Understanding the city, Ahmedabad: Sabarmati precinct by Dhwani VK Chawla

UTC Foundation Studio 2019 | Dhwani Chawla | PG190289 | CEPT, Faculty of Planning

Inhabitability of an old established precinct

Unveiling venerable and greying Sabarmati’s diverse palette

PREFACE A city can be understood through diverse layers of functional, psychological and agglomerative patterns which overlap through various perspectives. Areas can be homogenous or heterogenous, however, they co-exist leading to a vivacious fabric. Ahmedabad is such a city located in the state of Gujarat. The Sabarmati River cuts Ahmedabad into east and west, as well as old and new respectively having different typologies, densities, infrastructure etc. This was studied in “Understanding the City”, Foundation studio 2019 at CEPT University. With each student being given a precinct (one square kilometre) to be analysed through various aspects. The precinct documented in this publication lies in Sabarmati; in the North Western fringe of Ahmedabad. The precinct is located at around 9 kilometres from CEPT University. The stark contrast of eastern and western side Ahmedabad can be interpreted through this precinct. The precinct comprises mostly of middle-income neighbourhood. The precinct has lower land rates as compared to Navrangpura (Around 4-5 times less), and hence the housing is affordable to the lower income groups as well. The precinct is largely residential with some industrial to the south of the precinct. The precinct hasn’t undergone any major transformation which can be evidently seen through last decade’s development and its barely affected urban form. The publication looks at the precinct from the lens of inhabitability as an old establishment, key aspects observed in the neighbourhood.

Acknowledgement I would sincerely like to thank our studio guide Prof. Narendra Mangwani sir, our academic associate Ms. Delicia Konsam ma’am for guiding and assisting me throughout the studio. I am also very grateful to all the other professors and teaching associates of the foundation studio 2019, for their inputs and comments, which led to holistic learning in this duration. I express my deepest gratitude towards my family, each and every member of W5 bay, friends and seniors for supporting me, keeping faith and pushing me to work to my best.

CONTENTS Preface i Acknowledgement ii

Part 1

Overview 1

Part 5

Publicness 21

Part 2

Evolution 5

Part 6

Choices and affordability

1.1 Location and settings 2 1.2 Image and identity 3 1.3 Ekistics 4

2.1 History and Timeline 6-7 2.2 People’s perspective 8

Part 3

Disclaimer The information presented in this document has been studied and collated by the author as part of the Foundation studio ‘Understanding the city’ under Faculty of Planning, CEPT University. Any omissions and errors are deeply regretted. Resemblance to any previous work is coincidental. The research is for academic purposes only.

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Liveability 9

As planned (land use) 10 Built fabric 11 Livelihood 12-13 Skeletal framework 14

Part 4

Connectivity and accessibility 15

4.1 Congestion on circulation network 4.2 Experiencing available road infrastructure and Public transport 4.3 Walkability and Mobility 4.4 Affects of housing choices on travel

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Built vs Open 22 People friendliness 23 Remaining Public Realm 24-25 Ownership of space 26

6.1 Deciphering impact of land development on affordability 6.2 Correlating patterns of choices 6.3 What has happened when people made certain choices 6.4 Cycle of preferences

Part 7

27 28 29 30 31

Conclusion 32-33

Author’s Note 34

17 18-19 20

iii

OVERVIEW PART 1

1.1 Location and settings 1.2 Image and identity 1.3 Eksitics iv

1.1 LOCATION AND SETTINGS

The located 8.6 8.6kmkmfromfrom University, Theprecinct precinct is located CEPTCEPT University, in Sa-in Sabarmati, Ahmedabad. East of Ranip barmati, Ahmedabad. Ranip and and South Southof ofMotera. Motera. It isItprimarily Residential with an exception of the Torrent power is primarily Residential with an exception of the Torrent plant in the South East and commercial on major roads. The power plant in the South East and commercial on major East andThe West divided almost equally by aequally major road roads. Eastare and West are divided almost by (Ahmedabad – Patan highway. ) Housing Typology varies a major road (Ahmedabad – Patan highway. ) Housing starkly on both sides,onwith thetheWest more row Typology variesthestarkly both sides,having with the West houses and independent bungalows and the East having more having more row houses and independent bungalows and slums/chalis.

1.2 IMAGE AND IDENTITY Identifying Typologies BAZAAR

the East having more slums/chalis. View on both the sides is austerely different. The road can be considered to unite or divide the two.

View on both the sides is austerely different. The road can be considered to unite or divide the two.

Sabarmati’s urban image is analysed using Kevin Lynch’s elements of a city. The zones created by edges, major nodes at intersections, and various landmarks are among the most important elements in shaping Sabarmati’s urban image. Image of the precinct gives rise to the science behind understanding people’s perception and behaviour in the area. 2

PATHS : Channels which people move along - Ahmedabad Patan highway, arterial, sub arterial, collector roads, local streets, sidewalks, etc EDGES : Dividing lines between phases - Sabarmati river bank, railway lines, important roads. DISTRICTS : medium to large sections, characterised by a neighbourhood - societies (different kinds of residential zones), industrial zones, etc. LANDMARKS : Point of reference which makes one orient oneself. E.g: signs, buildings, stores, religious places, institutions, people, etc. NODES : Area of strategic spots where extra focus is given. E.g: busy intersection (street vending), popular commercial centre, vacant parcels used for parking at junctions, etc. 3

EVOLUTION EVOLUTION

The study involves every kind of human settlement, with particular attention to geography, ecology, human psychology, anthropology, culture, politics, and occasionally aesthetics. As a scientific mode of study, ekistics relies on statistics and description, organized in five ekistic elements or principles: nature, anthropos, society, shells, and networks. These are studied through the analysis using various defined parameters, such as transformation, street, morphology, land-use, public realm, infrastructure, public transport, governance, job preferences and choices made by people. Understanding these criteria result in epitomizing Sabarmati as an old establishment. The questions that hence arise are, how and why is it still inhabited past generations. What drives the attractiveness or attachment of the residents?

Part- II

1.3 EKISTICS

PART 2

Human settlement elements (Doxiadis 1969)

Nature (open spaces)

Geological, topographical, soil, resources, water, plant life, animal life, climate

Man

Biological needs, sensation and perception (5 senses), emotional needs, moral values

Society

Population, density, social, cultural, economic, education, health, law, administrative

Shells (buildings) Housing, services, shopping centres, recreational facilities, civic and business centre, industry, transport centre

Network (streets)

Water supply, power supply, transportation, communication, sewerage and drainage, physical layout

Location and

NATURE SHELL

NETWORK 4

MAN

SOCIETY

2.1 History and Timeline 2.2 People’s perspective 5

2.1 HISTORY AND TIMELINE SPATIAL: Population shift towards the western part of the city more drastically leading to setting up of many housing societies. Residential settlements start emerging in and around Sabarmati area - Acher, Dharamnagar, Ramnagar, Jalsabar society and Old Subhash nagar. TP scheme 23 was implemented in 1983

ECOLOGY: Parks and gardens being made to balance green spaces that face severe depletion. Vacant land being used up for parking, slum dwellers - makeshift houses. Unkept green areas damage the course and life of the abutting river as well. Cattle roam freely causing congestion 6

EAST

Locals are overjoyed with achievements of the city and take credit for support

Soon to be developed by SRFDCL Location: Chali in Acher

Divide across Railway station in South West

Open for a better life. People continue to move in and out for work. Citizens prefer to stay in the locality

It’s gone

2017 - World heritage city declared

2015 - One of 20 selected Smart cities

2012 - TOI claims Ahmedabad as the best city to live in

2009 - BRTS brings sustainable transport to Ahmedabad and is internationally and nationally credited

2008 - Ahmedabad bombings was a series of seventeen bomb blasts

At present (2019)

2006 - Floods damage Riverfront

2000 onwards

2005 - Megacity

Till 2000

My home!

2004 - Sabarmati RiverFront Development Corporation Limited established

Late 1900’s - Good connectivity with the West This triggered migration of the people, facilitated by gradually shutting down mills (in the East). Torrent Power plant was established in 1996

2003 - Vibrant Gujarat (Every 2 years, latest in 2019)

1973 - Heavy floods

1948 - Famine, powerhouse - Electric grid scheme

1947 - Independence

1941 - Communal riots

1930 - Salt march

1927 - Heavy floods

Way back in the past

1980’s - Town Planning Schemes The scheme for Sabarmati came in 1983, later to be revised in 2000 and 2015. This led to systemised development in the precinct

2002 - Gujarat riots

1950 - AMC Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation formed. And jurisdiction expanded in 1957

1935 - New development in the West Western Ahmedabad started developing in a properly planned manner and became a preferred choice for new settlements

2001 - Earthquake

Early 1900’s - Agrarian villages Villages on the banks of Sabarmati river. Bazaar for localities in the precinct. Sabarmati railway station was established.

1916 - Sabarmati Ashram is made

SOCIO-CULTURAL: Sabarmati started attracting a lot of affluent population. Ashram setup by Gandhi ji in 1915, in the vicinity. Sardar bridge constructed in 1939. Few commercial building arise along the main road and increase in traffic. Gardens and hospitals are set up along with several religious places. Today one of the prevailing problem is of trash on roads which leads to unsanitary conditions for living. Temples and religious spots built due to riots as a symbol of demarcating the area as Hindu, due to close proximity to Muslim community across the railway tracks in the West. Fear was embedded due to events such as famine, floods, riots, earthquakes and several occurrences of natural and manmade calamities

WEST

The community of Hindus and Jains is large and culturally significant in Ahmedabad. Jains and Hindus live peacefully and cohesively as communities. Owing to the religious and cultural influence of Jains and many Hindus, there is a massive number of temples, shines and Derasars in the locality. Jains came in to spread religion and trade

REAL ESTATE: No major change in built form has happened since 2000 till 2019. Gradual increase in apartment typology to tenements and apartments. Slight increase in height/verticality in the precinct - a few new high rises constructed. Dramatic increase in commercial activities on internal roads. Slum Clearance, slum networking projects, involved bodies and policies GSCB, EIUS, UBSP, UCD are in process of implementation. Land Value has increased over time due to betterment in infrastructure - utilities, facilities and services. Under the jurisdictiction of Megacity. CONNECTIVITY: After the shut down of textile mills in 1980s, in 1990s Ahmedabad Patan highway became a major artery. With good connectivity, attracting a lot of commercial activity and institutions. People working all over the city shift to this area. In 2009, widening of roads and junctions to cater to the traffic issue under the revised DP by GTPUDA 1976. BRTS implemented in 2009, started functioning in 2012. Too much traffic on the main road due to lane divisions on the highway. Many bottlenecks being created due to parking, informal sector encroachment, temples made on pedestrian footpath, etc. Cycle lanes being misused (inefficiency). Metro under construction in 2019 7

As time passes by, people form attachments to places, reasons that make them continue to live in a particular area or fashion. It becomes their accustomed habitat. Place attachment is the emotional bond between person and place. It is highly influenced by an individual and his or her personal experiences. They continue to occupy these spaces for generations based on convenience. There is perhaps the feeling of mutual affinity, community, fraternity among persons, whether formal or informal, institutionalised or not – nor feeling of diversity, aversion, hostility. People have lived in Sabarmati for generations together. Environmental factors influence perceptions of inhabitability such as climate, landforms, natural resources. Human factors influence perceptions of inhabitability, for example culture, income, employment, crime and safety.

Part- III

2.2 PEOPLE’S PERSPECTIVE

LIVEABILITY AND SUSTENANCE Liveability & Sustenance PART 3 land use, housing, infra

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 8

As planned (land use) Built fabric Livelihood Skeletal framework 9

Land

2% 3% 0.4% 5%

Legend

Exercise Exercise 4.2 Land 4.2 UseLand Use

Building Use

3.1 AS PLANNED (LAND USE)

Legend

Plot Use

58% of the total residential typology is slums, contributing 374 pph density (highest in the precinct). Rest of the population is divided into 10% living in Apartments, 12% in Row houses, 2% in Detached and 18% in Semi-Detached. Average HH size is 4.72 Overall population density is 170 pph. DU/Ha is 36 Sabarmati has 92% buildings with residential land use on the ground floor with only 5% having commercial and 2% Use parking. The rest are institutional, religious or other land uses. Commercial on ground floor is primarily seen on Ramnagar main road, due to which the street is more active. While the residential zones don’t have such happening edges. This could be due to the gating of colonies, or having boundary walls as separation Evolution of the precinct is narrated through housing typology. Morphology can be analysed through the periodic development in the area. The area densified from East to West.

3% 9%

0.2%

40%

Exercise 4.2 Land Use

Residential Commercial Public Utility Industrial Institutional Mixed Use Religious

Land Use

Legend

Plot Use

3% 22%

3% 4% 4%

0.2% 6%

40%

Commercial Industrial Institutional Mixed Open Spaces Public Utility Religious Residential Vacant Water Body Building use Roads and Transport

Industrial Institutional Mixed Use Religious

125000.

Building use

250000.

375000.

Plot use

500000.

Building Age

The plots allocated under a particular land use aren’t completely built. Hence there is a

Land Use

Height of the buildings in the precinct is measured using number of floors. Each Margin: Plot - Built (sqm) floor has an average height of 3 meters. Residential Studio | Exercise 4 | Built Form, Built Use and Typology The buildings range from G toUnderstand G+9 the City Commercialthe City Studio | Exercise 4 | Built Form, Built Use and Typology Understand floors, which is 3 – 30m. Public Utility

Exercise 4.2 Building Type and Building Height 3.2 BUILT FABRIC

22%

0.2%

Job Centers: Use (Predominant) Exercise 4.2 Building Type andBuilt Building Height

Commercial Public Utility Industrial Institutional Mixed Use Type Building Religious

10%

22%

3% 4%

Commercial3% 9% Industrial 78% Institutional 4%

Institutional Mixed Mixed 4% 4% Open Spaces Open Spaces Public Utility Public Utility 6% 6% 8% Religious Religious 1% 1% Residential Residential Vacant Vacant Water Body Sabarmati Waterhas Body92% buildings with Roads and Transport Roads and Transport 40% residential land use on the ground

Building use

4% Open Spaces Utility The plots allocated under a 6% The Public plots allocated under a Legend Religious particular land Ground use particular aren’t land use aren’t 1% Residential completely built. Hence is a floor there use completely built. Hence there is a Vacant lot of margin between the plotted lot of margin between the plotted Water Body land and built use (constructed). land and built (constructed). Roads anduse Transport 40% The areas like slums are built The areas like slums are built extremely densely and contrast extremely densely and contrast the vacancy space in other areas JobinCenters: Built Use in(Predominant) the vacancy space in other areas

Legend

Building Height (floors)

Building Typology

Predominant use

Legend

Predominant use

10%

Residential Commercial Public Utility Industrial Institutional Mixed Use Religious

58%

2% 18%

Legend

Ground floor use

Job Centers: Built

58%

Apartment Row houses Detached Semi-Detached Slums

18%

Job Centers: Built Use (Ground Floor) 2%

Apartment

Row houses 2% Residential 10% 3% Semi-detached 0.4% Commercial 1% Type of Dwelling Dwelling Units Population 5% Public Utility Density (pph) Detached Apartment 1%

Row houses Apartment

Semi-detached

Row houses Detached

358 16% 435

Industrial 1690 Institutional 205330% Mixed Use Religious

Commericial

Institutional 7840% Retail Vendors

1% 1%

22%

5% 16%are based on Housing preferences Semi-detached 30% ownership and rented. Key questions Detached that can be answered are Why did 22% Commericial 19% people decide to live here? What are Institutional 10% the parameters for tenants? Major inVendors 20% vestments 4% in the past few years have 78% Industrial *Mixed comprises only 28% of retail and residential Others been education for 59% of the population including all income classes. Understand the City Studio | Exercise 11 | Jobs, Employment, Livelihood However for the higher income groups other sectors have been business and bank. Whilst in income below 30000, there are many families with no inDistribution of typology vestment. People in the precinct aspire to invest in based on their income capacities 10%

2% 3% 0.4% 5%

Distribution of typology

10% 12% Use (Predominant)

Building Height (floors) Apartment

12%

Margin: Plot - Built (sqm)

Residential Evolution of the Commercial Public Utility precinct is narrated Industrial through housing Institutional typology. Morphology PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT Mixed Use 2%University PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University Religious can be analysed 2% Residential 10% 0. 125000. 375000. 500000. 3% 250000. through Commercial the periodic 0.4% 5% development in the Public Utility Building use Plot use Industrial

Legend

Building Typology

Legend

floor with only 5% having commercial and Margin: Plot - Built (sqm) Plot - Built (sqm)2% parking. The rest are Margin: institutional, religious or other land Residential uses. Commercial on ground floor is Commercial Public Utility primarily seen on Ramnagar main Industrial road, due to which the street is more Institutional Legend Land Use active. While the residential zones Mixed Use Plot Use Religious 3% don’t have such happening edges. 0. 125000. 0. 250000.125000. 375000.250000. 500000. 375000. 500000. Commercial 22% 3% This could be due to the gating of 9% Industrial colonies, or having boundary walls as 4% Building use Plot use use Building Plot use Institutional separation Mixed 0.2%

Building Height

Building Type

2% Building Height

*Mixed comprises only of retail and Commercial residential Industrial

Job Centers: Built Use (Gr

Type of Dwelling Dwelling Units Population Density (pph)

Job Centers: Built Use (Ground Floor)

Apartment

358

1690

Row houses

435

2053

Row houses

Apartment Row houses Detached Semi-Detached Slums

Legend

Distance to work was Ground floorthe use main reason to buy the house in this area (when it was bought), followed by proximity to educationalfacilities andthe precinctbeinga good,safe and suitable neighbourhood for many. Another reason was the lotterysystemthroughwhichpeoplegothouseshereBuilding Height (m) 2250 1800 1350 900 450 0

1653

1780

Religion,eatinghabitsandmaritalstatuDetached 85 401 15 sarekeycomponentsforpeoplelooking Semi-Detached 648 3059 117 fortenants.Asthere aremajorlyonly2 Slums 2076 9799 374 religions –JainandHindu,theyprefer 3 6 9 12 15 18 Total 3602 17001 the same. Vegetarian and married 16% 58% of the total residential typology is slums, contributing 374 pph people are preferred. Home based density 30% (highest in the precinct). Rest of the population is divided activity prohibition and strong social Retail Building Height 40% (m) into 10% living in Apartments, 12% in Row houses, 2% in Detached network contacts are least of the priand 18% in Semi-Detached. Wholesale 2250 19% Heightority, of the probablybecausethe buildings in the Average HH size is 4.72 families Services 1800 precinct is measured using Overall 170 pph. and food joints 10% population density isRestaurants are morenuclearnowandhave lesser1350 number of floors. Each floor has DU/Ha is 36 networks todependon. 20% 900 1653

40%

263

1780

22% Wholesale 85 15 Commericial area. The area Detached 19% 401 78% IndustrialServices 4% Institutional an average height of 3 meters. *Mixed comprises only 263 Use and Typology Institutional Understand the City Studio | Exercise 4 | Built Form, Built PG190289 | Faculty of Pla densifiedMixed from 648 3059 Use East to Semi-Detached of retail and10% residential 117 Others Restaurants and food joints 28% 450 61 52 11 12 2 The buildings range from G to Vendors The plots West. allocated Religious under a 0 Slums 2076 9799 374 G+9 floors, which is 3 – 30 m. 20% 4% 78% land*Mixed Industrial particular usecomprises aren’tonly Understand the City Studio | Exercise 11 | Jobs, Employment, Livelihood 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University

28% Total 3602 17001 completely built. of Hence is a retail there and residential Others lot of margin between the plotted Understand the land City and Studio Exercise 11 | Jobs, Employment, Livelihood built| use (constructed). | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University 58% of the total residential typology is slums, contributing 374PG190289 pph The areas like slums are built density (highest in the precinct). Rest of the population is divided extremely densely and contrast into 10% living in Apartments, 12% in Row houses, 2% in Detached the vacancy in space in other areas

Exercise 11.2 Analysing jobs and livelihood in the precinct 3.3 Livelihood Centre wise distribution of jobs

Income wise distribution of gender

80% 60% 40% 20% Casual

Contract Male

Regular

Self Employed

Female

Job centre wise distribution of gender

Others

Street vendors

Institutional

Industrial

Commercial

Residential

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

Male

Except for residential and institutional job centres, males dominate all other job centres in the precinct. Many female teachers and helpers were observed. Except for a few retail shops very few female workers were observed during survey in commercial centres.

Female

Understand the City Studio | Exercise 11 | Jobs, Employment, Livelihood

With increase in income it is observed that female proportion in jobs are reducing. Most of the jobs served by females now remain casual jobs like domestic services, cleaning, and in few cases vending. People engaging in casual jobs don’t earn more than Rs.10000. Self employed individuals like businesses, shops, industries, restaurant owners, in the precinct belong to > Rs.50000 category.

Average working days per week

Male

Female

100%

People travel for higher income, regular jobs and businesses. Workers at younger age group travel longer distance. More females work outside the precinct than are employed within.

Supervisors/ Skilled

60% 40%

Owner

20% 0%

“I was a seven or eight-year-old kid when I used to work here with my

grandfather. But now92% my grandfather is very oldresidential and I have taken overuse Sabarmati has buildings with land this the place. The onlyfloor day I take is on 5% a Sunday, that commercial too after sitting and at on ground withoffonly having the tea stall for more than 12 hours every day. I am from a poor family 2% parking. The rest are institutional, religious or other and poor people don't have dreams. We poor can only dream for land uses. Commercial on ground floor is primarily seen two meals a day. I haven't ever had a dream beyond this. My only hope on Ramnagar road, due to the street is them more is my children and main I send them to school. I amwhich uneducated but I want active. While the residential zones don’t have such to have a bright future and not struggle every day to just source two happening This could be due to the gating of colonies, meals for edges. the family.” or having boundary walls as separation

Maximum high paid jobs are outside the precinct. People travel to places such as Gandhinagar, CG road, etc., for work purposes. The income of people in various sectors in the precinct ranges from Rs.100 - 4000 per day (depending on scale of work)

Jobs outside the precinct

Skills vs job Unskilled

80%

Fabric the Eastern is strikingly from God has on planned this for me side and I have accepted itdifferent with a happy heart.the Western part. The stark contrast between the Acher There are millions of people who beg and sleep without food. I give village andto slums onmythe Eastgoand comparatively higher good food my family, children to school. What else do I need in life?” apartments, refined living in row houses and tenements in the West cannot be subdued. This leads to participants “I started workingand in a tea stall. Now generators I have my own or chaijob place but how of workforce economic opportunimuch can you earn by selling tea for five Indian rupees? My clientele is ties respectively. As the area is mostly residential, there mostly labourers and beggars who can just afford a cup of chai with a aren’t a lot of formal recognized jobs. However, the slum biscuit for a day's meal. I am old and now I am not able to sit through the dwellers mostly work the precinct as maids, helpday, so I close early and this within has also affected my earnings.” ers, guards, etc

Evidently men work for longer hours than women due to difference in jobs. Casual jobs have fewer working hours than regular, self employed or contract based jobs. Skills have an important impact in terms of income. Supervisor or Skilled workers earn more than unskilled or casual workers. Earning of the owner is the profit. Managerial are next in hierarchy and earn most as employees due to their acquired skill set. However in all centres not necessarily all the categories /levels exist. 92% of regular jobs are taken by skilled, casual and contract based jobs are predominantly unskilled workers.

Income wise distribution of nature of jobs

Residential workers

Managerial 0-10000

There is a big gap between males and females employed. Females do many casual jobs of domestic services, which only constitutes to 28% of total workers. Self employed jobs are also dominated by males at 88%. This shows that the retail, vending, shops, industries are primarily owned by them.

Male

Casual

Contract

Regular

Above 50000

Gender wise distribution of jobs 100%

Female

40000-50000

Self Employed

Average working hours per day

Gender

30000-40000

Others

Street vendors

Institutional

Regular

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

20000-30000

Contract

70% of the households provides for casual job of domestic help, cook, gardener, driver, etc. This leads to high percentage of casual jobs in the residential category. Vendors mostly have self employed nature of job. Commercial has helpers varying from regular, contract as well as casual workers. Industries in the precinct engage many daily waged contracted labours for construction, cleaning, loading – unloading and various other purposes.

10000-20000

Casual

Industrial

Residential

Commercial

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

“I have been selling tea for the last 20 years. I am happy with my life.

DEPENDENCY ON SLUMS

Self Employed

Age of Job

Demographic profile

Time plays an important role as it provides job security and company loyalty. This effects income.

Ages of people employed and dependency of family members decides the job pattern

> 20-30 years

35-50 years

10%

Family Members

33% 0%

Casual

50%

Contract

Regular

100% Self Employed

Literacy

70% : 30%

Skills and literacy play a crucial role in deciding what kind of job is suitable. Most didn’t require 12th pass qualification as they have their own businesses or work as casual and contract labour

PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University

4% 6%

47%

Self employed Casual Regular Contract Unemployed

Established jobs centers like commercial and industrial buildings provide large number of jobs per area in comparison to institutional areas. Vending have high job density with 2-5 sqm average space required per job, which estimates to 60 vendors per Ha. Casual and contract jobs are dominated by slum dwellers within the precinct Most employment is generated by casual workers in residential areas due to maids, drivers, cooks, plumbers, carpenter, electrician, etc. The unemployed consist of retired, unwilling to work, students and children 13

Still open defecation

Swachh Bharat mission

Unaware about details of the existing pipeline network

Part- IV

3.4 SKELETAL FRAMEWORK Junctions have most manholes

Sanitation – toilet, dumping site and seating

Connectivity & accessibility CONNECTIVITY AND ACCESSIBILITY PART 4

– streets, public transport

Too many packets vs few dustbins

Sewage

Trash becomes food for cattle (3Rs) Non-porous surface of manholes

Solid waste management

Water & Sanitation Coexistence of all utilities

Drains and sewers run parallelly

Stormwater drainage Mark or stamp doesn’t mean it will always be catered to

Aspects that we might miss while analysing the condition of networked utilities of an area. Things that hide in plain site, sensitivity towards the environment, integration with the public spaces and various other aspects of how sanitary it is. This helps in determining the standard of living of the people and their quality of life. 14

Awareness through art on walls

Provisions for drainage by Apartments

Breakages, hindrances or natural drain pits

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Congestion on circulation network Experienceing available road infrastructure and Public transport Walkability and Mobility Affects of housing choices on travel 15

Higher the link node ratio, higher is the connectivity. Higher the linkwell-connected node ratio, higher is the connectivity. Link node ratio Higher of 1.64 the shows road link node ratio, higher is or the connectivity. Link node ratio of 1.64 shows well-connected road or path network throughout the precinct and has many Higher the link node ratio, higher is the connectivity. Link node ratio of 1.64 shows well-connected road or path network throughout the precinct and has many links, intersections, and few dead-ends. Asthe precinct and Link node ratio of 1.64 shows well-connected road or path network throughout has many links, intersections, and few dead-ends. As connected node ratio is high, the connectivity path network throughout the precinct and has many links, intersections, and few dead-ends. As connected node ratio is high, the connectivity increases, travel distances decrease, route links, intersections, and few dead-ends. As connected node ratioand is high, the connectivity increases, distances decrease, and route options increase, allowingtravel more direct travel connected node ratio is high, the connectivity increases, travel distances decrease, and route options increase, allowing more direct travel between destinations increases, travel distances decrease, and route options increase, allowing more direct travel between destinations options increase, allowing more direct travel Road density - 220.11 m/Ha between destinations Node Density - 1.46 Node/Ha between destinations Area under road - 27.6% Link node ratio (total links/intersections nodes) - 1.64 Perimeter (m) Connected Node Ratio (total intersection nodes Perimeter (m) /(Intersection Nodes+Dead ends)) - 0.76 Perimeter (m)

3.1 Network Assessment

Streets in Sabarmati are well connected and easily accessible by locals on foot or cycles, at majority of the time. It can be said that interpreting less space and a growing population as a need to focus on moving people more efficiently, we often see roads put in places where there should be streets. Which are over-engineered for “future growth” to the point that their purpose and function as a street is diminished, and instead we have a road with buildings beside it.

Street and Node Density

Perimeter (m)

Hierarchy

Nodes

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

Higher the link node ratio, higher is the connectivity. Link node ratio of 1.64 shows well-connected road or path network throughout the precinct and has many Hierarchy links, intersections, and few dead-ends. As Hierarchy connected node ratio Hierarchy is high, the connectivity increases, travel distances decrease, and route options increase, allowing more direct travel Length (m) Hierarchy between destinations Nodes Arterial Length (m) Hierarchy Level 1 1010 Length (m) Hierarchy Block Size - Area Nodes Level 2 1318Level 1 Sub-Arterial Length (m) Hierarchy 1010 Arterial Nodes 1010

Arterial

4219

Collector

1318 15463

Sub-Arterial Local street

Level 1 1010 4219Level 2 Collector 1318 Level 2 1318 15463 Local street 4219 LevelPerimeter 3 4219 (m) Level 3 Total 22011 15463 Level 4 15463 Level 4

Level 3 Level 4

Total 22011 Total 22011

Total 22011 A lot of informal activities are happening along the road, due to which encroachment Road density - 220.11 m/Ha Blocks with majority part outside the precinct boundary not of vendors and shop owners has led to the Node Density Perimeter of Blocks Area of Blocks - 1.46 Node/Ha included in calculation Blocks with majority part outside Blocks with majority partnot outside the precinct boundary narrowing of carriage way and resulting Area under road 27.6% the precinct boundary not Perimeter of of Blocks Blocks Area of of Blocks Blocks Count - 62 Count - 62 Blocks with majority part outside included in calculation Perimeter Area included in calculation the precinct boundary not Minimum - 90 m Minimum - 447 sqm in bottlenecks in various Link node ratio (total links/intersections nodes) - 1.64 Perimeterareas. of Blocks This causes Area of Blocks included in calculation Length Maximum - 1146 m Maximum - 63308 sqm (m) Count - 62 Count - 62 Hierarchy Count - 62 Count - 62 road chokes, clogging and blockages.Count Ille-- 62 Connected Node Ratio (total intersection Sum - 27971nodes/ m Sum - 811891 sqm Minimum - 90 m Minimum - 447 sqm 1010 Arterial CountMinimum - 62 Level 1 90 m Minimum - 447 sqm - 451 m Maximum - 1146 m Mean - 13095 sqm Maximum - 63308 sqm (Intersection Nodes+Dead ends)) Mean - 0.76 gal parking of auto rickshaws and private Minimum - 90 m Minimum - 447 -sqm Maximum 1146 m Maximum - 63308 sqm Level 2 1318 Sub-Arterial Sum 27971 m Sum 811891 sqm Maximum - 1146 m Maximum Sum -- 63308 27971 sqm m Sum - 811891 sqm vehicles further adds onto the obstruction Mean 451 m Mean 13095 sqm 4219 Collector Level 3 Sum - 27971 m Sum -Mean 811891 sqm - 451 m Mean - 13095 sqm Mean - 451 m Mean - 13095 sqm and aggravation. Local street Level 4 15463 It can be observed from the map that the majority of It can be observed from the map that the precinct is perimeter falls under 520 meters, which means that divided into small blocks of the area. Large areas are 22011 Traffic congestion leads to slower speeds, Total precinct has good connectivity in saving the cost and usually comprising of open spaces or gated It can be observed from the map thatflow the majority of can be observed from the map that the precinct is longer trip time and increased vehicular time of local people. There is rarely precinct is well connected in most It can be observed fromdiscontinuous the map that the majority of communities.ItItThe can be observed from the map that the precinct is perimeter falls under 520 meters, which means that divided into small blocks of the area. Large areas are of traffic. places. It can be observed from the map that the majority of It can It can be observed from the map that the precinct isthat of perimeter falls under 520 meters, which means divided into small blocks of the area. Large areas are be observed from the map that the majority perimeter falls under queueing. As perimeter demand approaches the caprecinct has good connectivity in saving the cost and usually comprising of open spaces or gated falls under 520 meters, which means that divided into small of the area. in Large areas precinct has blocks good connectivity saving theare cost and usually comprising of open spaces or gated time of local people. There is rarely discontinuous flow communities. The precinct is well connected in most 520 meters, which means that precinct has good connectivity in saving the precinct has good connectivity in saving the cost and usually comprising of open spaces or gated time of local people. There is rarely discontinuous flow communities. The precinct is well connected in most pacity of thetimeroad (or intersections along of traffic. places. of local people. There is rarely discontinuous flow The precinct is |well connected most of traffic. places. Understand thelocal City Studio Exercise 3outside |inStreets Blocks with majority is part cost andcommunities. time of people. There rarely discontinuous flow of traffic. it), extreme traffic of traffic. congestion sets. places. the precinct boundary not Hierarchy

Nodes

Area (sqm)

Perimeter Blocks In theofmap on

Minimum - 90 m Maximum - 1146 m Sum - 27971 m Mean - 451 m

Minimum - 447 sqm Maximum - 63308 sqm Sum - 811891 sqm Mean - 13095 sqm

No. of pax on board

Route No. 84 Start Time - 19 : 05 End Time - 20 : 20 Duration - 75 min Distance – 20.8 km

Area (sqm) Area (sqm)

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Nil

0.00-2.60

Acceptable

42 - 48

2.61-4.20

Moderate

49 - 56

4.21-6.20

High

Passenger per sqm

Level of overcrowding

0 - 30

2.14

2.38

Acceptable Male: 0 – 6.70 Female: 0 – 7.10

Overcrowding at Peak and off-peak hours as per Land use

Moderate Levels of overcrowding

41 38

Destination - Chandkheda

38 33 30

Seat capacity - 30 25 21 18 15 9

Residential

Institutional

Arterial Sub-Arterial Sub-Arterial Collector Collector Local street Local street

Around half of the precinct does not have footpaths. In the areas that do, width of the footpath varies from 1 to nearly 3 m. However, due to various activities which are observed on the pedestrian paths, Block Size - Area encroachment by shopkeepers, vendors, parking, construction of houses and metro, temples, etc leads to severe inconvenience for the user. To add onto this, footpaths are not well maintained leading to very PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University poor existing condition.

Standing pax/sqm

31 - 41

Origin- Lal darwaza

Two of the important roads in the precinct are divided. Lack of median becomes one of the major reasons for traffic congestion. Median varies from divider of 500 mm width, to BRTS Block Size - Area lane barriers forming meBlock Sizeon Area dians the highway. Block Size -- Area

Area of Blocks included inareas calculation the right,the large areExercise usually comprising of open spaces Understand the City Studio Studio || Exercise Streets PG190289 || Faculty Faculty of of Planning Planning || CEPT CEPT University University Understand City 33 || Streets PG190289 or gated communities. The precinct is well connected in most places. Count - 62 Count - 62PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University Understand the City Studio | Exercise 3 | Streets

Overcrowding Chart

Case Study

It can be observed that the precinct comprises of a wide hierarchy of road widths associated with the function of locality. Informal activities largely affect the width, to greatly Block Size - Perimeter reduce the carriage way available to commute.

Lal Darwaja Apna Bazaar Jansatta Office Mirzapur Dilli Chakla Delhi Darwaja Swaninarayan Mandir Hirabagh Police Comissioner Office Police stadium Narangarh Ghanshyamnagar Subhash Bridge Keshav Nagar Railway overbridge Power House Dharmanagar Varsoda ni chali Ram Nagar Chintamani Society Abukala society Amizara Society Adarsh Vidyavihar Jawahar School Jawahar Chowk Railway Colony Vallabhpark Kendriya vidyalaya Chandkheda crossroad Sabarmati D Cabin Manavnagar Padmaprabhu Nagar (Mansoravar) Sneh Plaza Manikripa school Gujarat Housing Board Sargam hoptown Chandkheda (Sarathi bungalow)

Road density - 220.11 m/Ha Node Density - 1.46 Node/Ha Area under road - 27.6% Link node ratio (total links/intersections nodes) - 1.64 Connected Node Ratio (total intersection nodes /(Intersection Nodes+Dead ends)) - 0.76

Block Size - Perimeter Block Size Size -- Perimeter Perimeter Block

Bus stops

Commercial

Peak hour (19:00 – 20:30) Off-Peak hour (17:40 – 18:55)

Date of survey – 30/08/2019, Friday

Exterior & Interior of AMTS bus Legend

Passengers standing per sqm

20:25

Overcrowding at time intervals 4 stops

20:05

AMC Boundary

5 4

Seating

Frequency of bus stops

Ventilation

Types of bus stops

21 stops

19:55

Passengers behaviour

7 stops

20:15

Roads

Lighting

Visibility of bus stops

Timing

Higher the link node ratio, higher is the connectivity. Link node ratio of 1.64 shows well-connected road or path network throughout the precinct and has many links, intersections, and few dead-ends. As connected node ratio is high, the connectivity Exercise increases, travel distances decrease, and route options increase, allowing more direct travel between destinations

Street and Node Density

Road density - 220.11 m/Ha - 220.11 m/Ha Road density RoadNode/Ha density - 220.11 m/Ha Node Density - 1.46 Node Density - 1.46 Node/Ha Density - 1.46 Node/Ha Area under road Node - 27.6% Area under road - 27.6% Area links/intersections under road - 27.6% Link node ratio (total nodes) - 1.64 Link node ratio (total links/intersections nodes) - 1.64 (total links/intersections nodes) - 1.64 Connected Node Link Rationode (totalratio intersection nodes Connected Node Ratio (total intersection nodes Connectedends)) Node Ratio /(Intersection Nodes+Dead - 0.76(total intersection nodes /(Intersection Nodes+Dead ends)) - 0.76 /(Intersection Nodes+Dead ends)) - 0.76

Street and Node Density

4.2 EXPERIENCING AVAILABLE ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT

People onboard

4.1 CONGESTION ON CIRCULATION NETWORK Exercise 3.1 Network Assessment Exercise 3.1 Network Assessment Exercise 3.1 Network Assessment Street and Nodeand Density Block Size - Perimeter Street Node Density

Cleanliness

Availability of informaiton

Safety

19:45 19:35

Bus fare (affordability)

19:25 19:15 19:05

Hault time at stops

5 stops

Major bus stop

Minor bus stop

Bus Terminal

Friendliness of staff Quality of driving

Rating Quality of experience

The precinct offers the citizens various option to choose for travel, such as AMTS, BRTS, IPT, etc. Metro is also under construction. AMTS is cheaper than private transport, as more passengers travel in the same vehicle, reducing the per capita cost of commuting. Hence, this option is more affordable. The first and last mile connectivity is moderate as the nearest bus stops fall under the walkable range, i.e. 400m. Torrent power plant is a profound landmark in the precinct. It is well connected by road to famous landmarks in the city. One has to walk for 10 mins at most including first mile connectivity, interchange and last mile connectivity. At peak hour from 18:30 to 20:30, frequency ranges from 12 to 40 mins.

17 Area (sqm)

44%

5% 4.3 WALKABILITY AND MOBILITY

3 15 3 4 20 4 44% 21% 44% 44% 44% 60

3 4

Road Road Hierarchy RoadHierarchy Hierarchy ROW Road Hierarchy

Road Hierarchy

49%

15 1552% 15 15No footpath 20 20 20 21% 20 21% 21% 21% 60 60 60 60 3 44

Footpath ROW ROW

ROW ROW

43%

Shop front capacity split demand 50 2% 2% capacity for 2% 2% No for space forspace space for space Vending No75 footpath 75 Nofootpath footpath Vending Vending for space Vending 75 2% No footpath 75 43% Vending 75 30% 43% 43% 43% 30% Others 30% 30% 30% 100 100 100 100 100Others OthersOthers Others

Footpath Footpath Footpath Extent of Encroachment Footpath

Exercise Exercise 3.43.4 Accessibility Accessibility andand Connectivity Connectivity of NMT of NMT modes modes in Sabarmati in Sabarmati 2% 2% 8% 8% 23% 23% 1 25% 25% 2 3 4

44% 44%

2% 5%2% 5%

1 221% 3 4

21% 49%

21% 21%

6 9 12 49% 15 20 60

6 9 1252% 15 20 60

52%43%

CeChnhi ilelddnr rjee onny eennj jooyy C h i l d rC e nh i lednrwalking joy school walking schoolto and walking to schooland and walking to school to and They feel safe. They ride safe. They ride ride feel safe. ride feel safe.feelThey cycles across their cycles across their cycles across their cycles across their no usi irgg hhh obb ooo duusr rhhooooddss ndee n e i g h b noeuirghhobowithout fear. without fear. However without fear. However However without fear. However crossing the the highway crossing the highway highway crossing crossing the highway isisthem. risky for them. is risky for risky for them. is risky for them.

Children enjoy walking to school and feel safe. They ride cycles across their neighbourhoods without fear. However crossing the highway is risky for them.

6 9 12 15 20 60

5% 52%

43%

ROW

>=1.8 >=1.8 <1.8 <1.8 43% No footpath No footpath

43% 43%

>=1.8 <1.8 No footpath

FootpathFootpath

ROW

C h i l d r eCnh i el dn rj e o ny e n j o y walking towalking school to andschool and 2% They rideThey ride feel safe.feel safe. cycles across cycles their across their neighbo nu e ri g hh ob oo du s rhoods 13% without fear. without However fear. However crossing the crossing highway the highway 43% is risky foristhem. risky for them.

43%

NMT modes in Sabarmati

50 75 100

50 2% 75 100

11%

14% 2%

30%

11%

14% 2%

30%

43%

No encroachment Parking Shop front Vending Others

Vehicles are being catered, including Type of Encroachment public transport through BRTS lanes, flyovers, etc. There is little or no 18 n t , infrastructure to facilitate movement of a n d people on foot or commute through cycle rk of ResidentsResidents work in work different in different areas. areas.

Insufficient, I n s u f fI n i cs iuef nifIntinec, sfifuei cfnif tei ,nc ti eann td , dn t a n d i neden ft f iacni e in i n e f f i ci ineenftf i acineffective network ineffective network of ineffective networkof of ineffective network of streets for walking streets for walking and streets for walkingand and streets for walking cycling. and Focus us to cycling. Focus us to cycling. Focus us to cycling. Focus usprioritise to prioritise vehiclesvehicles prioritise vehicles prioritise vehicles oovvpeelrer pp eueosoepprl e o v e r p e ( le (u ( usseer r o v e r p e o p l e ( uexperience) ser experience) experience) experience)

flyovers, flyovers, etc. There etc.is There little isor little no or no movementmovement of of infrastructure infrastructure to facilitate to facilitate Insufficient, people onpeople foot oron commute foot or commute through cycle through cycle inefficient and ineffective network of streets for walking and cycling. VolumeFocus of us to Available prioritise vehicles traffic/Modal osplit v e r demand p e o p l e ( u s e r street capacity experience) for space

VendingVending Others Others

Type of Encroachment Type of Encroachment

for space for space

Vending Others

Paths are not obstruction free. People face inconvenience caused due to digging and maintenance work, construction projects, encroachment (infor mal activities).

capacity Which makes usually makes them anxious Which usually makes them anxious Which usually them anxious that they might with for space they might meet withmeet an accident that they might meet withan anaccident accident that they that might meet with an accident their en-route. People weave their way People their weave their way way en-route. People weave way en-route. en-route. People through weave moving traffic with throughtraffic moving with turmoil. through moving traffic withturmoil. turmoil. through moving withtraffic turmoil. Volume vs Capacity Streets have become open homes. Living rooms, get together spots, bedrooms for some as well. Can we neglect or remove this street culture of dwellers and vendors?

Paths not not are obstruction Paths are not obstruction obstruction Paths arePaths not are obstruction PPeeofoappcl le eo ep . l fefPr reeeefoea.p.cl ee ee f faaccee f r e e . fPr e inconvenience caused inconvenience caused due inconvenience caused due due inconvenience caused due to digging and to and digging maintenance toand digging andmaintenance maintenance to digging maintenance work, construction projects, work, construction projects, projects, work, construction work, construction projects, encroachment (infor encroachment (infor mal encroachment (informal mal encroachment (infor mal activities). activities). activities). activities).

NMT policies NMTthat policies are adopted that are don’t adopted run successfully. don’t run successfully. even even lack of further

Streets have Streets have become Streets have become become Streets have become open Living if the roads are roads designed to give designated lanes, lacklanes, of if the are designed to give designated open Living homes. Living open homes. homes. Living open homes. rooms, get together rooms, get together rooms, getusage togetherleads to failure achieve results, deterring further usage leads to failure to achieve results, deterring rooms, get together spots, bedrooms for spots, bedrooms for spots, for spots, bedrooms for as bedrooms and expansion in efforts in efforts and expansion Can someCan as some well. weimplementation some as well. well. Can we we implementation some as well. we Can neglect or remove neglect or remove neglect or remove neglect or remove this street culture thisculture street of this streetof culture of ofculture this street dwellers and vendors? dwellers and vendors? dwellers and vendors? dwellers and vendors?

Have we planned for all? Vulnerable groups such as disabled and children as well as men and women face difficulty in basic travel, movement

Volume vs Capacity that Understand are adopted don’t run successfully. even|| Exercise Understand the City Studio 33 || Streets theStudio City Studio | Exercise 3 | Streets Understand the City Studio Streets Understand theNMT Citypolicies Studio | Exercise 3 |City Streets Understand the | Exercise 3 |Exercise Streets if the roads are designed to give designated lanes, lack of usage leads to failure to achieve results, deterring further implementation and expansion in efforts

capacity capacity

NMT policies that run even NMTeven policies that are don’t adopted don’t rundon’t successfully. even NMT policies thatare areadopted adopted don’t runsuccessfully. successfully. even NMT policies that are adopted don’t runNMT successfully. policies that are adopted run successfully. even are designed to give designated lanes, if the areroads designed to give designated lanes, lack of lack the roads aredesignated designed to givelack designated lanes, lackof of if the roads are designed to give designated lack ofififthe if the lanes, roads are roads designed to give lanes, of usage leads to failure to achieve results, deterring further usage leads to toresults, achievedeterring deterring further further usage leads to failure toresults, achieve results, deterring usage leads to failure to achieve results,usage deterring further leads to failure tofailure achieve further implementation and expansion in efforts implementation and expansion in efforts in efforts and expansion implementation and expansion in efforts implementation andimplementation expansion in efforts

Volume vs Volume Capacity vs Capacity

I n s u f fI incsi ue fnf ti ,c i e n t , dn t a n d i n e f f i c i ne en ft f iacni e ineffectiveineffective network ofnetwork of walking and streets forstreets walkingforand cycling. Focus cycling. us Focus to us to No encroachment prioritise prioritise vehicles vehicles Volume of Available Parking work in o vResidents e r p Residents eResidents otraffic/Modal vpel er in p (work u esoep rinl edifferent ( u s e rareas. work different areas. different areas. in different areas. Residents work in different areas. street Daily commute is on foot mostly. Daily commute is on foot mostly. Daily commute is on foot mostly. is on footfront mostly. Daily experience) experience) commute is on foot mostly. Shop split demand Which usually makes them anxious

Residents work Daily commute Which usually makes them anxious that they might meet with an accident en-route. People weave their way through moving traffic with turmoil.

Vehicles Vehicles are beingarecatered, being catered, including including

2% 30% 30%

public transport through BRTS public throughlanes, BRTS lanes, public transport through BRTS lanes, public transport throughtransport BRTS There lanes, flyovers, etc. is little etc. isThere little no or flyovers, etc.isor There little or no no flyovers, etc. There is little or no flyovers, flyovers, etc. There little no isormovement of infrastructure to facilitate movement of infrastructure to facilitate movement of infrastructure to facilitate infrastructure to facilitate movement of movement of infrastructure to facilitate people on foot or commute through cycle people on foot or commute through cycle people onthrough foot or cycle commute through cycle people on foot or commute through cycle people on foot or commute

Extent ofExtent Encroachment of Encroachment

public transport public transport through Type BRTS through BRTS lanes, oflanes, Encroachment Extent of Encroachment

Footpath

0 25 50 75 100

Volume vs Volume vs Capacity Volume vsCapacity Capacity Volume vs Capacity

0 0 No encroachment 13% 13% 11% 11%14% 14% No encroachment Volume Volume of of Available Available 25 25 ParkingParking traffic/Modal traffic/Modal street street Vehicles are being catered, including 43% 43% arecatered, beingarecatered, including including Vehicles being catered, Vehicles are being catered, including 43% 43% Vehicles Vehicles are being including Shop front Shop split demand split demand public transport through BRTSfront lanes,

ibility and Connectivity of NMT modes in Sabarmati Road Hierarchy Road Hierarchy

Insufficient, inefficient and ineffective network of streets for walking and cycling. Focus us to prioritise vehicles over people (user experience)

Type of Type of Encroachment Type ofEncroachment Encroachment Volume vs Capacity Type of Encroachment

of Type of Encroachment ofExtent Encroachment Extent ofEncroachment Encroachment Extent ofExtent Encroachment

capacity

we weHave planned for all? for Have we planned planned for all? all? Have weHave planned for all? Vulnerable groups such as Vulnerable groups such as Vulnerable groups such as Vulnerable groupsdisabled such as and children as disabled and children as disabled and children as disabled and children as and women face well as men welland as men and women well asface men andface women face well as men women basic difficulty intravel, basicinintravel, basic travel, travel, difficulty in basic difficultydifficulty movement movementmovement movement

PG190289 Faculty of Planning || CEPT University 19 PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University PG190289 Faculty of Planning CEPT University PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University PG190289 | Faculty of||Planning | CEPT University

w3 Interview 2 “Good neighbourhood, lifestyle, safety, were grew the reasons band was brought up in infrastructure this house, our children up here andwe now purchased this land.“ -Male, Age 78 ng my grandchildren play in our veranda, and it brings me utmost joy.“– Age 67 Interview 3 “My husband was brought up in this house, our children grew up here and now I’m seeing my grandchildren play in our veranda, and it brings me utmost joy.“– Female, Age 67 ` 20

Row houses/ Attached (others) Above 175

Detached bungalows Apartment

Per capita space consumption 80

Legend Trip Distance

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

1 and below

2-3

4-5

6-7

7-10

realm, built, open

Semi- detached

Below 40

Interview 1 “ My grandfather bought a house w2 when he infrastructure first came towere Ahmedabad. He eighbourhood,here lifestyle, safety, the reasons we saw a business opportunity near the Ashram ed this land.“ and - Male,decided Age 78 to live here. ” –Male, Age 60

PART 5

Slums

100 - 175

Why people need to invest in transport

Figure on the left shows that people have different tastes and preferences depending on various parameters, particularly in this case, income. However, as the study shows, they spend under mainly the following subheads. Highest priority is given to Education and lowest is Clothing

PUBLICNESS Publicness

Carpet Area vs Typology

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

41 - 100

Above 100000

w1 ndfather bought a house here when he first came to Ahmedabad. He saw ss opportunity near the Ashram and decided to live here. ” – Male, Age

Average of Health/ Medicines Average of HH goods (appliances, furniture’s etc.) Average of Maintenance Average of Electricity Bill Average of Social visits/outside town Average of Education Average of Entertainment, Recreation and eating out Average of Clothing Average of Food/ Groceries Average of Communication and Misc Average of Transportation (fuel+fare) 30001-100000

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

20001-30000

tion. Other reasons that were reflected in the study a good neighbourhood to live in or the draw system or or property that played a vital role in the past.

Average household incomes spent by different income groups on major consumption heads

10000-20000

relating Patterns of choices

Mostly, the results showed that the choices weren’t due to work or education distances. Probably , the results showedasthatthethepeople choicescurrently weren’tresiding due to were second or third generation dwellers. or educationNevertheless, distances. Probably as theregarding people currently on questioning the reasons that they know, that might have inng were second or third generation fluenced the initial decisiondwellers. to build house in locality came out to be work theless, onthis questioning regarding theproximity reasonstothat they over education. Other reasons that were rethat might flected have influenced thewere, initial decision to build in the study a good neighbourhoodcame to liveout in or system bidsover for in this locality tothe be draw proximity to orwork property that played a vital role in the past.

Part- V

4.4 AFFECTS OF HOUSING CHOICES ON TRAVEL

Average Per capita consumption (sqm) Building typology Apartment 28 Detached bungalows 100 Row houses/ Attached (others) 48 Semi- detached 21 Slums 4

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Built vs Open People friendliness Remaining Public Realm Ownership of space

Above 10

5.1 BUILT vs OPEN

5.2Exercise PEOPLE FRIENDLINESS 5.1 Public Realm Identification Legend

Sabarmati precinct has 30% ground coverage and low rise built typology. 31% of the total open area is taken by the street network. Dense built fabric can be seen within the slum areas where open spaces are only found on the streets. Where as the areas apart from slums have more open spaces.

Identifying potential Public realm

Open Access to all Regulated Public Access Private Realm

Legend

Open spaces aren’t taken care of, gaining the identity of ‘unkept voids’.

Total precinct area – 1 sqkm Ground coverage – 30% Total built up - 690225 sqm

Plot boundaries Regulated Public Access Private Realm Religious places Commercial areas Semi-Public

40%

22%

“Streets, as public spaces, have lost their importance in terms of their share of land, as well as their prominent role in shaping the culture and history of cities,” as notably articulated by Dr Joan Clos, Executive Director, UN Habitat in Streets as Public Spaces and Drivers of Urban Prosperity.

50%

10%

“Publicness” of an area

13% 65%

Access and Linkage

5 4

When one views the Nolli map, not only is the void of street elements apparent against the mass of buildings, but the voids of semi-private, semi-public and public spaces are visible as well.

Emotional Attachment

3 User Experience

2 1

Time of day affects Public Realm 11 am

0 6 pm

Preference

(situational and psychological)

Sociability

Streets

Swimming Club

Comfort and Image

Temple/Church Park

Mixed use Complex Bazaar

Understand the City Studio | Exercise 4 | Built Form, Built Use and Typology

Understand the City Studio | Exercise 5 | Public Realm PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University

PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University

5.3 REMAINING PUBLIC REALM Exercise 5.2 Spatial Analysis

Stitched Street Elevation

A A`

Vendor’s cart Pedestrian

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Key Map

Base Drawing For Elevation

Morning

2 Wheeler

A A`

4 Wheeler Tree

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Public Realm

Key Map

Regulated

Public Realm

Private

B B`

Private

Threshold/ Public Access

Gated colonies and other private property in the section restrict public access.

Diversity of uses (Activities Public on the Realm edge)

Private

Regulated Public access

Edge Porosity

B B`

Private

100 m

Edge Porosity Porosity Analysis Understand the City Studio | Exercise 5 | Public Realm

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT Opaque 22%

Porous 33%

Total No. of Entrances

Afternoon

Partially 44%

Evening

Understand the City Studio | Exercise 5 | Public Realm

7 nos.

Partially 44%

PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Legend Vendor’s cart Pedestrian 2 Wheeler 4 Wheeler

cordons off the street to become mostly pedestrianised, as manoeuvring a vehicle becomes difficult in this area.

Tree and shade Cattle Gathering spots

Maximum portion of the street is covered by users or sellers. Key part of informal economy. Mobile carts as all have wheels. They sell everything from fresh fruits and vegetables to prepared foods, garments, crafts, etc.

Street Animals

Vending outside gated colony

Shaded Spaces To safeguard one from the heat of the Sun or rain, water vases as well as benches under the shade of thick foliage of trees as well as temporary sheds increases interaction amongst user groups. Weather becoming a common topic of discussion.

Even though the presence of cattle on the road threatens the commuters, people feeding these cows on the roadside add to the increase of street activities. Streets become grazing grounds for cattle and a home for stray dogs.

Animals on the street

Edges - “Eyes on the street”

Dense tree foliage above shrine

No blind spots or dead areas created as both the edges face their front on this street. Fro all heights, ranging from 1 - 4 floors, there is vision of the street. People interact across the road, balconies, at different levels on the edge as well.

Both edges face the street

Elderly and women mostly, children of younger age groups play on the street as it isn’t used that densely during the afternoon. Vendors clean and prepare for evening costumers. Shop owners sit outside their Area of Influence shops adding onto the level of interactions in the area under scrutiny. As everyone talks to almost everyone, it is inclusive and sociable. Night time is the most vibrant in terms of “Publicness” street living rooms all senses. Streets of become Access and Linkage and people gather in small to large groups (3 to 12 persons). The nodes and 5 barriers created 4 by seated cattle and Emotional people cordons off the street to become 3 Attachment User mostly pedestrianised, as manoeuvring a 2 Experience vehicle becomes difficult in this area. 1 0

Preference

(situational and psychological)

Sociability

Night

PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Regulated Public access

Acher road acts as a vital and vibrating public realm in the neighbourhood. Vicinity of BRTS stop and upcoming Metro station, existing gated colonies, commerce keeps the movement of people throughout the day at varying densities.

Cows are found next to AMC garbage bins, attracted by vegetable waste disposed by locals. Also they graze on the number of trees.

A small temple (shrine) under a huge tree is of religious importance and plays an important role in formation of place and accommodating various social activities

After late evening the space is used actively by residents and locals.

Informal economy / vendors

Acher road acts as a vital and vibrating Porosity Analysis public realm in the neighbourhood. Vicinity of BRTS stop and upcoming Metro station, Opaque existing gated colonies, commerce keeps the Total No.activities of Entrances vending, formal shops, informal parking spaces (2W and 4W), such as seating and water taps under sheds leads to various uses in the public realm. Silver bin and service facilities encroach the road. movement of people throughout the day Street at 22% varying densities.

Porous 7 nos. Cows are found next to AMC garbage bins, 33% the City Studio | Exercise 5 | Public Realm PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University attracted by vegetable waste disposed Understand by locals. Also they graze on the number of trees.

A small temple (shrine) under a huge tree is of religious importance and plays an important role in formation of place and accommodating various social activities

After late evening the space is used actively by residents and locals.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Public Realm

Private

Public accessApartments, stacked formal shops give proportions to estimate size of the public spaces Flyover for metro, landmarking

A A`

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Regulated Public access

Scale Comparison

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

A A`

B B`

Depicting façade to analyse the Built Form

Morning and evening times have maximum people Acher road acts as a vital on the street. However less interactions of suitable time. Mere glances and greetings. This is probably and vibrating public realm as people hurry to work or children to school, etc. inHowever, the neighbourhood. Acheror the street vendors selling breakfast snack items have dense activity footprint. street is a 9m (ROW) wide road. It has the highest exElderly and women mostly, children of younger age panse as that it groups play in on thepublicness street as it isn’t used densely during the afternoon.

covers probable aspects Vendors clean and prepare for evening costumers. Shop ownersan sit outside their shopsrank. adding onto above average It the level of interactions in the area under scrutiny. As everyone talks to almost everyone, it has several connectingis inclusive Acand sociable. cess roads, and is linked to the main Ahmedabad Patan Night time is the most vibrant in terms of all senses. Streets become living rooms and people highway. Everyone usesgather thein small to large groups (3 to 12 persons). The nodes and barriers seated cattle and people road ascreated it is bynot restricted.

Key Map

Morning and evening times have maximum people on the street. However less St Acher interactions of suitable time. Mere glances and greetings. This is probably as people hurry to work or children to school, etc. However, the street vendors selling breakfast or snack items have dense activity footprint.

Exercise 5.2 Public realm at different time of the day

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Legend

Exercise 5.2 Elements and Activities in the Public Realm

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Exercise 5.2 Built enclosure around the Public Realm

PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University

Vicinity of BRTS stop and upcoming Metro station, existing gated colonies, commerce keeps the movement of people throughout the day at varying densities. Cows are found next to AMC garbage bins, attracted by vegetable waste disposed by locals. Also they graze on the number of trees. A small temple (shrine) under a huge tree is of religious importance and plays an important role in formation of place and accommodating various social activities. After late evening the space is used actively by residents and locals.

Comfort and Image

Nodes

Vehicles Mornings and evenings influx is high based on to and fro population. However, during night time, nodes and walls created by seated cattle and people cordons of the street to become mostly pedestrianised, as manoeuvring the vehicle becomes difficult

Informal parking encroaches footpaths

Understand the City Studio | Exercise 5 | Public Realm

People of all ages and gender interact. Based on time the numbers in the group varies. Mostly older population and women are seen during the day; children and men during evening. night becomes a family time with the street becoming the living room

Acher street is a 9m (ROW) wide road. It has the highest expanse in publicness as it covers probable aspects above an average rank. It has several connecting Access roads, and is linked to the main Ahmedabad Patan highway. Everyone uses the road as it is not restricted People sitting together

PG190289 | Faculty of Planning | CEPT University

Part- V

5.4 OWNERSHIP OF SPACES Legend Plot Ownership AMC Other Public institutes

(Government of Gujarat, Ahmedabad Electricity board, others)

Other public institutes 20%

Legend Jantri rate per sqm

Public 18%

Public land Private land

Private 82%

CHOICES AND AFFORDABILITY

choices & Affordability Housing choices, Employment PART 6 choices, Job preferences, land development

AMC 80%

82% of the precinct land falls under private ownership having multiple owners or cooperative society as owners. AMC has 14% land in open parks and public amenities. Other public institutions such as state government, electricity board hold 4% of the public land with offices, industry, etc.Higher percentage of private land might provide a good competition in the real estate market and lead to higher priced valuation of these parcels.

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

Deciphering impact of land development on affordability

Correlating patterns of choices What has happened when people made certain choices

Cycle of preferences

6.1 Deciphering impact of land development on affordability

40000

20000

Nikol

Paldi

Floor Space Index (FSI) Base – 1.8 Chargable (40% of the jantri rate) – 0.9 Maximum – 2.7

Nikol

Base – 1.8 Chargable (40% of the jantri rate) – 0.9 Maximum – 2.7

Paldi

Floor Space Index (FSI)

Navrangpura

Sabarmati

Narol

Chandkheda

Locations in Ahmedabad

Memnagar

Navrangpura

40000

Sabarmati

Motera

60000

Narol

20000

Chandkheda

80000

Jantri rate Market value

60000

Memnagar

Price/Rate (Rs)

100000

ROLE OF A PLANNER

80000

Motera

120000

Price/Rate (Rs)

COMPARING JANTRI AND MARKET RATES 120000 Jantri rate Market value ACROSS THE CITY 100000

Chargable (40% of the jantri rate) – 0.9 Maximum – 2.7 Underdeveloped plots due to the presence of 50 – 60 year old buildings which were built with lesser FSI. But with time, policies have changed and now there is a deficit of FSI in these plots.

DEMAND OF GROWTH

Evident by variety in land use, development has shifted to this part of the precinct due to better connectivity with major roads and railway.

Base – 1.8 Chargable (40% of the jantri rate) – 0.9 Maximum – 2.7 HIGH

LOW

MODERATE

INCREASE IN LAND PRICE HIGH

LOW

Land Value has increased over time due to betterment in infrastructure - utilities, facilities and services. Under the jurisdiction of Megacity, Smart MODERATE city and world heritage city.

Land Value has increased over time due to betterment in infrastructure - utilities, facilities and services. Under the jurisdiction of Megacity, Smart city and world heritage city.

Percentage of each Gender in work No major change in built form has happened since 2000 till 2019. Gradual increase in apartment typology to tenements and apartments. Slight increase in height/verticality in the precinct - a few new high rises constructed. Dramatic increase in commercial activities on internal roads. Slum Clearance, slum networking projects, involved bodies and policies - GSCB, EIUS, UBSP, UCD are in process of implementation. Land prices within the precinct vary between 6000 – 19500 Rs./sqm. Plots valued the highest are owned by Torrent near the CG bridge on Ahmedabad Patan highway having BRTS, AMTS and MEGA (under construction) services. Land parcels decrease in value as they are further from the highway. Slum areas are priced at lowest as the areas are low lying, have less infrastructure facilities and poor Public transport connectivity. Jantri rates in the precinct show a pattern, higher in the West and mostly low in the East. However, the rates are predicted to rise with additions in facilities, services and upliftment of quality of life together with standard of living.

UnderdevelopedLocations plots due in toAhmedabad the presence of 50 – 60 year old buildings which were built with lesser Floor Index (FSI) FSI. ButSpace with time, policies have changed and now Floor Space Index (FSI) Base – 1.8 there is a deficit of FSI in these plots.

Residential 1 (R1): This is the main zone of the Development area covering normally the largest area and includes residential, commercial and mixed land uses as per permissible uses and intended for a low to moderate to high density. Permissible are all uses except Industrial- 1,2,3,4 and Agriculture- 1,2,3

6.2 CORRELATING PATTERNS OF CHOICES Religion

Worker/Labour

Majorly only these 2 dominating religions as they have resided since migration

Jain 24%

Vegetable wholesale owner Student Service sector

Hindu 76%

Rickshaw Driver Office worker Kotak bank (Nehrunagar branch) IT sector (Gandhinagar) House helper (Maid)

Home maker

Fabrication business

Engineer Female

Cleaner Businesswoman (garments)

20 0

Male

Working

Businessman 0

Male

13%

10%

0-5

7% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

19% Slums Semi- detached Row houses/ Attached (others) Detached bungalows Apartment

Female

Age profile of population (years)

People have been living in the precinct for very long. Hence, job is rarely the primary reason. Higher affordability leads to more being ready to travel. Most people living are of a higher age. Main reason for choice making is neighbourhood. Legend

Nonworking

Non working include retired, homemaker, student and children

5-14 14-21 21-35

Slums got cheap houses as the area is really long back. They found jobs in the vicinity.

35-50

23% 24%

50-65 Above 65

Maximum population falls in age group above 50 years. Dependant population is 54% based on age. Nevertheless, people work at even at higher ages (eg: 78, 85)

People mostly use 2 wheelers and travel for average 2-18 kms distance based on income group segregation. Spending Rs.0-45 per kilometre travelled depending of different modes (Rs. 0 in case of walking). People usually travel from door to door using a single transport mode. However, in some cases, the pattern changes to walking and public transport usage splits. This impacts the ownership of vehicles and vice a versa. On an average almost everyone living in the precinct owns at least a 2-wheeler. As the figure on the right indicates, as the income increases people switched from 3 wheelers (rickshaw drivers) and cycles to 4-wheelers. 29

COMPARISON AND EVOLUTION OF HOUSING AND TRAVEL CHOICES IN AHMEDABAD CIITY

Amenities, spacious apartments, modern facilities, modern security system, smart furniture, portable walls

Most expensive area or location, product sizes, customer experiences

Employment opportunities in abundance and a burgeoning population influx in these cities 30

Building with super quality material

Giving more open spaces for recreational activities, landscaping to attract the eyes, high-end security, and spacious apartments at the inner market are now available

Developers were keen on investing and operating politics

Due to space crunch, the city developers are offering the product which is near to all the social infrastructure like malls, cinemas, hospitals, and education centre – socio-culture

Luxury lifestyle without compromising on the space of the apartment

Easy access to physical and social infrastructure makes the living luxurious as one save travel time

6.4 CYCLE OF PREFERENCES

Developers are ensuring to construct a product which is well connected to highways, railways, airports, hospitals, educational institutions

In the market today, few developers are not compromising on the size of the apartment and offering the real luxury of space.

Luxury housing with all the comfort and amenities became expensive and the unit sizes kept on shrinking.

Responsible factors such as improving infrastructure and migration of talent led to the emergence of commercial districts and business parks.

Privilege of using the amenities available within a few kms

As a consequence of enhanced employment, opened up significant real estate opportunities.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PEOPLE MAKE CERTAIN CHOICES?

6.3 WHAT HAPPENED WHEN PEOPLE MADE CERTAIN CHOICES

People have been living in the precinct for very long. Hence in the present scenario, job is rarely the primary reason. Slums got cheap houses in the area really long back. They found jobs in the vicinity. Majorly only these 2 dominating religions have resided since migration – Jains and Hindus. Maximum population falls in age group above 50 years. Most people living are of a higher age. Dependant population is 54% based on age. Non-working includes retired, homemaker, student and children. People work at even at higher ages (e.g.: 78, 85). Higher affordability leads to more being ready to travel. Therefore, main reason for choice making is neighbourhood quality and emotional relevance. Higher employment of men than women. Higher income groups travel more than 4 times the distance travelled by lower income groups. The cost incurred per km by them is higher as they mostly use 4 wheelers. If the mapping of cost and destination are studied in sync, it shows that not necessarily the cost increases in proportion to distance. This is as people have different preferences of mode as well as routes.

Conclusion PART 7

Sabarmati precinct is an old establishment and static in terms of its inhabitability. From row houses and semi detached houses which were present earlier, the precinct has not seen a lot of high-rise apartments. The older 2 storied row houses are not being redeveloped. Yet, people have made a choice to continue to settle in the neighbourhood. Nevertheless, this does not hinder the change in socio-economic essence of the precinct, as the changes in income groups settled here and their choices in the market portray a dynamic scenario. Rapid increase in middle income groups is bringing the change in the in the related fields such as commerce. The precinct presently consists of open vegetable markets as well as several small commercial units along the road on the ground floor. This is a typical character of lower middle income neighbourhood. Few old complexes have been redeveloped and other concentrated commercial activities springing up which cater to the upcoming middle income group. We can thus infer that the social economic fabric of the precinct is changing, although still it remains affordable. Mentioned are a few key figures which explain the precinct in brief. 32

BUILT vs OPEN

TYPOLOGY AND DWELLING UNIT

(vacant plots + margins) 40% Ground coverage 22% Under streets

BUILT DENSITY

26% Public Open Space (Parks + Roads) 34% Private Open Space

36.28 DU/Ha Net residential density

1.13 Average FSI consumed 170 People per hectare 68% Slums - dominating structures

LAND USE

40% Residential, 3% commercial, 6% industrial, 8% vacant land 0.32 Entropy Index

LAND DEVELOPMENT

STREETS

consumed (slums and bungalows respectively) 125 Sqft Median dwelling Unit size 50 years Average age of structure

451m Average block perimeter 0.2 km/Ha Road density 1.5 No/Ha Node density

1390 INR/Sqft Average Jantri rate 4 – 60 Sqm Average per capita floor space

JOBS AND AFFORDABILITY PUBLIC TRANSPORT

27 buses/Hr Accessibility index 42min Excess time by PT Rs. 87 Lesser cost by PT

Rs. 30000 Median income 32% Jobs in casual sector 4.12m Average trip length

INFRASTRUCTURE

8.8 tonnes solid waste is generated (2003kg Max, 6kg min, 136kg average)

Author’s Note As time passes by, people form attachments to places, reasons that make them continue to live in a particular area or fashion. It becomes their accustomed habitat. Place attachment is the emotional bond between person and place. It is highly influenced by an individual and his or her personal experiences. They continue to occupy these spaces for generations based on convenience. There is perhaps the feeling of mutual affinity, community, fraternity among persons, whether formal or informal, institutionalised or not – nor feeling of diversity, aversion, hostility. People have lived in Sabarmati for generations together. Environmental factors influence perceptions of inhabitability such as climate, landforms, natural resources. Human factors influence perceptions of inhabitability, for example culture, income, employment, crime and safety. Services and facilities considered important to people’s wellbeing, variations in access to services and facilities between urban, rural and remote places, access to services and facilities affects the inhabitability of one place for different groups of people example young people, people with disabilities, the aged and remote communities.

Understanding the city, Ahmedabad: Sabarmati precinct

Articles inside

1.1 Location and settings

4.4 Affects of housing choices on travel