (FLL) deputy director, Institut für Stadt und Immobilie (ISI), deputy institute director, Akademie für Landschaftsbau und Vegetationsplanung (avela), HfWU editor, biotope-city.net, International Journal for City as Nature author, “Vertikale Begrünung” (Ulmer Verlag) author, “Gebäude Begrünung Energie” guideline, funded by the Initiative Zukunft Bau, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety

Brigitte Reichmann Studies in civil engineering, Technical University of Dresden 1978 –1990 coordinating engineer, Büro für Städtebau, Berlin

1990 –1991 collaboration with Magistrate Administration for Urban Development, Housing and Traffic, Berlin 1991–1992 technical staff member, Senate Department for Urban Development and Housing, State of Berlin 1992 – 2021 technical expert, Senate Department for Urban Development and Housing, State of Berlin, ministerial basic issues of ecology in construction / ecological building concepts, urban ecology model projects development, implementation and project management, urban ecology model projects, coordination of supporting research, impact assessment project partner, research projects Nationale Plattform Zukunftsstadt (NPZ), collaboration with the initiative supported by German federal ministries expert surveyor, ecological construction within competitions national and international publishing activity national and international lectures since 2021 project consultation, lectures, publications

Friederike Well 2010 – 2014 studies in architecture, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Glasgow School of Art 2014 – 2017 studies in energy efficient and sustainable building, Technical University of Munich 2017– 2018 employed at Bettsteller Wilde Architekten, Tom Held Architekten und Ingenieure, Munich 2018 – 2022 research associate, Technical University of Munich, Professorship for Green Technologies in Landscape Architecture since 2022 coordinator, Centre for Urban Ecology and Climate Adaptation, Technical University of Munich, Chair of Strategy and Management of Landscape Development 2022 doctorate, Technical University of Munich, bluegreen architecture – integrated design with water and vegetation

Sebastian Schmauck Studies in spatial and environmental planning, doctorate, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, research area "landscape and open space development", Prof. Dr. agr. Kai Tobias management roles in planning offices expert contributor, Ministry for Climate Protection, Environment, Agriculture, Conservation and Consumer Protection of the State of North RhineWestphalia certified expert surveyor for property market and mortgage loan to value calculation since 2016 research associate, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, work and research focus on functions of urban nature, instruments of urban development, theories and methods of land use planning, spatial planning and landscape planning

Kilian van Lier 2012 – 2018 bachelor and master studies, landscape architecture, TH OWL 2017– 2022 research associate, construction industry and management division, TH OWL since June 2019 doctoral studies, Technical University of Darmstadt and HfWU Nürtingen on building greening as a measure to promote health – binding airborne pollutants through facade greening since September 2019 scientific support research, HfWU Nürtingen, research projects on the performance of facade greening measures since 2022 site manager, Vertiko GmbH Freiburg, work focus on corporate organisation, marketing, research and development

Acknowledgments I am extremely grateful to all who contributed to this book by providing image templates, photographs and their permission for reproduction and information. My sincere appreciation goes to Ms Lenzen for making this publication possible. I would like to thank her and Ms Rackwitz for the excellent collaboration and the team at DETAIL for their background work on the creation of this book. I would also like to express my gratitude to all colleagues and co-authors for their contributions and our joint effort. Further, I wish to thank all those who, based on expert discussions and or grants, laid the foundations for this book and provided significant impetus. Nicole Pfoser

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