THE
urban development
urban design
landscape design
architecture
DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO
urban planning
INTER DISC CIP LINAR RIAN
Sea Level Rise Scenario
Climate Change Scenario
Source: Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, Egypt [2016].
Source: Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, Egypt [2016].
Izbat Burj Rasheed
Existing Situation, 2016 – Source: Eng. Ahmed Eladawy
Existing Situation, 2016
U-DEV
Northern Nile Delta
Temperature: Mild Population Loss: 5%
Scenario 1 (Mild Change), Sea Level Rise: + 50 cm
PROJ
Low Lying Lands, 2016 – Source: Eng. Ahmed Eladawy
Scenario 1 (Mild Change), Sea Level Rise: + 50 cm – Source: Eng. Ahmed Eladawy
Scenario 2 (Medium Change), Sea Level Rise: + 100 cm – Source: Eng. Ahmed Eladawy
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Agricultural Land Loss: 19%
Temperature: Mild
Temperature: Medium
Population Loss: 3,800,000
Population Loss: 30%
Agricultural Land Loss: 1,800 km²
Agricultural Land Loss: 35%
Scenario 2 (Medium Change), Sea Level Rise: + 100 cm
Temperature: Medium
Temperature: High
Population Loss: 6,100,000
Population Loss: 50%
Agricultural Land Loss: 4,500 km²
Agricultural Land Loss: 40%
Scenario 3 (Extreme Change), Sea Level Rise: + 150 cm
Population
Scenario 1 (Mild Change), Sea Level Rise: + 50 cm
Scenario 2 (Medium Change), Sea Level Rise: + 100 cm
Scenario 3 (Extreme Change), Sea Level Rise: + 150 cm
Izbat Burj Rasheed Loss of Built Densities The scenarios effect the built densities in adverse ways. Within each scenario, we face potential loss of urban fabric, resulting in mass migrations if the situation is not adapted to the effect. SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) Analysis of Izbat Burj Rasheed Strengths The Nile River water. Vast area available for agriculture. Palm plantation. Impacted/ Inundated Building
Strong sense of community. Presence of a heritage structure (Qaitbay Fort). Various primary, secondary, and tertiary economic generators.
Existing Situation, 2016 Weakness Water pollution caused by fisheries. Imbalance of high density area. Impacted/ Inundated Building
Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt
Overall Area
Lack of heritage structure optimation and maintenance. Lack of public infrastructure. Unstable drainage systems. Lack of solid waste management. Soil pollution. Lack of open spaces for women. Small percentage of youth in the area.
Scenario 1 (Mild Change), Sea Level Rise: + 50 cm
The river can be used for water management. Low density area. Impacted/ Inundated Building
The Qaitbay Fort has a high potential. Good connectivity with surrounding areas. Established market for agricultural and aquacultural production. Women, youth, and elderly can be rooted into the community.
Scenario 2 (Medium Change), Sea Level Rise: + 100 cm Threats Rise of sea level. Social hegemony of brick factory. Rise of ground water salinity. Impacted/ Inundated Building
Metal sedimentation. Lack of environmental awareness. Failing economies and mass youth migration.
Scenario 3 (Extreme Change), Sea Level Rise: + 150 cm
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Opportunities
An Approach to the Sustainable Development
U-DEV
A comprehensive investigation of urban development in light of the climate change challenges in Izbat Burj Rasheed is understood, and a proposal based on it is further initiated. This proposal includes various scopes and levels of analysis in the national, regional, and local contexts by keeping in mind the sustainable quotient of the settlement. The proposal is kept inclusive of all genders and age groups, thereby making it a public participatory project. It is also understood that even though the physical environments in and around the settlement might change rapidly, it is important to preserve the socio-cultural fabric of the settlement. All these factors come into play in the approach toward sustainable development, and they are integrated with the final proposal in the best way possible.
A Holistic Proposal
PROJ
The proposal is not only considering the tangible (physical) interventions, but also the intangible aspects of the social fabric. The issue of governance for the settlement has been a strong one, and this is resolved by proposing agricultural communes centered around the community and the Qaitbay Fort. These communes will be comprised of various economic communities, but mainly of the fishing, shipping, and agrarian communities, which support the floating agriculture. These major stakeholders in the communes provide the basic services to the community and thereby automatically become responsible for the holistic development of the settlement. 146
Four lagoons are on the northern delta belt, which are incorporated in the proposal. It was found during the research that one of the methods to contain salinity is turning low-lying lands into wetlands. These wetlands not only help contain the salinity but can also act as important hubs of secondary economies. Various fish and agricultural products can be produced through these wetlands in addition to cultivating salt and rice in the area.
Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt
Delta Level Proposal
Proposal of Wetlands Connectivity at the Delta Level
These activities are provided for the loss of agricultural land due to the construction of the wetlands in the first place. In addition, they provide a number of additional jobs to the residents of the settlement and the region. Utilization of Wetlands at the Delta Level Wetlands represent essential water management infrastructure within an urban context. They can regulate flood risk, recharge groundwater, improve water quality, and provide good-quality water supplies. Some benefits that are provided by wetlands are: 1) healthy fisheries; 2) support for birds and other wild life; 3) high biological productivity; 4) biodiversity protection; 5) erosion control; 6) flood damage reduction; 7) good water quality; and 8) aesthetic and recreational facilities.
At a national level, it is proposed to connect similar heritage districts by having revived agrarian economies. A network of agricultural economies could be formed throughout the delta to provide revived jobs in the primary sector. Later, this would lower unemployment rates through a sustainable and viable option.
Example of Wetlands Utilization – Source: Southwest Wetlands Group.
DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
National Level Proposal
Section A
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Regional Level Proposal A number of low-lying lands are identified near the settlement and are proposed to be turned into the previously said wetlands to curb salinity and provide better and varied economic bases.
U-DEV
These wetlands are proposed to become the agents of regeneration for the economy. It is further proposed to actively initiate community-based activities along with tourism-based activities in the settlement and plug this aspect into the chain of forts that run along the Abu Qir Bay. This potential heritage belt is an opportunity to be used as an anchors for other stuff, such as revived agrarian communities along the Abu Qir Bay.
Shoreline Protection Against Erosion
PROJ
The erosion of seashores is a direct effect of the sea level rise that the north coast of Egypt suffers from. This will cause a loss of land and urban settlements in the near future. There are different strategies that can be applied to protect the seashore, and some of them are applicable to this study area. These are artificial coral reefs, dunes, and wetlands.
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Artificial Coral Reefs Artificial coral reefs are manmade habitats built from various materials including rock, old ships, heavy-gauge steel structures, or precast concrete structures. They may also be constructed of a variety of prefabricated reef modules, designed to attract certain types of fish or other marine creatures. In order to create a permanent reef, the base material must not be tossed around by wave action and rust away. Source: https://www.floridaocean.org/ [2016].
CAPACITY BUILDING HEALTH EDUCATION AWARENESS
TOURISM
FLOATING AGRICULTURE
Examples of Prefabricated Reef Modules Employed for Artificial Coral Reefs in Europe: a) Cyprus; b) and c) France; d) Germany; e) and f) Greece; g) and h) Italy; i) Poland; j) and k) Portugal; l) and m) Sgpain; and n) United Kingdom – Source: http://www.scielo.br/ [2018].
Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt
Mind-Map of the Regional Level Proposal, Related to Historical, Social, and Environmental Aspects of the Study Area
Example of Artificial Coral Reefs Installed by Hinatuan Mining Corp. and Partners in Barangay Talavera, Hinatuan Island, Surigao del Norte, Philippines
LAND RECLAIMATION ISSUE: FAILING AGRICULTURE
Source: https://businessmirror.com.ph/ [2018].
Dunes are hills of sand or soil by the shore that prevent erosion by acting as a natural barrier against water. In Rasheed, there are already historical dunes that have been protecting the Nile Riverbank line in certain areas and which are used historically as cemetary areas.
Left and Right: Examples of Floating Agriculture in Bangladesh – Source: https://practicalaction.org/ [2018].
Historical Dune in Rasheed Facing the Nile River
Cemetary Area Located on the Hilltop of the Historical Dune
Preservation of the Land in the Seashore Areas can be Done by Managed Re-alignment of the Settlements, Sea Walls, Dunes, and Wetlands
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DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
Dunes
Section Through the Wetland Toward Upland
U-DEV
Environmental considerations: 1) ensuring maximum usage of upland space through agricultural crops that provide economic income, in addition to soil purification from industrial pollutants; 2) ensuring overflow water harvesting inground basins after desalination through soil layers, then using the purified water for irrigation of innovative agriculture; and 3) creating water channels between the wetland’s upper layer of brackish water, ground basins, and filters through ground layers.
Section Through the Wetland Toward Sea Outlet
PROJ
Environmental considerations: 1) ensuring maximum usage of stored water, application of natural bio-filters, floating plants, and organisms that have capacities to remove toxic coming from pesticides and industrial discharges; 2) ensuring wetland precipitates water filtration through rooted plants into the bottom soil. In addition to purifying water from heavy metal intake, these plants —which are rich in nitrates— are used as natural fertilizers and are composed to produce biogas; 3) ensuring filtration of overflow water precipitates into the underground level through materials of soil layers, and 4) ensuring mitigation of the sea level rise effect on shoreline through forestation of palm trees and soil-retaining perennials. 1 acre of palm trees consumes 10000– 12000 m³ of mild saline water, enough to absorb a sea level rise of 1 m high and 1 km long for one month.
Example: Wady El Natroun, Egypt Wetlands and salt marshes in Wady El Natroun, West Delta use different types of mangrove plants for growing agriculture, such as pomegranates. These plants absorb salinity from the water.
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Examples of Community-Based Tourism
The touristic potentials within Rasheed society are so evident that it can be potentialized and optimized by infrastructures and social improvements to host travellers and set up community-led projects to improve their living standards and preserve the environment through tourism. The local community of Rasheed would not become touristic entrepreneurs. Farmers still want to grow vegetables and breed animals, fishermen still want to fish, etc. The community should still live their culture and preserve their traditions and environments. Following that reason, the community are guided by a set of principles, among which can be found are income redistribution, transparency of the social system, and capacity building. In other words, they are doing the polar opposite of mass tourism. Community-based tourism should: 1) combine the natural beauties and the daily life aspects of the rural community; 2) promote productive and sustainable practices and systems; 3) adapt to rural life and preserve the welcoming, relaxed, and rustic atmosphere of the community; 4) be initiated, maintained, and kept going by the initiatives of local people and local organizations; 5) employ local people as well as distribute benefits and supplements of the farming and fishery income; and 6) promote land ownership by the local population.
The Qaitbay Fort as a Historic Landmark
Mosque Inside The Qaitbay Fort Complex
Tuk-tuk as a Local Public Transport
Historic Mosque in the Nile Riverbank
Top: Tourists are Learning to Make Local Traditional Foods in Huai Raeng Ecotourism Community, Thailand – Source: https://charlieontravel.com/ [2018].
Palm Cultivation Workshop
Local Coffee and Shisha Shop
Local Fisheries
Nile River Tour Using Local Boats
Promoting Decentralized Urbanization
Bottom: Thai Massage with the Chong Chang Tune Community in Bo Rai, Thailand – Source: https://charlieontravel.com/ [2018].
A Semi-home Stay Community-Based Tourism in Bagan, Myanmar – Source: http://www.mizzima.com/ [2018].
Decentralization advocates argue that decentralized urbanization facilitates both rural and urban development. It also introduces the transfer of authority and resources under the involved communities. Decentralization enhances he growth of small towns. Programs on small-town development are not only aimed at the development of the centers of the area but are also strengthening the rural-urban linkages. In turn, strengthening small towns and rural-urban linkages enhances both rural and urban livelihoods, hence leading to the reduction of poverty.
Decentralized Area Small Town Rural–Urban Linkage
Proposal of Decentralization Map
Decentralization as the Strategy of Regional Development
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Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt
Potentials of Community-Based Tourism in Rasheed
By community, it means a group of people living in the same place and having something in common. Those common things can be culture, economic activity, or simply the land and its ecosystems. In the context of this study, that group of people are farmers, fishermen, factory workers, merchants, and artisans living in Rasheed, one of the important parts of the Nile Delta.
DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
Community-Based Tourism
Mind-Map of the Local Level Proposal, Related with Economic Development, Surface Water Management, Infrastructure Development, Garbage and Waste Management, and Spatial Decentralization
Local Level Proposal
Getting Society’s Trust and Gaining Society’s Awareness
At a local level, the Qaitbay Fort is proposed to act as an anchor and a community space for the settlement plugged in with the revived agrarian activities and sustainable economies. Various low lying areas in the settlement which face a direct threat from flooding in the face of sea level rise are identified and are turned into water canals passing through the settlement. Other functions, such as water purification and energy generation, are then added to these canals to make the intervention holistic. Floating Agriculture at the Local Level Proposal
U-DEV
Floating agriculture has several advantages: 1) the fallow waterlogged area can be cultivated, and the total cultivable area can be increased; 2) unlike in the conventional agricultural system, no additional fertilizers and manures are required; 3) after cultivation, the generated biomass can be used as organic fertilizer in the field; during the floods, floating agriculture can also be used as a shelter for poultry and cattle; and 4) fishermen can cultivate crops and fish simultaneously in the same area; all activities of the practice are eco-/environment-friendly and can be provided as an alternative livelihood option. Source: Hussein, 2014 Varieties on Floating Agriculture Solutions The concept of floating agriculture can be integrated in different ways and on different scales. In this proposal, the most efficient methodology would be to introduce simple types of floating structures related to the local people’s previous knowledge of agricultural practices, which would easily be created and maintained by the local people. Yet, it is crucial to introduce economically rewarding floating agricultural practices to the local people.
Effectivity, Flexibility, Simplicity, Suitability, and Contextuality of Floating Agriculture
PROJ
Floating agriculture is effective, flexible (can be cultivated in different sizes: large, medium, or small scale), relatively simple (no complex technologies needed), suitable, and contextual for the Nile and the wetlands. Source: https://tcwp.tamu.edu/ [2016].
Source: https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/ [2018].
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Source: http://www.irinnews.org/ [2018].
Source: https://www.optimistdaily.com/ [2018].
Canal Passive Design for Water Purification at the Local Level Proposal
Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt
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Development Scheme of Water Purification Process in Osho Garden – Pune, India
DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
The canals resulting from rising sea levels generate an excellent opportunity to provide clean water to the area off-grid. This can be obtained by introducing passive stages of treatments along the canals to ensure that the water flowing from the Nile into the area is purified and usable locally for irrigation purposes and can be further purified artificially to be used as drinking water. Example: Osho Garden – Pune, India The Osho Garden has been redesigned for the treatment of the Nullah River, which passes from the north to the south part of the garden. Different stages of water purification have been introduced through the garden for this purpose. Raising a barricade and installing iron grills to catch the floating solid garbage is the basic idea behind the park's development. The slightly purified stream is then made to source over the land, allowing maximum water oxygenation. Then, water hyacinths are planted and stocked it with fishes, such as gambusias and silver carps, which eat pollutants and mosquito larvae. The water is then passing through a sand filter. After several developments, the oxygenation and filtering process makes the water almost 90% purified, which is perfect for irrigating agricultural lands and fisheries.
Osho Garden – Pune, India
Source: https://www.justdial.com/ [2018].
Source: https://www.tripadvisor.com/ [2018].
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/ [2018].
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Proposed Residential Unit for Redensification Existing Urban Fabric Main Port and Cultural Hub Related to the Fort
U-DEV
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Proposed Street Network
A
Canal Control and Water Purification Center
PROJ
River Embankment
Section A-A’
River Embankment Treatment
Source: http://www.lakeriprap.com/ [2018].
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Source: http://npaper-wehaa.com/ [2018].
Source: http://www.vermilioncountyfirst.com/ [2018].
The passive shore design is used in order to protect the safe urban zone from further sea level rise. This solution is economically available to the community of Izbat Burj Rasheed, as well as being attainable and can easily be maintained in terms of cost and technology.
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Site Sectional Perspective (After RiseWater of Sea Water Level) Site Sectional Perspective A (AfterAthe Risethe of Sea Level)
Site Sectional Perspective (After RiseWater of Sea Water Level) Site Sectional Perspective B (AfterBthe Risethe of Sea Level)
Site Sectional Perspective (After RiseWater of Sea Water Level) Site Sectional Perspective C (AfterCthe Risethe of Sea Level)
Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt
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Site Sectional Perspective (After RiseWater of Sea Water Level) Site Sectional Perspective D (AfterDthe Risethe of Sea Level)
Site Sectional Perspective (After RiseWater of Sea Water Level) Site Sectional Perspective F (After Fthe Risethe of Sea Level)
Site Sectional Perspective (After RiseWater of Sea Water Level) Site Sectional Perspective G (AfterGthe Risethe of Sea Level)
Site Sectional Perspective (After RiseWater of Sea Water Level) Site Sectional Perspective H (AfterHthe Risethe of Sea Level)
Site Sectional Perspective I (After RiseWater of Sea Water Level) Site Sectional Perspective I (After the Risethe of Sea Level) 0m
Site Sectional Perspective (After RiseWater of Sea Water Level) Site Sectional Perspective J (After Jthe Risethe of Sea Level)
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DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
Site Sectional Perspective (After RiseWater of Sea Water Level) Site Sectional Perspective E (After Ethe Risethe of Sea Level)
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Existing Urban Fabric
Main Port and Cultural Hub Related to the Fort
Proposed Street Network
Canal Control and Water Purification Center
River Embankment
PROJ
Proposed Residential Unit for Redensification
Building Typologies and Open Spaces Typologies of residential buildings and open spaces in the study area have specific characteristics that are being utilized and developed by this proposal in light of the social structure and needs. 156
Proposed Residential Unit for Redensification
Existing Urban Fabric
Main Port and Cultural Hub Related to the Fort
Proposed Street Network
Conclusion This research proposes a comprehensive investigation of urban development in light of the climate change challenges in Izbat Burj Rasheed. This investigation includes various scopes and levels of analysis in the national, delta, regional, and local contexts. The main factor that alters the dynamics of the current urban systems is the sea level rise and how it affects the urban morphology, economic dynamics, and social structure of the community. This analysis is highly significant to understanding the metabolism of the urban life in the study area and the region as a whole while focusing on the climate change perspective. The analysis concludes that adaptation to the change of sea level rise is imperative and unavoidable. Hence, an approach to urban development that primarily tackles the resulting change in the urban morphology would result in the most pragmatic and effective development approach. This adds to the crucial
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DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
The Qaitbay Fort is a unique historical and cultural heritage that can be utilized to develop various aspects in the urban settlement of Izbat Burj Rasheed. In addition to its historical values, it is a public space that overlooks the Nile River, as well as a public space that contains a mosque to accomodate religious and cultural activities of the locals. This proposal aims to use the open space around the Qaitbay Fort by transforming it into a community space that unites people of the village and provides rooms for community activities. This also optimizes the use of the area overlooking the river by using it as a port where people can take the ferries, as well as making people see and interact with the structures of floating agriculture. The construction of the fort is being accompanied by hard infrastructures of waterproofing and insulation treatments for the fort’s structures and foundations to protect it from the water level rise of the Nile River.
Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt
Qaitbay Fort Protection and Rehabilitation
need to focus on creating a sustainable economy with the intention of achieving sustainable urban development. Hence, the proposed vision focuses on mitigation and adaptation to the expected threats of climate change as the primary tangible interventions, while the comprehensive vision for the development plan includes an intangible progression of the community and the region. This vision can be achieved by insinuating a local-scale communal economic system, which can be promoted to the surrounding urban settlement to achieve a regional effect that effectively generates, exchanges, and mobilizes sustainable development ideas of creative economies. This proposal could be utilized as a stepping stone and a starting point for a pragmatic vision for the development of the Northern Nile Delta. Izbat Burj Rasheed’s potential and characteristics are an excellent start for a pilot project that could be promoted and repeated along other informal settlements with great potential that are facing serious climate change threats. 157
ARCHI
AMBAVASTU LOW-COST SOCIAL HOUSING Bandung, Indonesia Site Location Jln. P. H. Hasan Mustofa, Kel. Sukapada, Kec. Cibeunying Kidul – Bandung, Indonesia Date January 2014 – May 2014 Phase/Status Proposal (Bachelor’s Program Final Project); Nominee of the 23rd Architecture Final Project Awards – Parahyangan Catholic University Category Individual Project Scale Medium Type Architecture
Location of the Site in the City of Bandung – Source: Developed by author(s) based on Google Earth [2014].
Typology Apartment, Communal Space, Low-Cost Housing, MediumRise, Social Housing, Residential, Urban Housing Institution(s) Parahyangan Catholic University Tutor(s) Dr. Anindhita N. Sunartio, S.T., M.T. Special Thanks to Antonius Richard Rusli, Canical Mey Pratama, Christian Hansen Kartjito, Teguh Risnandar Utama
PROJ
Task Designing affordable social housing for lower-middle-class people who settle in an urban area. Description Cibeunying Kidul District is one of the strategic urban industrial districts in Bandung, Indonesia. The district has many factories and offices for various industries that support the economic and trading aspects of other districts in the city. Therefore, among the local population, the district is occupied by many settlers from different districts and cities who reside as workers in the previously mentioned sector. Consequently, there are many apartments and lodging houses (Indonesian: indekos) in the settlement areas of the Cibeunying Kidul District. They provide residencies for workers from other places outside the district. Socially, most of those workers are classified as lower-middle-class people employed at the factories and the offices inside and around the district. Hence, they can only afford to rent low-quality yet cheap (lowcost) apartments and lodging houses to settle in the district. While this social phenomenon is prominently reflected by the workers’ poor urban living conditions in poorly maintained apartments and lodging houses, many of these residencies are located around Jln. P. H. Hasan Mustofa is the primary strategic road connecting several factories and offices inside and around the Cibeunying Kidul District. Thereupon, this project aims to create good quality and affordable (low-cost) social housing, targeted to be rented and lived primarily by the lower middle-class workers (along with their families) who work at the factories and the offices inside and around the Cibeunying Kidul District.
Exsiting Block Plan – Source: Developed by author(s) based on Google Earth [2014]. Photographs of Surrounding Existing Condition around the Site (Key Plan is on the Above Image)
Ambavastu: Low-Cost Social Housing | Bandung, Indonesia
A Governmental Issue: Regulations and Provisions of Social Housing for Low-Income People in Indonesia The housing market in Indonesia suffers from a lack of regulations, the quasi-void social housing providers and volatile behavior of market players. After 72 years of independence, yet to date (2017), there are no measures in place able to control the functioning of the market to fulfill the need of low-income people. Despite the many low-cost government-funded housing projects and programs, the aim to serve low-income people has never been realized, extending the list of backlog. What has happened are simply scattered and sporadic initiatives, a politically theatrical show, poorly planned and managed and thinly spread of a piecemeal approach. Yes, there are many government-led schemes to provide housing to people experiencing poverty, which, in many cases, are factually misdirected toward a short-term political goal rather than addressing the root causes of the issues. The main culprit is the lack of political will to manage the low-income housing sector. There is no systematic, properly de-
signed, and well-targeted social housing program while market forces are uncooperative and play a substantial role in limiting the supply of low-cost housing and managing to keep the housing price beyond low-income people’s purchasing power, not to mention that many developers have become disinterested in low-cost housing, simply because they can’t make good profits out of it. With the uncertain economic outlook of 2017 onwards, it’s estimated that people are more inclined to save their money instead of purchasing new assets, which in turn will decrease domestic spending and lead to an economic downturn. This should be avoided at all costs. We need to spur spending, and the best spending strategy is to focus on investing in low-cost housing, which is a low-risk investment, with low return, but for sure will increase domestic consumption. Source: Vebry, Muamar. 2017. 72 Years After: Indonesian Public Housing Authority, Why do We Need That?; published on The Jakarta Post – 18 August 2017. Jakarta, Indonesia: The Jakarta Post. 159
DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
Human’s-Eye View Perspective
ARCHI PROJ
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Ambavastu: Low-Cost Social Housing | Bandung, Indonesia Conceptual Diagram of the Building Mass Development
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Concept and Development As mentioned earlier, the lack of properly designed social housing in Indonesia is one of several important national issues that this project needs to tackle. However, by “properly designed,” the term is not just being interpreted in an aesthetic sense but further: in functional and social senses by ‘humanizing’ people. Since Indonesians (especially lower middle- and low-class people) tend to be familiar with collectivist cultures and values on a daily basis, that interpretation is manifested through generating a good atmosphere of social
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interaction between the residents. Thus, this manifestation is achieved through providing public and communal spaces as social activity generators both inside and outside the building. The typical storey levels are also splitted in half storey each. Separated by a long void for natural lighting and ventilation, each typical storey circulation space is interconnected to its other storeys above and below. This space composition is not just creating a dynamic visual and physical-spatial experience inside the building, but is also enhancing the quality and the quantity of social interaction possibilities between the residents through social/communal-minded interior spaces. 161
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Bird’s-Eye View Perspective
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Reinforced Concrete Column 40 x 80 cm Reinforced Concrete Primary Beam 20 x 40 cm Reinforced Concrete Secondary Beam 20 x 25 cm Reinforced Concrete Secondary Beam 15 x 30 cm Reinforced Concrete Beam 20 x 40 cm Reinforced Concrete Beam 40 x 80 cm Reinforced Concrete Beam 35 x 70 cm Reinforced Concrete Beam 55 x 80 cm Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall T = 20 cm Reinforced Concrete Primary Tie Beam 20 x 40 cm Reinforced Concrete Secondary Tie Beam 20 x 25 cm Reinforced Concrete Tie Beam 40 x 80 cm Reinforced Concrete Tie Beam 30 x 60 cm Reinforced Concrete Pier 250 x 250 x 80 cm Bored Pile Foundation d = 70 cm
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THE WALL INTERACTIVE PLAYGROUND Vilnius, Lithuania Site Location Architektų g. 85, Lazdynų – Vilnius, Lithuania Date September 1-14, 2016
Brainstorming with Kids/Students Workshop participants are giving assistance and having conversations with the groups of kids/students. In this phase, the workshop participants are separated into groups consisting of 2–3 workshop participants per group. Each group assists a group of 3–4 kids/students in creating their study models based on their wishes, imaginations, and ideas of playing activities. The narrative stories of their models generate particular/specific contents and concepts of their desired playgrounds in the schoolyard.
Phase/Status Built Category Group Project Project Team Artūras Čertovas, Dewobroto Adhiwignyo, Gabija Rutkūnaitė, Gabrielė Liucija Ošikaitė, Goda Žukaitė, Greta Čerškutė, Kazimieras Kasteckas Scale Extra Small
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Type Other (Design & Build Workshop) Typology Child’s Playground, Playing Facility, School Playground, Wooden Structure and Construction
Study models made by kids/students are the abstractions of their wishes, imaginations, and ideas. The workshop participants then use and analyze them as references in understanding what kind of playing activities and patterns the kids/students like and want to do in the school playgrounds.
Institution(s) Baladilab, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilniaus Palaimintojo Teofiliaus Matulionio Gimnazija (Then: Vilniaus „Versmės“ Katalikiškoji Gimnazija), German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Tutor(s) Barbara Pampe, Carla Schwarz, Leonie Weber, Melanie Miglė Kundrot, Vittoria Capresi Special Thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Liutauras Nekrošius (Faculty of Architecture, VGTU); Edita Riaubienė, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Faculty of Architecture, VGTU); Indrė Ruseckaitė, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Faculty of Architecture, VGTU); Aistė Galaunytė, B.Sc., M.Sc. (Faculty of Architecture, VGTU); Mgr. Violeta Ališauskienė (Vilniaus „Versmės“ Katalikiškoji Gimnazija); Katharina Wittke
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Study Model of “The Wall” The project team makes a study model of “The Wall,” one of five playing elements in the schoolyard. The model is used as basic guidelines and principles in designing further detailed construction drawings. The Wall’s design concept is gained as the essence of the kids/students’ abstractions of wishes, imaginations, and ideas.
Task Designing and building a new playground in a participatory process with kids/students & their parents and teachers of the Vilniaus „Versmės“ Katalikiškoji Gimnazija, Vilnius. Description The design & build summer school, proposed by the Faculty of Architecture, VGTU (Lithuania), in cooperation with Baladilab (Germany), aimed to create friendly, motivating, and inspiring playgrounds in the Vilniaus „Versmės“ Katalikiškoji Gimnazija. The workshop participants from Lithuania and Germany work together with kids/students & their parents and teachers to improve the quality of the schools’ outdoor spaces by designing and building playing elements in the schoolyard. The program has two aims: 1) giving participants a possibility to develop their soft skills by working in a cross-cultural group to experience participatory planning processes as well as to realize their own designs; and 2) by involving kids/students & their parents and teachers in the creative process from the design phase to the construction phase, the participants get a new way in understanding their surroundings and developing responsibility to initialize further similar activities.
Presentation of Design Proposals to the Kids/Students & Their Parents and the Teachers All five project teams are presenting five proposed playground facilities in front of the kids/students & their parents and the teachers. The project teams then receive some design suggestions and recommendations from the kids/students & their parents and the teachers to be considered as last revision possibilities before fixing further detailed construction drawings and starting the construction phase of the playgrounds.
The Wall: Interactive Playground | Vilnius, Lithuania Final Construction of “The Wall” on the Schoolyard of Vilniaus „Versmės“ Katalikiškoji Gimnazija: Before the inauguration of new playgrounds on the last day of workshop.
State of the Art: Schoolyard in Vilnius The educational system in Lithuania has experienced tremendous changes after the collapse of the Soviet regime in 1991. Since then, the educational paradigm has been shifting from classical to become more free, or in other words, liberal. On the other hand, the school’s physical-spatial structure and quality of spaces remain unchanged and hardly conform to contemporary requirements. The liberal preschool education performs close interactions between indoor and outdoor educational spaces. These kinds of educational space are both used simultaneously. However, the primary school, that usually operates in the same building as the secondary school, has completely lost the opportunity for outdoor education due to insufficient or even absence of the outdoor facilities. Most of Vilnius's comprehensive schools were built during the Soviet occupation period (1945–1990), and about 75% of the schools were constructed according to standardized projects. There are lots of secondary schools in Vilnius that perform primary education. These schools have large surrounding open spaces, which are still not properly designed and are still
poorly used for educational purposes. The growing interest and awareness of the outdoor environment as a valuable complement to the traditional classroom teaching style is a reasonable argument for improving the outdoor teaching style, which leads to improving the school grounds. The summer school targets this need by working to realize friendly, motivating, and inspiring playgrounds in the schoolyard, where children can spend their cheerful and relaxing playing time, moving around, and learning together. Moreover, the binational (Lithuanian and German) teams coach the kids/students together to familiarize the workshop participants from Lithuania and Germany with the diverse way of teaching. The summer school takes place at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University to introduce German workshop participants to the architecture curriculum of the faculty. Five Playing Elements on the Schoolyard As my team and I were working on “The Wall” during this summer school program, The Wall itself is one of the five playing elements on the schoolyard of Vilniaus „Versmės“ 177
DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
“The Wall” is Used as a Playing Facility by Kids/Students of Vilniaus „Versmės“ Katalikiškoji Gimnazija: After the inauguration of new playgrounds on the last day of workshop.
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Katalikiškoji Gimnazija. The other four playing elements are: 1) The Bricks; 2) The Surplus; 3) The Balancing Beams; and 4) The Tents. All five playing elements have different design concepts to serve and fulfill various playing activities and motoric purposes for 6- to 12-year-old children. Each playing element has its own color scheme, which consists of two to three colors each. The choices of colors used on all five playing elements are limited (only four colors) based on the paint colors given by the sponsorship from a local paint company. The colors of one another playing element are gradated based on the location of the playing element on the schoolyard, in which two adjacent playing elements have one to two interlaced colors. This color concept generates a sense of visual continuity and unity toward the five playing elements. 178
Concept and Development of “The Wall” Magenta Red Orange Yellow The Four Paint Colors Used on the Five Playing Elements, Which Yellow (as Primary Color) and Orange (as Secondary Color) are the Color Combination Used by “The Wall”
The Wall is formed through the keyform of five wall-shaped parts as vertical elements, although there are also two bench parts considered horizontal elements. The main playing activities and motoric purposes served and fulfilled by The Wall are “observing” and “protecting.” The children can use The Wall as a medium to sit, stand, hide, seek, and even —in certain less-expected ways— climb when they are playing in the schoolyard. The wall-shaped parts and the bench parts have various heights to suit height variations of 6 to 12-year-old children. The wall-shaped parts as vertical elements can mainly be used for hide-and-seek-based playing activities, while the bench parts as horizontal elements can mainly
The Wall: Interactive Playground | Vilnius, Lithuania
Wood Square Column 10/10 Wood Square Column 5/5 Wood Triangular Column ½ x 10/10 Wood Triangular Column ½ x 5/5 Wood Column 5/10 Wood Beam 10/10 Wood Beam 2.5/5 Wood Supportive Pad ½ x 10/10
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be used for sit-and-stand-based playing activities. Three of the five wall-shaped parts have framed ‘windows,’ which can be used for sitting as well as for stall shop role-playing activities, while the other two wall-shaped parts have some square- and circle-shaped holes as peepholes. The heights of the bench parts are designed based on the height of regular footstools, chairs, and tables on anthropometric standards. Using wood as the main structure and construction material, all wooden structures are joined by bolts. The construction of The Wall is based on the ‘bone’ and ‘skin’ principle. The bone parts as the inner structure (main structure) are ‘wrapped’ by the skin parts as the facades. At its final form of construction, the bone parts are —almost— invisible. 179
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Outcomes Practical Results The summer school aimed to build cheap and durable elements for playing and sitting and provide shelter out of local materials. Due to the small scale of the playgrounds, the playing elements are directly implemented by the workshop participants in the schoolyard during the workshop. The construction phase at the school also involved the kids/students & their parents and the teachers. This involvement gave them an opportunity to directly participate in the achievement and the realization of their own ideas. Moreover, this involvement was also intended to gain a sense of belonging among the kids/students and the teachers toward the playgrounds in their schoolyard. Framework of the Design & Build Studio A design & build studio implements a process involving the workshop participants, the kids/ students & their parents, and the teachers in the development of the products, from the first ideas, through the negotiation with the client and users, until the realization of the ideas. All workshop participants are moving toward difficulties and compromises that they have to face during the process.
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Framework of the Participatory Design & Build Process The design & build process of the playing elements in the schoolyard are successfully achieved due to the active participation of the kids/students & their parents and the teachers. The methodology of the summer school is based on working together with the kids/ students & their parents and the teachers from the very beginning. Involving them in the entire design & build process has several purposes, which are: 1) encouraging them to initiate and to continue similar projects; 2) showing that through mutual collaborations, it is possible to shape and to improve the direct environment; 3) creating an intensive identification within the results; and 4) gaining responsibility for the maintenance of the courtyard toward their sense of belonging. The fact of involving Lithuanian and German workshop participants in coaching a participatory design & build process exposes them to the difficulties of it. This makes them aware of such method's positive and negative aspects. Social Impacts
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In mixed groups, Lithuanian and German architecture students as the workshop participants, coached by the project tutors, work together with kids/students & their parents and teachers. The participatory design & build process helped the kids/students and teachers in finding out their wishes, imaginations, and ideas, as well as assisted them in understanding the hidden potentials of their schoolyard. The workshop participants learn to transfer the ideas and recommendations from the client —the kids/students and the teachers— to a site-specific design, while also involving the client continuously during the design process to the construction process. The workshop participants had a chance to get to know various methods of design approaches from different architecture schools.
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The Wall: Interactive Playground | Vilnius, Lithuania
The Bricks
Color Scheme:
The Surplus
Color Scheme:
The Wall
DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
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The Balancing Beams
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The Tents
Color Scheme:
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SELECTED ARTWORKS
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Portrait of a Young Woman Bandung, Indonesia – 2011 Pencil on Paper 42.00 x 29.70 cm (16.54 x 11.69 in)
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Drawings, Sketches, and Paintings
Juliane
Bandung, Indonesia – 2014
Cottbus, Germany – 2016
Watercolor on Paper 29.70 x 42.00 cm (11.69 x 16.54 in)
Watercolor on Paper 21.00 x 29.70 cm (8.27 x 11.69 in)
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Teresa
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Part 1 of 4 Bandung, Indonesia – 2010 Mixed Media: Ink, Pencil, Colored Pencil, and Digital Printing on Paper 42.00 x 29.70 cm (16.54 x 11.69 in)
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Drawings, Sketches, and Paintings DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Part 2 of 4 Bandung, Indonesia – 2010 Mixed Media: Ink, Pencil, and Digital Printing on Paper 42.00 x 29.70 cm (16.54 x 11.69 in)
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Part 3 of 4 Bandung, Indonesia – 2010 Mixed Media: Ink, Pencil, and Digital Printing on Paper 42.00 x 29.70 cm (16.54 x 11.69 in)
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Drawings, Sketches, and Paintings DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Part 4 of 4 Bandung, Indonesia – 2010 Mixed Media: Ink, Pencil, and Digital Printing on Paper 42.00 x 29.70 cm (16.54 x 11.69 in)
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