HACKING COVENTRY_RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT by Devonne Coll

HACKING // COVENTRY DEVONNE COLL // 08085190

CONTENTS 5.1 [ RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION ]

RESILIENT COVENTRY 01

1.0 // INTRODUCTION

2.0 // LITERATURE REVIEW

3.0 // CONNECTIVE CONTENT

4.0 // THESIS QUESTION

5.2 FUTURE FUNCTION

HACKING COVENTRY 45

5.0 // PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT

6.0 // THE SITE

7.0 // PROGRAMME FIX

109

8.0 // DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

163

9.0 // DEVELOPING DRAWINGS

175

10.0 // BIBLIOGRAPHY

CONTENTS // i

RESILIENT // COVENTRY 5.1 // [ RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION ] DEVONNE COLL // 08085190

INTERFACE // 3

1.0 // INTRODUCTION

Imperial War Museum (1940)

2 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

Bomb Destruction in Coventry during World War Two

“A RESILIENT CITY IS ONE THAT HAS EVOLVED IN AN UNSTABLE ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPED ADAPTATIONS TO DEAL WITH UNCERTAINTY. DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION…WILL BE VALUED MORE HIGHLY THAN CENTRALISED EFFICIENCY.” [LAHOUD, 2010:19]

Gilbert, Coventry Telegraph (2013)

Sky Blues Protest in Coventry, to regain the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s football team playing in the council owned football stadium.

4 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

“COMMUNITY ORGANISATION AND WIDESPREAD, ACTIVE CITIZEN PARTICIPATION ARE INDISPENSIBLE ELEMENTS FOR THE REVITALISATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AS DYNAMIC AGENTS OF ECONOMIC HEADING DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL TEXT CONTROL.” [CASTELLS, 1991:353]

INTRODUCTION // 5

CENTRALISED CONTROL DECREASES RATE OF ADVANCEMENT TRAUMA IS A CATALYST FOR CHANGE + ADVANCEMENT

DECENTRALISED CONTROL INCREASES RATE OF ADVANCEMENT

CREATE SYSTEM WHICH DETECTS WEAKNESSES...

6 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

+ OVERCOMES THEM TO PRODUCE A MORE RESILENT CITY

INTRODUCTION Our initial investigation Data Derive, focused on two key themes within the notion of post-conflict. The first being that conflict may be a catalyst for change; a traumatic situation within the urban environment provides us with problems, for which we must then find solutions. A traumatic event therefore provides us with the opportunity to adapt and evolve the city, in order to solve the problem – “there is another name for trauma: ‘the new’” (Lahoud, 2010:19). It has been described that trauma “amounts to a moment of potentiality through which the present might be reshaped” (Lahoud, 2010:23), meaning that, it will lead to advancements within the urban realm. The subsequent theme we focused on, was how the rate of these advancements were affected by centralised or decentralised control. The centralised control management of a system in which information is ““hoarded” by a few people,” (De Landa, 1992:224) prevents the collective sharing of knowledge, in order to improve or advance the system. Conversely, decentralised control, likened to the hacker ethic within the realm of technology, promotes interactivity and open source information to “improve the way the world works.”(De Landa, 1992:226), producing more rapid advancement of the system. Following these, our method of investigation into Coventry, involved ‘hacking’ the development of the spatial system, with the aim of revealing weaknesses or points of opportunity. In understanding these points of opportunity, we as designers can then propose methods to rebuild the system to improve the liveability and functionality of the city. Our methodological approach led us to creating a cellular automata model of the spatial development of Coventry, and using the rules generated, allowed us to create projections of the potential future spatial development, and test scenarios for possible future challenges that could affect the city. This notion of possible future scenarios is an idea that I want to progress further. In examining the development of Coventry, I know that it has experienced points of crisis in its history, most notably including the major destruction of the city during World War Two, and the process of deindustrialisation which has left the present day city with a weak economy, unemployment and highly uncompetitive with nearby cities. Our contemporary urban environment faces numerous challenges in the future, ranging from fiscal and social, to the global impacts of climate change and diminishing resources. How can we ensure that Coventry does not face a series of even more damaging disasters in the future? How can we transform Coventry into becoming a resilient city?

1.0 INTRODUCTION // 7

2.0 // LITERATURE REVIEW HEADING TEXT

INTRODUCTION // 9

ADAPTIVE AND PREVENTATIVE SYSTEM = RESILIENCE

GLOBAL WARMING

FINANCE

ENERGY RESOURCES

SOCIAL DIVIDES

UNSTABLE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

UNPREPARED AND REACTIVE SYSTEM = UNRESILIENT

10 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

THE RESILIENT CITY “Resilience is the ability of a system to recover after it has absorbed some shock. Recovery, however, is never a simple return to its previous state of periodic repetition. After absorbing a shock, the resilient system creatively explores and trials new forms of stability... it carries with it the continuity of a historical charge that lends it adaptive strength.” (Lahoud, 2010:19) It is predicted that by 2030, 60% of the world’s global population with live in an urban area (WHO, 2013). This puts an increasing amount of pressure on our urban environments, resulting in resource scarcity, increased effects of global warming, struggling economic sectors, and social divides. We know that these are underlying, predictable problems, yet we are still shocked and unprepared when they occur. Our environment is so unstable that it is vital we determine strategies for our cities to become resilient to these future impacts. The notion of the Resilient City is one that can “absorb future shocks and stresses… to still be able to maintain essentially the same functions, structures, systems and identity.”(ResilientCity, 2013). This needs to be instigated throughout our urban planning strategies, so that we can “shift from a culture of reaction to a culture of prevention.”(UNISDR, 2013). This provides the opportunity to propose a method of implementation or citywide type of infrastructure within Coventry that can be used to prevent specific present and future challenges, and thus creating a more resilient city.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW // 11

UNSUSTAINABLE USE OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT

COVENTRY DEPENDED ON PRODUCTION ECONOMY

PORTABLE REVOLUTION

WHEN THIS ENDS, WHAT WILL THEY DEPEND ON?

FOCUS ON RESOURCE, INSTEAD OF SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

MOVEMENT TOWARDS MAINTENANCE AND RELATIONAL ECONOMY

12 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

INEVITABLE CHALLENGES + ‘MAINTAINING’ SOCIETY The idea that our urban environment will face numerous challenges in the future, and so, no longer be able to function effectively is discussed by Paul Virilio in ‘Stop-Eject.’ He describes how our unsustainable tendencies will result in the ‘portable revolution’ of humans moving to search for an ‘exoplanet…as a replacement for the old one.’ (Virilio, 2010:6). He predicts an ‘urban exodus’ in which humans become nomads and eventually ‘victims of forced displacement.’ (Virilio, 2010:28). Although these are valid points to consider, they focus mainly on the impact on resources, not the cultural or social challenges that may occur. The “demographic resettlement”(Virilio, 2010:2) of the planet that he suggests due to natural catastrophes, will surely incur social implications as well. Expanding upon this notion of sustaining and maintaining society, is the concept of Relational Economies explained by Geoff Mulgan in ‘The Locust and The Bee.’(2013) Mulgan argues that society is moving away from the capitalist economy that is dependant on the production of ‘things:’ “We are witnessing the emergence of an economy founded more on relationships that on commodities; on doing rather than having; on maintenance rather than production.” (Mulgan, 2013:173) Coventry’s industrial past has meant that it has always relied on production. But its future should rely on the maintenance of the city, and the people within it. The idea of a relational economy also relies on the networks, collaborations and social innovations that create a more civil society, and provide ‘social investment’ (Mulgan, 2013:188). Mulgan describes how people within a community can all contribute in order to make social changes. This aspect of public collaboration towards advancing society through cultural or socially based challenges is a key factor to consider.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW // 13

SYSTEMS WITHIN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROCESSED AND ADAPTED THROUGH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

CENTRAL EXPERT COLLECTS INFORMATION FROM DISTRIBUTED NETWORK

14 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

CITIZENS FORMING THE DISTRIBUTED NETWORK

THE COMPUTABLE CITY In order to ‘maintain’ the city and create these networks of collaborations, the complex web of seemingly immeasurable systems within the urban environment must be recorded, understood and processed, and the results acted upon to create an adaptive environment. How we can achieve this is described by Michael Batty as ‘The Computable City,’ meaning the ‘convergence of communications and computers through various forms of media’ resulting in a ‘networking triumph.’ (Batty, 1996:1) and is essential in understanding our urban environment: “Rapidly becoming part of the infrastructure itself, controlling new infrastructure through their software, influencing the use of that infrastructure, and thus affecting space and location… the implication is that computers will have to be used to understand cities which are built of computers.” (Batty, 1996) The application of information technology as a central strategy to improve the functionality of the city moves towards the idea of the ‘Smart City.’ A Smart City is one in which “various urban systems are made clear, simple, responsive and even malleable,” (Arup, 2011) from the use of design and technology, whilst also prompting citizens to realise that they can “collectively tune”(Arup, 2011) the city based upon their actions and activities. So far, the use of smart cities or systems, have only been used to reduce resource wastage and provide the ‘Op-Ex Advantage’ (Jones Lang LaSalle, 2012) – the reduction of operational expenses within a building or city. This approach focuses more on making economic gains for large corporations or governments rather than improving the experience of the city or individually benefitting citizens. However, the way in which these systems are structured is significant. Smart communication works through a central expertise location where data is gathered from a distributed network. The data is analysed and monitored, and if there is an anomaly within a network, an action is taken from the central location in order to resolve it. Coventry has visions for its future, demonstrated through their ‘Sustainable Communities’ plan and ‘Coventry Agenda 21,’ yet no real strategy for how they will successfully achieve them. Implementing a citywide smart system would potentially create an approach through which the city can be improved for its citizens, by its citizens.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW // 15

Advanced Technology Korea (2012)

Songdo, South Korea is thought to be the first ‘Ubiquitous City’ due to its information network infrastructure regarding traffic, information sent to mobile phones, energy usage and public services.

16 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

Foster and Partners (2007)

Masdar City, Abu Dhabi by Foster and Partners, is a Smart City which claims to be zerocarbon, car-free and is only powered using renewable energy. Both of these examples are based upon the idea of waste reduction, efficiency and the ‘Op-Ex Advantage.’

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW // 17

BIG DATA NETWORKS WITH TOO MUCH DATA TO USE ACCURATELY

18 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

COMPONENTISED SMALL DATA NETWORKS TARGET SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

THE REAL-TIME CITY + BIG DATA // SMALL DATA “This story isn’t about large organisations running parallel software on tens of thousand of servers, but about more people than ever being able to collaborate effectively around a distributed ecosystem of information, an ecosystem of small data.” (Pollock, 2013) Data regarding the urban environment and its operations has always been recorded, for example, national censuses, and business market information. However, these methods only contain limited samples of data that are time and space specific (Kitchin, 2013:4), whereas the city is a dynamic space, constantly in flux. We need to obtain a greater understanding of the active urban system. Within a Smart City, Big Data is collected, datasets that are “massive, dynamic, varied, detailed, interrelated…that can be connected and utilised in diverse ways.”(Kitchin, 2013:5). In order to understand the unfolding of events within the urban realm, big data is collected in Real time; this means “system conditions can be monitored and reacted to instantaneously”(Townsend, 2000:5). The problem with this big data methodology is that so much data is collected that it is difficult to use it accurately and to target specific problems in society. A more effective method would be to use distributed networks of “componentized small data” (Pollock, 2013). This can still be collected in real time, and would mean that managing the city, and predicting future scenarios is based on more meaningful information.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW // 19

Current City (2008)

Current City Project uses mobile phone data to track the density of people in the city (this example uses Amsterdam) over time, to try and address city management problems. This is an example of a small data network.

20 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

Mehta (2012)

Rio Operations Centre, receives real time information from over 30 city agencies to monitor the functioning of the city. This is seen as a nerve centre for the city and is particularly important in emergency situations. Whereas Current City is a research project, this is operated by IBM, a global corporation who aim to make a large profit from centres such as this - this is an example of a big data network.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW // 21

3.0 // CONNECTIVE CONTENT HEADING TEXT

URBAN SPRAWL HAS MEANT GOVERNMENTAL STRATEGIES ARE DIFFICULT TO APPLY

DECENTRALISED PEOPLE-BASED NETWORKS NEED TO BE FORMED

THE SYSTEM CAN THEN PROVIDE LOCALISED RESPONSES TO TARGET SPECIFIC COMMUNITY NEEDS

24 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

A LOCALISED SYSTEM Coventry currently aims to solve the city’s community based problems through organisations such as the Coventry Partnership, and the Coventry Community Empowerment Network. However, these groups are still government related and contain senior representatives from specific sectors, providing a marginalised view of the city. We need to create a strategy through which the information collected is significant and truly based upon community views. In a Smart City, all subsystems are seen as an “organic whole” (Kantor, Litow, 2009: 2). The most important connections across these subsystems are people and their communities: “In a smarter community, technology is used to enhance the human infrastructure just as it can enhance the physical infrastructure.” (Kantor, Litow, 2009:2) The notion of the Smart City is imperative and relevant due to the geographic sprawl of the contemporary urban environment; governments are unable to connect and interpret meaningful changes across these vast areas, and there is a weakened civil leadership (Arup, 2011). There needs to be a localised and bottom up system in place. Attempts at creating smart cities have so far been implemented using top down government-based systems on a national or global scale, however in order to be truly smart, a bottom up system is needed so that “people become the agents of change” (Ratti, Townsend, 2011:44): “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody…only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.” (Jacobs, 1961: 238) Using a decentralised people-based network as a type of “citizen activism” (Ratti, Townsend, 2011:44), will allow the system to have a localised response, with the aim of targeting the public’s specific needs, to overcome socially or culturally based problems.

3.0 CONNECTIVE CONTENT // 25

TECHNOCRATIC GOVERNANCE RAISES THE ISSUE OF TRYING TO SOLVE ALL PROBLEMS WITH TECHNOLOGY

THE USE OF TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURES ALSO QUESTIONS ISSUE OF PRIVACY AND CONSTANT SURVEILLANCE

INTERACTIVITY BETWEEN THE SYSTEM AND CITIZENS, PREVENTS PEOPLE BEING DISCONNECTED

26 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

TECHNOCRATIC GOVERNANCE VS. CITIZEN ACTIVSM A Smart City’s use of ubiquitous computing applied to the infrastructure and management of the city can raise points of concern. It raises the issue of a “technocratic mode of urban governance,” (Kitchin, 2013:13) in which all aspects of the urban environment are treated at technical problems and so, have technical solutions; this presents a reductionist view and eliminates the human aspects of the urban realm. A cities’ problems cannot be solved solely by the use of technology – data and technology should be used as a tool for collecting, analysing and processing information, which can then be used to help us make informed decisions of how we manage the city. Using technological infrastructures to monitor the urban realm, also questions the notion of the panoptic city for positive uses, versus the culture of control, surveillance and privacy invasion (Kitchin, 2013:15). Therefore, how I decide to instigate this system within Coventry needs to have a public aspect to it; this will provide a greater connection between people and the system. A way that I think this will be achievable, is to have an element of interactivity within the proposal.

3.0 CONNECTIVE CONTENT // 27

FEEDBACK

INTERACTION

ELEMENT OF INTERACTIVITY BETWEEN PEOPLE AND THE PROPOSAL FORMING A FEEDBACK LOOP

+ THE IDEA OF DESIGNING A TOOL FROM WHICH PEOPLE CAN BUILD THEIR OWN ENVIRONMENT

28 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

INTERACTIVITY “Where architecture is part of a larger interactive system of relationships…where the intensive (feelings, qualities) and the extensive (space, quantities) start exchanging roles, where human action, colour, money, value, feelings all become networked entities.” (Lars Spuybroek in Bullivant, 2005) To emphasise the need for a people-based system, an element of interactivity is required between the people of Coventry, and my architectural proposal. This should create a cycle of people interacting, and feedback given based upon the information they give. This method is based upon a Paskian environment, created by cybernetician Gordon Pask, in which “the interaction loops…actions lead to impacts on the environment that lead to sensing and further modification of actions”(Haque, 2007:54). The aim of Pask’s work was to design tools which people could use to build their own environments “and as a result build their own sense of agency” (Haque, 2007:61). This idea can be seen from his involvement in the design of ‘Fun Palace’ by Cedric Price. Integrating this loop of interaction and feedback will allow citizens to have a direct impact, affecting how issues within Coventry are being solved. It also links to the notion of a system with a localised response, in which the user input produces an output specific to that individual, rather than a generalised output.

3.0 CONNECTIVE CONTENT // 29

Price (1964)

Fun Palace by Cedric Price with Gordon Pask, was designed to have programmatic flexibility so the public could have control over their environment. All of the form was variable, and could be adapted, moved and reassembled, depending upon the users needs.

30 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

NOX (2004)

D-Tower by NOX, Netherlands is a public interactive artwork. The tower is linked to an online survey, which inhabitants complete and the results demonstrate that personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daily emotions. These emotions are represented by a colour, and each day the tower is coloured to represent the emotion most strongly felt by the town.

3.0 CONNECTIVE CONTENT // 31

4.0 // THESIS QUESTION HEADING TEXT

UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

INTERACTIVE COMPUTING

CITYWIDE INFRASTRUCTURE FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK

INTERACTION

DATA PROCESSED

PUBLIC PLATFORM

ADAPTABLE PROGRAMME

ASPECTS TO CONSIDER WHEN DEFINING PROGRAMME

34 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

THESIS DESIGN EXPLORATION RESEARCH QUESTION //

HOW CAN THE INTRODUCTION OF A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM OF LOCALISED, SMALL DATA NETWORKS REGARDING SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES, TRANSFORM COVENTRY INTO BECOMING A MORE RESILIENT CITY? Following the research undertaken, I need to now translate these ideas into a design exploration. My aim is to take the notion of the ‘Smart City’ and apply it to Coventry, but with a people-based focus on cultural and social issues, rather than governmentalbased economics and policies; this strives to create a more resilient urban environment based upon the collection of all citizens’ ideologies. This needs to involve numerous aspects, which when developed further will lead to determining the actual programme of my proposal. This begins with the system of networks used to collect small data, which may form a type of infrastructure throughout the city; it may be a combination of ubiquitous and interactive computing. These networks may then feed back into one location, in which the data can be processed. As well as processing the data, there will need to be an element of a public platform; this will allow data and people to work together towards making Coventry a more resilient city. Promoting interactivity between my proposal and citizens could be through the infrastructure and expressed visually to provide feedback; there could also be an element of the programme that can be adaptive and change according to this interaction, based upon the changing citizen ideals. Deciding exactly how and where this networked infrastructure will work is a key part of deciding the programme. The location and extent of the infrastructure could be linked to the densities of people throughout the city, to ensure that the information collected is representative of all citizens rather than a marginalised view. Then, determining exactly what types of data are being collected will affect the method of collection, and the building programme needed to process it. Designing a system to take into account all of these aspects, will not only provide a method of making changes within the city to benefit its citizens, but would give Coventry a new lease of life; the use of smart technology and aiming for resilience would give it a competitive edge against other nearby cities, which it currently lacks, and mean it is far more better prepared for the future.

4.0 QUESTION // 35

5.0 // BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT

BIBLIOGRAPHY LITERATURE: Arup (2011) Smart Cities: Transforming the 21st Century via the Creative Use of Technology. Unknown place of publication: Arup. Axhausen, K.W., Batty, M., Bazzani, A., Giannotti, F., Ouzounis, G., Pozdnoukhov, A., Portugali, Y., Wachowicz, M. (2012) Smart Cities of the Future. The European Physical Journal Special Topics. Unknown Place of Publication. [Online][Accessed 20-11-13] Available here: http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/65/art%253A10.1140%252Fepjst%252 Fe2012-01703-3.pdf ?auth66=1385144949_59058c373144bf1a44474c3f6e65a7b7&e xt=.pdf Batty, M. (1996) The Computable City. Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London [Online] [Accessed 19-11-13] Available here: http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/planning/articles21/city.htm Bullivant, L. (2005) ‘D-Tower, NOX.’ In, Architectural Design 75.1 (2005), pp. 68-71 Castells, M. (1991) The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban-Regional Process. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Coventry Agenda 21 (2013) Indicators. Unknown place of publication: Agenda 21 Coventry City Council. De Landa, M. (1992) ‘Interface.’ In, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. Cambridge, MA: Swerve Editions, pp. 217-231. Haque, U. (2007) ‘The Architectural Relevance of Gordon Pask.’ In, Architectural Design 77.4 (2007) pp. 54-61 Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, USA: Random House Jones Lang LaSalle (2013) The Changing Face of Smart Buildings: The Op-Ex Advantage. Jones Lang LaSalle [Online] [Accessed 24-11-13] Available here: http://www.joneslanglasalle.com/MediaResources/AM/Email/Chicago/ Corporate%20Solutions%20Marketing/EIUJLLSmartBldgsFINALhires.pdf Kanter, R., Litow, S. (2009) Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities. Unknown place of Publication: Harvard Business School. Kitchin, R. (2013) The Real-Time City? Big Data and Smart Urbanism. Unknown place of Publication. NIRSA, National University of Ireland Maynooth.

38 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

Mulgan, G. (2013) ‘The Rise of Economies Based on Relationships and Maintenance.’ In, The Locust and the Bee: Predators and Creators in Capitalism’s Future. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 172-197 Lahoud, A. (2010) ‘Post-Traumatic Urbanism.’ In, Architectural Design 80.5 (2010), pp. 14-23 Pollock, R. (2013) Forget Big Data, Small Data is the Real Revolution. The Guardian. [Online] [Accessed 24-22-13] Available here: http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/25/forget-big-data-smalldata-revolution Ratti, C., Townsend, A. (2011) The Social Nexus. Unknown place of Publication: Scientific American. [Online] [Accessed 21-11-13] Available here: http://senseable.mit.edu/papers/pdf/2011_Ratti_Townsend_Nexus_SA.pdf Townsend, A. (2000) Life in the Real Time City: mobile telephones and urban metabolism. School of Architecute and Planning, MIT. [Online] [Accessed 22-11-13] Available here: http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/cyberspace/life-in-the-real-time-city.pdf Virilio, P. (2010) ‘Stop Eject.’ In, The Futurism of the Instant: Stop-eject. Cambridge: Polity, pp. 1-31

5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY // 39

BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITES: UNISDR (2013) ‘What is the International Strategy? United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction [Online] [Accessed 20-11-13] Available here: http://www.unisdr.org/who-we-are/international-strategy-for-disaster-reduction ResilientCity (2013) ‘Resilience.’ [Online] [Accessed 21-11-13] Available here: http://www.resilientcity.org/index.cfm?pagepath=Resilience&id=11449 World Health Organisation (2013) ‘Urban Population Growth.’ [Online] [Accessed 21-11-13] Available here: http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_ growth_text/en/

IMAGES: Advanced Technology Korea (2012) Incheon Songdo Services and Information Centre. Advanced Technology Korea Blog. [Online Image] [Accessed 19-11-13] Available here: http://www.advancedtechnologykorea.com/9801/ Current City (2008) An artist’s impression of Amsterdam just after New Year’s Eve. Current City [Online Image] [Accessed 27-11-13] Available here: http://www.currentcity.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&I temid=22 Foster and Partners (2007) Masdar Development. Foster and Partners. [Online Image] [Accessed 19-11-13] Available here: http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/masdar-development/ Gilbert, S. (2013) Thousands plan to snub Sky Blues’ ‘home’ game for Coventry City legends match. Coventry Telegraph. [Online Image] [Accessed 01-12-13] Available here: http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/sport/football/football-news/thousands-plansnub-sky-blues-5668226 Harley, J. (2009) Distant Blue. Photoset by Jon Harley. [Online Image] [Accessed 2911-13] Available here: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mistdog/3672704104/in/set-72157608150978823 Imperial War Museum (1940) Bomb damage in the centre of Coventry, England, two days after the German Luftwaffe air raid on the night of 14 November 1940. [Online Image][Accessed 30-11-13] Available here: http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/history-of-the-battle-ofbritain/the-blitz.aspx

40 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

Mehta, N. (2012) Rioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Operations Centre. Design Public Blog. [Online Image] [Accessed 19-11-13] Available here: http://designpublic.in/blog/a-new-approach-to-smarter-cities/ NOX (2004) D-Tower. NOX. [Online Image] [Accessed 25-11-13] Available here: http://www.nox-art-architecture.com/ Price, C. (1964) Fun Palace Section. [Online Image] [Accessed 25-11-13] Available here: http://www.audacity.org/SM-26-11-07-01.htm

5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY // 41

HACKING // COVENTRY 5.2 // FUTURE FUNCTION DEVONNE COLL // 08085190

INTRODUCTION // 43

5.0 // PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT HEADING

INTRODUCTION // 45

Price (1961)

46 // FUTURE FUNCTION

Fun Palace Plan and Section by Cedric Price, a fully transformable building dependant on the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs.

“ANY BUILDING ENVIRONMENT BECOMES OBSOLETE UNLESS IT CAN ADAPT TO WHAT IS YET TO BE DETERMINED... DISSOLVE THE USELESS, CONSUME IT, DISPENSE IT AND EXHAUST IT INTO A SYSTEM OF CONNECTIONS THAT MIGHT BECOME FUNCTIONAL AGAIN...FOCUSED ON THE PHYSICAL RESTRUCTURING OF A HEADING SYSTEM OF EXPENDABLE PARTS TEXT A DETERMINED RATHER THAN OBJECT .” [VODANOVIC, 2007:7]

INTRODUCTION // 47

DESIGNING A PROGRAMME WHICH CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF SPECIFIC INTERCHANGEABLE SPACES, WHICH ARE DECIDED BY THE USER : SPACE HACKING, BUT WITHOUT INFINITE ITERATIONS OF MEANINGLESS SPACES

48 // FUTURE FUNCTION

FROM RESILIENCE TO HACKING // ADAPTIVITY + HYPER-DESIRE In the outlining of this thesis investigation, I described the potential creation of a system in which the citizens of Coventry engage in a direct relationship with the development of the city, with the aim of making it more socially or culturally resilient. The idea of resilience is intrinsic with adaptivity - the system created must be able to adapt and respond to the changing needs and ideologies of the people it involves. Resilience is a term that has many contingencies and it is difficult to predict what may or may not occur in the future. Adaptivity however, offers a route which is constantly in flux and therefore would more effective in its impact within the urban realm. The idea of the public ‘hacking’ of the city to produce desired spaces, is a key theme that I want to investigate, however also implies a system which could be of infinite results and so, inviable. Therefore, I need to undertake a process of understanding the particular needs of Coventry’s community, and create a system formed from a series of specific interchangeable programmes that can be used to respond to a variety of needs and situations.

5.0 PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT // 49

Nieuwenhuys (1959-74)

50 // FUTURE FUNCTION

New Babylon by Constant Nieuwenhuys, a Utopian City design in which the city would ‘drift’ and constantly transform, creating life experiences and situations.

Cook (1964)

Plug-In City by Peter Cook of Archigram, proposing an open framework into which different components could be added as needed.

5.0 PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT // 51

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT? HYPER-LOCAL CONTENT NORTH WEST “The thing is when you hear them [troublemakers] outside causing trouble you don’t want to go out because you don’t know what will happen.” Female, North West focus group “In Canley they vandalise the buses and also break some of the windows on the buses.” Male, North West focus group

DAIMLER GREEN RESIDENT’S ASSOCIATION

“For me a lot of other issues are related to anti-social behaviour, so it should be quite high on the agenda.” Female, North West focus group

COUNDOUN AGE CONCERN WATCH MIDWEEK 50+

ST CATHERINE’S CHURCH

As an initial starting point, I have recorded the organisations that are part of the Coventry Community Empowerment Network. This aims to create projects with specific aims of benefitting specific communities depending on what their most crucial issues are. Although it claims to be community led, it is still a council affiliated network, so any proposals made must be decided by the city council.

Community development group regarding unemployment and crime “To look outside today and see the difference in people’s confidence, in their ability to walk along a main road without the fear of crime, to see the diverse community that we live in.”

GRAPEVINE

WHITEFRIARS HOUSING

This demonstrates that communities in Coventry have key ideas of how they could improve the city, are willing to make changes, but at present there is no successful strategy in place through which real community decided changes can be made.

Non-profit housing and regeneration organisation that owns and manages approximately 17,000 homes across Coventry “Some people want to take pride in the area that they live in, and need to know how to help themselves.”

SOUTH “I think hate crime is on the up. With new people moving into the area there still is the fear of the unknown. The connection between the new communities and the existing communities isn’t that strong.” Male, Southern area focus group “I know [hate crime] does exist in our area and I understand its an increasing problem. So its something that needs to be considered very carefully.” Female, Southern area focus group

FRIENDS OF CANLEY FORD

SANATAN DHARM HINDU TEMPLE SOCIETY

BATRA

EDGWICK PARK SPORTS PROJECT

NORTH EAST “We have a park by us and you do get a congregation who are taking and dealing (drugs)” Female, North-East “There is a lot of illegal parking over the pavements, but that is generally the case across the city.” Female, North-East

BROAD STREET MEETING HALL New community sports facilities

PARADISE RESIDENT’S ASSOCIATION

“I asked the kids why they didn’t play in the park behind our house. It turned out they did play football there sometimes on Sundays, but only in a big group. But at other times they were frightened of the drugs, gangs and boozers. So they played in the street.”

“Where I live there are sixty odd flats and only ten parking spaces.” Male, North-East “You get car crime in spates. They’ll come into an area and vandalise the cars.” Male, North-East

STOKE HEATH COMMUNITY CENTRE

MINORITIES OF EUROPE

OSABA WOMEN’S CENTRE SINGER RESIDENT’S GROUP HOMELESS SHELTER

Support group for minority communities “People often lead parallel lives, living in a street without knowing each other. This can lead to fear fear of the other people you don’t understand.”

SOMALIAN SUPPORT GROUP SKY BLUE RESIDENT’S ASSOCIATION

QUINTON PARK MANSFIELD MEDICAL CENTRE ACTION FOR CHEYLESMORE

PEOPLE’S PLACE STOKE ALDERMOOR RESIDENT’S ASSOCIATION ST. CATHERINES RESIDENT’S ASSOCIATION Young People’s Support Group

“This area is designated as a place the authorities don’t have to worry about – its not one of the deprived areas. But there are pockets of deprivation within Cheylesmore, especially amongst the elderly. You go from the lowest Council Tax band to the second highest, sometimes within a street

“People’s Place never gives up on a youngster. If bad behaviour continues, then People’s Place is doing something wrong. Generally, when the problem is bottomed out, bad behaviour stops.”

WILLENHALL ASSOCIATION

AFRICAN WELFARE ASSOCIATION

POSTCODES RECEIVING LESS THAN 2MBPS BROADBAND SUM TOTAL NUMBER OF PREMISES:

1 20 40 60

FIBRE OPTIC NETWORK HAS BEEN ADDED ONLY CONNECTING COUNCIL PREMISES, TO INCREASE INTERNET BANDWIDTH TO 1000MBPS.

54 // FUTURE FUNCTION

1 GBPS NETWORK 10 GBPS NETWORK

THE WIDER AREA NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE FEATURES A 10GBPS RESILIENT CORE, WHICH CONNECTS TEN EXCHANGES, AND COMPLETELY BYPASSES COVENTRY:

VIRTUAL // DISCONNECTED COVENTRY To generate an understanding of what citizens in a community desire, a solely virtual platform is normally used that can be then interpreted by local councils to instigate changes. The easiest way to do this in the contemporary urban environment is to use the internet as it can be accessed readily by most people. Coventry however, has considerably lower connections speeds than the rest of the UK, with a fibre optic network having been added that only relates to council premises, therefore people are disconnected. This is why my proposal will aim to manifest this concept into a built form. New small data networks will ne used to collect information, which in turn will induce programmatic changes directly into a constantly adapting building.

5.0 PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT // 55

INFRASTRUCTURE

CULTURE/ PLAY SPACES

WAYFINDING

WORSHIP SPACE

PUBLIC SPACE

SPORT SPACE

SHELTER SPACE

EVENT SPACE

PLAY SPACE

BRIDGE

CHURCH

TUNNEL

MOSQUE

WALKWAY

TEMPLE

BENCH

PITCH

OPEN AREA

COURT

BUS STOP

CONCERT HALL

HOUSING

TOWN HALL

MEETING PLACE

PLAYGROUND SPORT ACTIVITY

56 // FUTURE FUNCTION

MANAGE SPACES

WORK SPACES

EDUCATION SPACE

LOCAL RETAIL

MEETING SPACE

MEDICAL SPACE

WORKSHOP SPACES

OFFICE SPACES

SHELTER SPACE

CLASSROOM

SHOP

LAB

MARKET STALL

OFFICE

CRAFT

HALL

ELECTRONIC

SOCIAL SPACE

MATERIAL

LAB OFFICE SURGERY

HOUSING

INITIAL SYSTEM PROGRAMMES From researching the ongoing community based projects, and especially the Community Empowerment Network, I have defined a series of potential programmatic spaces that the city may require, grouped as Infrastructure, Play, Manage and Work. These programme types have relationships with each other, and can potentially be adapted into a variety of spatial typologies included within the building scheme. 5.0 PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT // 57

INTERACTIVITY INPUT FROM PUBLIC

DATA POINT

LOCALISED RESPONSE

CENTRAL RESPONSE

CITYWIDE INFRASTRUCTURE:

COMMUNITY SPACES NEEDED:

WAYFINDING PUBLIC SPACE

ADAPTABLE INFRASTRUCTURE

ADAPTABLE BUILDING

PLAY

ACTIVITY

MANAGE

CYCLICAL CHANGES

DAILY PATTERNS

DATA COLLECTED ON PUBLIC

UBIQUITOUS COMPUTATION

58 // FUTURE FUNCTION

WORK

SPATIAL // THE SYSTEM Based upon the possible programmatic spaces that I have identified, the citywide system will be formed of central and localised response loops. The central response will connect directly to a single built form, an adaptive building; the spaces here will relate to the programmes of work, play and manage. The localised response will be more widespread across the city, relating to the idea of adaptive infrastructures which will create smaller scale changes relating to way finding, public space and activity creation. These changes could be made via individuals using the small data network system, or based upon the daily patterns of people in Coventry. The central response aims to work by community groups requesting a particular programmatic space, to which the building will adapt to and provide; the spaces will be constantly hacked depending on the changing needs of the communities in Coventry. Whereas the localised response is widespread and based on individuals manipulating smaller spaces or surfaces within the city to provide spaces they require at a particular point in time.

5.0 PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT // 59

CITYWIDE STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT DATA POINT TO CENTRAL BUILDING

DATA POINT TO LOCALISED INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK TO CENTRAL BUILDING NETWORK TO LOCALISED INFRASTRUCTURE

CENTRAL RESPONSE

Groups of people / community leaders use these data points for a larger interjection, causing the central building to adapt and create a space based upon their needs.

LOCALISED RESPONSE Individuals use these data points to manipulate the adaptable infrastructure in their area to suit their needs - whether for wayfinding, public space, shelter or play. Some parts of the infrastructure will change cyclically according to specific time based conditions, in order to improve certain aspects of the city at these times.

60 // FUTURE FUNCTION

TYPES OF PROGRAMMES COMBINED - HOW THE INTERACTING EDGES OF PROGRAMMES CAN BE TRANSFORMED INTO A DIFFERENT TYPE OF PROGRAMME

INTERNAL SPACES CREATED BY MOVABLE DIVISIONS TO CREATE NUMEROUS TYPES OF SPACES

62 // FUTURE FUNCTION

UNFOLDING FACADE TO CREATE ADAPTABLE EXTERNAL SPACES

CONNECTION BETWEEN MOVING PARTS OF BUILDING AND MOVING INFRASTRUCTURE

ADAPTIVE PROGRAMME // DEPENDENCY, RELATIONSHIPS, FLEXIBILITY In order to create an adaptive building system, I will need to identify the relationships between the different types of spaces, in order to determine how these are able to transform into each other. How different programmes interact with each other will decide which programmes become interchangeable, and the method of how this occurs. Also, another key idea to investigate is having interchangeable internal and external spaces to create more flexibility. This could involve the spaces of the central adaptive building, connecting with the adaptive infrastructure.

5.0 PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT // 63

WAYFINDING

WALKWAYS

TUNNELS

BRIDGES

64 // FUTURE FUNCTION

ACTIVITY

SPORT

SHELTER

PLAY

ADAPTIVE INFRASTRUCTURE The adaptive infrastructure system could be used for the localised response system which would be more temporary in effect and widespread around the city. This could be composed of transformable surfaces used for way finding or activity, and could form a point of contact with the main building system.

5.0 PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT // 65

00:00

18:00

09:00

12:00

66 // FUTURE FUNCTION

WAYFINDING

PUBLIC SPACE

SHELTER

WORSHIP

SPORT

EVENT

EDUCATION

MEETING

MEDICAL

LOCAL RETAIL

WORKSHOPS

OFFICES

PLAY

SHELTER

TIME-BASED CYCLES The programme spaces will become adaptive through the citizenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s use of the small data networks recording their needs of the city. However, there may be some programmes which could be available on time-based cycles, to benefit the public. For example, way finding infrastructure could be most beneficial during the work commutes, whilst office and work spaces may only be needed from 0800 to 1800, and could be interchangeable with an alternative programme in the evening.

5.0 PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT // 67

68 // FUTURE FUNCTION

CONCEPTUAL MODELS TO DEMONSTRATE THE POSSIBILITIES OF CREATING A SERIES OF DIFFERENT SPATIAL TYPES, TO ACCOMMODATE DIFFERENT PROGRAMMES

5.0 PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT // 69

THE SYSTEM WOULD NORMALLY FUNCTION BY PEOPLE INTERACTING WITH IT IN ORDER TO PRODUCE PROGRAMMATIC CHANGES

BUT

70 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BUILDING PROGRAMME IF NO ONE INTERACTS?

THE SYSTEM WILL PRODUCE RANDOM PROGRAMMES THAT FORM AN ACTIVE PART IN PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S LIVES, GETTING IN THEIR WAY SO THEY ARE FORCED TO ENGAGE WITH IT.

SOCIAL + CULTURAL KICKSTARTING // BORED CITY The system is currently dependant on the interaction with citizens; but what happens if no one decides to interact? Does the city get bored? The cybernetician Gordon Pask, worked alongside Cedric Price on the Fun Palace scheme, which was also dependant on human interaction. However, when humans did not interact, the system aimed to produce random configurations of programmes that got in the way of people, forcing them to engage with it. Applying a similar system to this scheme would also be effective, as it will ensure that people are constantly having an active input into the types of programmes being produced, and therefore having a positive impact on the city.

5.0 PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT // 71

6.0 // THE SITE HEADING

74 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

THE SITE - AREA OF EXTREME // OPPORTUNITY In our group project, Data DĂŠrive, we investigated areas within the city that demonstrated the most flux and stasis of land use throughout history. After mapping a large area of the city, we were able to locate 19 sites that had the most extreme difference between flux and stasis, and so, we considered as points of interest and potential opportunity . The ring road in Coventry acts as a physical barrier separating the city centre from the wider communities, where most of the citizens live. I wanted to find a site along the periphery of the ring road, so that my proposal could act as a bridging point between the inner and outer city centre. From our identified sites, there were 6 located near the ring road; the one which offered most opportunity in terms of size, its direct relationship to the ring road, access to publicly used amenities and close proximity to residential as well as business areas, is to the South of the ring road, at Junction 6.

6.0 THE SITE // 75

76 // FUTURE FUNCTION

THE SITE // RECONNECTION The chosen site, includes a derelict car park to the South (due to become offices through the Friargate future development), the ring road junction roundabout, with a pedestrian walkway underneath, leading into Greyfriars Green, a large area of green public space. The site is surrounded by higher rise business buildings to the east, and smaller businesses and residential areas to the west. Coventry station is also located just further South of the site. The ring road junction is normally considered as an unusable building space. However, in order to connect the inner and outer city I will need to infiltrate the entire junction.

6.0 THE SITE // 77

“MAKE FRONTAL ATTACKS ON THE SPACES OF COMMUNICATION, CIRCULATION AND CONSUMPTION, ‘EMPIRICAL NON-PLACES’. AIRPORTS, RAILWAY STATIONS, BRIDGES AND SOME HYPERMARKETS ARE IMAGINED...AS COMMUNAL SPACES ABLE TO GIVE THOSE WHO USE THEM...A FEELING THAT TIME NOR BEAUTY ARE ABSENT FROM THEIR HISTORY” [AUGÉ, 2008:XXII]

“THE RING ROADS IN THE PERIPHERY... THEIR CENTRAL LOCATION BETWEEN CITY CENTRE AND SUBURBS ARE ABLE TO GUARANTEE THE DEGREE OF PUBLIC ACCESSIBILITY DEMANDED BY THESE KINDS OF MASS FUNCTION” [NEUTELINGS IN IBELINGS, 2010:83]

78 // FUTURE FUNCTION

THE NON-PLACE, WITHOUT SIGNIFICANCE

THE NON-PLACE TRANSFORMED INTO A PLACE

HACKING THE ‘NON-PLACE’ The ring road could be considered a ‘non-place’, a place of transience that does not hold enough significance for it to be considered a ‘place’. People use the place constantly but only as a route of mobility, there is no other specific activity here. In the process of urbanisation, there has been a shift from developing the centre of the city, to the outskirts instead, and giving new meaning to these peripheral spaces: “That airports, infrastructural nodes and motorways should be the modern catalyst of urbanisation is every bit as logical as the emergence in earlier times of human settlements at the spot where two roads intersected or a river was fordable.” (Ibelings, 2010:83) In using this junction as my site, it also relates back to the idea of citizens hacking the city. The scheme will allow the public to constantly reprogramme this non-place, transforming it into a place of significance.

6.0 THE SITE // 79

EAST FACING VIEW FROM WESTMINSTER ROAD, THE SOUTHERN EDGE OF THE CHOSEN SITE

EAST FACING VIEW FROM WESTMINSTER ROAD CAR PARK, OVERLOOKING DERELICT LAND NEXT TO THE RING ROAD JUNCTION

80 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

6.0 THE SITE // 81

WEST FACING VIEW FROM THE EASTERN SIDE OF THE ROUNDABOUT AT JUNCTION 6 OF THE RING ROAD

EAST FACING VIEW FROM GREYFRIARS ROAD, OVERLOOKING GREYFRIARS GREEN OCCUPYING THE NORTH OF THE CHOSEN SITE

82 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

SITE IMAGES

6.0 THE SITE // 83

FIC

ELEVATED VIEWS

RAILWAY N

OISE

84 // FUTURE FUNCTION

TOWARDS CITY CENTRE

SITE ANALYSIS // SURROUNDINGS INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // SITE ANALYSIS INFRASTRUCTURAL [STATION] RESIDENTIAL CULTURAL/PLAY [CHURCHES, RETAIL] BUSINESS MANAGEMENT [SCHOOLS, POLICE] NOISE BARRIER NEEDED PEDESTRIAN ACCESS

TRAFFIC

VEHICULAR ACCESS

6.0 THE SITE // 85

NOISE MAP // DAYTIME

NOISE MAP // NIGHTTIME

THERMAL HEAT MAP

86M 86M

90M

100M

104M

CONTOUR MAP

86 // FUTURE FUNCTION

95M 90M

ALLERSLEY MEMBER SANDSTONE

CLAY + SILT

BROMSGROVE SANDSTONE

ARGILLACEAOUS ROCKS AND SANDSTONE

KERESLEY MEMBER SANDSTONE

BEDROCK TYPES SURROUNDING THE SITE

SITE ANALYSIS // ENVIRONMENT + LAND INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // SITE ANALYSIS One of the key environmental impacts on the site is the high noise level from the ring road through the centre, which can reach 75+ dB during the day, and up to 65 dB during the night. Therefore, design decisions must be made in terms of acoustic protection for areas most at risk of high noise levels. There are also notable level changes across the site, with it sloping gradually upwards towards the south. Similarly, the different heights of access points across the ring road junction will play a role throughout design development, as there is the road, the roundabout and the pedestrian walkway bridge. The main type of bedrock across the site is sandstone which will have an impact on the structural choices made for building foundations.

6.0 THE SITE // 87

0900

SPRING EQUINOX

SUMMER SOLSTICE

AUTUMN EQUINOX

WINTER SOLSTICE

88 // FUTURE FUNCTION

1200

1500

S te re ogra phic D ia gra m

Location: BIR MINGHAM, UNIT E D KINGDOM S un P osition: 176.7°, 41.6° HS A: 12.7°, VS A: 42.3°

345°

15°

330°

30°

10° 315°

45° 20° 1st Jul

1st Jun

30°

300°

60° 1st Aug 40°

1st May 50°

60°

285°

75° 1st S ep

70° 1st Apr

80°

270°

90° 1st Oct

1st Mar 255°

105°

1st Nov 1st Feb 240°

120° 1st Dec 1st Jan 9

15 225°

210°

T ime: 12:00 Date: 1st April Dotted lines: July-December.

135°

150°

195°

165° 180°

SOUTH EAST ORIENTATION FOR BEST SOLAR GAIN

SITE ANALYSIS // SOLAR GAIN + SHADING INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // SITE ANALYSIS The solar studies demonstrate that the two main open areas of the site, the car park to the south and Greyfriars Green do not suffer from any major overshadowing issues from its surroundings. The ring road junction will have some overshadowing at the lower pedestrian walkway level, from the overhead roundabout, so this must be considered in designing any space that runs through that level. There is also some overshadowing on the east of the site, from taller business buildings nearby.

6.0 THE SITE // 89

ANNUAL WIND FREQUENCY

1-47 HRS

470+ HRS

MONTHLY WIND FREQUENCY

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

90 // FUTURE FUNCTION

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

18 16

14 12

10 8

6 4

2 0

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (C)

AVERAGE MIN/MAX TEMPERATURE (C)

10 0

AVERAGE RAINFALL (MM)

AVERAGE DAILY SUNSHINE (HRS)

SITE ANALYSIS // CLIMATE INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // SITE ANALYSIS Coventryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate is quite constant, with warmer drier summers and colder wetter winters. The prevailing wind is mostly western and south western; this could be considered for any passive ventilation strategies, and should be considered when designing external spaces that may be affected by wind

6.0 THE SITE // 91

7.0 // PROGRAMME FIX HEADING

QUBITS

SCALEXTRIC

WIKIHOUSE

94 // FUTURE FUNCTION

DESIGNING A KIT OF PARTS To produce a series of spaces which are adaptable yet still have specific interchangeable uses, it may be useful to design a system as a kit of parts; parts which can only connect to other set parts in specific ways, based upon a series of rules. For example, similar to Qubits construction pieces, scalextrix race tracks, and the Wikihouse project, which is an open source construction system based upon the assembly of different components. To design a kit of parts, I will firstly need to determine the connections between the different types of programmatic spaces that were defined earlier, then based on these connections, create parts that can be assembled to form the interchangeable programmes. The initial system I proposed was formed of central and localised loops. For this investigation I will be focusing on the central loop, the adaptive built form; so, it will be these spaces, work, play and manage that I will continue to explore.

7.0 PROGRAMME FIX // 95

ECONOMIC DECLINE

WORK SPACES

UNEMPLOYMENT RISE

EVENT SPACES

ECONOMIC GROWTH RETAIL SPACES

INCREASED POPULATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE

EDUCATION SPACES GREATER HEALTH AWARENESS

INCREASED POPULATION INHABITURE SPACES INCREASED HOUSING CRISIS

INFRASTRUCTURE

NEW COMMUNITIES CREATED

PUBLIC SPACES

WORSHIP SPACES

INCREASED ETHNIC DIVERSITY

COMMUNITY MEETING SPACES

COMMUNIT

EVENT SPACES

SOCIAL UNREST IF NOT THEN...

DIVERSIFICATION OF EMPLOYMENT FIELDS

WORK SPACES

INCREASED DE-INDUSTRIALISATION

WORKSHOP SPACES LOCAL RETAIL SPACES IF NOT THEN...

INCREASED POPULATION

ECONOMIC D PUBLIC SPACES INHABITURE

COMMUNITY AREAS OF DISUSE

INFRASTRUCTURE

SPORT SPACES INCREASED INHABITURE SPACES

AND

96 // FUTURE FUNCTION

NOT

PROGRAMME CONNECTIONS:

WORKSHOP SPACES

SPORT SPACES

WORK SPACES

RETAIL SPACES

EVENT SPACES

INHABITURE SPACES

EDUCATION SPACES

SPORT SPACES

INHABITURE SPACES

INFRASTRUCTURE

INHABITURE SPACES

PUBLIC SPACES

WORSHIP SPACES

TY MEETING SPACES WORSHIP SPACES

EVENT SPACES

INFRASTRUCTURE

MEETING SPACES

INCREASED CRIME

WORKSHOP SPACES

INHABITURE SPACES

LOCAL RETAIL

WORKSHOP SPACES

COMMUNITY MEETING SPACES

PUBLIC SPACES EVENT SPACES

DECLINE

SHELTER SPACES

DISUSED SPACES

INFRASTRUCTURE

SPORT SPACES

PUBLIC + SPORT SPACES, INFRASTRUCTURE

SPACES EDUCATION SPACES

WORKSHOP SPACES

INHABITURE SPACES

SHELTER SPACES

LOGIC OF THE CENTRAL SYSTEM Firstly, to determine the programme of spaces required and programmes which connect to each other, I have constructed a logic gates system identifying types of programmes needed in various urban social, cultural and economic situations. Therefore, if these situations should occur, it can be predicted the types of programme that citizens will request via the data networks, and following the system through, the other types of programme it is interchangeable with.

7.0 PROGRAMME FIX // 97

INFRASTRUCTURAL

PUBLIC SPACE

WALKWAYS BRIDGES TUNNELS

SOCIAL MEETING SPACE OPEN AREA BENCH PLAY SPACE

SIMPLE SURFACE

MULTI-FLEXIBLE SURFACE, DIFFERENT ANGLES

INHABITURE SPACE

WORK SPACE

HOUSING SHELTER

OFFICE WORKSHOP MEDICAL FACILITIES

SEPARATED + DEFINED ENCLOSURES OF SET SIZES

SMALL SPANNING SPACES CREATED BY FLEXIBLE DIVISIONS DEPENDING ON THE SIZE OF SPACE NEEDED

98 // FUTURE FUNCTION

ABLE

BEND

EVENT SPACE

SPORT SPACE

COMMUNITY MEETING SPACE WORSHIP SPACE TOWN HALL COMMUNITY EVENTS EG. CONCERT HALL / THEATRE

PITCHES COURTS

LARGE SPANNING WIDTH AND HEIGHT

POTENTIALLY LARGE SPANNING WIDTH AND HEIGHT WITH DIVISIONS AND DIFFERENT MATERIALS DEPENDING ON SPORT

RETAIL SPACE

EDUCATION SPACE

LOCAL RETAIL SHOP MARKET STALL

CLASSROOMS LABS

PARTIALLY OPEN SPACES OF SET SIZES

SERIES OF DIFFERENT SET SIZED, JOINED SPACES

PROGRAMMATIC TYPOLOGIES From the logic system I am able to identify a series of different programmes that will be needed, and the types of space required by each one. Using these typologies and the connections between programmes from the logic system, the next stage is to try and determine how these connections can become interchangeable spaces, switching between different programmes.

7.0 PROGRAMME FIX // 99

WORK SPACES

RETAIL SPACES

EVENT SPACES

1. LARGE SPANS AND CHANGEABLE DIVISIONS WITH NUMEROUS CONNECTING POINTS FOR WORK SPACES

2. CONNECTION POINTS ON LARGE SPANS FOR RETAIL SPACES

INHABITURE SPACES

EDUCATION SPACES

SPORT SPACES 3.

3. LARGE SPANNING CENTRALISED PARTS, A COMBINATION OF SET SIZED EDUCATION SPACES AND FLEXIBLE DIVISIONS FOR SPORT SPACES, SURROUNDED BY INHABITURE SPACES

INHABITURE SPACES

INFRASTRUCTURAL

PUBLIC SPACES

4. SIMPLE + MULTIFLEX SURFACES THAT CAN CONNECT TO DIFFERENT SET SIZES OF INHABITURE SPACES

INHABITURE SPACES

5. LARGE SPANNING INHABITURE SPACES

WORSHIP SPACES

CENTRALISED

PARTS,

SURROUNDED

INTERCHANGEABLE PROGRAMME METHODS 100 // FUTURE FUNCTION

WORK SPACES

PUBLIC SPACES

RETAIL SPACES

6. PARTIALLY OPEN WORK DIVISIONS TO CONNECT TO RETAIL SPACES. LARGE SPANNING FLEXIBLE SURFACES FOR PUBLIC SPACE.

INHABITURE SPACES

WORK SPACES

7. FLEXIBLE DIVISIONS OF WORKSPACES THAT CAN CONNECT DIRECTLY TO SET SIZES OF INHABITURE SPACES

EVENT SPACES

INFRASTRUCTURAL

SPORT SPACES

9. 8. LARGE SPANS WITH CONNECTION POINTS TO CREATE SMALLER SPORTS SPACES. 9. FLEXIBLE SURFACES THAT CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO FORM A LARGER SPANNING SURFACE

EDUCATION SPACES

WORK SPACES

10.

10. WORKS SPACES THAT CONNECT DIRECTLY ONTO EDUCATION SPACES

In this next stage I have tried to identify the methods of connections needed between different spaces. This has not been as successful a process, as it is difficult to make connections which produce spaces for different programmes, yet are still specific to each separate programme. 7.0 PROGRAMME FIX // 101

PROGRAMME FIX The varied programmatic typologies that I currently have, are too many; when trying to create a system of parts within which they can be interchangeable, the spaces being produced are becoming too generic, becoming ‘non-spaces’ as they have to adhere to too many rules between different programme types. Therefore, the next step forward is have a fix point, and reduce the number of typologies so that I can create a system of interchangeable, but effective and meaningful spaces. The aim of this thesis investigation is to create an adaptive system which the citizens of Coventry can use to ‘hack’ the city. Public Space within the urban environment is created for open use of the public. I want to use this notion and transform it into the creation of an adaptive public amenity.

102 // FUTURE FUNCTION

“‘WITHOUT COMMON LAND NO SOCIAL SYSTEM CAN SURVIVE.’ PUBLIC SPACE IS THEREFORE OF THE UTMOST SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPORTANCE, SINCE IT INESCAPABLY STRUCTURES THE WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE PHYSICALLY RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER IN THE DAILY TRANSACTIONS OF LIFE...THAT THE PARTS // CONCEPT HEADING ALLOWS US TO SURVIVE AND FLOURISHTEXT AS CITIZENS AND SOCIAL BEINGS.” [WORPOLE, 2000:12]

7.0 A KIT OF PARTS // 103

OPPORTUNITIES CIVIC PRIDE ACTIVITIES GREEN SPACE

SAFETY

SPORT

HEALTH

RETAIL

SOCIAL INTERACTION

EXHIBITION

CITY INVESTMENT

MUSIC

YOUTH DEVELOPMENT

CULTURAL EVENTS

INCREASED URBAN FOOTFALL

FOOD/DRINK

REDUCED CRIME

NATURE

SOCIAL INCLUSION

LOCAL ECONOMY BOOST

INVESTIGATING THE POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR PUBLIC SPACE AND REALM + PUBLIC SPACE HACKING TO INSTIGATE THESE OPPORTUNITIES

104 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

“PEOPLE THEMSELVES MAY ...BUILD THEIR OWN SENSE OF AGENCY. IT IS ABOUT DEVELOPING WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE THEMSELVES CAN BECOME MORE ENGAGED WITH, AND ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE FOR, THE SPACES THEY INHABIT. IT IS ABOUT INVESTING THE PRODUCTION OF ARCHITECTURE WITH THE POETRIES OF ITS INHABITANTS” [HAQUE, 2007:61]

PUBLIC SPACE OPPORTUNITIES “Public space is all around us, a vital part of everyday urban life...in other words, public space is our open-air living room, our outdoor leisure centre.” Design Council, 2014 Public Space and the activities that take place there offer many opportunities for improving the wellbeing of the urban environment and its citizens. It provides an element of the public realm that all people have a direct connection to in their daily lives. The idea of people space hacking the city means that they determine the spaces created, and become responsible for them. A public space based adaptive amenity would allow all citizens to space hack within a public realm, actively impacting upon their urban environment and consequently positively affecting the wellbeing of the city.

7.0 PROGRAMME FIX // 105

EVENT

SPORT

THE ADAPTIVE PUBLIC AMENITY WILL FORM A CONSTANTLY CHANGING AMALGAMATION OF EVENT, SPORT AW MARKET SPACES

106 // FUTURE FUNCTION

MARKET

ADAPTIVE PUBLIC AMENITY // EVENT-SPORT-MARKET In determining an adaptive public amenity, I have chosen three typologies from the original eight I defined, which will provide programmes based around public activities - these are event space, sport space and market space. Having these public and semipublic spaces will collectively create a new civic hub. These types of programme can be used to devise a more effective method of an adaptive system, in which the spaces are interchangeable according to the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s desires, yet still provide specific event, sport and market spaces. I will need to develop the system in a way that maximum flux in programme can be allowed to occur, so that numerous programmes can all be occurring at once, creating a dynamic community environment.

7.0 PROGRAMME FIX // 107

8.0 // DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

TEXT

INTRODUCTION // 109

SPORT SPACES

EVENT SPACES

MARKET SPACES

SUPPORTING SPACES

FOOTBALL PITCH

STAGE

MARKET STALLS

ENTRANCE

HOCKEY PITCH

AUDITORIUM SEATING

MARKET STORAGE

COMMUNITY HUB

CRICKET

BACKSTAGE

LOADING BAY

RESTAURANT

TENNIS COURTS

LARGE SCALE SCREEN

MANAGEMENT OFFICES

BADMINTON COURTS

DRESSING ROOMS

CAR PARKING

NETBALL COURTS

REHEARSAL STUDIO

INDOOR STREET CIRCULATION

BASKETBALL COURTS

LIGHTING CONTROL

JOINT SERVICE AREAS

9 HOLE GOLF COURSE

SOUND CONTROL

SKI JUMP

BOX OFFICE

FIRST AID

BAR

PHYSIO SUITE

EVENT STORAGE

CHANGING ROOMS FITNESS STUDIO EQUIPMENT STORAGE

FOOTBALL PITCH

TENNIS COURTS

PHYSIO SUITE

EQUIPMENT STORAGE

HOCKEY PITCH

BADMINTON COURTS

CHANGING ROOMS

LIGHTING CONTROL

CRICKET

NETBALL COURTS

FITNESS STUDIO

SOUND CONTROL

TENNIS COURTS

BASKETBALL COURTS

EVENT STORAGE

MARKET STALLS

STAGE

DRESSING ROOMS

LOADING BAY

AUDITORIUM SEATING

REHEARSAL STUDIO

CAR PARKING

BACKSTAGE

EXTERNAL INTERCHANGEABLE ACTIVITY PROGRAMMES

110 // FUTURE FUNCTION

INTERNAL INTERCHANGEABLE ACTIVITY PROGRAMMES

INTERCHANGEABLE SUPPORTING PROGRAMMES

JOINT SERVICE AREAS

INTERCHANGEABLE SERVICE PROGRAMMES

FOOTBALL PITCHES

9 HOLE GOLF COURSE

HOCKEY PITCHES

SKI JUMP

CRICKET FOOTBALL PITCHES HOCKEY PITCHES CRICKET MARKET STALLS MARKET STORAGE

LARGE SCALE 9 HOLE GOLF SCREEN COURSE

LOADING BAY

MARKET STORAGE

CAR PARKING

COMMUNITY HUB

BOX OFFICE BAR MANAGEMENT OFFICES

INDOOR COMMUNITY STREET HUB CIRCULATION

LARGE SCALE LOADING BAY SCREEN

MARKET STALLS

MANAGEMENT OFFICES

RESTAURANT ENTRANCE

SKI JUMP

CAR PARKING

ENTRANCE

BOX OFFICE BAR

RESTAURANT

TENNIS COURTS BADMINTON COURTS NETBALL COURTS TENNIS COURTS BASKETBALL BADMINTON COURTS COURTS NETBALL COURTS

STAGE INDOOR STREET CIRCULATION AUDITORIUM SEATING BACKSTAGE STAGE AUDITORIUM SEATING BACKSTAGE

LIGHTING CONTROL SOUND CONTROL LIGHTING CONTROL JOINT SERVICE AREAS SOUND CONTROL EVENT STORAGE JOINT SERVICE EQUIPMENT AREAS STORAGE

BASKETBALL COURTS

EVENT STORAGE FIRST AID

CHANGING ROOMS

FITNESS STUDIO

PHYSIO SUITE

DRESSING ROOMS

REHEARSAL STUDIO

EQUIPMENT STORAGE

FIRST AID

CHANGING ROOMS

FITNESS STUDIO

PHYSIO SUITE

DRESSING ROOMS

REHEARSAL STUDIO

INITIAL PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION + ORGANISATION To begin determining the types of spaces the scheme will need, I have split the programme specification into four categories: sport, event, market and supporting spaces. I have then begun to group together the spaces which can become interchangeable, based upon internal and external activities, supporting spaces and servicing, how how these could possibly be organised. These groups and organisation will change as the scheme develops, but this initial process along with site analysis will allow me to produce a strategy for programme organisation across the site.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 111

SPACE TYPE

SPACE NEEDED (METRES)

FOOTBALL PITCH HOCKEY PITCH BADMINTON COURT TENNIS COURT BASKETBALL COURT NETBALL COURTS CRICKET

18.3 X 30.5 X 6.7 16.75 X 33.5 X 7.6 13.4 X 6.1 X 7.0 10.97 X 23.77 X 8.0 14.0 X 26.0 X 6.7 15.25 X 30.5 X 6.7 30.4 X 18.9 X 6.7

CHANGING ROOMS FITNESS STUDIO FIRST AID PHYSIO SUITE LARGE EQUIPMENT STORAGE STUDIO EQUIPMENT STORAGE

1.2M2 PER PERSON 15.0 X 12.0 X 4.5 10.0 M2 15.0 (MIN) 12.5% OF SPORTS SPACE AREA 15.0 M2

STAGE AUDITORIUM SEATING DRESSING ROOMS REHEARSAL STUDIO

10.0 X 10.0 (MIN) 850 MM ROW TO ROW 5.0 X 3.0 (4 PEOPLE) 5.0 X 3.0 (SINGING) 1000 M2 (DANCE) 10M2 (PER ROOM) 3.0 X 4.5 X 4.4 (MIN) 3.0 X 4.4 X 4.4 (MIN) 2.0 X 2.0 (MIN)

ADMIN/MEETING ROOMS LIGHTING CONTROL SOUND CONTROL EVENT RECORDING BACKSTAGE BAR BOX OFFICE EVENT STORAGE

1.8 M2 (PER PERSON) 10M 2 3 X THE EVENT SPACE AREA

MARKET STALL

2.0 X 3.0

CAR PARKING SPACE MARKET OFFICE MARKET STORAGE

2.4 X 4.8 10M2 DETERMINED BY NUMBER OF STALL SPACES

ENTRANCE COMMUNITY HUB RESTAURANT MANAGEMENT OFFICES INDOOR STREET JOINT SERVICE AREAS

50.0 M2 200.0 M2 2.0 M2 (PER PERSON) 10M2 (PER OFFICE) 10 WIDE X LENGTH OF ROUTE DETERMINED IN SERVICING STRATEGY

112 // FUTURE FUNCTION

AREA CALCULATIONS The calculated areas for the different spaces required are particularly important for this scheme, as the areas will be used extensively in determining how different programme spaces can become interchangeable with other programmes. For example, for external spaces which will include markets and sports pitches, it would be an effective method to arrange these based upon a grid system taking into account the areas for both markets and the pitches, to decide the most efficient organisation of these spaces and that will allow the greatest degree of flux so that the external areas are as adaptable as possible.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 113

SIGNIFICANT ARTERIAL ROUTES

SITE DESIGN PARAMETERS In order to determine the programme organisation, specific site parameters need to be understood. The site has four main arterial routes which are key factors in determining a strategy for connecting the outer and inner city split by this ring road junction. These are from the residential area in the west, the station in the south, the city centre in the north and the ring road. To propose an adaptive public amenity, I will need to reinvent how a public realm can be provided at this site.

114 // FUTURE FUNCTION

STRATEGY FOR RECONNECTION

Greyfriars Green is already a green public space, whereas the car park is a derelict hard surface. Extending the green area to form a new landscape through the junction and connecting to the current car park would link these areas, and provide a through route from the residential areas into the city centre, ideal for public use. This also offers the opportunity to reinvent the idea of a connecting bridge or subway as a dynamic space, to replace the current pedestrian route across the junction. The roundabout junction itself could then become a hub of activity, acting as an arena for the public amenity and maintaining a visual connection with the ring road.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 115

116 // FUTURE FUNCTION

INITIAL IDEAS Using the ideas of linking across the ring road junction and creating an extension of the green space at Greyfriers Green, I essentially want to create two large adjoining spaces with ramped landscaped roofs creating a new open public space, with activities located within the building. The first ramp extends directly from the green, and I had initially designed it extending underneath the tallest part of the junction, currently where there is a pedestrian walkway; however, to make a larger impact on the junction and to truly engulf it, the ramp will extend over the top of the road still allowing cars to pass underneath it. The second ramp will extend from the car park to the west of the site and the two ramps will meet in the middle of the junction roundabout. This initial form will create a direct and obvious bridging link across the junction, and the ramped landscapes aim to encourage people to use this new public space and cross the boundary between the inner and outer city.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 117

220m @ 1:20

8.0m

80m @ 1:10

118 // FUTURE FUNCTION

4.5m

CONTEXTUAL DESIGN DECISIONS // TOPOGRAPHY + HEIGHTS INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // PROGRAMME ANALYSIS As my strategy is to envelope the entire ring road, the heights of the road junction and surrounding land play an important part in the organisation of the building programme and form. Where Greyfriers Green meets the junction, the space height to the underside of the road is 4.5 metres. To create a landscape that can essentially create a ramp over the road, the building height must reach at least 8 metres to allow cars to still use the road. To achieve this a ramp of 1:10 will be used at 80 metres long extending from the green, so it will be 8 metres tall when reaching the road, and will ramp higher once continuing past this point to join the other ramp. Other means of access onto the ramp will also be provided as a 1:10 ramp is steep for walking on. The adjoining landscaped ramp from the car park on the western edge is able to extend 220 metres before reaching the ramp from the green. This will be a 1:20 ramp; where these two ramps meet, the building height will reach 11m. This is the most appropriate area for the indoor sports and event spaces, as a large ceiling height is required for these programmes. The other support spaces such as studios and changing areas, will be located on the first floor as they do not have as specific requirements in terms of the height of the space.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 119

NORTH

11M

17M

120 // FUTURE FUNCTION

EAST

SOUTH

WEST

CONTEXTUAL DESIGN DECISIONS // WIND INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // PROGRAMME ANALYSIS Environmental conditions such as wind and solar impact also play a significant role in determining the organisation of a programme. Using Ecotect/Vasari and a basic conceptual mass of the potential form of the building, I have run simulations to determine the wind and solar impact. From my earlier site analysis, I know that the prevailing wind is predominantly in the west and south western direction. However, to get an overall picture, I ran the simulation for north, south, east and west, at different planar heights for the key heights the building reaches - 0m, 8m where it reaches the road, 11m where the two ramps meet, and 17m for the tallest ramp. The images opposite show the wind velocity, with the lighter the colour showing the highest velocity. At 0m there are overall lower wind velocities to the west of the site when compared to the east, making it an appropriate location for the external market and sport spaces, which could be situated where the car park currently is. As the heights increase it is not a highly accurate method for using as the wind velocities would be affected by the mass itself; however, the lowest velocities are in the north and west so these would be the best areas for external activities on the landscape at height. The eastern edge of the mass, which is where the two lower ramps meets and so, may be where the internal sports and events are situated, generally have higher wind velocities. This should not be a problem as the spaces are internal, but will need to be considered in the structural logic of this potentially large space in terms of wind loads.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 121

0900

SPRING EQUINOX

SUMMER SOLSTICE

AUTUMN EQUINOX

WINTER SOLSTICE

122 // FUTURE FUNCTION

1200

1500

SPRING EQUINOX

SUMMER SOLSTICE

AUTUMN EQUINOX

WINTER SOLSTICE

CONTEXTUAL DESIGN DECISIONS // SOLAR INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // PROGRAMME ANALYSIS In terms of solar energy, I used the mass to simulate solar radiation and solar shading throughout the year. The solar radiation analysis showed the least amount of radiation on the eastern edge; the southern edge was also not particularly high, but higher in winter when the sun is lower in the sky. Having these lower radiation levels to the east means that locating the main internal sports and event spaces here should be successful in terms of not overheating, however some cooling may be required to counteract the gains from the south. The majority of the radiation impacts on the roof, especially in summer. A cooling strategy through the roof may be required so that the large internal spaces do not overheat. This needs to be looked at in more detail and could be combined with a roof-lighting strategy, to get natural light into the space. Shading from the surroundings has little impact generally across the site. Where the external market-sports spaces are to be located to the west, there is some shading to the north of the car park, so this must be considered and alternative lighting strategies applied. However, there is only some shadowing from nearby tall buildings along the eastern edges of the main roof which will create the landscape, so this orientation works well in that aspect.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 123

PUBLIC WALKWAY TO ENTRANCE

LANDSCA

INTERNAL THROUGHWAY EXTENSION OF STREET

CAR PARKING / MARKET / EXTERNAL PITCHES

COMMUNITY HUB

LANDSCAPED ROOF

PUBLIC WALKWAY TO ENTRANCE

S FOR

CAR PARKING / MARKET / EXTERNAL PITCHES

APED ROOF

ENTRANCE + ORGANISATION

SERVICE AND SUPPORTING AREAS R MIXED USE SPACES

AREAS FOR MIXED SPORT AND EVENT SPACES

DESIGN STRATEGY From my programme specification and contextual site analysis I have constructed a basic site strategy in terms of programme organisation across the site. The car park to the west will consist of mostly external areas for adaptable market stalls, sports pitches and car parking. The landscaped roof will also extend to this space; access into the main building will be via a walkway on the roof that meets stair access when meeting the building, or through an indoor street space that extends throughout the entire scheme. Situated in the main building are sports and event spaces which are interchangeable programmes, with joint service areas, as well as a community hub and management area.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 125

9 HOLE GOLF COURSE SKI JUMP

PHYSIO SUITE CHANGING ROOMS FITNESS STUDIO

DRESSING ROOMS REHEARSAL STUDIO

FOOTBALL PITCH HOCKEY PITCH CRICKET TENNIS COURTS

COMMUNITY HUB RESTAURANT

MARKET STALLS LOADING BAY CAR PARKING

126 // FUTURE FUNCTION

LARGE SCALE SCREEN

DESIGN STRATEGY ENTRANCE MANAGEMENT OFFICES

This demonstrates the strategy in more detail. The current car park will contain football and hockey pitches, tennis courts, market stalls and car parking. The internal sports areas will include tennis, badminton, netball and basketball courts, in open areas which can be transformed into event spaces with stages, exhibition equipment and moveable auditorium seating.

TENNIS COURTS

EQUIPMENT STORAGE

BADMINTON COURTS

LIGHTING CONTROL

NETBALL COURTS

SOUND CONTROL

BASKETBALL COURTS INDOOR STREET CIRCULATION

STAGE AUDITORIUM SEATING BACKSTAGE

EVENT STORAGE JOINT SERVICE AREAS

The indoor street circulation will connect these two main spaces and make a direct link across the ring road, reinventing the notion of subway access across infrastructure. There is also a community hub in this area which will be a key social area overlooking the ring road. This indoor street needs to be a highly dynamic space, a hive of activity. The first floor will contain supporting spaces to the sport and event programmes, including studios and suites, changing rooms, dressing rooms, and physio/ first aid. The landscape will need to provide a green space as well as connecting to the various programmes of the scheme. It is currently more sports based with a golf course being programmed, but more programme types will need to be incorporated here as the design develops. A third ramp has been added stretching to the west to create more variation of height within the landscape and to allow for space for a first floor. More floors may be added above the first floor as the design becomes more developed.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 127

128 // FUTURE FUNCTION

DEVELOPMENTAL SKETCH MODELS TO DEMONSTRATE THE POSSIBILITIES OF MASSING AND LEVEL CHANGES TO CREATE A NEW LANDSCAPE WITHIN THE JUNCTION

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 129

OVERLAPPING THE ORIGINAL DIMENSIONS DOES NOT WORK

SPACING THE PARKING AND MARKET STALLS SO THAT THEIR OVERALL DISTANCE IS EQUAL

WIDENING THE MARKET STALLS TO FIT A CAR PARKING SPACE OF 2400MM

LENGTHENING THE CAR PARKING SPACE TO FIT THE DEPTH OF TWO MARKET STALLS

130 // FUTURE FUNCTION

BINNENROTTE SQUARE BY WEST 8 IS A FLEXIBLE PUBLIC SQUARE-MARKET PLACE

EXTERNAL FLEXIBLE GRID PARAMETERS // MARKET-CARS INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // BUILDING DESCRIPTION The most efficient way to organise the interchangeable programmes is the use a grid system. An effective example of this is Binnenrotte Square by West 8, which is a public square which sometimes functions as a marketplace with ground plugin spots to attach stalls. I have begun with the simplest, combining the market stalls and car parking spaces. These have different dimensions and cannot just be overlapped - the dimensions of each one must be reworked to create a grid adjusted to suit both market stalls and car parking. A standard market stall measurement is 3m x 2m, whereas a car parking space is 2.4m x 4.8m. Initially I spaced each set of grids out evenly, so that their overall dimensions were equal. Then I widened the 2m width of the market stall to fit a 2.4m car parking space, then lengthened the depth of a carparking space to 6m so that it can fit two market stall spaces. This grid will allow demountable market stalls to be fitted as and when needed, and as the design evolves I will need to design these demountable systems.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 131

CAR PARKING + MARKET STALLS WITH OVERALL SAME DIMENSIONS

HOCKEY + FOOTBALL PITCHES, TENNIS COURTS, REQUIRED RUNOFF BOUNDARIES

ADAPTING THE RUNOFF LINES TO THE OVERALL GRID

132 // FUTURE FUNCTION

PARKING LOT + TENNIS COURT OVERLAY, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND

EXTERNAL FLEXIBLE GRID PARAMETERS // SPORT-MARKET INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // BUILDING DESCRIPTION The next stage was then to combine market and car parking grids with external sports pitches. For this I used the grid spacing in which the overal dimensions were the same. I then adapted the overall runoff boundaries for hockey and football pitches and tennis courts to this spacing and centred the court or pitch within this boundary. This will mean that the plugin points for market stalls can also be used to attach fencing or netting equipment to designate areas for courts and pitches.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 133

CAR PARKING / MARKET GRID LAYOUT WITH SPORTS CONNECTIONS AND CAR CHARGING POINTS

EXTERNAL FLEXIBLE GRID PARAMETERS // SPORT-MARKET-CARS INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // BUILDING DESCRIPTION

134 // FUTURE FUNCTION

ALL GRID LAYOUTS TOGETHER

Once the grid parameters had been calculated, they were arranged on site within the current car parking area, with roads to allow for access onto the main roads and the ring road. There are also car charging points incorporated every 60 car parking spaces, keeping in line with the Coventry 2020 low carbon bid.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 135

LAYERING OF INTERNAL SPORTS COURTS

FOUR MAIN AREAS WITH MOVABLE SEATING AND MOVEABLE WALLS

136 // FUTURE FUNCTION

INTERNAL FLEXIBLE GRID SYSTEM // SPORT-EVENT INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // BUILDING DESCRIPTION A similar process of a layered grid system was used within the main sport and event space. Four main areas were identified, with moveable walling inbetween so that the space could be potentially opened into one large space. Blocks of stepped auditorium seating were added around the peripheries of the spaces as well as sound and lighting control. The seating will be retractable to allow for extra storage or backstage spaces, or to remove the seating if it is not required. Sports courts for tennis, badminton and basketball were then layered either centrally or overlapping to fill all areas of the main space. The arrangement of the courts will also have plugin points for netting similar to the external pitches.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 137

138 // FUTURE FUNCTION

SPATIALISING PROGRAMME // BASIC ORGANISATION INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // BUILDING DESCRIPTION This shows the development of the basic organisation, with the added arrangement of seating and supporting spaces in the event and sport space, and the cores for circulation as well as the addition of a second floor, which will be used as an outdoor event and sport space. I also want to develop the indoor street much more. This is the main through route for the entire scheme and should be a place of constant activity, and so the programme should be harnessed here as well. Market spaces could be incorporated here, as well as social spaces such as cafes or bars. I think that the programmes within this space could act as plugin spaces or pop-up shops to provide adaptable forms of socialising and entertainment that people can appropriate as they use this link between the outer and inner city. The landscape also needs to be more developed to have the same degree of adaptivity as the rest of the scheme. This could possibly be achieved through the use of surfacing to create different areas for different activities.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 139

RECONNECTING THE PROCESSION THROUGH THE STREET

140 // FUTURE FUNCTION

THE POMPIDOU CENTRE, RICHARD ROGERS AND OSLO OPERA HOUSE, SNOHETTA, MAKE PARTICULARLY GOOD USE OF CONNECTING THE PROGRAMME WITH PUBLIC CIRCULATION

SPATIALISING PROGRAMME// BASIC CIRCULATION INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // BUILDING DESCRIPTION Circulation is a key aspect of the scheme and could be developed more effectively to create a more dynamic circulation experience. There should be direct connections between the landscape, the programme activities and the indoor street. The procession through the street needs act as a mediator between the landscape and activities; this could be achieved with the addition of elevated walkways that interconnect with the events and sports or offer spectator views to them. These walkways could also link directly onto the landscape from below, offering another route onto the roof.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 141

VARIOUS PROJECTS, WEST 8

STREET PAINTING, LANG BAUMANN

UV GOLF, BERLIN

142 // FUTURE FUNCTION

SURFACE GRID PARAMETERS // COLOUR INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // MATERIALITY In order to identify different programmes within the scheme, different surface treatments and use of supergraphics could be used. Application of surface treatments would be a necessity to provide the correct surfaces required by different activities, but how these are applied could also impact on the circulation and procession through the scheme. These techniques are explored extensively by West 8, who employ variations of soft and hard landscaping and colour throughout their work, to identify areas of different activity. As I am creating a new public amenity, aiming to be a civic hub, the spaces will need to attract the public and draw them in. It will be a dynamic environment of activity, and I think that as well as surface treatments, light and colour will play a significant role. Supergraphics could be to engage directly with the public guiding them through the scheme, identifying routes of circulation and points of engaging with specific activities. Natural lighting will be important for certain spaces, but electrical lighting could be used to enhance boundaries of activities (such as the UV golf course in Berlin). These factors combined will aim to actively engage with the public and instigate movement around the scheme in an exciting fashion.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 143

MARKET-SPORT-CARS SURFACE LAYOUT

144 // FUTURE FUNCTION

SURFACE GRID PARAMETERS // LAYOUT INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // MATERIALITY I have begun applying colour and surfaces to the first grid I produced for the external sports, markets and car parking area. The materials needed within this space include sports surfaces, tarmac for roads, and paving for public walking areas. The sports surfaces will need the most variation as different sports have different requirements. Natural Turf will be used for the pitches to the north and south of the car park, a different type of turf will be used for the tennis courts than for the hockey and football pitches - these will overlap based on how the courts/pitches have been layed out. The sports pitches to the east of the car park are covered by the overhead building, and so, will be astroturf, again with different specifications for the tennis courts to the football and hockey pitches. This will allow for variation from the other sports surfaces, and also allows for differing personal preference of the public users of these sports surfaces. This method will also need to be applied to the internal sports courts. Internal sports courts may be the same material, as is normally applied in a sports hall; however, there also need to be surfaces which are appropriate to the event activities as well.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 145

CONNECTING THE STREET WITH THE OUTER SURROUNDINGS + LIGHTING ADVERTISING ACTIVITIES

146 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES UNDERNEATH WESTWAY, LONDON

SPATIALISING PROGRAMME + SURFACES // THE STREET INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // BUILDING DESCRIPTION As described earlier, the indoor street space needs to be developed to become a hive of activity for people passing through this space. Aiming to have plugin entertainment spaces such as cafes, bars and spectator suites overlooking the events or sports activities, the lighting and surfaces used should reflect this. Supergraphics could be used to extend outwards from the street into the road surrounding the car park, or the area next to Greyfriers green, enticing the public into the space. Electrical lighting which also relates to the notion of colour before could also be used to denote the changing activities of the spaces. The scheme should be viewed as an area within the ring road, showcasing the activities taking place; lighting and graphics should be used to enhance this.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 147

INITIAL LANDSCAPE SURFACING STRATEGY

148 // FUTURE FUNCTION

SPATIALISING PROGRAMME + SURFACES // LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // BUILDING DESCRIPTION Similar to the external sports, market and car parking grid, I have begun to develop the surfacing used on the landscaped roof. It is currently comprised of green space, paved walkways, golf driving ranges, a putting green and a hard surface spectator area overlooking the external sports pitches. Currently this is a very basic outlining of possible surfaces on the landscape, and needs to a have a greater connection to the various programmatic activities of the entire scheme, so this will keep developing. The surfaces will also be affected by the roof structure and roof lighting applications which will be developed as the project continues.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 149

ROLEX LEARNING CENTRE, SANAA

SAVA CENTAR, STOJAN MAKSIMOVIC

YALE UNIVERSITY ART GALLERY, LOUIS KAHN

150 // FUTURE FUNCTION

STRUCTURAL PRECEDENTS INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // PRECEDENT ANALYSIS The structural strategy employed within the scheme will be significant as it is a large building with wide spans, that also needs to span across the ring road. Investigating into the construction of wide span buildings has had an impact on the logic of the structural strategy. The Rolex Learning Centre by SANAA is essentially one continuous structure spread over an 88,000sqm site, without dividing walls to separate spaces, except for a series of internal voids. The centre is formed from a structure of two 3-dimensional curved concrete shells forming the floor and the roof. The geometry of the two shells is the same so that they run parallel to each other. Inside the shells are under stressed arches, which are held by underground pre-stressed cables and is internally supported by columns. The floor is a concrete structure whilst the roof is wood and steel. As it is formed of a single structure, all of the elements need to be flexible to accommodate for structural and natural movements; this has been achieved through joined internal ceilings, and glass facade pieces jointed independently. The use of concrete shells is a technique which would work effectively within my scheme as it would provide a wide span that could cross the ring road junction effectively. It also highlights a method of construction for how to support such wide spanning shells with the use of underground cables. Another wide spanning structure is the Sava Center in Belgrade which was visited on our study trip this year. The centre hosts multi-purpose functions, and so, is formed of a number of huge spanning spaces. The structure makes extensive use of reinforced concrete lattices and steel girders for the roof construction, which has been used in the main hall to create a roof dimension of 50m x 50m at 5m high. Concrete lattices are also used to support lateral glass walls, with steel binding rafters. This structural method demonstrates the extent to which a wide spanning element can be achieved through concrete lattice work. I have also considered how the structure could be linked to the internal natural daylighting of spaces. Yale University Art Gallery by Louis Kahn uses a hollow concrete tetrahedral space frame which allows for the omission of duct work as air is channelled through the structure itself. Spaces are also lit through this hollow structure. Applying a technique such as this through the roof of my structure could potentially work as a daylighting strategy.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 151

152 // FUTURE FUNCTION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

40M

10M

15 S

STRUCTURAL GRID INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // STRUCTURAL CHOICE The structural grid employed will mainly be a grid of 40m by 10m, as large, expansive, column free spaces are needed for the adaptive sports and events spaces. To the west of the site a smaller grid of 20m by 10m will be used, as the spaces here are generally much smaller.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 153

154 // FUTURE FUNCTION

STRUCTURAL LOGIC INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // STRUCTURAL CHOICE Based upon precedent analysis and my knowledge of the site, I have formulated a basic structural strategy for the scheme. Pile foundations will be used to counteract weak ground conditions transferring the load to deeper land for greater support. A continuous concrete gridshell floor of 5m x 5m will be used in two parts, one for the areas crossing over the ring road junction, and another for the areas located in the current car park. Steel columns and trusses will be used to provide support for the wide spanning areas. Throughout the parts of the grid which are 40m x 10m, the trusses may need to be as deep as 2.5m to provide enough support; where the grid is 20m x 10m, they may be 1.5m deep. These could potentially be box trusses, to again provide more support, and to offer opportunities for integrated servicing which may be needed by the sport and event spaces. Similar to the floor system, a concrete gridshell will also be used for the roof, taking into account the various ramps within the landscape. This hybrid structure presents potential for the wide spans to be successful, but will need developing further as the design evolves.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 155

156 // FUTURE FUNCTION

CELESTORY LIGHTING VS THE ADDING OF ROOFLIGHTS

STRUCTURE + LIGHTING Natural Daylighting of sport and event spaces can be difficult, as light is needed for a decent internal environment, but without the risk of glare and the opportunity to restrict light when necessary. Sports halls have sometimes employed celestory lighting, but this proves ineffective due to glare problems, and due to the 40m span of my building, it would have little effect to the space at all (as demonstrated above). I think that a roof lighting system applied using the grid of the gridshell roof could be an effective way of getting daylight into certain spaces. However, more detailed investigations will need to be done to determine how this can be achieved without the risk of glare as well. This will be more significant in the event and sport spaces on the east of the site, than the supporting spaces the west of the site.

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STADEL MUSEUM, SCHNEIDER + SCHUMACHER

HIGH MUSEUM EXTENSION, RENZO PIANO

VARIOUS WORKS, DAN FLAVIN

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LIGHTING PRECEDENTS Dynamic applications of roof lighting in light sensitive spaces has been achieved by the Stadel Museum extension, by Schneider and Schumacher and the High Museuem by Renzo Piano. The Stadel Museum is located completely underground, but the concrete roof consists of 195 circular skylights on the surface which range from 1.5 to 2.5 metres in diameter. The roofs surface is also covered in grass, so the skylights appear embedded within this landscape, and allow users to walk freely upon them. The skylights bring indirect sunlight into the gallery space below, but an integrated shading system means it has the ability to blackout the glazing completely if necessary. This is a technique which I could apply to my own scheme to bring light into the sport and event spaces, but also have the ability to restrict it when needed. Incorporating it effectivily into the alndscape above is also a key factor. The High Museum extension by Renzo Piano uses 1000 â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;light scoopâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; aluminium shields that partly cover the 1000 skylights on the museum roof. They are designed to allow indirect northern light into the gallery spaces, instead of direct southern rays, ensuring the spaces has effective natural daylighting. In order to apply methods such as these to my scheme, I will need to undertake studies of where skylighting can be incorporated to ensure northern light and no risk of glare inside the spaces. Exciting use of electrical lighting has been explored extensively by artist Dan Flavin through his use of fluorescent lighting. He aims to create environments of light, through the use of colour and placement of light. This is a key concept that would have an effective impact on the way I use lighting throughout my scheme to demonstrate changing activities and movement through spaces.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 159

SCHOUWBURGPLEIN, WEST 8

TU DELFT LIBRARY, MECANOO

LABAN DANCE CENTRE, HERZOG & DE MEURON

MAJORI SPORTS HALL, SUBSTANCE

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MATERIAL PRECEDENTS INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES MODULE // PRECEDENT ANALYSIS Materiality will play an important part in the development of this scheme. I have begun to investigate how I can apply the use of different surfaces for activities, and Schouwburgplein by West 8 is an extremely effective example of this method. The public square has a hardscape pattern which defines zones of different uses throughout the day due to the changing position of the sun. An iconic aspect of the square is also the moveable street lights which are operable by the public. The materials used for the hardscape include linear bands of wood, perforated steel panels and epoxy reason coated concrete. The square was envisioned as an urban podium and it is raised above street level using a lightweight metal structure acting as a platform for the activities taking place here. TU Delft library by Mecanoo is a key example of a landscaped roof project that freely allows users to explore. The use of the green roof here also provides the interior with a reduced need for cooling, and helps to control water runoff. The roof in my scheme will be partially green as well as other surfaces, but should be incorporated as part of the environmental strategy as well. In terms of the cladding materials I have looked at the possibility of using translucent polycarbonate; as the building and structure will be so large, a lightweight material will be ideal. Also, polycarbonate would allow for some light to enter the spaces, without the full effect of glazing. Similarly, when lit from inside the polycarbonate would give an impression of the activities taking place inside, once again relating back to the idea of the building acting as an arena for the activities. Laban Dance Centre by Herzog & De Meuron employs this technique and also combines it with colour. The external facades are formed of translucent or transparent glass panels, with coloured transparent polycarbonate panels mounted in front, acting as a protective shield against sun and heat radiation, as well as using colour to determine the location of different types of studio spaces. This system means that from the exterior, only shadows of people inside can be viewed. I was unsure whether polycarbonate or translucent glass would be an appropriate material to use for sport and event spaces in terms of how much light they let in, however the Majori Sports Centre by Substance uses this material effectively. The polycarbonate used has a 60% transparency, which means sunlight and glare are not an issue for the sports activities inside. They have also used an interesting technique of having the structural framework outside of the cladding, to reduce the look of structure inside the building space.

8.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT // 161

162 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]

9.0 // DEVELOPING DRAWINGS HEADING TEXT

INTRODUCTION // 163

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:500 @ A1

N 01_EXTERNAL SPORTS PITCHES / MARKET STALLS/CAR PARKING 02_PLUGIN ACTIVITY/SPECTATOR SPACES 03_INDOOR STREET 04_COMMUNITY HUB 10

05_ ADAPTIVE INTERNAL SPORTS COURTS/ EVENT SPACES 06_SOUND + LIGHT CONTROL 07_ENTRANCE 08_OFFICES/MANAGEMENT 09_EQUIPMENT STORAGE 10_LANDSCAPED ROOF

02 06

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:500 @ A1

N 11_ADAPTIVE STUDIO SPACES 12_SUITES - SPORTS AID / EVENT PREPARATION 14

13_LANDSCAPED ROOF 14_DRIVING RANGE

11 11 12

SECOND FLOOR PLAN 1:500 @ A1

N 15_OPEN AIR SPORTS PITCHES / EVENT SPACE 16_LANDSCAPED ROOF 17_PUTTING GREEN

17 15

ROOF PLAN 1:500 @ A1

N 18_LANDSCAPED ROOF 19_DRIVING RANGE 20_PUTTING GREEN 21_SPECTATOR AREA

18 21

CONTINUING DEVELOPMENTS The first drawings are the initial plans and arrangements of spaces and surfaces, however, moving froward I have devised a series of design moves that I need to instigated in order to successfully develop the scheme.

CREATION OF AN ARENA

The first is the idea of creating an area within the ring road, the second is the connection of the landscape with its surroundings, the third is connecting the landscape more effectivly with the programme, and fourth is the procession with the street connecting more closely with the programme. Over the next few pages I have begun to develop these ideas further through hand drawings. Changes I have made include stepping the building into the landscape, the creation of walkways within the building that link to plugin activity spaces, spectator areas and onto the landscape itself, and the development of the roof surfaces. I have then produced updated versions of where the developments are currently at, but this will be a continual process.

CONNECTING THE LANDSCAPE WITH SURROUNDINGS

CONNECTING THE LANDSCAPE WITH THE PROGRAMME

THE STREET CONNECTING WITH THE PROGRAMME

THE STEPPING OF THE LANDSCAPE INTO THE BUILDING, AND USE OF SUPERGRAPHICS IN THE ROAD THAT EXTEND INTO WALKWAYS WITHIN THE STREET

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:500 @ A1 EXTENDIING SUPERGRAPHICS INTO THE ROAD TO CONNECT WITH THE EXTERNAL LANDSCAPE, AND EXTENDING THESE SURFACE GRPAHICS INTO ELEVATED WALKWAYS INSIDE THE STREET

LONG SECTION 1:500 @ A1 DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL WALKWAYS AND THEIR CONNECTION TO THE LANDSCAPE

SECTIONS

SHORT SECTION 1:500 @ A1

ROOF PLAN 1:500 @ A1 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACING STRATEGY FOR SOFT AND HARDSURFACING, AND BEGINNING TO ADD ROOFLIGHTING AND CONNECTING THE SURFACES TO PROGRAMME.

SECTION

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:500 @ A1

N 01_EXTERNAL SPORTS PITCHES / MARKET STALLS/CAR PARKING 02_PLUGIN ACTIVITY/SPECTATOR SPACES 03_INDOOR STREET 04_COMMUNITY HUB 10

05_ ADAPTIVE INTERNAL SPORTS COURTS/ EVENT SPACES 06_SOUND + LIGHT CONTROL 07_ENTRANCE 08_OFFICES/MANAGEMENT 09_EQUIPMENT STORAGE 10_LANDSCAPED ROOF

02 06

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:500 @ A1

N 18_ROAD SURFACE TREATMENT AND RAMPS INTO PLUGIN AREA 19_LANDSCAPED ROOF 20_DRIVING RANGE 21_PUTTING GREEN 22_TERRANCE INTO INTERNAL EVENT/SPORT SPACE 23_FOOTBALL/TENNIS COURTS 24_LARGE SCREEN + SEATING AREA 25_PLUGIN ACTIVITY SPACES 29

26_TARMAC 27_WATER POOL 28_ROOF LIGHT WELLS 26

29_STEPPED LANDSCAPING

23 24 23

SECTION A 1:200 @ A0

SECTION B 1:200 @ A0

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10.0 9.0 // //BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT

BIBLIOGRAPHY LITERATURE: Auge, M. (2008) Non-Places. An Introduction to Supermodernity. London: Verso DCMS (2012) BDUK Broadband Delivery Project. Local Broadband Plan: Coventry, Solihull & Warwickshire Superfast Broadband. Unknown Place of Publication: DCMS. [Online] [Accessed 1st December 2013] Available here: http://www.cswbroadband.org.uk/documents/CSW-LBP-Submitted-20120301REDACTED-20120501.pdf Cabe Space (2013) The Value of Public Space. London: Cabe Space Corner, J. (2000) Taking Measures Across the American Landscape. USA:Yale University Press Haque, U. (2007) ‘The Architectural Relevance of Gordon Pask.’ In, Architectural Design 77.4 (2007) pp. 54-61 Ibelings, H. (2003) Supermodernism. Unknown place of publication: NAi Publishers. Vodanovic, L. (2007) Obsolence and Exchange in Cedric Price’s Dispensable Museum. [Online][Accessed December 2013] Available here: https://www.rochester.edu/in_visible_culture/Issue_11/vodanovic/vodanovic.html Worpole, K. (2000) Here Comes the Sun: Architecture and Public Space in 20th Century European Culture. Unknown place of Publication: Reaktion Books. WEBSITES: Coventry Community Empowerment Network (2013) ‘Members by Location.’ [Online] [Accessed 1st December 2013] Available here: http://www.covcen.org.uk/site/members/wards Coventry Partnership (2013) ‘Communities.’ [Online] [Accessed 1st December 2013] Available here: http://www.coventrypartnership.com/communities Defra Noise Mapping (2013) ‘Maps and Charts.’ [Online] [Accessed 15th December 2013] Available here: http://services.defra.gov.uk/wps/portal/noise

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IMAGES: Archdaily () Rolex Learning Centre. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://www.archdaily.com/50235/rolex-learning-center-sanaa/ Archigram () Plug-in City. Notes on the History of Visual Communication Blog. [Online Image] [Accessed 5th December 2013] http://va312ozgunkilic.wordpress.com/2010/12/07/archigram-plug-in-city/ Archinect (2010) Belgrade, Serbia. Congress Center Sava. [Online Image] [Accessed January 2014] Avaliable here: http://archinect.com/blog/article/22227884/belgrade-serbia-_-congress-center-sava Archinect (2006) Renzo Piano. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://archinect.com/features/article/31565/renzo-piano Archinect (2008) Wall Supergraphics. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://archinect.com/forum/thread/81373/wall-supergraphics Chin, W. (no date) Blur play Olympic Celebration gig at Hyde Park. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/i425430-9/blur-performing-at-bt-london-liveblurs-westway-set.html Detail Online (2012) Stadel Museum. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://www.detail-online.com/uploads/pics/staedel-museum-17_01.jpg Dixon, A. (2006) Dan Flavin at The Haywood Gallery. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://www.andrewgrahamdixon.com/archive/readArticle/417 Elevatus Design (2013) The Latest Street Painting by Lang Baumann. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://elevatusdesign.wordpress.com/2013/06/14/the-latest-street-painting-by-langbaumann/ Galerie (2007) Kunstbau Dan Flavin. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://galerie.chip.de/k/reisen-architektur/europa/kunstbau_dan_flavin/229050/

10.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY // 177

BIBLIOGRAPHY Glass is Green (2012) Stadel Museum Renovated with a Green Roof Dotted with Skylights. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://glassisgreen2010.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/stadel-museum-renovated-withgorgeous.html Inhabitat (2012) Stadel Museum Renovated. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://inhabitat.com/stadel-museum-updated-with-a-gorgeous-polka-dotted-greenroof-in-frankfurt/staedel-museum-schneider-schumacher-12/ Inhabitat (2011) TU Delft Library. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/03/Tu-DelftLibrary-9.jpg Nieuwenhuys, C. () New Babylon. The Struggle Tumblr. [Online Image] [Accessed 5th December 2013] Available here: http://palethrough.tumblr.com/post/6227217305/new-babylon-by-constantnieuwenhuys-in-1950s Open Buildings (no date) High Museum of Art Extension. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Avaliable here: http://openbuildings.com/buildings/high-museum-of-art-extension-profile-2782 Qubits (2013) Examples. Qubits [Online Image] [Accessed 5th January 2014] Available here: http://www.qubitstoy.com/pages/examples Qubits (2013) Qubits 2.0 Construction Toy – The First Batch. [Online Image] [Accessed 5th January 2014] Available here: http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/qubits-2-0-construction-toy-the-firstbatch?c=gallery Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners (2014) Centre Pompidou. [Online Image][Accessed February 2014] Available here: ¬http://www.richardrogers.co.uk/work/buildings/centre_pompidou/completed Scalextric (2013) Scalextric Action Track. Scalextric Shop. [Online Image] [Accessed 6th January 2014] Avaliable here: http://www.scalextric.com/shop/track/action-track Snohetta (2012) Oslo Opera House by Snohetta. [Online Image] [Accessed February 2014] Available here: http://thesuperslice.com/2011/11/14/oslo-cooking-spacegroup-jds-snohetta/

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United Editions (2010) Supergraphics. [Online Image][Accessed February 2014] Available here: http://uniteditions.com/resources/798/A505_556_RP_inline%20image_optimised2. jpg Urban Photo (2006) Learning to Love and Elevated Expressway. [Online Image][Accessed February 2014] Available here: http://www.urbanphoto.net/blog/2006/10/28/learning-to-love-an-elevatedexpressway/ West 8 (no date) Schouwburgplein. [Online Image][Accessed January 2014] Available here: http://www.west8.nl/projects/all/schouwburgplein/

10.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY // 179

2 // [RE_FLECT, RE_FORM, RE_POSITION]