City Infrastructure plan SUDA: building Disaster Resilience

City Infrastructure Planning (SEM II, MUI) –Spring 2020 | Semester Two, MUI, 2020 | CIP Studio | Dhwani Chawla

PORTFOLIO

SURAT URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

CITY INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING STUDIO SEMESTER 2 − MUI (SPRING 2020) Student Name: DHWANI CHAWLA (PG190289) Studio Instructors: Dr. Saswat Bandopadhyay & Dr. Neeru Bansa Academic Associates: Riya Thomas & Siddh Doshi

CEPT University City Infrastructure Plan (SEM II, MUI) – Spring 2020

Final Project Brief Preparing a CIP for focus area in SUDA region (namely Kadodara, Chalthan, Varerli, Haripura, Jolva, Tantithaiya, Vankhaneda) Project Faculty Dr. Saswat Bandyopadhyay and Dr. Neeru Bansal Teaching Associates Siddh Doshi and Riya Thomas Student Name and Roll Number Dhwani Chawla (PG190289) Final Project Title Making SUDA Disaster Resilient

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would sincerely like to thank our studio guides Dr. Saswat Bandyopadhyay and Dr. Neeru Bansal and our academic associates Siddh Doshi and Riya Thomas for guiding and assisting me throughout the studio. I am also very grateful to all the other professors for their inputs and comments, which led to wholistic learning in the duration. I would like to thank all the experts who gave us insights about the area to enhance our knowledge and helped us at every stepping stone through the journey.

I express my deepest gratitude towards my group members, family, friends and seniors for supporting me, keeping faith and pushing me to work to my best.

DISCLAIMER: This document has been prepared as Portfolio for the City Infrastructure Plan Studio, Masters Course in Infrastructure (MUI), Faculty of Planning.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

I started the journey of semester 2 with prior understanding of basic infrastructure from UTC studio in semester 1. Having done bachelors in planning, a generic idea about utilities and services had been in my theoretical knowledge. However, Master’s in Urban Infrastructure looked for something more than that, especially in this studio where there was a leap from working on 1 sqkm area to taking a city as a case.

I got to discover aspects in various domains. Other courses taught during this semester further eased the way and broadened my spectrum to understand things and look at them in different perspectives.

Few things that I would cherish the most from this voyage, are having discussions with the faculties near the canteen while on campus, and online during the lockdown. The constructive help from the Academic Associates and working with the diverse group, formed an equally important part of the experience.

PREFACE City Infrastructure Planning involves several sub-sectors and institutions engaged in planning, designing, delivery and management of Infrastructure Services. This studio intends to develop a detailed understanding of how city level infrastructure plans are prepared and integrated with city wide development proposals and visions.

We worked in teams to deal with Macro, micro as well as sectoral issues and develop an integrated perspective of CIP, including norms and regulations, assessment of demand and supply issues, identification and prioritisation of projects.

As a part of Infrastructure planning studio an effort to develop City Infrastructure Plan for the city of Surat was undertaken. After analysing the issues and potentials of the city's infrastructure the necessary infrastructure requirements were identified that would lead to social as well as economic development of the city. The detailed projects for focus area in SUDA was undertaken.

The framework of CIP was based on the urban nexus between water, green spaces, wastewater, solid waste as well as social infrastructure and strategies. The methodologies followed for the CIP development process included writing the base analysis to identify strategies for stress and opportunity sectors. The way forward was coming up with detailed pilot projects with development objective amalgamating environmental, social and physical benefits and costs. These were strengthened by International, National, State level schemes, plans, missions such as Smart Cities, sustainable development goals, Resilient City plans, etc.

1 Executive Summary

ES

2 Macro Analysis

MA

3 Micro Analysis

MI

4 Disaster Proposal

PR

5 Convergence

CO

6 Lessons learnt

CONTENTS LL

ES

THE BEGINNING

IT ALL STARTED WITH A FEW BASIC QUESTIONS...

City Infrastructure Plans provide adequate, equitable and sustainable distribution for present and future needs based on ground realities

Infrastructure means the structures or systems which are not visible by naked eye (like infrared).

Infrastructure is something on basis of which we undergo our daily activities.

To develop a City infrastructural plan, well integrated with the existing land-use, reinforced with the spatial and sectoral strategies for subinfrastructural components.

It focuses on the municipal infrastructure services and other infrastructures services on which a city thrives on

The underlying permanent facilities, normally provided by the government and that drives the economy of any administrative area

By checking the gaps in demand and supply

By assessing the quality of the service provided

On the basis of RAFTS framework (Regulations, Administration, Financial, Technical, Spatial aspect)

Understanding the current infrastructural typologies in SUDA area and their relevance in city Infrastructure plan.

What is CIP?

How is infrastructure assessed?

What is Infrastructure?

The Assessment can be done on the basis of comparison with similar kind of a city

Infrastructure planning for a city and nearby areas around it in order to connect the area with all the available resources around

To identify area representative of Surat city, and assess the demand of infrastructure for the area.

Sectoral area based interventions for resolving the key challenges and making a visionary infrastructure plan.

SCOPE To develop a CIP for an identified area in the periphery of Surat city, within SUDA area.

LIMITATIONS Literature review

Secondary data collection

Input lectures from field experts

Primary data collection

Scope of project

Project identification and detailing

Development of CIP

Detailing of spatial plan and understanding complex institutional framework was developed during 16 weeks of study period.

Access to databank was restricted with 3 field visits (9 days) in total.

Further field visits were constrained due to Covid-19 outbreak and lockdown.

STUDIO TIMELINE

Reviews in CEPT North canteen

Secondary data documentation

ES

To start with the introduction of the studio it is crucial to specify the objective to be achieved, which is preparing a comprehensive Infrastructure Plan for the focus area in SUDA region and detail out the pilot projects. The pathway to this was paved by structuring the entire studio in four key phases.

Phase 1 started with understanding the Surat city and its periphery at the Macro level. It aimed at studying secondary data, as well as preparing baseline analysis.

Presentation by Pareshbhai, Chief Town Planner GIDB

Week 1

Week 14

Week 13

Development Plans for Surat

Week 12

Iteration 2

Strengthening the Group presentation & initiation of Plan, Details and proposals individual proposal

Week 15 Iteration 3 Individual proposal strengthening

Iteration 4 Mock jury

Week 16

Week 3

Week 4

Institutional Framework, Maps and Infrastructure Matrix

Week 11 Iteration 1 Online class and reviews on Preliminary CIP presentation

Week 10 Site Visits & Poster Presentation DP & Resilience Plan of Different Cities

Week 5 Field visit & Documentation

Week 9 Mid Term Review & Feedback

Week 6 Basic Understanding of Case City from First Field Visit

Week 7

“My city My infrastructure”

Week 2

Phase 2 focused more on study area selection at Micro level, taking the understanding one step forth.

Primary Site analysis

Week 8 “Mock Presentation on City Infrastructure Plan”

Final Jury & Portfolio

Interaction with Experts from SIWI

Online Reviews during lockdown due to COVID 19

Guest lecture by GK Bhatt

Identifying the “Focus Area” and Field Visits

Phase 3 aimed at pilot projects formation which was succeeded by integration and convergence amongst the sectors in Phase 4.

During these phases we went through a lot of work together as well at in some stages individually. After shaping our Aim, objective and Methodology, we determined our preliminary limitations and scope, only to be finalized once the studio was in the process of being concluded. COVID-19 became a major obstacle in our way, only to be overcome by extensive online conduct of studios and review of work.

Studio timeline also included an extremely important stage of Literature review, primary as well as secondary. In this, I focused on my city Gurgaon to understand it’s skeletal network of infrastructure and of the several document such as SUDA DP, City Sanitation plan, others, I reviewed Surat Resilience plan, prepared by Rockefeller foundation, which talked about the measures taken for a vulnerable area like Surat to lower the risk of disasters (especially after the floods in 2006). It struck my keen interest in the field right from the beginning, only to be taken up as the underlying theme for my Pilot project later.

INTRODUCTION TO SURAT "THE SILK CITY", "THE DIAMOND CITY“ & "THE GREEN CITY" MA 2019

1985

2001

Kamrej Diamond park Power plant

Surat other than being the fastest growing city in the world from 2019-2035 as per study by Economic Times holds several titles and awards such as cleanest city by MoUD. People from all around the country flock here for business and jobs making it the 9th largest urban agglomeration in India.

Before getting into the baseline nitty-gritties of Surat infrastructure we tried to look at what Surat is by studying the various initiatives and articles from print media, also conducting a perception study to know the city through our lenses.

Total recorded population (as of Census 2011) of SMC is 44 lakhs, and of SUDA is 48 lakhs. Total area of SMC is 328sqkm and of SUDA, 987 square kilometres.

SMC is divided in 8 Zones. SUDA region comprises of 4 Talukas.

A lot of research went on in building our rationale of selecting Surat as our area. In which I was involved in building a story around the city’s potential, major projects and spatial growth patterns. Other aspects that were covered included regional setting , city profile, general economic base, flood mapping, urban heat island effect, demographic density trends, etc.

Spatial growth fanned leapfrog, towards the periphery from 2001-2011 due to coming up of major projects on the NH8 as well as the airport.

What makes the area distinct are its industrial clusters and landmarking projects such as Weir-cum-causeway, Gopi Talav, TTP, etc. This was visited during our first site visit to do a reconnaissance survey of the SMC SUDA area.

For studying the regional context it can be seen that Surat is located on the western part of India in the state of Gujarat. It lies 270 km south of Ahmedabad and has NH 8 passing that connects Delhi and Mumbai. It has Vadodara, Bardoli and Navsari in its surroundings, River Tapi passing through the centre of the city has high chances of flooding due to the Terrain and many low lying areas. Temperature speak during May and June with frequent Red Alert.

Udhana GIDC

Pandesara GIDC

Hazi ra

Adaja n

Airp ort

NH 8

Kadodara

Sach in

Sac hin

Hazira

Migration was peek, development towards south-east Kadodar a

1991

Developments spotted towards Airport, Kadodara

2011 Adaj an

Kamrej diamond Park

H a z i r a

Ha zir a

Kadodar a

Sa chi n

Growth towards NH8

Developments spotted in Hazira, Adajan

Weir cum Causeway

Growth towards Kamrej because of Diamond industries

Gopi Talav

DFC

Bamroli TTP

Khajod Landfill

SUDA Office

Vesu

LANDUSE & DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2035

MA

Moving to the details of the city and the baseline study analysis of the existing land use and proposed DP 2035 was carried.

This helped us gauge the demand for infrastructure that is not only dependant on the population, however, largely on the land use. Carrying forward this learning to project the need and gaps in the area for required interventions was done in the phases that followed.

DP 2035 LU (PROPOSED) (SQ.KM.)

EXISTING 2014 LU (SQ.KM.)

Residential

1%

12%

In order to develop an understanding of how the evolution of the DP 2035, the vision embedded in the analysis in the document as well as crucially, how the land use is integrated and effected due to jurisdiction changes.

Commercial

Development Plans Jurisdiction Population (Lakh) Area (sq.kms) Villages/Ward

1986 SMC SUDA 7.76 11.41 55 667 130

2014 SMC SUDA 44.62 48.05 319.5 715 95

7%

2035 SMC SUDA 97.51 103.74 787 1351 138

7%

2%

4%

Industrial

35%

24% 0% 3% 10%

74%

Public purpose Transport

1% 9% 11%

Surat Urbanised Area Agriculture Water bodies and other areas

1985

Migration was peak during 1985-2005, Development towards south-east due to Textile market, Udhana, Pandesara, Power plant in Hazira, major development in Adajan.

1991

Developments spotted in Hazira, Adajan

2001

2005-2007 Surat experienced reverse migration, 2007 development towards Airport, Kadodara attracted industrialists as it is proximity to Kamrej and Bardoli.

2011

Growth spotted towards Kamrej as the locality has more diamond cutting & polishing industries which attracted migrants

Residential Commercial Industrial Public purpose Transport Surat Urbanised Area

Existing 2014 LU (sq.km.)

123.00 5.00 67.00 16.00 44.00 -

DP 2035 LU (proposed) (sq.km.)

346.73 10.48 112.96 87.35 95.26 28.14

Agriculture

730

235.45

Land Use

Water bodies and other areas 2019

Total

Growth spotted towards NH8 running from Bharuch & Vadodara and towards Airport.

Mr. Kamlesh Yagnik - Chief Resilience Officer Surat Climate Change Trust , Mehul, Dr.Mahesh Nagecha- Department Incharge SOA,SCET

Mr. With Dr. Pankaj Gandhi

Talati, Vareli

Mr. M.M.Gadiyali, Deputy Eng. Weir Cum Causeway

68.79 985.00

Mr. Mahesh Rawal, Sanitation Inspector, Khajod Landfill

985.16

Ex Eng. Kadodara Nagar Palika

Sarpanch, Haripura

In this I got to prepare the evolution of DP timeline which taught me how the political, regulatory as well as need of the hour decisions of changing boundaries impacts the land use, socioeconomic as well as spatial attributes of a region. For example in order to complete the outer ring road some of the initially deleted villages were added again. However due to farmers protests in another region, a few villages were removed. This frequency leads to confusion in distribution of power and allotment of roles and responsibilities amongst government institutions, such as SUDA, Talukas, Panchayat, etc. This complexity is increased with formation of Khajod Urban Development Authority (KHUDA) and proposal to give Hazira an independent status as well (HaUDA) Another aspect that I was given to analyse was the change in land use pattern, between 2014 (existing) and 2035 (DP 2035, proposed) which led to an understanding of how the increase in percentage of a particular land use, in this case industrial is not solely dependant on increase in its gross area. However as most spaces in SUDA convert rapidly from Agriculture to NA, as evident by the industrial corridor as well as DFC, DMIC, other projects.

MA

EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE SMC Water Supply map shows total demand of villages, towns and wards respectively and nearest infrastructure provision (such as WTP, intake wells, WDS, ESR). The highest being in SMC

These findings strengthened as discussions progressed with experts and officials on site. Other than seen on the left, we met with Mr. C.Y. Bhatt, CEO of Smart City and Deputy Commissioner of SMC; Mr. D.N. Basak, Executive Engineer Central Zone, SMC; Mr. H.I Solanki, SE GWSSB; Mr. Ketan Desai, President SGCC; Mr. Kaushik, Talati, Chaltan; Ms. Apexaben, Olpad Taluka Panchayat and several other authorities for their valuable insights.

Getting our hands on data from primary as well as secondary research from Census, Ground realties and documents collected from different agencies on site, we were now able to successfully mark the gaps and existing scenario of physical, social and blue green infrastructure. Here we as a group analysed the gap between demand and supply, as well as in meeting the service level benchmarks. We made source to sink diagrams to attain key figures in each aspect (physical infrastructure). Also, comparing figures such as per capita green space to national and international good practices as well as guidelines gave us an idea about the bigger dome. Thus, giving us a clearer picture of the difference in scenario of areas within SMC being catered to fairly sufficiently, however a large gap in services and utilities in the periphery area (SUDA) By now we had our area broadly figured by eliminating SMC from being our primary focus.

Waste water map shows total generation by villages, towns and wards respectively and nearest infrastructure provision (such as STP, sewer lines, soak pits). The highest is in SMC, however, there is a well laid sewerage network.

186

100%

1.13

110 %

LPCD 3.5 hours supply

HH SW collection coverage

Sqm Green space per capita

Km Proximity to Fire Service

80 %

99 %

Coverage of storm water drainage

Coverage of Sewerage network

<8 %

0.5-1

Health facilities under poor quality

Km Nearest Educational institute

SUDA 100

<15%

4.20

110 %

LPCD 2 hours supply

HH SW collection coverage

Sqm Green space per capita

Km Proximity to Fire Service

17 %

80 %

Coverage of storm water drainage

Coverage of Sewerage network

70 % Health facilities under poor quality

5-10 Km Nearest Educational institute

North

East

West

Solid Waste map shows total generation by villages, towns and wards respectively and nearest infrastructure provision (such as collection points, landfill - Khajod, transfer stations).

The waste generation is highest in SMC however sufficient D2D collection present.

Central

South East

South West South

Fire Services map indicates the insufficiency in SUDA region. With only 2 being present, which are also privately owned by the industries (Hazira and PEPL). This together with lack of healthcare facilities led us to take this pressing need in our proposals for Disaster management.

AREA OF INTEREST - PALSANA

Sayan NH8

Gothan

“ Lot of air pollution and

Kamrej

also health issues due to industries, “ says Mr.Shayam, a resident of Vareli

Hence, we narrowed down to three areas of interest. Sayan Gothan to the North, Kamrej Palsana stretch on the East and Khajod Sachin in the South, each having their own pros and cons in terms of jurisdiction, area, priority in development, land use, population profile, environmental issues, etc.

In this I got to prepare a SWOT matrix and

Sachin

NH6

Palsana

Khajod

Credits: student, MUI, Sem 2, Batch 2019-21

NH228

Population Projection Year Name of town Vareli Vankaneda Chalthan Haripura Jolva Tantithaiya Kadodara

SMC

2011

2020

2025

2030

2035

10,134

20,409

26,517

37,882

53,035

2,745

5,528

7,183

10,261

14,366

21,795

43,894

57,030

81,472

1,14,061

3,656

7,363

9,567

13,666

19,133

1,754

3,532

4,590

6,557

9,179

2,910

5,861

7,614

10,878

15,229

27,336

55,053

71,529

1,02,185

1,43,059

In order to prepare projected population for 5 year intervals, namely 20202, 2025, 2030 and 2035 we tried multiple methods such as graphical projection, Arithmetic, Incremental, Geometric progression, however found Land use method most suitable.

KAMREJ OLPAD

SUDA

CHORYASI

Nagar Palika

PALSANA

KADODARA

Census Towns

Gram Panchayat

VARELI

CHALTHAN

VANKHANEDA

JOLVA

TANTITHAIYA

HARIPURA

Land- use (Area in sqkm) Haripura

Land-use

Haripura

Vareli

Vareli Kadodara

Kadodara

Jolva

Vankaneda

Vankaneda Chalthan

Tantithaiya

MI

Chalthan

Tantithaiya

Jolva

Agriculture Commercial Industrial Public Purpose Resiential Vacant lands Water bodies Total

Existing (sqkm)

Proposed (sqkm)

12.33 0.24 4.86

5.03 1.84 9.85

0.80

0.07

2.57 2.55 0.75

5.03 3.91 0.06

25.7

25.78

Our site visits, KPIs, HH Surveys, Expert consultations and observations made it evident that the stretch we would be working on is Kamrej-Palsana, of which we selected the Kadodara GIDC node. This included a cluster of 1 Nagar Palika, 2 Census towns which were soon going to be declared as NPs, as well as 4 Gram Panchayats.

This area was initially proposed to be taken as a GUDC cluster as well.

Here I analysed the various reasons to build my case on supporting the selection of this area. It had an evident Economic impact due to the closely knit Dyeing and printing industrial support. Industrial dependency was speeding up the conversion to NA land. DFC has increased provision of FSI to 4, catalysing the Real estate development in the area.

Sarpanch are encouraging urbanization at par with DMIC vision.

One of the key issue however is severe depletion of Ground water. Such reasons make it imperative for infrastructural interventions.

After combining our arguments, we now had a strong reason to begin with our Micro analysis of our focus area situated in Palsana Taluka.

For this I overlapped the layers of different sectors to identify the overall situation, key challenges and burning issues. This was strengthened by further deep diving into each village and town independently during the next site visit, where I studied the in depth situation in Kadodara, Vareli and Haripura, and in the end consolidated all the areas.

MI

IDENTIFYING KEY ISSUES Haripura

Ground water depth has crossed 400 ft, with increasing levels of TDS, Which are over 3000 mg/L in most places

Jolva

0.49 MLD 0.06 MLD

2.31 MLD 0.59 MLD

Vareli

Kadodara

7.70 MTD

18.40 MTD

Vareli

Kadodara

1.02 MLD 0.15 MLD

11.03 MLD 0.60 MLD

26 Vareli Air pollution

Vankhaneda 19

Vankhaneda

Air pollution

Vankhaneda

1.00 MLD 0.15 MLD

Tantithaiya

Kadodara creek has dumping in its catchment area and effluent disposal that causes water logging as the capacity to carry water volume is reduced. Parks and ponds are not maintained The area has high density of textile industries that makes it vulnerable to fire hazard, increases air pollution and UHI effect. Health problems are caused due to this as well as water logging in areas of flood.

• • •

4.65 MTD Chalthan

8.78 MLD 0.07 MLD

No management of disposal or collection of MSW

Chaltan

• •

Health issues due to industries Ground water depletion

Tantithaiya

• •

Depletion of ground water table Lack of infrastructural facilities in peripheral areas

Unkept green spaces converted to dumping grounds Weighed Vulnerability to disasters (10 is the lowest, 30 is the highest) Highest Vulnerability due to disaster Stagnant water becomes breeding ground for diseases

Haripura

Vankaneda

Jolva

Waste dumped into pond

Non-governed disposal of waste

Lack of green cover along roads

UHI

Per day waste generated

Agricultural Water demand – 7.28 MLD Industrial Water demand – 10.19 MLD Average Municipal water supply – 71lpcd

Industrial solid waste dumped in open

More slum areas More migrant population Disposal of waste on vacant lands

1.50 MLD 1.02 MLD

Chalthan

28 Tantithaiya Fire

Chalthan 20

Tantithaiya

12.10 MTD

Vareli

Kadodara

22 Kadodara UHI

Water Demand Water Supply

1.17 MTD

1 chota hathi collects waste from each village or town, taking it to landfill sites. People openly dump in nearby incidental open spaces.

26 Jolva Fire

Floods

9.15 MTD

Haripura

15.29 MLD (population 1.41 lakhs, projected 40 MLD for 3 lakh people) Waste water is generated from municipal areas and disposed in the Kadodara creek without treatment. Majority black water goes into septic tank or khaad kua

Haripura 19

Jolva

2.17 MTD

Discharge of wastewater into lake

No proper disposal of waste

Waste dumped into drains

Waste dumped on grazing lands Industrial waste dumped on vacant lands

•

•

•

No green spaces

Health issues due to more number of industries Ground water depletion

Lack of green cover • •

Ground water depletion No dedicate green spaces

Polluting of creek by effluent discharge • •

No green spaces Depletion of ground water level

PEOPLE’S PERSPECTIVE

MI

In planning, the 3 key aspects we focus on are PEOPLE, PLANET and PROSPERITY. In order to get the essence of all three, throughout our journey (other than conducted surveys) we informally spoke to communities residing in our area. Everyone had a different story to tell. The random sampling led us to identify people who were the most vulnerable, variance in the needs of different socio-economic classes, diversity In purpose of people visiting, residing or working in our area. This varied as per Land use, location, impact of environment (climatic conditions) and several other aspects. The area had 7 out of 10 people migrated for work.

Their affordability, sustenance, awareness, need for equity helped us build on our idea for proposals and pilot projects.

WHY DISASTER? One of the key reasons to select Surat, was its vulnerability to disasters such as flooding every four years, devastating fire at Sarthana commercial complex which caused severe loss to life and property.

During our study I analysed the city resilient plan prepared by Rockefeller foundation, met with the Chief Resilience Officer (Mr. Kamlesh Yagnik) and identified the gap in provision of Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery and emergency services between the city and its periphery.

Disaster isn’t a new subject of interest; it has been a weaving factor of the SDG’s and several global and Indian practices. To assess the hazard risk vulnerability of our site, we used the District Disaster Management Plan (Surat) model from which we identified the highest vulnerable hazards that could have direct infrastructure interventions. This included Flood, Fire, Heatwaves, Health and Air pollution.

1

Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery Our understanding on stages of Disaster management include 4 key stages under 3 main time periods: pre, during and post disaster. This is further justified with support of NDMA, SDMA and DDMP, Disaster management plan and policy, Guidelines and Global best practices such as Sustainable development goals, several others.

PR

PRELIMINARLY ANALYSIS WEIGHED VULNERABILITY INDEX Weighted total range from low,

moderate,

high and values given based on aggregate

EXISTING (2020)

Chalthan

Vareli

Vankhaneda Tantithaiya Jolva

Haripura

Kadodara

25

4

Natural Disasters Flood Heat wave Water and vector borne diseases

9

4

6

1

4

9

16

9

20

16

4

20

9

16

9

20

20

20

16

Fire Air pollution

8

12

9

16

20

12

12

9

16

12

16

20

12

12

Manmade Disasters (Accidents)

probability and impact

PROJECTED (DP 2035)

Chalthan

Vareli

Vankhaneda Tantithaiya Jolva Haripura Kadodara

Natural Disasters

It started with reading through and learning from many documents such as URDPFI guidelines, Disaster management Act and policy, NBC, Fire management & Regulations, Surat Air Action plan, Surat Heat Action plan, National Health plan, others; as well as case studies such as Rotterdam and Amravati. Based on understanding from these and techniques used by different practitioners across the globe, I decided on using three ways to analyse the site conditions and propose suitable interventions.

Flood Heat wave Water and vector borne diseases

9 16

12 20

9 12

4 25

4 25

25 16

12 20

16

20

16

20

25

20

16

Fire Air pollution

16 12

20 25

25 25

16 16

16 16

Manmade Disasters (Accidents)

Firstly, in order to strengthen the need for measures in each village I calculated the Weighed vulnerability Index for all the 7 towns and villages, based on existing as well as proposed land use, built footprint, population growth capacity, green cover etc. The results ranged from 10 (lowest) to 30 (highest).

In order to map the share of responsibilities for each disaster at the four levels of disaster management “MPRR” we created an institutional involvement matrix. This included CVO’s, MHU, ULB, DDO, GSDMA, SUDA, various other institutions, NGO’s , parastatal, agencies.

* Residents form part of community based organizations

20 25

20 25

Existing 2020

Projected DP 2035

Flood

High vulnerability area 5.2 sqkm (Agri-85%, Resi-

In case of Heavy rainfall or release of effluents and sewage in the Kadodara creek and adjacent Talavs

10% , Indus-5%)

High vulnerability area 8.6 sqkm (Agri-40%, Resi30% , Indus-30%) (+65%)

Moderate vulnerability area 1.8 sqkm

Moderate vulnerability area 13.0 sqkm

Low vulnerability area 22.2 sqkm

Low vulnerability area 7.6 sqkm

Existing 2020

Projected DP 2035

High vulnerability area 9.0 sqkm (Agri-5%, Resi10% , Indus-85%)

High vulnerability area 14.4 sqkm (Com-5%, Resi5% , Indus-90%) (+60%)

Moderate vulnerability area 6.3 sqkm

Moderate vulnerability area 6.8 sqkm

Low vulnerability area 13.9 sqkm

Low vulnerability area 8.0 sqkm

Air Pollution due to industries has increased over the years causing severe damage to the social and built in the area, this needs to be contained

Health Air and vector borne disease need to be managed. Outbreak of malaria, dengue, respiratory illnesses, pandemic such as COVID-19, need to have strategic plans of approach

Heat UHI effect has increased with increase in concretization and loss of green cover. Measures need to be taken to be prepared for sudden increase in temperature and fluctuation of weather patterns and Climate change

Fire In the case of a sudden fire outbreak in the industries or municipal area, what is to be done needs to be thought out.

If the area is fire prone, emergency services need to be planned well in advance.

Existing 2020

Projected DP 2035

High vulnerability area 13.5 sqkm (Agri-10%, Resi-

High vulnerability area 15.5 sqkm (Agri-8%, Com-

20% , Indus-70%)

2%, Resi-10%, Indus-80%)

(+15%) Moderate vulnerability area 5.8 sqkm

Moderate vulnerability area 10.2 sqkm

Low vulnerability area 9.9 sqkm

Low vulnerability area 5.3 sqkm

Existing 2020

Projected DP 2035

High vulnerability area 7.9 sqkm (Resi-40% , Indus60%)

High vulnerability area 10.1 sqkm (Resi-30% , Indus-70%) (+28%)

Moderate vulnerability area 8.4 sqkm

Moderate vulnerability area 10.1 sqkm

Low vulnerability area 12.9 sqkm

Low vulnerability area 9.0 sqkm

Existing 2020

Projected DP 2035

High vulnerability area 6.7 sqkm (Agri-5%, Resi10% , Indus-85%)

High vulnerability area 12.0 sqkm (Com-5%, Resi10% , Indus-85%) (+79%)

Moderate vulnerability area 10.6 sqkm

Moderate vulnerability area 6.4 sqkm

Low vulnerability area 11.9 sqkm

Low vulnerability area 10.8 sqkm

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

PR

Secondly, by spatially overlaying 250 by 250-meter grids on the existing and projected land use. These grids ranged from rating from 1, 2 and 3 (low-green, moderate-yellow, high-red respectively) This identified present as well as probable high vulnerability areas and the land use that will be causing or greatly impacted.

For example, in the case of Flooding 5.2 sq. kms falls under highly susceptible area of which 85% was agricultural 10% was residential and 5% was industrial. Projecting the vulnerability based on the 11 key parameters, some of which were mentioned earlier, showed that the highest vulnerable area increased by 65%. In this case, 40% was under agricultural, 30% under residential and 30% in industrial. We followed the same procedure for all the chosen hazards: flood, heat, health, air and fire.

Thirdly, the technique followed was scenario building from the existing evidences including newspaper articles, reports and talking to stakeholders. These helped me give a Seven-point proposal inculcating the four key disaster management stages mitigation (also residual mitigation), preparedness, response and recovery.

PR

SEVEN POINT PROPOSAL

Zoning of Areas

01 02

M

CBDM

By combining assessment of areas that share similar hazard vulnerability characteristics, spatial and land use pattern as well as geographic boundaries.

Auditing Committee P

Early warning system

Health care service

EWS forecast hazards, are tools for local, national and regional institutions to manage disaster risks and reduce damage and casualties.

M

Creek cleaning and buffer development to prevent flood. Providing a Rescue shelter

03

M

Add aesthetic values to the are and improve the quality of air and reduce the temperature. Reduce the risk of flood and ameliorating heat. Help in recharging the groundwater table level

P

Rotterdam City Resilience plan: How to analyse vulnerability of an area, rate it, map it and hence decide the level of intervention requied.

R

Inadequate fire services in the vicinity, hence to provide sense of fire safety for all the land use (Residential, Industrial, commercial and instructional). Access to immediate rescue during small scale fire.

Providing for Healthcare services

07

Pasig River, Philippines: Development of the river through design interventions and scenario built up to plan for disasters is based on occurrences of severe calamities. This keeps them better prepared.

Absorbs less heat as reflect the sun light 3 times more than green roof. High reflecting of sunlight helps in reducing the surface temperature of earth.

Centralized and decentralized fire services

06

Ahmedabad: Heat Action plan, Air action plan and various strategies as well as Acts such as GTPUDA were referred to. In order to get a comprehensive understanding about the case city in Gujarat

M

Reducing effects of Air pollution

05

R

Improving the quality of existing creeks and developing land around it aesthetically and the quality of living and health. Provision of shelter during heavy flooding

White roofing to provide thermal comfort and reduce UHI effect

04

MHU

Hyderabad: Cool roofs projects provide a crucial

R

Multi-speciality to cater all the health problems. Ensures that people get comprehensive health care treatment. During the time of disaster can provide extensive health care. IT is are private, non-profit entities that deliver health care services based on consumer influence and participation. Typically, CHCs provide primary and preventive care to medically underserved and uninsured people.

P

opportunity to advance human health and comfort.

Particularly for low income communities, cool roofs provide increased thermal comfort that leads to improved productivity, especially for homes in slum communities.

ZONING & EARLY WARNING SYSTEM 1 3

PR

The seven-point proposal was designed to principally derive social-ecological benefits and ways to reduce the social costs/negative impacts currently being felt.

First was zoning the area in 3 parts based on share of common characteristics such as issues, geography, need, etc. Risk assessment and analysis for each zone was done according to back casting approach.

2

Second, an early warning system was prepared with involvement of Taluka office at Palsana, Gram panchayats and Nagar Palika at institutional level, who were responsible for communicating with the industries, service providers, community and all other at ground stakeholders respectively.

Subsequently, in the following postulates of the proposal, the focus zoomed into providing interventions based on scenario building done using ‘Accident/Disaster occurrence – Response & Recovery – Impact’ method.

EARLY WARNING SYSTEM Forecast triggers issuance of warnings for

flood, heat, air District Collectorate (DM Cell)

Press liaison with Media, news,FM

GSDMA SMC Nodal officer inform to concerned department and agencies

Gujarat state surveillance unit of IDSM

Poster /Pamphlets

Taluka office Palsana

Promote heat hotline

Partner agencies/NGOs/C BOs

NP & Gram Panchayat

ISD

The last sections of the overall proposal were carried out by my group member. Who proposed centralised and decentralised fire services in Kadodara and its neighbouring villages, towns, based on scenario building done for major accident in Vareli’s textile industry in 2019. She also proposed Health care services after analysing the pressing need and gap in the health care infrastructure in our area. In this case she proposed a sub district hospital and a CHC together with strengthening Kadodara hospital’s ability to cater to fire accidents by proposing a burn ward. These health and fire services form essential part of preparedness and response mechanism.

In order to understand the viability of the cost a probable funding mechanism was thought out. As most of the projects were coming under category three, they needed to be crossed funded, changed indirectly or come under state and central grants.

Hydraulic department

Torrent DGVCL

Hospitals

Textile Mills

Transport /Traffic

Community

School colleges

Zoo/Animal Husbandry Dept.

Outdoor workers

Residents

PR

KHADI RISK ZONE DEVELOPMENT & RESCUE SHELTER- HARIPURA

Based on the flooding scenario built up in Haripura, I proposed a Mitigating creek risk zone development in three stage (process framework inspired from Pasig river in Philippines).

Plugging of effluent dumping, Physical and Chemical Cleaning of creek and Dredging of catchment area & combination of shading with recreation paths.

A rescue shelter is also proposed in Haripura for times of emergency. The Panchayat office as well as the govt school have been selected as suitable sites. Measures are taken based on the flooding condition occurring primarily due to creek capacity being filled with waste water and solid waste volume and overflowing during heavy rainfall. Process of Kadodara Khadi development in model example at Haripura Flood vulnerability in Haripura Existing 2020 High vulnerability area - 0.625 sqkm ( total 1.34 sqkm) Population being effected - 2500 (3618)

SCENARIO BUILDING DISASTER: Flood in Kadodara Creek near textile mills, (June,2019) Cause of flood – Overflow due to heavy rain and insufficient capacity of the creek. No preparedness on Site.

RESPONSE: People wait for water to settle down and capacity of creek to recover for water to flow out of the village Response time – no response or rescue facilities Recovery time – 4-5 days IMPACT: No Human causalities but property damage of around 0.5-2 crores. No Direct employment loss, however, 4 working days lost. Inconvenience in moving around the village due to 4 ft depth of accumulated water. Several mosquito breeding areas formed.

Source: Gram Panchayat Haripura, Taluka office Palsana, Primary Survey

Projected DP 2035 High vulnerability area - 0.75 sqkm (1.34 sqkm) 600 m

Requirements for Rescue Shelter:: • Shelter and relief camps – Government office, Anganwadi and government school (Total area – 7500 sqm) • Area – 3.5 sqm per person space is needed • Sufficient number of toilets – 1 for 30 persons (separate for women and children) • Water supply - minimum 3 litres potable water and 15 litres for bathing (cleaning) per person, source within 500 m • Lighting facilities, Power back up (generator with fuel) • Food supplies as per need from local grocery stores and dairies • Medical assistance to be provided by hospitals in the vicinity, mobile medical team • For the houses located within the affected area, the rescue shelter is within walking range, i.e. 400 m • MoU with State, ULB and industries for recovery shelter (prefabricated tents, mobile toilets, etc)

HELP 500 m

700 m

Flood zone development INR 16.5 crores

INR 3.2 crores

CapEx

OpEx

IMPLEMENTATION Contracted for cleaning.

Buffer Development to be carried out by SUDA

FINANCING/ FUNDING

PHASING

Gram Panchayat, Community and industry pay part of their taxes, SUDA, Fees, charges, sale of developed embankment area

Phase 1 – creek cleaning Phase 2 – buffer zone development

State and Central grants given to District collectorate for transfer on need basis

Applicable from base year (2020)

INR 72 crores CapEx+Opex

Rescue Shelter No Capex as existing Government buildings are used

INR 0.5 crores

OpEx

Gram Panchayat

Total Cost for 15 years (20202035)

Category 3 Projects

THERMAL COMFORT & AIR PURIFICATION - JOLVA Cool roofing (white roof), tree plantation for buffer zones

Next, was providing mitigating measures to reduce UHI effect and air pollution. For this the area selected was Jolva where I proposed a pilot project of cool roofing on 13 institutional and government buildings, also, a dense green cover by tree plantation on the major roads and industrial buffer zones. This project is viable as it is affordable, less time consuming and effective as gauged from case studies in Hyderabad and of EWS housing in Surat city under Cool Roof and Passive Ventilation project, implemented by TARU Leading Edge Pvt. Ltd and Rockefeller Foundation under the ACCCRN programme (Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network)

Cool roofing (white roof)

I tried to model the future situation based on our measure interventions in the current situation.

Heatwaves & Air pollution Vulnerability in Jolva UHI EFFECT Existing 2020 High vulnerability area - 0.187sqkm (6.33 sqkm) Population being effected - 11983 (17118)

Ambient air quality trend showing PM 10 level in Surat 300

PM 10

250

Urban heat islands

200 150 100 50

➢ :Loamy soil – Peepal, Mahua, Neem, Imli, Shisham

0 2015-16

2016-17

CETP, Palsana

2017-18

PR

2018-19

Year

➢ Water logged areas – Jamun, Arjun

Chalthan Sugar

Projected DP 2035 High vulnerability area - 0.512 sqkm (6.33 sqkm)

Garden Silk Mills, Kadodara

AIR Existing 2020 High vulnerability area - 0.32 sqkm (6.33 sqkm) Population being effected - 10271 (17118) Projected DP 2035 High vulnerability area - 0.631 sqkm (6.33 sqkm) White/Cool roofing INR

7500

CapEx Per building

INR

800

OpEx Per building

IMPLEMENTATION Contracted to agencies, NGO’s and Foundations, ULBs

FINANCING/ FUNDING Privately incurred costs, Individual (betterment levies), Industry, ULBs Life span – 2-20 years (Paint vs SRI tiles) Labour and application – INR 500-600 per day Material – INR 2 – 5.5 per sqft

PHASING Phase 1 – 13 government buildings and institutions Phase 2 – next selected buildings

Tree Plantation INR

INR

5,00,000

2,00,000

CapEx

OpEx

PPP (DBOT), Government contract, NGO’s and Trusts (Natures club, PRAYAS, SankalpTaru)

Community (betterment levies), Industry, ULB Incentivization - Regulation, Awareness

Phase 1 – 8250 trees

Total Cost for 15 years (20202035)

INR 38 lakhs CapEx+Opex

Category 3 Projects

Air Pollution and Heatwaves gravely impact health, for which we proposed healthcare services in the form of a Sub district hospital and Community healthcare centres in 2 villages. This is a category 2 project (generates revenue through charges).

Furthermore, we proposed to add a burn ward to take care of fire accident victims in a hospital at Kadodara. This would add a cost of INR 21.24 crores for the next 15 years (of which the Capex is INR4.44 crores, incurred in the base year -2020).

CO

SUSTAINABILITY & RESILIENCE Creek cleaning and buffering to prevent flood Providing fire station and Health centres for emergency Early warning system and rescue shelter Creek development and development of parks along the same

White roofing for reducing temperature By making area disaster Resilient

Recharging of ground water through rainwater harvesting

By Regulate and recharge ground water

Vison & Theme RESILIENCE is the capability of a strained body to recover its size and shape after deformation caused especially by compressive stress. An ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change.

By rejuvenatin g Green and blue areas

VISION?

Centralized 24/7 water supply to reduce the use of underground water By treat waste water and reuse

SUSTAINABILITY means that a process or state can be maintained at a certain level for as long as is wanted. The Commission defined sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.“ It is the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

Rejuvenating the existing lakes and open spaces

Providing green corridor and pavement along the road network

By collecting and managing the Solid waste

Vermicomposti ng for disposal and reuse of solid waste

FSTP for the treatment of waste water STP for the treatment of household sewage

Mind Mapping Initially I started with developing a convergence matrix for the different proposals given in the pilot projects. This brainstorming led to a major question – What was going to be our vision for the focus area’s infrastructural development?

Post this, I prepared the consolidated mind map of all the ideas that were discussed and noted by the group. In which we tried to interlink different thoughts, sectors and aspects. From this we were able to form our Vision-”To make the area

Door to Door collection of segregated waste

Private Investment

Technology

Public Participation

Water

Land

Resourceful

Employment generation

Untreated grey water

Sharing of Responsibilities

Ground water depletion

Environment

Resilient and Sustainable”

Pollution of Water bodies

Dumping of MSW Health

Recycling Solutions SUFFICIENCY

Cost benefit

Major Issues SUSTAINABILITY

RESILIENCE

ROBUST

INTEGRATED DISASTER RESILIENCE PLAN 2020

Water Supply and Recharge

Integrated Blue Green Infrastructure

Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Green roofing

Drinking water posts

To maintain the temperature and create ecological balance. Green buildings help in compensating for carbon footprint.

Water jugs/Matkas, coolers, posts, fountains available at frequent intervals for public spaces. Potable drinking water to be provided by ULB/Panchayat regularly

Fire Station at Kadodara Green Cover Tree plantation on roads and industrial buffer areas is required reduce UHI effect and act as natural air purifiers.

Air and Heat monitoring poles Recording of Temperature and AQI through readings on poles or programmed street lights

Vareli

Haripura

Jolva

Process of Kadodara Khadi development in model example at Haripura Plugging of effluent dumping, Physical and Chemical Cleaning od creek and Dredging of catchment area

Kadodara

Sub District Hospital

Vankhaneda

Chalthan

Integrated Water Management

Fire Posts

Reuse Reduce and Recycle plan under City sanitation plan

Grey to Blue Green Sustainable infrastructure

Tantithaiya

Making the City Disaster Resilience

CHC

Sustainable and Resilient

CO

The highlighted projects through the journey of understanding the pressing need of disaster management in our area will not be working in silos. Hence, we amalgamate these strategies and intervention in integrated DMPRR plan 2020.

“Integrated Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery Plan 2020, in order to make the region resilient, reflect and spur creative ways for solving problems during times of emergency, amalgamates: • Infrastructural development based on risk sensitive land use planning • 3 key Action plans – Heat, Air and Health • Strategic framework of Institutions and various stakeholders IDMPRR 2020 proposes interventions at all the levels of a Disaster, namely, Pre-During-Post, to minimize the risk to life; waste of time and resources that are all too precious.”

Other proposals converged was matrixed at different layers, such as reuse of waste water by water supply sector.

Overall costing for all the pilot projects by the group was calculated based on Capital Expenses, Operational Expenses, Administration costs and Income generated if any. This helped in preparing an estimate for 15 years as planned time period.

Projects were phased based on immediate need, proportion of costs incurred and duration of construction process. This prioritization helped us distribute costs and try to recover through few revenue generating projects.

LL

SUMMING UP

WHAT WAS MY EXPERIENCE LIKE IN THE CIP STUDIO?

Takeaways in the long run. LAYER OF GARNISH

Understanding of plan formulation process, detailed overview of municipal infrastructure sector and the elements with statutory and obligatory functions. Integration of existing land use as a crucial aspect while planning for infrastructure of a city. Followed by project phasing as a part of costing and financing. Various planning approaches for future infrastructure needs like predict and provide, critical thinking approach and alternative approaches for population & infrastructure projections.

What did I learn as an individual? WHIPPED COFFEE & SUGAR While preparing the CIP and my Pilot project, I got to learn the nuances of infrastructure planning which is not always the direct method of predict and provide or filling the gaps. I also tried to look at Global perspectives and local agendas to enhance the infrastructural character of the city. I learnt that infrastructure acts as a catalyst to growth and solutions can be strategic planning as well as technological solutions. A vast range of literature review turned out to be the key to in-depth research, for a better presentation. Balancing between circumstantial evidences and secondary data is crucial.

Adopting themes for the city vision which are imperative yet eccentric from the approach which is generally followed by the government authorities for preparing CIP, such as Disaster management.

What did WE learn as a group? ICED MILK We as a group of 20 individuals with varied cultural and academic backgrounds, tried to look at 2 fast growing cities of Gujarat, that is Ahmedabad and Surat, focusing on infrastructure needs, opportunities and the services it could offer. In this whole process we brainstormed our way through different perspectives with a common agenda, to try to reach a valuable and meaningful outcome. We learnt new concepts of approaches to city infrastructure demand assessment, components of land use integrated infrastructure planning and prioritisation processes.

Ready to be served…

What we are trying to ask you guys is, did you guys LEARN something?

Or did all the learning end at DALGONA? CONCEPT NOTE Dalgona coffee is the latest coffee fad that had taken the internet by storm. A new coffee recipe that went viral on social media, globally and in India during the COVID-19 lock down. It pretty much sums my experience during the studio, as I relate my individual learning to the essence, which in this case is the whipped sugar and coffee. Group work becomes the binding agent like the iced milk.

Lastly, takeaways become an additional layer, like the garnish.

#DALGONA