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9


§«“¡¬“°≈”∫“°π’È æ∫°—π∑ÿ°§π§√—∫ ∑”„À⺡µâÕßπ—Ëß∂“¡µπ‡Õß«à“ ‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ∑’ˇ√“®–»÷°…“∏√√¡‰¥âÕ¬à“ßßà“¬Ê ‚¥¬‰¡àµâÕß√Ÿâ»—æ∑å∫“≈’ À√◊Õ‰¡àµâÕßÕà“πÀπ—ß ◊Õ À√◊Õ‡¢â“ ”π—°ªØ‘∫—µ‘ „¥Ê ‡≈¬ §«“¡®√‘ß∏√√¡–∑’Ëæ√–æÿ∑∏‡®â“ Õπ‰«â ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕßßà“¬Ê ∏√√¡¥“Ê ¥—ß∑’˺Ÿâ‰¥âøíß∏√√¡®“°æ√–‚Õ…∞å ¡—°®–Õÿ∑“π«à“ 緮ࡷ®âßπ—°æ√–‡®â“¢â“ ∏√√¡∑’Ë∑√ß· ¥ß‡À¡◊Õπ¥—߇ªî¥¢Õߧ«Ë”„ÀâÀß“¬é ´÷Ëß°Á‰¡àπà“·ª≈°„®Õ–‰√π—° ∑’˺Ÿâøíß®–√Ÿâ ÷°‡™àππ—Èπ °Á‡æ√“–ºŸâøí߇Õß ‡°‘¥¡“°—∫∏√√¡ Õ¬Ÿà°—∫∏√√¡ ®πµ“¬‰ª°—∫∏√√¡ ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ßπ’È¡“·µà‰Àπ·µà‰√·≈â« ‡æ’¬ß·µà¡Õ߉¡à‡ÀÁπ«à“ ∏√√¡‰¥â· ¥ßµ—«Õ¬Ÿà∑’ˉÀπ ‡¡◊ËÕæ√–æÿ∑∏‡®â“∑√ß™’È·π– °Á “¡“√∂√Ÿâ‡ÀÁπµ“¡‰¥â‚¥¬ßà“¬ 10

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12

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·∑â®√‘ß·≈â« §«“¡∑ÿ°¢å¢Õߧπ‡√“Õ¬Ÿà „𰓬„𮑵¢Õßµππ—Ëπ‡Õß π“¡»÷°…“∏√√¡–¢Õ߇√“ ®÷ßÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë°“¬∑’Ë®‘µπ’È·À≈– ·∑π∑’ˇ√“®–‡∑’ˬ«‡√’¬π√ŸâÕÕ°‰ª¿“¬πÕ° °Á„Àâ‡√“¬âÕπ‡¢â“¡“ »÷°…“Õ¬Ÿà „𰓬„𮑵¢Õ߇√“π’È·À≈– «‘∏’°“√°Á‰¡à¡’Õ–‰√¡“° ¢Õ‡æ’¬ß„ÀâÀ—¥ —߇°µ°“¬·≈–®‘µ¢Õ߇√“‡Õß„À⥒ ‡√‘Ë¡µâπßà“¬Ê ®“°°“√ —߇°µ√à“ß°“¬°àÕπ°Á‰¥â

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14

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16

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18

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‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡– 19


„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“‰¥â‡ÀÁπ¢Õß «¬ß“¡ ‰¥â¬‘π‡ ’¬ß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°„® ‰¥â°≈‘ËπÀÕ¡∂Ÿ°„® ‰¥â≈‘È¡√ ∑’ËÕ√àÕ¬ ‰¥â√—∫ ‘Ëß —¡º— √à“ß°“¬∑’Ëπÿà¡π«≈ ¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘æÕ‡À¡“– ‰¡à√âÕπÀ√◊ÕÀ𓫇°‘π‰ª ‰¥â§‘¥∂÷ß ‘Ëß∑’ËæÕ„® ‡√“®–‡°‘¥§«“¡√—°„§√àæ÷ßæÕ„®„π ‘Ëß∑’ˉ¥â‡ÀÁπ ‰¥â¬‘π ‰¥â°≈‘Ëπ† ‰¥â√ ‰¥â —¡º— ·≈–‰¥â§‘¥π÷°π—Èπ °Á„Àâ‡√“√Ÿâ‡∑à“∑—𧫓¡√—°„§√àæÕ„®∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èππ—Èπ æÕ‡√“√Ÿâ®—°§«“¡‚°√∏À√◊Õ§«“¡√—°„§√àæÕ„®·≈â« ‡√“°Á “¡“√∂√Ÿâ®—°°—∫Õ“√¡≥åÕ¬à“ßÕ◊ËπÊ ‰¥â¥â«¬ ‡™à𠧫“¡≈—߇≈ ß —¬ §«“¡Õ“¶“µæ¬“∫“∑ §«“¡À¥ÀŸà„® §«“¡Õ‘®©“√‘…¬“ §«“¡§‘¥≈∫À≈ŸàºŸâÕ◊Ë𠧫“¡ºàÕß„ Õ‘Ë¡‡Õ‘∫¢Õß®‘µ„® §«“¡ ß∫„𮑵„® œ≈œ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“‡√’¬π√ŸâÕ“√¡≥åÀ√◊Õ§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‡À≈à“π’È¡“°¢÷ÈπÊ

20

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‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡– 21


∂÷ßµÕππ’È ‡√“®–√Ÿâ™—¥«à“ √à“ß°“¬°Á‡ªìπ·§àÀÿàπ¬πµåµ—«Àπ÷Ëß §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷° ÿ¢∑ÿ°¢å ·≈–Õ“√¡≥å∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬ °Á‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°√Ÿâ ‰¡à „™àµ—«‡√“ ‡¡◊ËÕÀ—¥ —߇°µ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®‘µ„®µπ‡Õß¡“°¢÷Èπ §√“«π’È°Á®–‡ÀÁπ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß®‘µ„®‰¥â™—¥‡®π¢÷Èπ‡√◊ËÕ¬Ê ®π√Ÿâ§«“¡®√‘ß«à“ §«“¡∑ÿ°¢å‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß ‘Ëß∑’Ë¡’‡Àµÿ∑”„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ§√“«Ê ‡∑à“π—Èπ ‡√“®–æ∫æ≈—ßß“πÀ√◊Õ·√ߺ≈—°¥—π∫“ßÕ¬à“ß„π®‘µ„®¢Õ߇√“ ‡™àπ æÕ‡ÀÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß «¬∂Ÿ°„® æÕ®‘µ„®‡°‘¥§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°√—°„§√àæÕ„®·≈â« ¡—π®–‡°‘¥·√ߺ≈—°¥—𮑵„®¢Õ߇√“ „À⇧≈◊ËÕπÕÕ°‰ª¬÷¥‡°“–∑’˺ŸâÀ≠‘ߧππ—Èπ ∑”„Àâ‡√“≈◊¡¥Ÿµ—«‡Õß ‡ÀÁπ·µàºŸâÀ≠‘ߧππ—Èπ‡∑à“π—Èπ

22

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(‡√◊ËÕß®‘µ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰ª‰¥âπ’Ë ∂Ⓡªìπ§π∑’ˇ√’¬πµ”√“Õ“®®–ßßÊ ·µà∂â“≈ß¡◊ժؑ∫—µ‘®√‘ß®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ §«“¡√—∫√Ÿâ¡—π‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰ª‰¥â®√‘ßÊ µ√ß°—∫∑’Ëæ√–æÿ∑∏‡®â“∑à“π查‡√◊ËÕß®‘µ‡∑’ˬ«‰ª‰¥â‰°≈ ‰¡à¡’§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ·¡â·µà§”‡¥’¬«) À√◊Õ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“‡°‘¥§«“¡ ß —¬„π∏√√¡ «à“‡√“§«√ªØ‘∫—µ‘Õ¬à“߉√ °Á®–‡ÀÁπ·√ߺ≈—°¥—π∑’Ë∫—ߧ—∫„Àâ‡√“§‘¥À“§”µÕ∫ ®‘µ„®¢Õ߇√“‡§≈◊ËÕπ‡¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿà „π‚≈°¢Õߧ«“¡§‘¥ µÕππ—Èπ ‡√“≈◊¡¥Ÿµ—«‡√“‡Õß ‡®â“Àÿàπ¬πµåπ—Èπ°Á¬—ßÕ¬Ÿà ·µà‡√“≈◊¡π÷°∂÷ß¡—π°Á‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫«à“ ¡—πÀ“¬‰ª®“°‚≈° §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°µà“ßÊ „𮑵„®‡√“‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ ‡√“°Á‰¡à√Ÿâ ‡æ√“–¡—«·µà§‘¥À“§”µÕ∫„π‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë ß —¬Õ¬Ÿàπ—Ëπ‡Õß

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‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡– 25


º¡‡¢’¬π‡√◊ËÕßπ’È¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ¢ÕßΩ“° ”À√—∫ºŸâ‡√‘Ë¡ π„®®–»÷°…“∏√√¡– ‡æ◊ËÕ∫Õ°«à“ ∏√√¡–‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∏√√¡¥“Ê ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕߢÕßµ—«‡√“‡Õß ·≈– “¡“√∂‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‰¥â‰¡à¬“°π—°¥â«¬µπ‡Õß Õ¬à“æ“°—π∑âÕ∂Õ¬‡ ’¬‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â¬‘π§πÕ◊Ëπ查∏√√¡– ·≈⫇√“øí߇¢“‰¡à√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß ‡√“‰¡àµâÕß√ŸâÕ–‰√‡≈¬°Á‰¥â √Ÿâ·§à«à“ ∑”Õ¬à“߉√‡√“®–‰¡à∑ÿ°¢å°ÁæÕ·≈â« ‡æ√“–π—Ëπ§◊Õ„®§«“¡∑—ÈßÀ¡¥¢Õßæ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“ ´÷Ëß®”‡ªìπ∑’˧πÊ Àπ÷Ëߧ«√®–‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ‰«â

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‡æ◊ËÕπ√à«¡∑ÿ°¢å®”π«π¡“° ‰ª»÷°…“°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ∏√√¡°—∫º¡ ·≈–º¡‰¥â‡ÀÁπªí≠À“∑’˵“¡¡“À≈“¬Õ¬à“ß ‡™àπ ∫“ß∑à“π°≈—««à“ æÕ‰¡à‰¥âÕ¬Ÿà „°≈⺡·≈â«®– ∑”‰¡à‰¥â À√◊Õ∑”‰¡à∂Ÿ° ∂Ⓡªìπ§π°√ÿ߇∑æœ °Á¬—ßÕÿàπ„®«à“ ®–æ∫º¡‰¥âÕ°’ ‰¡à¬“°π—° ·µà§πµà“ߪ√–‡∑»À√◊Õµà“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ ®–°—ß«≈°—π¡“°ÀπàÕ¬ ®÷ßÕ¬“°‰¥â§Ÿà¡◊Õ ”À√—∫°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ Õ¬à“ßßà“¬Ê ·µà‡ªìπ√–∫∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡Õÿàπ„®«à“ ®–„™â‡ªìπ ·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘µàÕ‰ª‰¥â‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡àæ∫º¡

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Ò. °“√ √â“ߧ«“¡‡¢â“„®¢Õ∫‡¢µ¢Õßæ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“ ‡æ◊ÕË π∑’¡Ë æ’ πÈ◊ ∞“𧫓¡‡¢â“„®‡°’¬Ë «°—∫æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“¡“πâÕ¬ ®–‰¥â√—∫°“√ªŸæ◊È𧫓¡‡¢â“„®‡ ’¬°àÕπ«à“ æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“‰¡à „™à¬“ ·°â “√æ—¥‚√§§√Õ∫®—°√«“≈ ‰¡à „™à‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊ÕÕ¬à“߇¥’¬«„π°“√ ¥”√ß™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà „π —ߧ¡ ¥—ßπ—Èπ‰¡à „™à«à“‡ªìππ—°‡√’¬π °Á‡≈‘°‡√’¬π ‡æ◊ËÕ ¡“»÷°…“æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“ ‡æ√“–§«“¡√Ÿ∑â “ß‚≈°‡ªìπ ‘ßË ®”‡ªìπ ”À√—∫ °“√¥”√ß™’«‘µ„π∑“ß‚≈° ºŸâ»÷°…“æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“®”‡ªìπµâÕß√Õ∫√Ÿâ „π»“ µ√å “¢“Õ◊ËπÊ ¥â«¬ ·≈– Õ¬à“‡¢â“„®«à“ æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ 𓇪ìπ‡√◊ÕË ßÕ◊πË πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ ®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕߧ«“¡∑ÿ°¢å·≈–°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡æâπ∑ÿ°¢å (∑“ß„®) ‡∑à“π—Èπ æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“‰¡à‰¥â¡’‰«â‡æ◊ËÕµÕ∫ªí≠À“‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ‰ ¬»“ µ√å ‚™§≈“ß ‡®â“°√√¡π“¬‡«√ ™“µ‘‚πâ𙓵‘Àπâ“ º’ “߇∑«¥“ œ≈œ

30

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·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª 43


‡¡◊ËÕ√Ÿâ·≈â« °Á —߇°µ®‘µµπ‡ÕßµàÕ‰ª«à“¡—π¬‘π¥’ ¬‘π√⓬µàÕ ‘ßË ∑’·Ë ª≈°ª≈Õ¡‡¢â“¡“π—πÈ À√◊Õ‰¡à ·≈â«°Á√‡âŸ √◊ÕË ¬‰ª ®π®‘µ‡ªìπ°≈“ßµàÕÕ“√¡≥å∑—Èߪ«ß ∏√√¡™“µ‘¿“¬„π°—∫ ∏√√¡™“µ‘¿“¬πÕ°°Á®–‡ ¡Õ°—π §◊Õ‰¡à¡’πÈ”Àπ—°„ÀâµâÕß ·∫°À“¡µàÕ‰ª æ√–»“ ¥“∑√ß Õπ«à“ ¢—π∏å∑—Èß ı ‡ªìπ¢ÕßÀπ—° ∫ÿ§§≈·∫°¢ÕßÀπ—°æ“‰ª ‡¢“¬àÕ¡‰¡àæ∫§«“¡ ÿ¢‡≈¬ §” Õπ¢Õßæ√–ÕߧåππÈ— §”‰Àπ°Á§”π—πÈ ¢—π∏凪ìπ¢ÕßÀπ—° ®√‘ßÊ ”À√—∫∫“ߧπ∑’Ë¡’µ“∑’Ë®–¥ŸÕÕ°‰¥â

44

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·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª 45


æ√–æÿ∑∏‡®â“∑à“π Õπ«à“ §«“¡‡°‘¥ §«“¡·°à §«“¡‡®Á∫‰¢â‰¥âªÉ«¬ §«“¡µ“¬°Á‡ªìπ∑ÿ°¢å πâÕ¬§ππ—°∑’Ëøíß∏√√¡–µ√ßπ’È·≈â«®–‡¢â“„®®√‘ßÊ à«π„À≠àøíß·≈â«°Á®–‡¢â“„®‡ªìπ«à“ ‡√“‡°‘¥ ‡√“·°à ‡√“‡®Á∫ ‡√“µ“¬ ‡ªìπ∑ÿ°¢å ‰¡à¡’„§√‡¢â“„®®√‘ßÊ «à“§«“¡®√‘ß·≈â« ¿“«–¢Õߧ«“¡‡°‘¥ ¿“«–¢Õߧ«“¡·°à ¿“«–¢Õߧ«“¡‡®Á∫ ¿“«–¢Õߧ«“¡µ“¬ µà“ßÀ“°∑’ˇªìπ∑ÿ°¢å ‰¡à¡’ ‡√“ ∑’ˇªìπ∑ÿ°¢å ¡’‡æ’¬ß ¿“«–¢Õß√Ÿªπ“¡∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷߉µ√≈—°…≥å ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ µ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà ·≈â«°Á¥—∫‰ª §«∫§ÿ¡‰¡à‰¥â ∫—ߧ—∫„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà „πÕ”π“®µ“¡„®ª√“√∂π“‰¡à‰¥â

46

·¥à‡∏ÕºŸâ¡“„À¡à: ‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡–

·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª 47


‡¡◊ËÕ‡¢â“„®º‘¥ ¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπº‘¥«à“ √Ÿªπ“¡/°“¬„®‡ªìπµ—«‡√“ ‡¡◊ËÕ√Ÿªπ“¡·°à ‡®Á∫ µ“¬ °Á欓¬“¡¥‘Èπ√πÀπ’ ·µà¬‘Ëß欓¬“¡¥‘Èπ°Á¬‘Ëß∑ÿ°¢å ‡¡◊ËÕ¬‘Ëß∑ÿ°¢å°Á¬‘Ëߥ‘Èπ ·∑π∑’Ë®–‡ÀÁ𧫓¡®√‘ß«à“ §«“¡∑ÿ°¢å¡’Õ¬Ÿà·µà ‰¡à¡’ºŸâ∑ÿ°¢å ‡¡◊ËÕ„¥∑’ˇ√“ªØ‘∫—µ‘∏√√¡ ®π “¡“√∂‡ÀÁπ·µà ¿“«–≈â«πÊ Õ—πª√“»®“° —µ«å ∫ÿ§§≈ µ—«µπ ‡√“‡¢“ ‡√“®–‡¢â“„®„πÕ√‘¬ —® Ù Õ¬à“ß·®à¡·®âß

48

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·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª 49


·µàÀ“°√Ÿâ∑ÿ°¢å·®à¡·®âß ¡ÿ∑—¬°Á‡ªìπÕ—π∂Ÿ°≈–‚¥¬Õ—µ‚π¡—µ‘ ·≈â«π‘‚√∏®–ª√“°ØµàÕÀπ⓵àÕµ“„π©—∫æ≈—π °“√√Ÿâ∑ÿ°¢å®π≈– ¡ÿ∑—¬·®âßπ‘‚√∏ π’È·À≈–§◊ÕÕ√‘¬¡√√§ Õ—π‡ªìπ∑“ß “¬‡¥’¬«∑’Ë®–𔉪 Ÿà §«“¡æâπ∑ÿ°¢å∂“«√‰¥â

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50

·¥à‡∏ÕºŸâ¡“„À¡à: ‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡–

·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª 51


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