Pt. 2: Portfolio - Dewobroto Adhiwignyo (2023) by Dewobroto Adhiwignyo

THE

urban development

urban design

landscape design

architecture

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO

urban planning

INTER DISC CIP LINAR RIAN

ARCHI OTHER PROJ Sectional Perspective 0m

Library & Study and Guest Bedroom

Ruangsisip House: Lucid Spaces in Motion | South Tangerang, Indonesia

Living/Dining Room and Kitchen

Convertible Spaces Every room in this house serves at least two functions: 1) The living/dining area serves both leisure and dining activities. The switch between the two functions is applied by the use of a custom-made convertible table that is designed to be able to adjust its height with two additional stools. 2) The library & study area serves both working/studying and leisure activities. The desk of the workstation can be slid upfront, and people can play the keyboard placed just underneath the desk in their leisure time. 3) Each bedroom serves sleeping, leisure, and working/studying activities. The switches between the three functions are applied by placing the bed underneath the bed's platform. So that when the bed is not in use, the bed's platform can be converted into a space for leisure or working/studying activities.

Living/Dining Room and Kitchen – Dine Mode 0m

Library & Study and Guest Bedroom – Leisure Mode 0m

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Living/Dining Room and Kitchen – Leisure Mode 0m

Library & Study and Guest Bedroom – Work/Study Mode 0m

ARCHI

Master Bedroom

Sleep Mode 2

OTHER

Leisure Mode 2

PROJ

Work/Study Mode 0m

Bedroom (Type A)

Apart from its social, economic, and environmental dilemmas & agonies at the urban level, when we talk about mass landed-housing, this particular issue always takes place: “The degradation of architectural values due to massive replication and massive repetition of architectural products.” Compared to custom-landed houses that can be proud of their sense of identity and uniqueness, mass landed-houses are less likely to possess values of individual identity and uniqueness of physical and visual-spatial aspects. Therefore, mass landed-houses always require more than just aesthetically pleasing facades as well as aesthetically pleasing space and form compositions. The design statement of this project is that Ruangsisip House as mass landed-houses must be gaining things that are less likely to be gained by custom landed-houses; not just in an innovative way but also in a revolutionary way. Revolutionizing the Mindset of Property Developers in Indonesia: From “Square Mentality” to “Cubic Mentality” When we talk about tiny houses, every cubic meter is valuable. It is essential to optimize the design and the composition of space in a 3-dimensional sense (space volume) rather than just in a 2-dimensional sense (floor area) since both the floor area and the space volume are limitary.

Ruangsisip House: Lucid Spaces in Motion | South Tangerang, Indonesia

Manifesto for Mass Landed-Housing

Revolutionizing Mass Landed-Housing in Indonesia: From “Space in Still-Life Composition” to “Space in Motion” A custom landed-house may be able to be proud of its exotic material choices, and/or its magnificent craftsmanship quality, and/or its unique and unusual construction details, and/ or its sophisticated anti-mainstream spatial composition, while most mass landed-houses are generally not keen on that sort of architectural privileges. To cope with that lack of architectural privileges issue, as a product of mass landed-houses, both indoor and outdoor spaces of Ruangsisip House are perceived as “spaces in motion” that are lucid, dynamic, and kinetic in progressive ways rather than perceived merely as “spaces in still-life composition” that are exotic but static in conventional ways. Generally Compatible, Specifically Convertible: Transformable Compositions of Inclusive Space The principle of space in motion progressively results in inclusive spaces that are not only generally compatible for various types of activities but also specifically convertible in a modest and simplistic way to maximize the utilization of limited spaces for different activities. Moreover, the principle of space in motion is relevant in accommodating work/ study-from-home scenarios, especially amid the pandemic, where people are forced to compensate for regular office/ college/school days by working or studying from their homes. Through this principle, the bedrooms as inclusive spaces are able to be converted into three different modes to accommodate three types of activities: sleep, leisure, and work/study. 51

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Bedroom (Type B)

ARCHI OTHER PROJ

Puzzle Architecture: Sideyard as a Transformable Communal Space Within just 92.5 cm of clear width, the sideyard of Ruangsisip House can be transformed into at least three different space compositions that are able to accommodate different types of activities. These three space compositions are formed through the arrangements of eight modular platforms as landscape furniture with the dimensions of l × w × h = 120 × 40 × 20 cm each, along with a portable entrance ramp that can be transformed into an extension of the sideyard’s platforms by folding it. These arrangements of the platforms and the portable ramp are perceived as compositions of puzzle blocks, just like Lego or any other similar kinds of 3-dimensional puzzle. The narrow space of the sideyard is progressively perceived as an outdoor space in motion that is lucid, dynamic, and kinetic rather than merely as a set of still-life compositions. Just like the living/dining area and the bedrooms, the sideyard is also an inclusive space that is not only generally compatible with various types of activities but also specifically convertible in a modest and simplistic way to maximize the utilization of limited space for different types of activities.

Sideyard

Sideyard – Composition 1 0m

Outdoor Communal Space: A Relevance Toward Collectivistic Culture in Indonesia Although a collectivistic mentality is at the core of Indonesian social structure in general, many Indonesians who live in urban areas nowadays tend to respect privacy more than ever compared to their suburban and rural counterparts. This individualistic tendency of living is prone to happen among people who live in urban areas in any big cities in the world, where they tend to be living in individualistic manners and socializing in heterogenous/cosmopolitan manners, in contrast with their sub-urban and rural counterparts, where they tend to be living in socialistic/communalistic manners and socializing in homogenous/endemic manners. As the location of Ruangsisip Houses is under the urban context of the city of Tangerang, to keep the inhabitants’ privacy safe, the sites of Ruangsisip Houses are arranged in unmirrored linear repetitive rows. This arrangement juxtaposes the sideyard as a communal space with the service passageway of the neighboring houses. Furthermore, walls with a 3.6 m height (from the ground level) are erected between each house to increase the sense of privacy between inhabitants of one house and neighboring inhabitants of other houses. This unmirrored linear repetitive rows arrangement is also intended to juxtapose functional areas (bedrooms) with circulation & service areas (stairs and bathroom) of the neighbors, so that bedrooms’ windows don’t perpendicularly face other bedrooms’ windows of the neighboring houses. However, each house still needs communal space to accommodate collective leisure activities, especially during weekends. Since one of the most common collective leisure activities among Indonesians is eating together with family, relatives, and friends, the eight modular platforms on the sideyard can be transformed into outdoor benches of communal space to accommodate the collective leisure activity of eating barbeque and/or satay (a Southeast Asian dish of seasoned, skewered, and grilled meat, served with a sauce) together. 52

Sideyard – Composition 2 0m

Sideyard – Composition 3 0m

Sideyard – Composition 3

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Sideyard – Composition 2

Ruangsisip House: Lucid Spaces in Motion | South Tangerang, Indonesia

Sideyard – Composition 1

CAKRANUSA WANANTARA

THE NEW CAPITAL CITY OF INDONESIA East Kalimantan, Indonesia Site Location North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kartanegara Regency – East Kalimantan, Indonesia

U-PLAN

U-DEV

U-DES

Date October 2019 – December 2019

Layar Telah Terkembang Satu Tujuan Terkumandang Mengisi Bersama Cakranusa Wanantara

Phase/Status Proposal for the National Planning & Development Competition / Top 25 Finalists out of 299 Proposals Category Group Project Project Team Benjamin Julianto Lawu, Chandra Kuswara, Dewobroto Adhiwignyo, Erwin Cahyadi, Hari Ganie, Ignesjz Kemalawarta, Jim Abiyasa Supangkat Silaen, Rachmat Anak Zaman, Suroso Ariel Achmad Jaya, Yugo Widyaputra Production Team Atsil Arsamanggala, Dewobroto Adhiwignyo, Gary Ega Putra, Kristie Azaziah Jaya, Michelle Ashantidevi, Rinaldo Susanto, Stevanny Putri, Sutadi, Tan Lydia Natania, Virginia Trisna

INDONESIA

Scale Super Extra-Large

17,000+ ISLANDS 714 ETHNICITIES 652 LOCAL LANGUAGES

Type Urban Design, Urban Development, Urban Planning

1928

SUMPAH PEMUDA (YOUTH PLEDGE)

INDONESIA’S IN

SATU TANAH AIR (ONE HOMELAND) SATU BANGSA (ONE NATION) SATU BAHASA (ONE LANGUAGE)

SATU NKRI (ONE REPUBLIC

Typology Cultural District, Environmental Preservation, Forest City, Governmental District, Mixed-Use, Policy Planning, Smart Metropolis, Sustainable Urban Planning & Development Institution(s) PT Image Qreator Indonesia, National Government of Indonesia, Ministry of Public Works & Public Housing (KemenPUPR) of Indonesia, Indonesian Institute of Architects (IAI)

PROJ

Special Thanks to Djamhuri M. Jasin, Pauline Boedianto, Rafał Kapusta, Wiwie Zen, PT Prima Detailindo Task Proposing an urban planning, development, and design strategy for Indonesia’s new capital city with three main criteria: 1) representing national identity; 2) sustainable in terms of social, economic, and environmental development; and 3) a smart system of urban management & control (smart metropolis). Description Cakranusa Wanantara is designed to be a self-sufficient city in terms of: 1) sustainable integration between governmental, academic/research, and industrial sectors; 2) energy use; 3) food supply; 4) mobility planning; 5) waste treatment & management; and 6) environmental (rainforest) preservation. As the city core, the central governmental district contains civic & cultural center alongside governmental buildings & facilities. The cluster concept with an area of ± 64 Ha per cluster (‘kelurahan’) is enclaved by green belts of ± 200 m width consisting of forests, parks, and fields for farms & plantations. This project aims to create a livable city by providing excellent integrated educational-industrial institutions as the main generators for humanitarian and environmental improvements.

1945

Etymology The name “Cakranusa Wanantara” is originated from Sanskrit words as a combination of some specific meanings: ▪ cakra : cycle, disk, wheel ▪ nusa(ntara) : archipelago, island ▪ wanantara : central forest, jungle Therefore, as a single phrase, “Cakranusa Wanantara” means: “A cycle (sustainability) of the jungle as the center of the archipelago — as Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world.”

2024

NATIONAL MONUMENT (MONAS) AS NATIONAL LANDMARK

ONE TIME ZONE: WAKTU INDONESIA RAYA (WIR)

MONAS IN JAKARTA

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

C OF INDONESIA)

1964

NEW CAPITAL CITY IN EAST KALIMANTAN

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

NDEPENDENCE

Cakranusa Wanantara

Cakranusa Wanantara Representation of Unity of the Nation — “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” (Unity in Diversity)

Generator of Indonesian Human Resource Development, Improvement, and Enhancement

New Benchmark of the WorldClass City Planning, Design, and Development

▪ Affirmation of the national ideology —“Pancasila” (“Five Principles”)— manifested through urban planning and design guidelines & principles.

▪ Providing excellent integrated educational-industrial institutions as hubs of excellence throughout the city.

▪ Determining a new standard for world class-city planning, design, and development based on indicators of sustainable development goals (SDGs).

▪ Appreciation and honor toward freedom of the nation through mental revolution as well as real/concrete efforts and actions.

▪ Generating an ecosystem of intellectuals and pundits as a media to sustainably develop and improve humanitarian and environmental qualities.

▪ Accomplishing a livable city of the future through comprehensive urban management and control.

Merawat “Zamrud Khatulistiwa” Nourishing the “Emerald of the Equator”

U-PLAN

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

Relocation of Capital City is Relocation of People’s Lives High-quality public facilities and public services in the new capital city are elements of attraction that could gain willingness among government officials and civil servants along with their families to move their livings from Jakarta to the new capital city. Furthermore, the planning and development strategy of the new capital city is also socially and culturally integrated with the existing residential area of transmigrants from Java Island (existing residential area since the 1950’s) and Dayak people’s (as native inhabitants) existing residential enclaves. Cakranusa Wanantara has four main characteristics: 1. governmental city; 2. educated city; 3. autonomous city; and 4. metropolitan city.

The location of the developable area is determined by some contexts: 1. forest belt (animal paths, wind paths, and ecotone); 2. waterbody (rivers, lakes, and existing basins); and 3. natural terrain (mountains, hills, and cliffs). The main guidelines & principles of planning, design, and development of Cakranusa Wanantara are: 1. expanded conservation forest / ‘taman hutan raya’ (tahura); 2. forest corridors provided within the city; 3. forest belts (from Balikpapan Bay to Mahakam River delta from Samboja Coast to Meratus Mountains); and 4. low-carbon development.

PROJ

Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Side of Mentawir Bay

2 3

15 5 18

16 15

7 8 22

9 7 km

Development Plan of Balikpapan Bay – Source: Developed by author(s) based on a map from Indonesian Ministry of Transportation (Kemenhub) [2019].

19 21

Forest in the City, City in the Forest

Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) Total Area: 254,367 ha Waterbody 1

Sepaku 3

Mentawir Seaport

Proposed Reservoir Area

Proposed Landing Strip for Low-Flying Aircraft and Amphibious Aircraft

Proposed Reservoir-Lock

Bridge of Balang Island

Karingau Ferry/Cruise/Marine Terminal (Seaport)

Penajam Ferry/Cruise/Marine Terminal (Seaport)

Proposed Connecting Bridge

Semayang Seaport

City Center of Balikpapan

Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman International Airport

Kuala Samboja Seaport

Proposed Drainage

Private/Exclusive Seaport and Shipyard

PT Kaltim Karingau Terminal (KKT)

Proposed Dock for Parade of Boats (Courtessy Call and Anniversary Celebration)

Proposed Amphibious Bus Terminal

Former Ocean Minefield

Restricted Area (Submarine Cables and Pipelines Area)

Entrance Strip for Ships

0 km 5

Considerations Regarding Air Draft (Height) and Structure of the Connecting Bridge: ▪ Max. Air Draft: 68.0 m (Suez Canal Standard) ▪ Max. Air Draft: 62.4 m (Panama Canal Standard) ▪ Max. Air Draft of Commercial Cruise Ships: 70.0 m ▪ Max. Air Draft of Existing Ships in Balikpapan Seaports: 52.0 m ▪ Ship Navigation Issues with One-Way Port Canal ▪ Proposed Dock for Parade of Boats (Courtessy Call and Anniversary Celebration) ▪ Seawater Burst from the Rotation of Ships’ Propellers Toward Underwater Structure of the Connecting Bridge ▪ Preparation and Maintenance of Two Dedicated Shipping Routes in Balikpapan Bay Ship Canal

Samarinda City

North Penajam Paser Regency

Cakranusa Wanantara: Nation’s Capital as an Economic Generator at Global, National, and Regional Levels Connectivity for global trade and commerce is aimed through Indonesia’s Archipelagic Sea Lane II (ALKI II). Connectivity for national trades and commerces is aimed through primary and secondary national sea lanes. Connectivity for regional trades and commerces is aimed through land and river transports that reach Balikpapan, Samarinda, Banjarmasin, Tenggarong, Penajam, and other surrounding cities. Cakranusa Wanantara’s metropolitan area (KP-IKN) consists of four districts and a conservation forest / ‘taman hutan raya’ (tahura) zone. These four districts and conservation forest zones as part of the capital city metropolitan area are planned, designed, and developed to support the tourism industry. Each district/zone has its own characteristic of tourism attraction: 1. governmental and academic district (K-IKN) — for socio-cultural tourism; 2. technological and industrial district — for techno tourism; 3. commercial district — for shopping tourism; 4. agricultural, horticultural, and aquacultural district — for community-based tourism; and 5. conservation forest / ‘taman hutan raya’ (tahura) — for environmental tourism / ecotourism.

Side of Sepaku Bay

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

North Penajam Paser Regency

k 28

U-DEV

U-DES

SOCIO-CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS

Samarinda City

Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Forest Classification Map of the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) – Source: Developed by author(s) based on a map from Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) [2019]. 0 km 5

Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) Total Area: 254,367 ha Waterbody

Conservation Forest / ‘Taman Hutan Raya’ (Tahura) Protection Forest

Fixed Production Forest Limited Production Forest

Indonesia’s Archipelagic Sea Lanes (ALKI) – Source: Developed by author(s) based on a map from http://dephub.go.id/ [2019].

Sea Lane of Communication (SLoC) and Indonesia’s Archipelagic Sea Lane (ALKI)

North Penajam Paser Regency

Primary National Sea Lane Secondary National Sea Lane

Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Bangka Belitung Islands

Bengkulu

Semayang Seaport

Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman International Airport

0 km 5

Waterbody Fiber Optics Network

Electric Power House

Primary International Airport

Diesel Power Plant (PLTD)

National/Main Seaport

Gas-Fired Power Plant (PLTG)

Regional/Transit Seaport

Steam Power Plant (PLTU)

Railway Station

ALKI I 0 km 200

500

Central Sulawesi

Central Kalimantan

South Sulawesi

Lampung

West Java

Banten

West Papua Maluku

West Sulawesi

South Kalimantan

Jakarta

Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) Total Area: 254,367 ha

North Maluku

South Sumatera

Structure Plan of the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) – Source: Developed by author(s) based on a map from Perda No. 1 Tahun 2016 Prov. Kalimantan Timur [2019].

Gorontalo

West Kalimantan Jambi

Mentawir Seaport

North Sulawesi

East Kalimantan

Riau

Karingau Seaport

Location of the New Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN)

Riau Islands

North Sumatera

Penajam Seaport

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Samarinda City

Papua

South-East Sulawesi

Central Java East Java

Bali East Nusa Tenggara

Yogyakarta

1000

West Nusa Tenggara

ALKI II

ALKI III-C ALKI III-B

ALKI III-A

Basic Concept (Schematic Master Plan) of Urban Development of the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN)

Teluk Dalam

Luakala

Bus Terminal – Type A

Gas Pipeline Network

Bus Terminal – Type B

Existing Electric Power Network (150 kV)

S. Kenyang

Proposed Electric Power Network (150 kV)

60 km

Anggana 55

Paloran

Loajanan 50

Sangasanga

Samarinda City 35

Existing Agricultural District

North Penajam Paser Regency

Mentawir Seaport

35 km

Sepaku

20 15

K-IKN

Mentawir

Penajam Seaport Semayang Seaport

Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman International Airport

Agricultural & Aquacultural District

LEGEND Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) Total Area: 254,367 ha

Connectivity Map of the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) – Source: Developed by author(s) based on a map from Indonesian Ministry of Transportation (Kemenhub) [2019].

0 km 5

Industrial District

Karingau Seaport

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Sepaku

KIPP

Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Muarajawa

Capital City Area (K-IKN) Total Area: 40,000 ha

Samboja

Developed Area Existing Conservation Forest / ‘Taman Hutan Raya’ (Tahura)

Proposed Conservation Forest Expansion

Commercial 10 District

Waterbody Forest Belt (Animal Path)

City’s Boundary Existing National Road

Proposed National Road

Provincial Road Existing Freeway Proposed Freeway

Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) Total Area: 254,367 ha

Proposed Airport Express Line (LRT) for 2030 — Route: Capital City – Mentawir

Waterbody

Proposed Airport Express Line (LRT) for 2030 — Route: Capital City – Sepaku

Natural Reservoir Area National Road Provincial Road

Proposed Short Shipping Routes

Proposed Connecting Bridge

Primary International Airport

Indonesia’s Archipelagic Sea Lane II (ALKI II)

National/Main Seaport Regional/Transit Seaport

Harbor Proposal

Local Seaport

District Capital (‘Ibu Kota Kecamatan’)

Railway Station

0 km

Railway Station for Integration

Existing Freeway

A B

Balikpapan City Samarinda City

Proposed Freeway Waru

10 km

U-PLAN

U-DEV

U-DES

1. Existing Condition of the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) The location of the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) of Cakranusa Wanantara is geographically strategic since it is located in the center of the Indonesian archipelago. Furthermore, the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) is located with Balikpapan City on its southern side, Samarinda City on its northern side, and Makassar Strait on its eastern side. The Makassar Strait is favorably crossed by the Sea Lane of Communication (SLoC), Indonesia’s Archipelagic Sea Lane II (ALKI II), and a primary national sea lane. Due to these geographical advantages, the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) has high degrees of connectivity at global, national, and regional levels. This condition has positive influences and impacts on the new capital city’s socio-cultural, environmental, and economic development. Besides the advantages from the geographical condition, existing inhabitants in the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) are also culturally diverse and heterogeneous, with a large number of agglomerated different ethnic neighborhoods (Dayak, Banjarese, Kutainese, Paser, Javanese, Buginese, Torajan, Sundanese, Madurese, Bataknese, Butonese, etc.). This cultural condition enhances the new capital city in becoming a cosmopolitan city, prominently after the period of capital city relocation, when there would be lots of transmigrants and expatriates —along with their families— who come, settle, and live within the new capital city for their economic, professional, and educational purposes.

Source: Developed by author(s) based on a map from http://dephub.go.id/ [2019].

LEGEND Capital City Metropolitan LEGENDA Area (KP-IKN) LEGENDA Total Area: 254,367 ha

Capital City Area (K-IKN) Total Area: 40,000 ha Jalan Raya Jalan Raya

Capital City’s Central Governmental District (KIPP) Total Area: 2,000 ha Delineasi Batas KP-IKN Existing Developed Area Hutan Produksi Tetap Existing Residential Hutan Produksi Tetap Area

New Developed Area

Conservation Forest / ‘Taman Hutan Raya’ (Tahura) Kawasan Hutan Lindung Fixed Production Forest Limited Production Forest Agricultural District& Holtikultura Tanaman Pangan Tanaman Pangan & Holtikultura

Horticultural District

Aquacultural PermukimanDistrict Eksisting Permukiman Eksisting

Center for Technological Permukiman Terbangun Permukimanand Terbangun Innovations Industry Waterbody City’s Boundary

0 km

Freeway

National Road

PROJ

2. Forest Belts as Animal Crossing Paths, Wind Paths, and Ecotone In the terms of reference of the competition, the entire new capital city area is administratively categorized into three parts: 1. Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) Total area: 254,367 ha — the government of the Republic of Indonesia predetermines its location and boundary line; 2. Capital City Area (K-IKN) Total area: 40,000 ha — its location and boundary line are determined by author(s); and 3. Capital City’s Central Governmental District (KIPP) Total area: 2,000–4,000 ha — its location, boundary line, and exact number of total area are determined by author(s). In geographic terms, the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) is dominated by mountains, hills, and cliffs as plateaus on its western side, while it is located next to the sea (Makassar Strait) on its eastern side. The concept of forest belts is planned and developed according to these geographical features, where there are two axes of forest belts: 1) the east–west axis; and 2) the north-east – south-west axis. The east–west axis links the North Paser plateaus (‘dataran tinggi Paser Utara) on the east side with Samboja Coast (‘Pantai Samboja’) on the west side, while the north-east – southwest axis links the Mahakam River delta (‘Delta Mahakan’) on the north-east side with Balikpapan Bay (‘Teluk Balikpapan’) on the south-west side. The forest belts are linked based on the existing locations of conservation forests —as macro ecotone— and protection forests. The areas in between forest belts are enclaved as developable areas of the city. 58

LEGEND Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) Total Area: 254,367 ha

0 km

Forest City’s Boundary

LEGEND Capital City Metropolitan LEGENDA Area (KP-IKN) Total Area: 254,367 ha

Capital City Area (K-IKN) Total Area: 40,000 ha Jalan Raya

Capital City’s Central Governmental District (KIPP) Total Area: 2,000 ha Existing Developed Area

Hutan Produksi Tetap Area Existing Residential

New Developed Area Conservation Forest / ‘Taman Hutan Raya’ (Tahura) Fixed Production Forest Limited Production Forest Agricultural District Tanaman Pangan & Holtikultura Horticultural District

Aquacultural District Permukiman Eksisting

Center for Technological Permukiman Terbangun Innovations and Industry Waterbody City’s Boundary

0 km

Freeway National Road

Criteria for planning, design, and development of the Capital City Area (K-IKN) are: 1. terms of reference (representing national identity; socio-cultural, economic, and environmental sustainabilities; and smart city development); 2. standard guidelines & principles; 3. adaptive and innovative guidelines & principles; and 4. feasible and realistic — but not pragmatic. Assessment factors in determining the location of the Capital City Area (K-IKN) are: 1. tight budget and deadline for development; 2. land accessibility, land availability & compatibility, existing topography & infrastructures, existing inhabitants; and 3. capital city as an agent of change. Considering all those criteria and situational factors, the Capital City Area (K-IKN) is located on the land owned by PT International Timber Corporation Indonesia (ITCI) Hutani Manunggal —located in the eastern part of the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN)— due to several reasons: 1. strategic location — having access to the sea (Makassar Strait) through Balikpapan Bay; 2. there are fewer existing stakeholders and parties involved in processing land acquisition; 3. most part of the land has relatively flat topography; and 4. most part of the land is not occupied yet by inhabitants.

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

3. Master Plan of the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) and Its Relations to the Capital City Area (K-IKN)

LEGENDA

LEGEND Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) Total Area: 254,367 ha Governmental and Academic District — Capital City Area Perkebunan Eksisting (K-IKN) Total Area: 40,000 ha Technological and Industrial District Commercial District Agricultural, Horticultural, and Aquacultural District Existing Agricultural Land

0 km

Conservation Forest / ‘Taman Hutan Raya’ (Tahura) Waterbody

Cakranusa Wanantara’s metropolitan area (KP-IKN) consists of four districts and a conservation forest / ‘taman hutan raya’ (tahura) zone. Each district/zone has its own characteristic, ambience, and identity of urban life: 1. governmental and academic district (K-IKN) — center for culture & society, arts & humanities, politics, and education; 2. technological and industrial district — center for science & technology, innovation, venture capital, and social media; 3. commercial district — center for economics, business, trade, and commerce; 4. agricultural, horticultural, and aquacultural district — center for agriculture, horticulture, and aquaculture; and 5. conservation forest / ‘taman hutan raya’ (tahura) — center for biodiversity and natural & ecological conservation, as well as the world’s lungs at the global level. With a total area of 254,367 ha, the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) has a human population density of 40 per ha of developable area, a building coverage ratio (BCR) of 20%, and a floor area ratio (FAR) of 1.0. To sum up, the entire Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) of Cakranusa Wanantara consists of: 1. Developable Area Total area: 75,293 ha (29.60%); 2. Conservation Forest / ‘Taman Hutan Raya’ (Tahura) Total area: 123,368 ha (48.50%); and 3. Agricultural, Horticultural, and Aquacultural Land Total area: 55,706 ha (21.90%). 59

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

4. Five Districts of Five Special Characteristics, Ambiences, and Identities

PROJ

U-PLAN

U-DEV

U-DES

National Congress

National Library

National Gallery

National Museum

Place of Worship (“House of Six Prayers”)

Commercial Cluster

Governmental Office Cluster

Commercial Cluster

Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and Judicial Commission

Bird’s Eye-View Perspective of the Central Governmental District (KIPP)

61 DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Mixed-Use Mid-Rise Housing Cluster: Housing for Civil Servants (PNS) of Echelon 1 & 2 Officials

Presidential Palace

Mixed-Use Mid-Rise Housing Cluster: Housing for Civil Servants (PNS) of Echelon 3 & 4 Officials

Ministry Office Cluster

Governmental Office Cluster

Concert Hall

Opera House

Convention Center

Global Multicultural-Center

Memprasastikan Identitas Bangsa di Atas Bumi Pertiwi “Being an independent nation is not merely about being privileged in improving the excellency of the nation, but also about bringing positive impact toward global humanity and environment of the world.”

“BELIEF IN THE ALMIGHTY GOD”

NAL NATIO Y LIBRAR

AT I

NAT IO MU NAL SEU M

LR T

N MRT STATIO

PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLE NETWORK

“A UNIFIED INDONESIA”

), NS IO ES I IT C

DANAU ESA

ISLAM CAT HO LIC PR OT ES TA NT

ISM

6 RELIG ION S( AN

28°

IANISM

ESTRIAN & BICYC

CONFUC

PED

LI N

LTICU MUL R BAL GLO L-CENTE A TUR

D BU

R INDIGENO THE US YO RE 714 L AN ET M HN IG D I

LRT STATI

S E X HIBIT

LIN

U-PLAN

Manifestation of the Five Principles of “Pancasila”

DANAU ESA

U-DEV

“A JUST AND CIVILIZED HUMANITY”

L NA Y O TI LER A N AL G

U-DES

PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK (MRT & LRT)

“DEMOCRACY LED BY THE WISDOM IN A CONSENSUS OR REPRESENTATIVES” EXEC UT IVE

BUILDING HEIGHT (STORY) LEG

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DANAU ESA

8 3

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6 Ha (3.81%)

WATERBODY 7

(2 ET 3. S 38 P %) AC E

CE IN G “JAVA

EEa (1 H GR 15

5. ER 76 Y % )

Master Plan of the Central Governmental District (KIPP) 0m

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INTEGRATED CENTER FOR CIVIC, CULTURE, AND GOVERNANCE

“SOCIAL JUSTICE FOR ALL INDONESIANS”

E COU NTRY

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PIT AL C

C ITY IN T H E

Pancasila “Pancasila” is the official, foundational, and philosophical theory of Indonesia. Pancasila comprises two Old Javanese words originally derived from Sanskrit: “pañca” (“five”) and “sīla” (“principles”). Thus, it comprises five principles and contends that they are inseparable and interrelated. Indonesia is a multicultural nation, a diverse country composed of various ethnic groups with different languages, cultures, religions, and ways of life. Accordingly, Pancasila was influenced by certain aspects of selected world values and ideologies, such as nationalism, humanitarianism, democracy, socialism, and religiosity. The need to unify Indonesia as a diverse country also led to the formulation of the national motto, “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika,” which can be translated as “unity in diversity.” It declares the essential unity of its members despite ethnic, regional, social, and religious differences. As a result, Pancasila is often viewed as a form of pluralism and moderation, a potpourri of different ideologies, ranging from socialism, nationalism, and religionism.

Bird’s-Eye View Perspective of the Civic Center Cluster Located in the Heart of Central Governmental District (KIPP)

Source: https://www.wikipedia.org/ [2019]. The Concentric Planning Order and Configuration of the Central Governmental District (KIPP)

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Left: A Depiction of the “Garuda Pancasila”; Five Principles of the Pancasila is Represented Through Five Symbols Composed on the Shield – Source: https://www.wikipedia.org/ [2019].

The concentric planning order and configuration of the central governmental district (KIPP) is the manifestation of Indonesian national identity based on ”Pancasila” (“Five Principles”). The first verse of Pancasila, “Belief in the Almighty God,” becomes the fundamental principle (central point) of Pancasila, where all buildings of public institutions are figuratively unified by facing the axes toward the central point of Danau Esa (‘Lake of Almightiness of God’).

The governmental core area consists of a monument located at the lake (Danau Esa) in the heart of the civic center. The monument’s void replicates the silhouette of Monas (National Monument) in Jakarta. The philosophy behind this concept is to manifest the existence of Monas as a collective memory element to be commemorated as void of the past, as Monas is the most significant landmark of the previous capital city, Jakarta, while Indonesian people are also planning and heading up to fill the void of the future in the new capital city. However, that monument is not placed at the exact central point of the lake due to the lake’s role as a metaphorical element in representing the first verse of Pancasila: “Belief in the Almighty God” — or in other words, “divinity.” The urban design manifesto is: divinity is immaterial as well as ‘too pure’ and ‘too sacred’ to be manifested into a physical/material landmark (in other words: a materialistic & even ‘narcissistic’ monument), so that there are no exact physical manifestations that are ‘good enough’ to represent it. Since each individual has their own personal interpretations & thoughts in perceiving notions of divinity, we aim to respect it as a fundamental aspect of human rights.

Public Space in Front of the Concert Hall in the Civic Center Cluster

Relocation of the Capital City is a Pivotal Moment of National History Which Have to be Marked with a Monument: “Indonesia Raya Monument” — Functioned as a Public Space in Danau Esa (‘Lake of Almightiness of God’; as the Lake’s Philosophy Refers to the First Verse of “Pancasila”)

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Indonesia Raya Monument

U-PLAN

U-DEV

U-DES

Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Berbeda-Beda Tetap Satu Jua Unity in Diversity

PROJ

ASSALAMUALAIKUM WARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUH!

SHALOM!

SALAM SEJAHTERA SALAM SEJAHTERA BAGI KITA SEMUA! BAGI KITA SEMUA!

House of Six Prayers is a religious building complex comprising six houses of worship. The six houses of worship are representatives of six religions in Indonesia: 1) Islam; 2) Christian-Catholic; 3) Christian-Protestant; 4) Hinduism; 5) Buddhism; and 6) Confucianism. Those six religions are all represented through the semiotics of building roofs based on each religion’s architectural features and characteristics. Instead of being designed as six separate religious building complexes, the six houses of worship are configured as one large religious building complex. The intention behind this configuration is to avoid any attempts of unhealthy ‘visual-spatial-physical competition’ between one another; one house of worship (or more) might want to build higher, bigger, and larger buildings to dominate the skyline among the six houses of worship as a symbol of hegemony of one religion over other religions.

NAMO BUDDHAYA!

SALAM KEBAJIKAN!

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

OM SWASTIASTU!

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

House of Six Prayers: Architectural Semiotics of Roofs

Ekosistem Cendekia Ecosystem of Intellectuals LOCAL & REGIONAL LEVELS

NATIONAL LEVEL

GLOBAL LEVEL

U-DES

U-DEV

U-PLAN

E R N

PROJ

C O N C

C E

Non-Governmental Organizations

Entrepreneurs and Enterprisers

Intellectuals and Scholars

Hub of Excellence: Generator & Catalyst of Development The intellectuals are the main generator & catalyst of the capital city’s development. The government (public sector) and the industry (private sector) have significant roles at the elite level, while the academia (civil society representative) have substantial roles both at the elite and grassroots levels. To attract intellectuals from other cities and other countries to be studying and be pursuing careers in the capital city, highclass institutions in the following three main sectors are established through: high-class academic, research, and innovation facilities —schools, colleges, universities, etc.—; which are integrated with and centered on National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) as the national center of development. Establishment of Fields of Study as the Foundation of Excellence in Education: Background and Relevance 1. Humanities, Teacher Training, and Education At the national level, Indonesia is a multicultural nation of 742 ethnicities, 652 local/vernacular languages, and 6 official religions (and many other religions). At the global level, knowledge & understanding about cultures from other nations is essential, as the world nowadays is embracing globalism. Furthermore, education, as part of culture, is the key foundation of human resources development. 66

O F

E T E N

Ecosystem of Intellectuals

Schools, Colleges, and Universities

L U E N C E

M P

High-Value and Clean Industries

AC A D E

T RY

O O

IND

Academic Institutions

I N F

LIPI

Indonesian Institute of Science

O F

Research Institutions

Regional Government

RNME VE

S C

BRIN

National Research and Innovation Agency

Above: Mind Map of the Development Guidelines & Principles of the Capital City (K-IKN)

2. Science, Engineering, and Technology Over the past decade, research and developments on rechargeable battery- and electricity-based technology have flourished worldwide, as the technology is much more eco-friendly and will become the substitute for fossil fuels in the future. As the largest global nickel-producing country, Indonesia considers that phenomenon a global urgency and priority. Besides, technology of waste treatment & management to reduce the risks of environmental damage is also considered a global urgency & and priority. To fulfill those urgencies & and priorities, a cluster of science, engineering, and technology —focusing on renewable & sustainable energy, waste treatment & management, and information technology— is established. 3. Agricultural Sciences and Forestry Indonesia has proclaimed itself as an “agrarian nation” or farming nation. On the other hand, Indonesia sets aside 45% of forest-rich Kalimantan to be the world’s lungs. A cluster of agricultural sciences and forestry is established to develop agricultural technology, particularly in the context of sustainable urban agriculture, as well as to ensure the quality and quantity of Kalimantan rainforest as the world’s lungs at the global level. 4. Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences At the national level, the vision behind the establishment of a cluster of medical, pharmaceutical, and health sciences is to improve the quality of Indonesian health services at the national level. Besides, as Indonesia is an excellent market for medical and pharmaceutical industries, it also aims to improve the quality of Indonesia’s medical and pharmaceutical industries at the global level. 5. Arts and Design At the national level, Indonesia as a multicultural nation has many various local/vernacular arts. At the global level, arts and design, as a major part of cultural and creative industries, are strategic sectors to be promoted and developed. 6. Economics and Business A cluster of economics and business is established as the backbone of industrial, commercial, and service sectors. 7. Social & Political Sciences and Law Cakranusa Wanantara, as the (next) capital city of Indonesia, is Indonesia’s primary seat of government and the central of Indonesia’s political institutions. The capital city is visioned to be the benchmark for ideal governmental and political systems of other cities in Indonesia —at the national level— as well as any other cities in the world — at the global level. 8. Maritime Sciences and Fisheries As the largest archipelagic country in the world, Indonesia is known to have a lot of potential natural resources, especially in the maritime field. Indonesia consists of more than 17,000 islands with a coastline of 54,720 km. Its waters consist of territorial sea, archipelagic waters, and inland waters, covering 65% of the territory of Indonesia.

Cluster of Military and Strategic Affairs

Cluster of Humanities, Teacher Training, and Education Cluster of Science, Engineering, and Technology Cluster of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry

National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Civic Center and Governmental District

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

5 6 7 8

Botanical Garden

Cluster of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences

Residential Area for Transmigrants from Java Island (Existing Residential Area Since 1950’s)

Cluster of Arts and Design Cluster of Economics and Business

Residential Area for Public

Cluster of Social & Political Sciences and Law

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

VVIP Airport

Shopping Center of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Cluster of Marine Sciences and Fisheries

Industrial District

ACADEMIA: CIVIL SOCIETY REPRESENTATIVE

Forest for National Jamboree and Scout Activities

(CONCEPTOR & RESEARCHER)

National Scout (Pramuka) Center

INDUSTRY: PRIVATE SECTOR

Seaport

(EXECUTOR)

Land-Use Calculation

Land-Use

GOVERNMENT: PUBLIC SECTOR

Industrial

820

Military and Strategic Affairs

2.00

4,526

11.30

Residential – Transmigrants (Existing, Since 1950’s)

1,422

3.60

9,521 711

Youth Affairs and Sports

1,010

Greenery – Outside Governmental District

10,948

Greenery – Governmental District 10

1.70 0.09

Residential – Academic

Higher Educational Institutions

0 km

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Master Plan of the Capital City (K-IKN)

671 361 794

Office

THINK, BRAINSTORM, ACT, INNOVATE,

MAKE IT HAPPEN!

622

Civic Center and Governmental Commercial (Medium- and Large-Sized Enterprises)

(REGULATOR & POLICY-MAKER)

Area (Ha) Percentage (%)

Airport and Seaport/Harbor

Streetspace

Waterbody (River and Creek) Total Area (Ha) and Percentage (%)

277

8,101

201

40,021

0.10

23.80 1.80 2.50 0.70

27.40 20.20 0.50

100.00

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Youth Affairs and Sports District

(–)

Urban Agriculture

U-DES

Source: https://www.wikipedia.org/ [2019].

U-DEV

Urban agriculture, urban farming, or urban gardening is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas. Urban agriculture can be a social movement for sustainable communities as well as sustainable urban development, where organic growers, “foodies,” and “locavores” form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism.

In urban areas, urban agriculture or urban farming can be practiced by converting rooftops, yards, spaces inside buildings, and walls (vertical farming) into urban farms & plantations.

City’s Low Accessibility Toward Forests and Green Areas Forests and green areas are isolated and located on the peripheries of the city, far from the core of activities & settlements of the city. Hence, the forests and green areas are less accessible by city dwellers, especially those who reside in the city center and the central governmental district (KIPP). Inefficiency of Social, Economic, and Environmental Aspects

U-PLAN

Applications of Sustainable Urban Agriculture

Farms & plantations are being isolated and located far from the city center. Since the agricultural products need to be prevalently distributed into all areas in the city, this results in higher costs and higher emission rates of transport for the distributions of agricultural products due to longer distance of mobility. Furthermore, the farmers & stockbreeders —along with their families— live and settle remotely in the city's peripheral areas, making it hard to access urban facilities (schools, universities, leisure facilities, etc.) within the city's core of activities & settlements.

Integrated Urban Forest in the City Source: https://www. veganfoodandliving. com/ [2019]. Conventional Guidelines of Land-Use Planning & Development of a City: Forests and Green Areas are Isolated and Located on the Peripheries of the City

Urban Agriculture/ Farming on the Rooftop of a Building

(+)

Source: https://www.powerhousehydroponics. com/ [2019].

City’s High Accessibility Toward Forests and Green Areas Forests and green areas as urban forests and urban farms are prevalently integrated and located in the middle of the city, close to the core of activities & settlements of the city. Hence, the forests and green areas are highly accessible by city dwellers, including those who reside in the city center and the central governmental district (KIPP).

PROJ

Urban Agriculture/ Farming Inside an Office Building (Pasona Urban Farm) in Tokyo, Japan — Designed by Kono Design Source: https://www.dezeen. com/ [2019].

Farms & plantations are prevalently integrated with the city's core of activities & settlements. Since the agricultural products need to be prevalently distributed into all areas in the city, this results in lower cost and lower emission rate of transport for the distributions of agricultural products due to longer distance of mobility.

Vertical Farming Inside an Office Building (Pasona Urban Farm) in Tokyo, Japan — Designed by Kono Design

Furthermore, the farmers & stockbreeders — along with their families— live and settle prevalently within inner areas of the city, making it easy to access urban facilities (schools, universities, leisure facilities, etc.) within the core of activities in the city.

Source: https://www.dezeen. com/ [2019].

Efficiency of Social, Economic, and Environmental Aspects

Proposed Guidelines of Land-Use Planning & Development of Cakranusa Wanantara: Forests and Green Areas as Urban Forests and Urban Farms are Prevalently Integrated and Located in the Middle of the City

100

Food Security and Food Safety Food security is having access to and being able to afford nutritious, safe food; urban farming contributes to greater food security (fulfilling 15–20% food supply of the city).

800

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

1000

BENEFITS OF URBAN AGRICULTURE

100

Food Quality People get fresher, healthier food —herbs, vegetables, and fruits— and are more likely to eat what’s in season when people eat what’s produced on an urban farm. Sense of Belonging and Community Building Urban farming is one way to bring urban dwellers together — to establish a sense of community among people otherwise independent and, in some cases, isolated. Education and Learning Opportunity Urban agriculture addresses another issue inherent throughout current food culture — a disconnection to where the food comes from. By involving children and adults alike in education around sustainable and local agriculture, farmers increase the health of future food systems. Efficient Use of Land Many hydroponics systems are set up vertically to fit anywhere, even indoors; consider rooftops and vertical gardens that take up minimal space but produce tons of fresh and healthy food. Reduction of Carbon Waste By localizing food production, urban farms cut down on the significant amount of fossil fuel consumption necessary to transport, package, and sell food. The average meal has traveled 4,200 miles just to get served on the table. Urban agriculture helps consumers reduce their ‘foodprint’ by allowing them to purchase food grown within their community. Public Health Increasing populations of people in cities suffer from malnutrition and a variety of other diet-related health issues. Bringing nutritious food to local communities has many direct health benefits, including reducing the risk of harmful conditions like heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and more. Involving individuals in the garden itself provides an opportunity for exercise and a deeper connection to agriculture.

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

More Green Spaces Agriculture in cities provides more green space. This contributes to the health of city ecosystems in a variety of ways. Greenery adds aesthetic appeal, reduces runoff from precipitation, provides restful spaces for the community, and counters the heat island effect by fixing carbon through photosynthesis. Economic Growth Under their proximity to consumers, urban farms stimulate the local economy by circulating income throughout the region. Without complicated distribution networks, farmers are more connected to their market and can adapt quickly to demand and maximize profit. In addition, many of these organizations are structured to bring additional benefits to the community and support low-income populations by stabilizing food costs and, in many cases, offering discounted or free products. Job Creation From window box herb gardens to large community spaces, urban farms create opportunities to involve the community. Urban farms create job (and volunteer) opportunities in big cities, where poverty and hunger are often persistent issues. An increase in small businesses stimulates the local economy and supports the community by creating jobs where people live.

Schematic Master Plan of the Cluster Moduls 0m

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Core of the Cluster (‘Kelurahan’)

Mixed-Use – Mid-Rise (Residential, Commercial, Educational, Office)

Expanded Area of the Cluster (‘Kelurahan’)

Mixed-Use – Low- & Mid-Rise (Residential, Commercial, Educational, Office)

Farm & Plantation

MRT Line

Forest

LRT Line

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MRT/LRT Station

Urban Forest Botanical Garden Forest for Medicinal Plants and Herbs Forest for National Jamboree and Scout Activities

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Waterbody

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Existing Topography and Contour Assessment

Greenery: Forest in the City, City in the Forest

The existing topography and contour assessment are the main considerations in determining the structure plan of the Capital City Area (K-IKN). Areas of mountain and extreme slopes are allocated into forests and green areas, while areas of relatively flat slopes are allocated into developable parts of the city. As the capital city is designed with pedestrian-friendly streets, the street structures are planned with an organic approach by adaptively following the natural order of existing topography to minimize the streets with extreme slopes.

Forest is penetrating the Capital City Area (K-IKN) as urban green spaces & corridors. Low-carbon development concept is applied through the building regulation of the city. It is mandatory to compensate a coefficient of the building footprint total area in every land lot with the same coefficient (1×) of greenery total area in the following land lot —as green roofs and green facades (vertical gardens)— and twice the coefficient of greenery total area in the Capital City Metropolitan Area (KP-IKN) —as expansion of the conservation forest / ‘taman hutan raya’ (tahura).

KARYA (WORKING FACILITIES)

WORK

Govermental Institutions Good and Clean Governance

▪ Legislative Institutions ▪ Executive Institutions ▪ Judicial Institutions ▪ Indonesian National Armed Force (TNI) ▪ Indonesian National Police (POLRI)

Academic Institutions World-Class Academies

▪ National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) ▪ Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) ▪ Schools, Colleges, and Universities

Industrial Institutions High-Value and Clean Industries

▪ Multinational/Transnational/International Corporations ▪ Unicorn Corporations ▪ Decacorn Corporations ▪ Hectocorn Corporations

WISMA (HOME)

Public Open Space for Urban Farming Within Pedestrian & Cyclist-Oriented Metropolis

LIVE

Public Space and Coworking Space as Generator for Social Interaction & Activities

Supporting Facilities for Higher Educational Institutions

Commercial Facilities

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Higher-Educational Institution

Governmental Housing

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Youth Campground and Training Center Sport Facilities and Training Center Military Headquarters, Housing, and Facilities

Industrial District

0 km

Governmental, Military, and Youth & Sports Districts: Urban Axis of the Capital City

Academic and Industrial Districts: Urban Ecosystem of Integrated Research and Innovation Practices

As the heart of the capital city, the Capital City’s Central Governmental District (KIPP) is integrated with the military district —located ± 6.50 km on its north-eastern side— and youth & sport district — located ± 10.80 km on its south-western side. The military district and the youth & sport district are integral parts of the Capital City Area’s urban characteristic, ambience, and identity as the center for culture & society, arts & humanities, politics, and education.

The academic district consists of eight clusters of fields of study, enclaving the Capital City’s Central Governmental District (KIPP), and centered on the clusters of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and the Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI). Each cluster has its supporting facilities, such as laboratories, training centers, dormitories, etc. The industrial district is located alongside the seaport of Balikpapan Bay in the south-western part of the capital city.

MARGA (STREET NETWORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURES FOR MOBILITY)

Sustainable Infrastructure Planning & Development That Follows Context and Characteristics of Its Surrounding Existing Nature and Environment — Instead of Against It

CONNECT & INTERACT

Urban Planning & Design for Paradigm Shift of Urban Life: Revolutionizing People’s Mindset to Commute by Walking, Cycling, and Using Public Transport — Instead of by Driving/Riding Private Motor Vehicles

SUKA (LEISURE FACILITIES) AND PENYEMPURNA (PUBLIC & SOCIAL FACILITIES)

Combination Between Existing Features of Nature & Environment and Features of Built Environment as Public Leisure Facilities & Amenities

PLAY & ENJOY

Urban Planning, Design, and Development with “Jungle in the City – City in the Jungle” Concept Based on Environmental-Humanistic Approach in Order to Enhance Sustainable Quality of Urban Life

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Governmental Office

Residential Area for Public

Civic Center

Residential Area for People who are Professionally Affiliated to Higher Educational Institutions as Well as National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Central Business District (CBD) — Commercial Hub for Large-Sized Enterprise Commercial Hub for Medium- and Large-Sized Enterprise Commercial Hub for Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise (UKM)

Residential Area for People who are Professionally Affiliated to Governmental Institutions

U-PLAN

U-DEV

U-DES

Residential Area for Transmigrants from Java Island (Existing Residential Area Since 1950’s)

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PROJ

Residential Zoning: Sustainable Micro-Urbanism The residential zones consist of clusters with a sustainable micro-urbanism approach: each cluster (‘kelurahan’) is planned, designed, and developed as a small town with mixeduse facilities and mixed land-use which consist of housing, offices, schools, commercial facilities, etc. Hence, people can commute daily from home to work, school, and commercial facilities using public transport and/or bicycles within a short distance and less time-consuming. Each cluster has a total area of ± 64 ha and is enclaved by green belts & corridors.

0 km

Cluster of Civic Center and Commercial Zoning: One Cluster (‘Kelurahan’), One Commercial Hub The civic center cluster accommodates public and private activities, especially those related to socio-cultural, artistic, humanitarian, and educational purposes. It is an integral part of both governmental and academic districts. The central business district (CBD) accommodates large businesses. The linear commercial spine accommodates medium businesses. The commercial hubs spread in each cluster accommodates medium and small businesses (UKM).

Public Space

Green Expansion

Mixed-Use Development

Courtyard System

Public leisure facilities & amenities, coworking space, and generator of social interaction & activities at the district and city levels.

Increasing the green coverage area, as well as improving the natural quality of air humidity in the city.

Creating diversed activities in one area that could gain people’s productivity and efficiency in daily commuting.

Public leisure facilities & amenities, coworking space, and generator of social interaction & activities at the neighborhood level.

Secondary Arterial Road (RoW 90)

Pedestrian & Cyclist Oriented City Providing access, facilities, and infrastructures for pedestrians & cyclists to reduce air pollution and traffic congestion.

Primary Collector Roa

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line

Secondary Arterial Road (RoW 90)

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Station

Primary Collector Road (RoW 60)

Light Rail Transit (LRT) Station

Secondary Collector Road (RoW 30)

Seaport

Local Road (RoW 9–24)*

VVIP Airport

* The line of local road is drawn schematically, since the actual local road is planned and developed organically according to the existing topography of ground surface.

Distance Coverage of Stopping Point (Bus Stop/Terminal and MRT/LRT Station) of Public Transport Networks

250 m

500 m

250 m

500 m 1000 m

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Public Transport Networks and Mobility Planning: One Cluster (‘Kelurahan’), One MRT/LRT Station – One Person, One Bicycle

Improving efficiency of public commuting as an attempt to reduce air pollution and traffic congestion.

Street Networks and Hierarchy: Pedestrian-Oriented City The primary arterial roads and freeways, secondary arterial roads, and primary collector roads are placed outside the city clusters and are treated as backward areas of the city clusters. Therefore, although the local roads have the lowest level of street hierarchy in quantity (RoW), the local roads have the highest level of hierarchy in quality (public and socio-cultural significance) with pedestrian-friendly street spaces and streetscapes. The primary arterial roads in the city's outer periphery are intended to anticipate urban sprawl expansion spatially.

Each cluster in the city has one MRT/LRT station to accommodate inhabitants' daily commute. Each MRT/LRT station is a mixed-use commercial hub point accommodating medium and small businesses (UKM). The planning, design, and development strategy encourages all inhabitants to commute by public transport (MRT/LRT and buses) and bicycles to minimize carbon waste and traffic quantity. Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

0 km

Topography Assessment

Skyline Transition

Forest City

Street Art/Mural

Adaptive method in urban/spatial planning, design, and development toward the existing condition of topography and soil.

Creating transitional sequences of building heights to create human scale-friendly quality of urban spaces and streetscapes.

Compensating the city’s carbon emission in order to thrive the vision of a zero-carbon emission city in the future.

Providing certain characteristic, identity, and sense of place in each area and/or district in the city.

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

ad (RoW 60)

Primary Arterial Road and Freeway (RoW 135–200)

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Line

Primary Arterial Road and Freeway (RoW 135–200)

2024

2020

2040

2035

2030

Indonesia’s 2045 100th Independence Anniversary

2070

URBAN GROWTH = GREEN COMPENSATION

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

PHASE 4

A developed area of 1 ha in the city is being compensated by: ▪ 1 ha of urban forest in the city; and ▪ 1 ha of reforested area in the forest park (Tahura).

“Growth of developed area in the city” means “growth of urban forest in the city” as well as “growth of reforested area in the forest park (Tahura).” This principle is the carbon trading strategy as a sustainable urbanization approach.

Existing Forest Park (Tahura) Area: 68,000 ha

Expanded Forest Park (Tahura) Area: 11,300 ha + 5,000 ha = 16,300 ha Urban Forest Area in the City: Developed Area in the City:

11,300 ha

11,300 ha Expanded Developed Area in the City: 5,000 ha

CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY As a development strategy, there are four phases of developmental stage. In the first phase, the city is attaching itself to the existing well-established city, Balikpapan, in order to support the city’s early phase of establishment. In the second phase, community of intellectuals is established in order to achieve the goal of the third phase: becoming a self-sufficient city and detaching itself from Balikpapan. Then, the city becomes a metropolitan city in the fourth phase.

SMART CITY, SMART METROPOLIS

Existing Forest Park (Tahura) Area: 68,000 ha

Expanded Forest Park (Tahura) Area: 16,200 ha + 10,200 ha = 26,400 ha Urban Forest Area in the City: Developed Area in the City:

16,200 ha

Expanded Forest Park (Tahura) Area: 20,000 ha + 35,200 ha = 55,200 ha

Urban Forest Area in the City:

Developed Area in the City:

16,200 ha Expanded Developed Area in the City: 10,200 ha

Existing Forest Park (Tahura) Area: 68,000 ha

Expanded Forest Park (Tahura) Area: 18,800 ha + 20,200 ha = 39,000 ha 18,800 ha

18,800 ha Expanded Developed Area in the City: 20,200 ha

Developed Area in the City:

20,800 ha Expanded Developed Area in the City: 35,200 ha

CITY OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

CITY OF INTELLECTUALS

SELF-SUFFICIENT CITY

METROPOLITAN CITY

Relocation of Governmental Officials and Civil Servants

Establishment of Community of Intellectuals

Establishment of Urban Habitat Based on the Principles of Local Self-Sufficiency and Global Connectivity

Well-Connected City at the Local, Regional, National, and Global Levels

SMART GOVERNANCE

SMART SOCIETY

SMART CITY

SMART METROPOLIS

Open data for integrated-good governance and civil society.

1.4 1.2

Inhabitants of K-IKN

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.5 0.3

Inhabitants of KP-IKN

0.1 0.6 M Inhabitants

1.1 M Inhabitants

1.7 M Inhabitants

2.9 M Inhabitants

PROJ

SOCIETY The first phase is the most critical phase, which happens during the relocation process of the governmental officials and civil servants. The socio-cultural issue of people’s unwillingness to relocate themselves from the previous capital city to the new capital city is encountered by the strategy of providing elements of attraction in the new capital city. Hence, the narration here is: “people’s unwillingness to relocate” would become “people’s regrets to not relocate.”

2.0 M Inhabitants

CRITICAL PHASE

LIVABLE CITY The new capital city needs to has strong attractions in order to arouse people’s willingness (most importantly, the governmental officials and civil servants) not merely to come and work, but also to stay and live for a long period. Hence, a successful leap in the first phase is a fundamental boost in gaining and raising brand value of the new capital city, which would later encourage people to relocate themselves (along with their family and relatives) in. In order to achieve that, best urban living facilities, easy access toward excellent public service, and opportunities to gain excellent career and education are all provided in the first phase of development.

20,800 ha

Attracting Governmental Officials and Civil Servants, Along with Their Family and Relatives

Attracting Community of Intellectuals

Attracting Public Communities

Prime Quality Public Transport, Working & Leisure Facilities, Primary & Secondary Educational Facilities, and Commercial Facilities

Prime Quality Higher Education Institutions and Facilities (Colleges, Universities, Laboratories, Research Centers, etc.)

Promoting Opportunities to Establish PrivatelyOwned Enterprises as Well as Opportunities to Gain Promising Career Paths in Industrial Sector

Live and Fun Prime Quality Primary & Secondary Schools, Office & Co-Working Spaces, and Market & Shopping Centers Infrastructures Prime Quality Public Transport Connecting Between the Capital City and Balikpapan as a Referral City

Livable City Desirable City Valuable City Prime & Excellent Quality

1.5 M Inhabitants

LOW CARBON CITY

1.4 M Inhabitants

U-PLAN

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PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT

Interesting, Tempting, and Luring

Homy, Cozy, and Comfortable

Enviable City Becoming State of the Art (Benchmark) of World-Class City

NO POVERTY

ZERO HUNGER

GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

QUALITY EDUCATION

GENDER EQUALITY

CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY

DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

INDUSTRY, INNOVATION, AND INFRASTRUCTURE

REDUCED INEQUALITIES

SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

CLIMATE ACTION

LIFE BELOW WATER

LIFE ON LAND

PEACE, JUSTUCE, AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS

PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS

SUSTAINABLE URBAN MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL STRATEGY ISSUE

PLANNING POLICY

IMPLEMENTATION

Forest as the World’s Lungs

▪ Preservation of Existing Forests ▪ Reforestation of Deforested Land

▪ Public Green Spaces ▪ Public Green Corridors ▪ Landscape Management ▪ Green Areas (Green Space/Facade & Forest) Compensation of Every Building Footprint

Air Humidity and Carbon Management

▪ Use of Public Transport and Bicycle as Commuting Culture ▪ Low-Carbon Development and Control

▪ Prevalent Distribution of Public Transport Hubs (MRT/LRT and Bus Stations) in the Entire City ▪ 1 MRT/LRT Station Within the Radius of 500 m ▪ 1 Bus Station Within the Radius of 250 m ▪ Green Roof and Green Facade (Vertical Garden)

Water Management

▪ Zero Run-Off Drainage System ▪ Rainwater Harvesting

▪ Preservation of Existing Waterbody ▪ Stilt Housing Development ▪ Retention Basin / Wet Pond

Waste Management

▪ Increasing Lifecycle of Inorganic Matter ▪ Waste-to-Energy Conversion

▪ 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) ▪ Reducing Incineration Process of Waste ▪ Using Gasification-Based Waste-to-Energy Conversion

Urban Growth Control and Management

▪ Smart Urban Growth ▪ Natural Barrier ▪ Connectivity Between Hubs of Activities ▪ Prevalent Distribution of People and Activities

▪ Mixed-Use Land-Use ▪ Mixed-Use Buildings ▪ Inspection Road at Rivers and Waterways ▪ Modular Clusters of Urban Growth: A Developable Area of 640000 m² (64 ha) per Cluster (‘Kelurahan’)

Socio-Cultural Development

▪ Integration with Existing Socio-Cultural Context

▪ Revitalization of Existing Settlement Areas of Transmigrants from Java Island ▪ Integration and Involvement of Native Inhabitants (Dayak Community)

Economic Development

▪ Sustainable City ▪ Productive City

▪ Community Based Eco-Tourism ▪ Eco-Friendy Industries and Manufactures

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Development The new capital city in Kalimantan requires power plants of 1.555 MW (megawatt) in total to ensure its entire energy needs with 30% energy reserves.

Wind Power Plant (PLTB) Small wind turbines as PLTBs are applied at the top of mid-rise buildings.

Geothermal Power Plant (PLTPB)

Biogas Power Plant (PLTBG)

PLTPBs are applied at regions of Dondang and Batuq.

PLTBGs are applied by processing methane from livestock waste and landfill waste.g

Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA)

Solar Thermal Power Plant (PLTS)

Biomass Power Plant (PLTBM)

RefuseDerived Fuel (RDF)

PLTAs are applied at rivers and citerns.

PLTSs are applied at barren/arid (unproductive) lands.

PLTBMs are applied by processing oil palm waste and agricultural waste.

RDFs are applied by incinerating inorganic waste that can not be processed.

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Transformasi Menuju Sebuah Kota Acuan Dunia Transformation into a World-Class City

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

A PRESENT FOR THE WORLD

CAKRANUSA WANANTARA

INDONESIA JAYA

Sustainable Waste Treatment and Management Through Circular Economy Sources of Waste

Community-Based Waste Separation Organic Waste

Temporary Storage of Waste

Community Composting: Compost for Agricultural Uses

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Inorganic Waste

Public Spaces and Municipal Services

Recycling Plants, Small- & Medium-Sized Enterprises, and Craftsmen: Dacrons, Bricks, Shoes, Clothing & Apparel, etc.

Industries and Manufactures

Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Manufacturing Plants: Alternative/NonConventional Fuels

Offices, Institutions, and Commercial Facilities

Households

Legend (Waste Diversification)

Organic Waste

Agricultures and Livestocks

U-PLAN

Recycable Waste

Non-Recycable Waste

Organic

Glass

Plastic

Metal

Paper

Electronic/E-waste

Others

Waste Processing Facilities (Waste-to-Energy Incineration Plants)

Waste Separation at Garbage ATM Inorganic Waste

Constructions and Demolitions

Smart City = Smart Technology + Smart Society

Smart City in Developing Country (Third World) Context MRT and LRT Ticket

Conventional Method

PROJ

Card Balance (E-money) Top-Up Through ATM or Mobile Banking

Bus Ticket

CITY CARD (OMNI-CARD)

Household Needs

Participative Method Garbage ATM Deposit to Withdraw E-money Rewards

Telephone and Internet Access Bill All-in-One Card + All-in-One Platform App

Participation at Communal and Environmental Programs/Events

Electricity Bill

Analysis of Big Data to Provide High-Quality Public Service of the City

Clean Water Bill

A smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic Internet of Things (IoT) sensors to collect data and then use insights gained from that data to manage assets, resources, and services efficiently. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, and assets that are processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, power plants, utilities, water supply networks, waste management, crime detection, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services. — Source: Fourtané, Susan (2018). McLaren, Duncan; Agyeman, Julian (2015). However, in the developing country (third world) context, smart city is not merely about data and information technology. In the broader sense, a smart city as an integrated system is also about how society participates in and respects city rules and regulations. People of its society are considered the primary part of the whole smart city’s integrated system itself, alongside the provisions of data and information technology. In order to achieve it, firstly, people need to get used to disciplining themselves in separating and managing their waste through the circular economy approach. Besides, the e-payment system is also applied through the use of an “Omni-Card” (one card for all purposes) for each individual in the city.

An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate. It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems). An ecotone may appear on the ground as a gradual blending of the two communities across a broad area, or it may manifest itself as a sharp boundary line.

Scheme of Ecotone Regarding Accordance Between Height of Trees/Plants and Density of Overlaps

High-Density Overlaps

Medium-Density Overlaps Low-Density Overlaps

Ground Surface (Grass)

Source: https://www.wikipedia.org/ [2019]. BEACH FOREST AND MANGROVE

SWAMP FOREST

LOWLAND FOREST

HIGHLAND FOREST

FLORA

Combretocarpus rotundatus (Tumih) Gluta velutina (Rengas Pendek / Rengas Air) Lophopetalum javanicum (Perupuk) Lagerstroemia (Crepe Myrtle) Neolamarckia cadamba (Burflower / Leichhardt Pine / Laran / Kadam) Syzygium (Guava)

Anisoptera marginata (Mersawa) Dipterocarpus borneensis (Keruing) Durio dulcis (Lahong / Tutong / Red Durian / Durian Marangang) Durio kutejensis (Lai / Kuluk / Nyekak / Pakan / Durian Merah / Durian Pulu) Eusideroxylon zwageri (Ulin) Hopea celebica (Merawan) Koompassia excelsa (Bangris/Mangaris) Serinus canaria (Atlantic Canary) Shorea curtisii (Dark Red Meranti) Shorea laevis (Bangkirai) Vatica borneensis (Resak)

Agathis dammara (Amboyna Pine) Phoebe (Medang) Shorea curtisii (Dark Red Meranti) Shorea faguetiana (Yellow Meranti) Shorea laevis (Bangkirai)

Avicennia (Api-api) Casuarina equisetifolia (Australian Pine / Whistling Pine) Mimusops elengi (Medlar) Rhizophoraceae (Mangrove - Flowering Plant) Sonneratia alba (Mangrove - Tree)

FAUNA Aquila (Eagle) Crocodylus porosus (Saltwater Crocodile) Macaca fascicularis (Crab-Eating Macaque / Long-Tailed Macaque) Nasalis larvatus (Proboscis Monkey / Long-Nosed Monkey)

FAUNA Aquila (Eagle) Bucerotidae (Hornbill) Cervidae (Deer) Macaca fascicularis (Crab-Eating Macaque / Long-Tailed Macaque) Nasalis larvatus (Proboscis Monkey / Long-Nosed Monkey)

FAUNA

FAUNA Cervidae (Deer) Gallus (Junglefowl) Hylobates albibarbis (Owa Kalimantan / Bornean White-Bearded Gibbon) Neofelis nebulosa (Clouded Leopard) Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Asian Palm Civet) Pongo (Orang Utan)

Cervidae (Deer) Gallus (Junglefowl) Hylobates albibarbis (Owa Kalimantan / Bornean White-Bearded Gibbon) Neofelis nebulosa (Clouded Leopard) Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Asian Palm Civet) Pongo (Orang Utan)

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Macro Landscape Planning: Ecotone

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

PRESERVATION AND REFORESTATION

U-PLAN

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Source: https://cityfarmer.info/ [2019].

PROJ

TYPES OF VEGETABLES, FRUITS, AND PLANTS FOR URBAN AGRICULTURE VEGETABLES

FRUITS

Allium cepa var. aggregatum (Shallot) Amaranthus viridis (Slender Amaranth / Green Amaranth) Apium graveolens (Celery) Brassica oleracea (Cabbage) Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra (Gai Lan / Kai-lan / Chinese Broccoli / Chinese Kale) Brassica rapa var. chinensis (Bok Choy / Pok Choi / Pak Choi) Brassica rapa var. parachinensis (Choy Sum / Choi Sum / Chinese Flowering Cabbage) Capsicum annuum (Bird’s Eye Chili / Bird’s Chili / Thai Chili) Capsicum annuum (Capsicum / Paprika / Pepper / Bell pepper / Sweet Pepper) Capsicum frutescens (Chili Pepper) Cucumis sativus (Pickle / Pickled Cucumber / Gherkin / Cornichons) Cucurbita moschata (Butternut Squash / Butternut Pumpkin / Gramma) Ipomoea aquatica (Water Spinach / River Spinach / Water Convolvulus / Swamp Cabbage / Kangkong) Lactuca sativa (Lettuce) Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon / Bitter Apple / Bitter Gourd / Bitter Squash / Karela / Balsam-Pear) Phaseolus vulgaris (Green Bean) Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Cherry Tomato) Solanum melongena (Eggplant)

Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Fragaria × ananassa (Strawberry) Vitis (Grape) Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus (Blueberry)

DECORATIVE PLANTS Lactuca sativa (Lettuce) Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) Solanum tuberosum (Potato) Brassica oleracea (Broccoli) Brassica oleracea (Cauliflower) Orthosiphon aristatus (Cat’s Whiskers / Kumis Kucing / Misai Kucing) Panax ginseng (Korean Ginseng) Raphanus sativus (Radish) Sansevieria (Mother-in-Law’s Tongue / Devil’s Tongue / Jinn’s Tongue / Bow String Hemp / Snake Plant / Snake Tongue)

MEDICINAL PLANTS Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra / Ochro / Ladies’ Fingers) Abrus precatorius (Jequirity Bean / Rosary Pea) Acanthus ilicifolius (Holly-Leaved Acanthus / Sea Holly / Holy Mangrove) Aloe vera (Lidah Buaya) Alpinia galanga (Lengkuas / Greater Galangal / Blue Ginger) Alpinia purpurata (Red Ginger) Anredera cordifolia (Madeira-Vine / Mignonette Vine) Apium graveolens (Celery) Boesenbergia rotunda (Fingerroot / Lesser Galangal / Chinese Ginger / Chinese Keys) Bryophyllum pinnatum (Air Plant / Cathedral Bells / Life Plant / Miracle Leaf / Goethe Plant) Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Periwinkle / Cape Periwinkle / Pink Periwinkle / Rose Periwinkle / Old Maid / Graveyard Plant / Bright Eyes) Chamaecostus cuspidatus (Insulin Plant / Fiery Costus / Spiral Flag) Cinnamomum verum (True Cinnamon Tree / Ceylon Cinnamon Tree) Citrus limon (Lemon) Clitoria ternatea (Asian Pigeonwings / Bluebellvine / Blue Pea / Butterfly Pea / Cordofan Pea / Darwin Pea) Cosmos caudatus (King’s Salad / Ulam Raja / Kenikir) Curcuma caesia (Black Turmeric) Curcuma longa (Turmeric) Curcuma zanthorrhiza (Temulawak / Temu Labak / Java Ginger / Javanese Ginger / Javanese Turmeric / Koneng Gede) Cymbopogon citratus (West Indian Lemon Grass / Lemon Grass) Eleutherine bulbosa (Lagrimas de la Virgen / Tears of the Virgin) Etlingera elatior (Torch Ginger / Ginger Flower / Red Ginger Lily / Torch Lily / Wild Ginger / Combrang / Bunga Kantan / Indonesian Tall Ginger / Philippine wax flower) Euphorbia tirucalli (Aveloz / Indian Tree Spurge / Naked Lady / Pencil Tree / Pencil Cactus / Milk Bush) Evodia suaveolens (Zodia)

Cakranusa Wanantara: the New Capital City of Indonesia | East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Excoecaria cochinchinensis (Chinese Croton, Blindness Tree, Buta-buta, Jungle Fire Plant) Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel / Adas) Gardenia jasminoides (Cape Jasmine / Kacapiring) Graptophyllum pictum (Caricature-Plant) Gynura divaricata (Daun Dewa / Samsit) Gynura procumbens (Longevity Spinach / Longevity Greens) Kaempferia galanga (Kencur / Aromatic Ginger / Sand Ginger / Cutcherry / Resurrection Lily) Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender / True Lavender / English Lavender / Garden Lavender / Common Lavender / Narrow-Leaved Lavender) Manihot esculenta (Cassava / Manioc / Yuca / Macaxeira / Mandioca / Kappa Kizhangu / Aipim) Mentha × piperita (Peppermint) Moringa oleifera (Moringa / Drumstick Tree / Horseradish Tree / Ben Oil Tree / Benzolive Tree) Orthosiphon aristatus (Cat’s Whiskers / Kumis Kucing / Misai Kucing) Pandanus amaryllifolius (Pandan) Physalis (Groundcherries) Piper betle (Betel) Piper retrofractum (Balinese Long Pepper / Javanese Long Pepper) Piper sarmentosum (Karok / Piper Lolot / Lolot Pepper / Lolot) Plantago major (Broadleaf Plantain / White Man’s Foot / Greater Plantain) Platostoma palustre (Mesona / Chinese Mesona) Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian Borage / Country Borage / Cuban Oregano / French Thyme / Indian Mint / Mexican Mint / Soup Mint / Spanish Thyme) Polyscias scutellaria (Shield Aralia / Plum Aralia) Strobilanthes crispa (Pecah Beling / Enyoh Kilo / Kecibeling / Kejibeling / Pokok Pecah Kaca / Pokok Pecah Beling) Tinospora cordifolia (Heart-Leaved Moonseed / Gaduchi / Giloya) Zingiber officinale (Ginger Root / Ginger) Zingiber zerumbet (Awapuhi / Bitter Ginger / Shampoo Ginger / Lempoyang / Pinecone Ginger)

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Source: https://cityfarmer.info/ [2019].

ARCHI L-DES

Vilnius, Lithuania

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U-DES

COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF HISTORIC URBAN TRACES, MORPHOLOGY, AND IDENTITY IN URBAN REVITALIZATION CASE STUDY OF A FORMER JEWISH QUARTER

Site Location Old Town (Lithuanian: Senamiestis) – Vilnius, Lithuania Date March 2017 – September 2017 Phase/Status Proposal (Master’s Program Final Project) Category Individual Project Scale Extra Large Type Architecture, Landscape Design, Urban Design, Urban Development Typology(s) Commercial Space, Cultural Space, Heritage Site, Historic City District, Low-Rise, Memorial, Mixed-Use, Public Space Institution(s) Brandenburg University of Technology, Cairo University Tutor(s) Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Heinz Nagler; Prof. Dr. Dalila Elkerdany, B.Sc., M.Sc.; Dipl.-Ing. Christoph Wessling

Green Roof as Public Space Located on the top of commercial spaces at the Spinal Pavilion.

PROJ

Special Thanks to Faculty of Architecture, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Lithuanian Jewish Community, Vilnius; Museum of Holocaust Exposition, Vilnius; National Library of Lithuania, Vilnius; Vilna Gaon State Jewish Museum, Vilnius; Aistė Galaunytė; Anandit Sachdev; Artūras Čertovas; Indrė Raudoniutė; Martynas Užpelkis; Monika Antanaitytė; Dr. Nabeel M. Elhady, B.Arch., M.Sc. (Cairo University)

Creative Mural Space Mural as a medium of urban reminder for some specific historical timelines in the area.

Task Providing a proposal of urban design, development, and policies at the local, district, and city levels, respectively, for the revitalization of the former Jewish Quarter in Vilnius. Description Vilnius, the capital city of Lithuania, was known as a major religious-cultural center of Eastern European Jewry between the 17th and the early-20th centuries due to its large population of Jews. However, during World War II (1939–1945), around 95% of Jews in Vilnius were murdered, resulting in a low amount of Jewish population as well as Jewish cultural and historical significance in Vilnius today. Despite many Jewish historical remains in Vilnius, Jewish cultural significance as an essential part of the city’s history, memory, and identity has been forgotten since then. This project aims to increase people’s awareness of Jewish cultural significance in the former Jewish Quarter area. An urban revitalization strategy in the area is proposed by integrating socio-cultural, economic, and environmental aspects as elements of the collective memory related to historic urban traces, morphology, and identity under the contexts of Jewish cultural and historical significance in Vilnius.

Historic Street Traces with Red Pavement Marking the urban traces of historic streets significant to the Jewish quarter.

Isometric Aerial View of the Urban Design and Development Proposal for the Revitalization of the Former Jewish Quarter in Vilnius, Lithuania

Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania

Communal Space in the Memorial Complex Outdoor amphitheatre: accommodating various group & social activities.

“The memory may be either individual or collective. Collective memory is a series of events collectively remembered by a group of people who share it and involve themselves in shaping it.* The greater the number of the people remembering the event, the more the memory finds a collective feature.”**

The Great Synagogue Memorial Consisting a library, a book store, a communal space, and a cafe & restaurant.

* World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our Common Future. New York, U.S.A.: Oxford University Press. ** Staniforth, Sarah. 2000. Conservation: Significance, Relevance, and Sustainability; in the Forbes Lecture of the 18th International Congress of the International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC). Melbourne, Australia: Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC).

Public Sitting Space Designed as a resting area and a communal space, integrated with the outdoor gallery. Outdoor Gallery Displaying information about cultural & historical significance of the Jewish quarter in Vilnius.

Historic Town Square Located in the heart of the Old Town, which is today’s most expensive area in the town.

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Vokiečių Gatvė Spinal Pavilion Strengthening the focal point of the historic Town Hall from Vokiečių g.

Multi-purpose Public Terrace As the extension area of cafes/restaurants as well as outdoor public space.

Alvita Contemporary Art Center One of the most active arts and cultural centers in the Old Town.

Historic Town Hall of Vilnius Designed in 1799 and has been reconstructed many times since then.

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Location of the Republic of Lithuania in Europe – Source: http://www.vidiani.com/ [2017].

Location of the City of Vilnius in the Republic of Lithuania – Source: https://www.wikipedia.org/ [2017].

Location of the Old Town of Vilnius in the City of Vilnius Municipality – Source: Developed by Location of the Specific Selected Area (Project Area) of the Former Jewish Quarter in author(s) based on a map from https://www.schwarzplan.eu/ [2017]. the Old Town (Lithuanian: Senamiestis) of Vilnius, Lithuania

PROJ

History of the Jewish Community in Vilnius

Urban Morphology of the Old Town, Vilnius Between the 15th and the 20th Centuries

The history of the Jewish community in Lithuania began in the late-14th century with the establishment of three central Jewish communities in the towns of Grodno, Brisk, and Trakai. At that time, the laws were not allowing Jews to live and settle in Vilnius. In the early-16th century, Jews were able to find such ‘cracks’ in the law document and began to settle legally in Vilnius as they started being engaged in commerce. In 1551, the Lithuanian Council gave special exemption from taxes to Jewish assistants for owning houses in Vilnius. Many more Jews began to reside in Vilnius and work in commercial endeavors. Then, they built the first synagogue (The Great Synagogue) in Vilnius in 1553. The Vilnius Jewish community began participating in the Committee of the State of Lithuania for the first time in 1652 (Kloisner, 1936). In 1655, the Russian army invaded Vilnius. They killed many of the Jews and burned the town, making the Jewish Quarter burned to the ground. The destruction lasted until the Polish army liberated the town in 1661, and the local Jews returned to the area and began to recreate their community again. In 1710, an epidemic killed many residents in the town, including the Jews. Many large fires followed and leveled the synagogue and Jewish public institutions in 1737, 1748, and 1749. Jews increasingly took a large part in commerce in the 19th century. In 1827, Jews made up 75.6% of merchants in Vilnius. During World War I (1914–1918), camaraderie flourished in the Jewish community of Vilnius, which was giving employment opportunities. Education in the Jewish community progressed, and the first Hebrew-speaking high school was established along with a Yiddish theatre. A few years prior to World War II (1939–1945), anti-semi-

Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania

tism began to spread in Vilnius. On 6 September 1941, the Jewish Quarter was being transformed into two ghettos with Vokiečių g. in between. The Vilnius ghetto was called “Yerushalayim of the Ghettos” due to its intellectual and cultural spirit. Until the liquidation of the ghetto on 22–23 September 1943, about 95% of the Jewish population in Vilnius was murdered. The majority of Jews arrived in Soviet Lithuania after World War II, while most Jewish Holocaust survivors in Vilnius emigrated to other countries, resulting in a critical influence on the Jewish demographic situation of the city in the 1960s. Many people in Lithuania today need to be made aware of the existence of Jewish cultural significance as an important part of Vilnius’s history, memory, and identity. It is caused by the ‘missing link’ in Lithuanian education on history and culture, mainly during the Soviet occupation period in Lithuania (1945– 1990). Furthermore, during that period, many Jewish heritages in Vilnius and other Lithuanian cities, such as Kaunas and Klaipeda, were also being neglected by the Soviet authorities. Regulations of Housing Placement and Ownership for Jewish Residents in Vilnius

Regulations of Housing Placement for Jewish Residents of Vilnius in 1633 (Left) and 1648 (Right) – Source: ŠiaučiunaitėVerbickiene, Jurgita. 2009. Žydai Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės visuomenėje. Vilnius, Lithuania: Žara.

The Great Synagogue of Vilnius The Great Synagogue of Vilnius, which once stood at the end of Žydų g., was built between 1633 and 1635 in Renaissance-Baroque style. It was standing on the spot of an existing synagogue built in 1573, which previously had been used as a Jewish house of prayer in 1440. The interior of the synagogue was redesigned in the mid-18th century. It used the style of the Italian Renaissance with four massive equidistant columns supporting the main podium (Hebrew: bimah) in the sanctuary. The Soviets partly destroyed the synagogue during World War II. The ruined synagogue and the whole schulhof (a German and a Yiddish surname meaning schoolyard or synagogal yard) complex that had grown around it were demolished by the Soviet authorities between 1955 and 1957. It was intentionally replaced by a basketball court and a kindergarten to prevent any future initiatives to rebuild a cultural monument. The kindergarten was later replaced by a primary school.

Regulations of Housing Ownership for Jewish Residents of Vilnius in 1690 (Left) and 1742 (Right) – Source: ŠiaučiunaitėVerbickiene, Jurgita. 2009. Žydai Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės visuomenėje. Vilnius, Lithuania: Žara.

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

The regulations of allowance for Jewish residents to live and settle in 1633 and 1648 were made based on the hierarchy of streets. In Vokiečių g. —the street with the highest hierarchy—, Jewish residents were not allowed to live in apartments and flats with windows facing the Vokiečių g. The regulation then became stricter in 1648. In 1633, in Žydų g. and Mikalojaus g. Jews were allowed to live on both sides of the streets, as well as in Jatkų (Mėsinių) g., where Jews were allowed to live in the street adjacent to Žydų g.; while in 1648, in Žydų g., Jatkų (Mėsinių) g., and Šv. Mikalojaus g. Jews were allowed to live only on the sides adjacent to Žydų g. In 1690, Jews were allowed to live and own houses in Žydų g., Jatkų (Mėsinių) g. and some areas in Vokiečių g. — core area of the Jewish Quarter. Other than in those streets, Jews can live in Trakų g., Didžioji g., and Pilies g. only by renting houses that were owned by Christians. In 1742, Jews were not allowed to live outside the core area of the Jewish Quarter. Jews who were previously living in houses owned by Christians were forced to move to the core area.

Location of Educational Buildings/Facilities in the Old Town of Vilnius

Location of Religious Buildings/Facilities in the Old Town of Vilnius

Hierarchy of Streets in the Old Town of Vilnius

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Location of Arts and Cultural Buildings/Facilities in the Old Town of Vilnius

Primary Street

Secondary Street

Tertiary Street (Local)

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania

Matrix of Stakeholders in the Project Area

ARCHI L-DES U-DES U-DEV

Žydų Gatvė (Jewish Street) in Vilnius, 2017 – Source: Google Maps [2017].

Žydų Gatvė (Jewish Street) in Vilnius, 1930 – Source: Drėma, Vladas. 2013. Dingęs Vilnius. Vilnius, Lithuania: Versus Aureus.

Comparison Between the Existing/Present and the Historic Urban Fabrics (from 1938) – Source: Šiaučiunaitė-Verbickiene, Jurgita. 2009. Žydai Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės visuomenėje. Vilnius, Lithuania: Žara. Street Intersection Between Žydų Gatvė (Jewish Street) and Stiklių Gatvė in Vilnius, 2017: Some parts of the street space on Žydų gatvė are occupied by the extension of dining area of a restaurant.

Guidelines and Principles of the Urban Design and Development Strategy at the Macro Level (Local, District, and City Levels)

Stiklių Gatvė in Vilnius, 2017

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Vokiečių Gatvė (German Street) in the Old Town of Vilnius, 2017

Jatkų (Mėsinių) Gatvė in Vilnius, 2017

Physical Model of the Great Synagogue Complex – Source: laurynasliberis.blogspot.de/ [2017].

Open Space in the Neighborhood: Located on the south-eastern side of the former site of the Great Synagogue of Vilnius.

Four Main Columns of the Podium (Hebrew: Bimah) Inside the Great Synagogue of Vilnius, 1786 – Source: http://samgrubersjewishartgmonuments.blogspot.com [2017].

Guidelines and Principles The urban design and development strategy of the former Jewish Quarter assesses its criteria as “a part of larger contexts,” which is holistically focused on cultural, economic, and communal relationships between the former Jewish Quarter (local level) and its larger areas: the Old Town of Vilnius (district level) and the City of Vilnius (city level). At the city level, the strategy is making the former Jewish Quarter one of Vilnius’ main attractive touristic destinations to promote cultural and historical aspects of the city of Vilnius. This strategy is implemented through promotions via websites and social media, which are executed by collaborations between the Lithuanian Ministry of Culture, Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum, The Tolerance Center, the Holocaust Exposition Museum, and the Lithuanian Jewish Community (LJC). At the district level, the strategy is organizing annual cultural events as ‘trademark’ events of the Old Town of Vilnius in general and the former Jewish Quarter in particular. This strategy is implemented through an annual culinary festival, an annual mural art festival, and an annual outdoor bazaar, which all take place in the Vokiečių Gatvė Spinal Pavilion as its main venue. At the local level, the strategy is revitalizing the public spaces and the historic streets as urban reminders based on tangible cultural and historical significance from the past.

Proposed Open Space

Proposed Open Space in the Historic Streets

Connectivity of Urban Nodes, Public Spaces, and Public Buildings

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Isometric Diagram of the Urban Design and Development Strategy at the Local Level (the Former Jewish Quarter)

Existing Open Space

Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania

Historical Data of Resident Ethnicities in Vilnius – Source: https://www.wikipedia.org/ [2017].

ARCHI L-DES U-DES U-DEV Protected Heritages by UNESCO in the Project Area – Source: Developed by author(s) based on a map from http://whc.unesco.org/ [2017].

Two Ghetto Areas Established in the Old Town of Vilnius During the World War II Period – Source: www.deathcamps.org/ [2017].

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The Former Ghetto Areas, Overlaid on the 2017 Map of the Same Areas – Source: www.deathcamps.org/ [2017]. Monument to the Vilna Gaon: Located on the northern side of the existing primary school, the primary school was built in the Soviet occupation period. – Source: https://www. radzima.org (upper picture); samgrubersjewishartmonuments.blogspot.com/ (lower picture) [2017].

Existing Primary School: Facing a parking lot on its eastern side (upper picture) and a park & playground on its western side (lower picture). – Source: Google Maps [2017].

Guidelines and Principles of the Urban Design and Development Strategy at the Micro Level (Local Level: the Former Jewish Quarter): Focused on the Great Synagogue Memorial complex.

Isometric Diagram of the Specific Urban Design Strategy at the Local Level (the Former Jewish Quarter): Focused on the former site of the Great Synagogue and in the Vokiečių gatvė.

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania

This strategy is manifested in: 1) the Great Synagogue Memorial, along with the outdoor gallery, as the primary element of urban reminders; 2) Vokiečių Gatvė Spinal Pavilion, as the secondary element of urban reminders; and 3) artificial windows installation, as the tertiary element of urban reminders. The Great Synagogue Memorial and the outdoor gallery commemorate the existence of the Great Synagogue of Vilnius as the center of religious-cultural, educational, and communal aspects of the Jewish community in the past. It consists of a library, a book store, a communal space, and a cafe & restaurant. The Vokiečių Gatvė Spinal Pavilion is a metaphor for Vokiečių g. that was perceived as the ‘backbone’ of the Jewish Quarter in the past, as well as one of the most active commercial areas in the present-day Old Town of Vilnius. It consists of an art gallery & cultural center, restaurants, and several public spaces as activity generators. The artificial windows installation is a temporary art installation, which is installed on the solid walls of the Spinal Pavilion facing Vokiečių g. on special occasions, such as during the annual festivals. The artificial windows installation commemorates a discriminative housing regulation in the past that Jewish residents had no right to have windows facing the Vokiečių g. It is perceived as an urban reminder that any such discriminative regulations toward any minority groups must not happen again.

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Mirror Windows: Used as the element of the artificial windows installation. – Source: https://www.homebarnshop.co.uk/ [2017].

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The Great Synagogue Memorial and the Outdoor Gallery

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The courtyard inside the memorial complex is occupied by four massive columns the exact size of the four main columns of the podium (Hebrew: bimah) in the center of the demolished synagogue. As the sanctuary’s main focal point, it was the spot where the Torah was read and spoken in the synagogue during rituals. The ground plan of the sunken courtyard is designed in reference to the original floor plan of the Great Synagogue building. At the time of its building (16th century), European ecclesiastical regulations specified that a synagogue could not be built higher than a church. Hence, to obey the law and yet to create the necessary interior height, it was customary to dig a foundation deep enough for the synagogue’s floor level to make it well below the street level. Outside, the synagogue looked to be about three storeys tall. Inside, it soared to over five storeys. At the outdoor gallery, walls as a landscape element are combined to create a linear path of the exhibition area on the southern side of the Great Synagogue Memorial site. The outdoor gallery displays information about the historical and cultural significance of the Jewish Quarter of Vilnius. The ground plan of the outdoor gallery is designed based on the traces of a historic 1930s urban fabric in the exact area, which was occupied by residential buildings settled by Jews. That urban fabric has been completely demolished since the end of World War II. The scattered, unjoined straight walls are composed to create an enigmatic atmosphere at the outdoor gallery and blend landscapes between the display area and the grassy park around it.

Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania

Site Plan of the Great Synagogue Complex Source: www.seligman.org.il/ [2017].

Legend: 1. The Great Synagogue 2. Jewish Community Board (Kahal-Shtub) 3. Old Kloyz 4. Chevrat Kadisha Synagogue 5. Shiv’ah Kru’im Kloyz 6. New Kloyz of Yesod 7. Kloyz of the Vilna Gaon 8. Gmilut Hesed Kloyz 9. Painter’s Kloyz 10. Artisan Kloyz Chevra Po’alim

11. Koidanover Hasidim Shtibl 12. Lubavich Shtibl 13. Bath-House with Mikveh (Ritual Bath) 14. Public Lavatory 15. Communal ‘Well’ 16. Meat Stalls 17. Strashun Library 18. Schulhof Entrance 19. Beth Midrash 20. Ramayles Yeshiva

Overlaid Map Between the 1930s and the Present-Day (2017) Urban Fabrics in the Great Synagogue Complex and Its Surroundings

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Conceptual Diagram of the Great Synagogue Memorial Design Development

Ground-Floor Plan of the Great Synagogue of Vilnius Source: www.seligman.org.il/ [2017].

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Site Plan and Ground-Floor Plan of the Great Synagogue Memorial

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Courtyard Inside the Great Synagogue Memorial Complex: Designed as a culturaleducational space with four massive columns to commemorate the four main columns in the center of the sanctuary inside the Great Synagogue of Vilnius.

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Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania