Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces by Dhwani VK Chawla

STORMWATER SPONGES PUBLIC OPEN SPACES

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Studio Guides: Prof. Meera Mehta, Prof. Mona Iyer and Prof. Ashwani Kumar, Teaching Associate: Mr. Smeet Maniar

Dhwani Chawla | PG190289 Stormwater Group

Contents List of Figures, Tables and Annexures Abbreviations and Key Definitions

ii iii

1. Overview of Stormwater Sector

2. About the Intervention

3. Methodology

4. Concept of Sponge Open Spaces

5. Need for Intervention

5.1 High Runoff and Rapid Groundwater Depletion in the City 5.2 Stormwater and Associated Risks

04 04

6. Literature Review

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

05 06 07 09

Defining Public Open Spaces Evolution of the Idea of Open Spaces Guidelines and Perspectives on Open Spaces Runoff Coefficient of Public Open Spaces in Ahmedabad

7. Area of Intervention

7.1 Selecting Sites for Pilot Demonstration 7.2 Site Analysis - Sabarmati and Bopal

10 11

8. Envisioning the Two Sites

8.1 Brownfield Site at Sabarmati 8.2 Greenfield Site at Bopal

14 15

9. Costing and Phasing

10. Financing Mechanism

11. Implementation Framework

11.1 Monitoring and Evaluation Techniques

12. Conclusion

13. Way Forward

Bibliography, Important Readings and Links Annexures

21 23

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List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17

Detailed methodology Rising concrete cover led to higher runoff Different public places, spaces and non-spaces Open spaces in different areas of Ahmedabad Runoff coefficient for selected open spaces Site selection – Sabarmati, Bopal Built vs open of Sabarmati precinct Runoff in 2020 and infiltrative potential (2035) of brownfield site Built vs open of greenfield site Runoff in 2020 and infiltrative potential (2035) of greenfield site Technical learnings from case studies Recommendations and impact of Brownfield site Recommendations and impact of Greenfield site Six layers package for sponge open spaces Phasing of costs for brownfield and greenfield packages Financing mechanism for pilot projects under Sponge Cities Mission Flow of upscaling the package under Sponge Cities Mission

02 04 05 09 09 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 20

List of Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4

Green cover causing highest impact in risk assessment Inventory and Recommendations for Public open spaces for selected brownfield site Inventory and Recommendations for Public open spaces for selected greenfield site Responsibility matrix

05 12 13 18

List of Annexures Annex 1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 4 Annex 5 Annex 6 Annex 7 Annex 8 Annex 9 Annex 10 Annex 11 Annex 12 Annex 13

Global practices Detailed methodology Present situation of open spaces Components of nature based stormwater management Technical estimation Detailed costing Phasing Financing Innovative funding techniques Case studies for implementation Policies and programmes Stakeholders influence grid matrix Principle outcome of each intervention

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23 24 25 26 28 39 30 31 32 33 35 36 36

Abbreviations and Glossary AMC – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AUDA – Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority CPHEEO – Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization EPA – Environmental Protection Agency (United States) LID – Low Impact Development ROW – Right of Way SuDS – Sustainable drainage systems URDPFI – Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation WHO – World Health Organization

Open Space - may be public or private and may include active and passive areas. Public open space is accessible to the public on a constant and a regular basis, like, public parks, beaches, waters and land under water, pools, playground, institutional campuses, playgrounds, housing complex grounds, gardens if accessible to public, open lawn areas, church areas etc. Private and Semi-public open space is not publicly accessible or is available to limited users and is not available to the public on a regular basis. Also, the places like natural areas or wetlands with no public access, streets, and sidewalks. Open space can also be analysed as active and passive areas. Open space that is used for sports, exercise or active play is classified as “active open space” like playing field and courts, pools, golf courses etc. on the other hand, the open space used for relaxation, such as sitting or strolling is classified as “passive” like restricted use lawns, gardens, church yards etc. The notion of ‘public’ here is not about tenure or ownership, but relates to the public being able to use a place or space, even though the access to it is controlled by a private interest. A public place – which is owned publicly, has regular users who have a certain sense of ownership and private geography. Social interactions are common here A public space – which is owned publicly, is frequently used by passer-byer’s who don’t really have a sense of ownership and there is a very weak sense of private geography A public non-place – which is generally privately owned, is created for people who want to use the primary service of the owner, and this space is somewhere to wait or pass through. These places have little sense of ownership by the users, and favour solitary behaviour over social interactions. iii

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1. Overview of Stormwater Sector Management in one sector leads to smooth flow of services in others. Storm water if managed properly can reduce the water stress in the city significantly. A wide range of white-water benefits often remains unknown, poorly measured, or undervalued. Improper stormwater management affects the vitality and viability of the communities and the city. Assessing the city on the lines of stormwater management, white water resource, urban flood mitigation, green infrastructure and sustainable stormwater approach are potential places for intervention. Possible projects cover aspects such as reducing stress on existing water resources, public health, SuDS, LID, intersectoral overlaps in WASH taking into consideration the needs and future capacity of Ahmedabad city. Vision formulated based on the learnings of the city assessment and innovative national and international good practices is, ‘Sustainable stormwater management to rejuvenate water resource and build resilience against urban floods and waterlogging’. To accomplish this, the objectives are to use stormwater as a resource and manage rainwater runoff as a concern. A comprehensive stormwater management plan efficiently harvests, soaks, manages and stores the rainwater. This is achieved through interlinking the proposals: 1. Develop a Green Field area using Low Impact Development Concept to manage Storm Water through Town Planning Scheme Mechanism.

Stormwater Sponges - Public open spaces

Vulnerability reduction strategies for slums.

Stormwater management through Lake Rejuvenation

Revivifying course: Envisioning the City through Urban Water Channel

The interventions are visualized with long term and short-term objectives at Regional, city, LAP and project level. The interventions are an effort to deal with pressing issues of climate change and move towards sustainable development which covers four Sustainable development goals of climate change, sustainable cities, clean water and sanitation, life below water and life on land. The interventions reduce the risk of waterlogging, vulnerability of slums, pressure on drainage coverage, improve green cover and protect waterbodies with their catchments.

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2. About the Intervention Inconvenience the rain causes and the potential it possesses, is catered to using innovative approaches (details in Annexure 1) that effectively function locally and across the globe, such as Water Sensitive Urban Design, Functional Drainage Plans, Green Infrastructure Approach, Integrated Urban Water Management and Sustainable urban Drainage Systems. This aids in replenishing surface water and recharging ground water aquifers. To reach a comprehensive vision for Ahmedabad city, with the concept of sponge open spaces, several innovative practices are referred. This report focuses on intervening using Blue Green infrastructure in Public Open spaces in order to make them sponges through Nature based solutions.

Aim of the intervention is to retrofit the city’s public open spaces to reduce their runoff to less than 0.15 for managing stormwater sustainably and making it more “SPONGEY” (absorbent). This can be achieved through the installation of facilities to absorb & recharge stormwater from existing impervious areas using site design techniques that filter, convey, detain, retain & infiltrate and by making green areas bluer through futuristic open spaces (including invisible & incidental open spaces) to slow, spread and soak the runoff.

3. Methodology As seen in Figure 1, methodology comprises of understanding the Sponge concept and defining open spaces. Assessing the city’s scenario and site selection, technical interventions based on good global practices, implementation through phasing, financing & institutional layout. And lastly, scenario building, replicability & upscaling to city scale for eventually visualizing the scenario in 2050. (Details in Annexure 2) Assessing the city’s scenario and Site selection

Implementation – Phasing, Financing & Institutional layout

Assessing the city’s Stormwater scenario

Visualizing the scenario in 2050…

Understanding Sponge concept and Defining open spaces

Technical intervention based on Good practices

Figure 1: Methodology 2

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Scenario building, Replicability & Upscaling to city scale

Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces

4. Concept of Sponge Open Spaces Sponge Open Spaces are Regenerative, Sustainable, Green, Eco, Resilient, Low-impact, Future friendly and Zero-carbon. They help in achieving Sustainable Development Goals including clean water and sanitation, sustainable cities and communities, climate action, life below water and life on land, i.e. SDG 6, 11, 13, 14, 15. Comprising of approaches such as permeable concrete and asphalt, contiguous open green spaces, Green roofs, Porous design, Water savings and rejuvenating blue and green areas. It acts as a permeable system, by absorbing the rain water, naturally filtered by the soil and allow it to reach the urban aquifers, ultimately recharging the ground water. Reduction in water-logging incidences and flood risk As the city offers more permeable spaces for the natural retention and percolation of water. This leads to better resilience and in particular greater ability to deal with higher water-logging occurrences and flood risks resulting from climate change More clean ground water for the city. Replenished groundwater and thus greater accessibility to water resources for cities. This also entails greater water self-sufficiency which allows cities to increasingly rely on water sources from within their boundaries Lower burdens on drainage systems Water treatment plant, artificial channels and natural streams. This also entails lower costs for drainage and treatment infrastructure Enriched biodiversity Around green open spaces, wetlands, urban gardens and green rooftops Greener, healthier, more enjoyable urban spaces Greener urban spaces improve quality of life, create more pleasant landscape aesthetics and recreational areas that are enjoyable and attract people. This also means increase in land value due to aesthetically more pleasing, cleaner and healthier open spaces close to private properties

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5. Need for Intervention 5.1 High Runoff and Rapid Groundwater Depletion in the City Key aspects to cater to are, how to bridge the gap between increasing occurrences of waterlogging incidences and simultaneous rapid depletion in ground water levels, (at 400 feet in most places) with direct impact of decreasing green cover and city’s absorption capacity. To begin with, three questions were taken into account. Firstly, what all in Ahmedabad is considered as open space? Secondly, with Ahmedabad at less than 0.1 sqm per capita open green space, where do we stand as per standards (WHO:9 sqm/capita unpaved green space)? Lastly, what should be the definition of open spaces, tailor made for Ahmedabad city? Runoff (Billion Litres Annually) Runoff

Runoff

2000 1500 1000

1035

1097

1205

1379

1568

1738

500 0

1990

2000

2010 2020 Year

2035

2050

Figure 2. Rising concrete cover led to higher runoff Source: Times of India, Stormwater group

With increasing population, the concretization is increasing, due to which the green cover is depleting at alarming rates, resulting in higher water logging and flood incidences as well as lowering infiltrative capacity. As seen in the Figure 2, it is predicted that the infiltration will reduce to lower than 50% in 2050, of what it was in 1990 leading to double the amount of runoff.

5.2 Stormwater and Associated Risks All the zones in the city are assessed by different criteria catering to risk (as seen in table 1), like availability of water bodies, amount of rainfall, availability of green cover, storm water drain coverage, water logging incidents, number of slums and population density. According to the analysis of zonal risk assessment, the green cover has the most risk associated, and other criteria like water logging and slums are directly affected by this. Less green cover in the AMC area results in causing more flow velocity and minimal chances for the rainwater to percolate into the soil. If the situation prevails, in 2035 the green cover will nearly disappear, because of which, other problems like surface runoff, water logging and more people, livelihood and property being affected, may increase. 4

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Table 1: Green cover causing highest impact in risk assessment 2020 Zones

2035

Water Bodies & Rainfall Green Cover Catchments

Drainage Coverage

Water Logging

Slums

Population Density

Water Bodies & Rainfall Green Cover Catchments

Drainage Coverage

Water Logging

Slums

Population Density

North West South West West North East South Central

5 High Risk 4 3 2 1 Low Risk

Source: Monsoon Semester 2020, Stormwater group, MUI

6. Literature Review 6.1 Defining Public Open Spaces Public open spaces as a concept has seen various facets over time. Open spaces can broadly be categorised as private, semi-public and public based on accessibility by time of day and other restrictions (as seen in figure 3). These are then analysed as active and passive areas. In the case of Ahmedabad, these include: parks and gardens, streets, roads and junction, buffer areas, invisible open spaces/ urban leftovers, plot margins and vacant land, incidental open spaces (parking, heritage areas, informal markets, chowks, courtyards, khadki), recreational areas (playgrounds, party plots, etc) and water bodies. (Pictures in Annexure 3) Neighbourhood Parks, Town Squares

Boulevards, Laneways, Road verges

Sporting places, claimed spaces Urban Nature & Farms Streets and Verges

Large open parks, under used parks

Public Places

Public Spaces

Public nonspaces

Campuses, open malls

Closed shopping malls, acquired non-spaces Transport stations

Figure 3: Different public places, spaces and non-spaces

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6.2 Evolution of the Idea of Open Spaces 6.2.1 Ancient Times (500 BCE) In Vedic villages, open space was either a private open space in front of the house or a common court. In ancient civilization of Greece and Rome, a number of open spaces were traditional, such as the market place, gymnasia for athletes, and sacred burial groves. No organised open space was found. With Islamic cities, open space was an integral part of the city structure, that included courtyards in madrasas, mosques and buildings of secular nature. 6.2.2 Renaissance (Late 1500s) Architects began to systematically study the shaping of urban space - aesthetically pleasing and functional order, parts of old cities were rebuilt to create elegant squares, long street vistas, and symmetrical building arrangements - Rome and other Italian cities. Spanish colonial cities were built according to rules codified in the Laws of the Indies of 1573, specifying an orderly grid of streets with a central plaza, defensive wall, and uniform building style. 6.2.3 Baroque City (1853-1870) Ambitious monarchs constructed new palaces, courts, and bureaucratic offices, long avenues, radial street networks, monumental squares, geometric parks and gardens such as in case of Versailles, Washington, D.C. Paris. Between 1853 and 1870, carved broad new thoroughfares through the tangled web of old Parisian streets, linking major sub centres. Renaissance Europe, the periodic opening of private grounds or palace gardens to public was happening (Royal Parks, property of the Crown for public use. Expanding industrial cities had very less provision for parks. 6.2.4 Lutyen and Delhi Committee (19th century) This period, adopted the garden city concept of Ebenezer Howard. New Delhi evolved from the 19th century cantonments and civil line zones to five large open areas at present. Isolated seven cities of the past started to spread much beyond the contained natural barriers of the Ridge and Yamuna. 6.2.5 Master Plan of Delhi (1962) By now, there was stress on the need of maintaining the open and green character of the city, advocating a large number of district parks, green linkages and the conservation of the Ridge and the green belt around the city. 6

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Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces 6.2.6 Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier and Ebenezer Howard (Mid 20th century) Organic architecture promoted harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches that were sympathetic and well-integrated with its site, that the buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition. Open space as magnificent areas were shared by entire population, or artificial outdoor space on rooftops, or balconies that were usable and private. This was the time for designing the city of Chandigarh. Importance of a permanent girdle of open and agricultural land around the town was focused in Greater London in 1944, with the creation of a ring of new towns beyond the London Greenbelt. 6.2.7 City Level Planning (Late 20th century) Open spaces were not only limited to urban parks and preserves. The vitality of the city was related to innovative planning of open space. Protected open space raised the property value of adjacent properties. 6.2.8 Present Times (21st century) Today the relevance of understanding the influence of the changes that open space undergoes due to city development or the perception of open space by the community is even more important. Due to globalization, consisting of shared interests and economic goals between nations across the world and unlike medieval and colonial times, the building of new cities to create space or control over cultural perceptions of open space is unacceptable.

6.3 Guidelines and Perspectives on Open Spaces 6.3.1 National Guidelines As per the Indian housing ministry’s 2014 Urban and Regional Development Plan Formulation and Implementation (URDPFI) guidelines, open spaces fall under three categories: recreational space, organised green space, and other common open spaces (such as vacant lands/open spaces including floodplains and forest cover in plain areas). All urban local bodies use the URDPFI guidelines for land-use planning with recreational spaces as percentage of total developed area 12-14% in small towns, 18-20% in medium towns & large cities and 20-25% in metropolitan (million plus) cities. This comprises of parks, playgrounds, botanical gardens, open spaces, water bodies and other natural features. Master plans like Chennai and Amritsar are in accordance with WHO norms and work out more than 10% per capita of open space based on projected population and proposed area under open space, under the cities authority to make conscious efforts. Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

6.3.2 International Manuals, Plans and Frameworks There are wide variations both in coverage as well as per capita availability of green spaces, cities in the world renowned for their urban green spaces often have 20% to 40% coverage of total geographical area and 25-100 sqm urban green spaces per capita. Most of the Indian cities lag far behind in quality as well as quantity of urban open spaces than their counterparts in Australia, Europe and North America. The SuDS Manual, CIRIA C753, published in 2015 defines ‘public open space’ (POS) as: ‘...any land laid out as public garden or used for the purposes of public recreation. This means space that has unimpeded public access and that is of a suitable size and nature for sport, active or passive recreation or children and teenagers’ play. Private or shared amenity areas, for example in a development of flats or buffer landscape areas are not included as public open space.’ The London Plan, published by the Mayor of London in March 2016, defines open space as: ‘All land in London that is predominantly undeveloped other than by buildings or structures that are ancillary to the open space use. The definition covers the broad range of types of open space within London, whether in public or private ownership and whether public access is unrestricted, limited or restricted.’ EPA defines open space as ‘any open piece of land that is undeveloped (has no buildings or other built structures) and is accessible to the public’ and New York State defines it as ‘land that is not intensively developed for residential commercial, industrial, or institutional use’. The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) defines ‘All open space of public value, including not just land, but also areas of water (such as rivers, canals, lakes and reservoirs) which offer important opportunities for sport and recreation and can act as a visual amenity.’ 6.3.3 Intellectual’s Perspective Various thinkers define open spaces as public space such as streets, schoolyards, outdoor sports complexes, cemeteries and public squares are all important open space (Hall and Ward, 1998). Some believe open space includes “not only land and water in and around urban areas which is not covered by buildings but the space and light above as well.” (Tankel, 1966) Short term or temporary open space such as waste lots, gap sites awaiting redevelopment but not currently managed, (Baines, 1999), indeterminate areas of open space and the function specific space are as much necessary as decorative parks. (Thompson, 2002) Undeveloped or predominantly undeveloped land in an urban area which has a value for park and recreation purposes, conservation of land for historic and scenic purposes (Venkatasubramanian, 1991) 8

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6.4 Runoff Coefficients of Public Open Spaces in Ahmedabad To select a list of public open spaces tailor made for Ahmedabad, different precincts in the city based on UTC studio documentation are analysed. The precincts had varying categories of open spaces in the form of streets, waterbodies, parks, plot margin, heritage areas, undeveloped land, etc (as seen in figure 4).

Figure 4: Open spaces in different areas of Ahmedabad Source: UTC studio 2019, Semester 1, FP CEPT, Batch 2019-2021

The analysis highlighted 6 broader categories, and their runoff coefficient was considered based on CPHEEO guidelines (as seen is figure 5). Green cover being the lowest was set as the benchmark to achieve for all the other types of public open spaces and the targetted coefficient was ‘less than 0.15’. EXISTING (Runoff Coefficient)

0.5 VACANT PLOT

1.0

0.4 INCIDENTAL OPEN SPACE

PLOT MARGINS

0.8 INVISIBLE OPEN SPACE

1.0

0.15

ROADS

GREEN COVER

Figure 5: Runoff coefficient for selected open spaces Source: CPHEEO Manual for Stormwater Management

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7. Area of Intervention 7.1 Selecting Sites for Pilot Demonstration Criteria for selecting the sites (other than data availability) were issues of waterlogging and overlooked natural drain pattern. The site needed to have at least one stretch of 60 m road width, that has within 500 m buffer (on either side) a junction, parks and gardens, metro or bridge with invisible open space and parking or incidental open spaces. For this, different layers of maps such as land use, built use, green cover, NDVI were overlaid to identify hotspots (in the City Assessment by Stormwater Group). Eventually, to demonstrate using pilot projects (figure 6), a brownfield and a greenfield site were selected in Sabarmati ward (SH41) and near Bopal (SP Ring Road) respectively.

SH 41 (Sabarmati)

SP Ring Road (Bopal)

2003 2005 2007

Soil Type

2009

Topography

2013

Alluvial Soil

Gentle Slope from North to South

Green Cover Figure 6: Site selection – Sabarmati, Bopal Low

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2010 2016 2017 2019 2020 Dry years

Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces

PROBLEMS

• • •

• •

Additional associated cost SP Ring road construction done on Stream order 3 (natural drain) The buffer area’s development might not be inline as planned by developers, leading to opposition Agreement of stakeholders Road already occupied by BRTS, Metro, Flyover which leads to mutli-agency participation

POTENTIALS

7.2 Site Analysis - Sabarmati and Bopal

• • • • • • • • • •

Widening of lanes – 60m Interest of authorities in developing the road Availability of area around Development with green network will preserve undeveloped green wedges BRTS, Metro, Flyover already built Community participation LAP being prepared for area >60% of the city’s surface area can be turned into rainfall catchment and the provide a green sponge in the city if the model is replicated. Land value will increase with the aesthetics Future proofing and resilience through waterlogging incidents – policy interventions, inclusion of various land uses

7.2.1 Sabarmati The selected 1 km stretch (ROW of 60m) with 500 m buffer on each side of Ahmedabad Patan highway (SH41) is located less than 800m from Sabarmati river on the Eastern periphery. The 1 sqkm site has 40% built cover, 34% private open space (i.e. plot margins and vacant plot), and 26% public open space that consists of roads and parks (Figure 7). Out of the total 26% public open space, 22% is made of area under streets and the remaining is open and green, which is merely at 4%. However, for this site, open spaces consist of impervious roads, unkept vacant land, paved margins in plots and not just parks and green cover.

Open & Green

22%

Area under streets Open spaces consist of impervious roads,

Figure 7: Built vs open of Sabarmati precinct Source: UTC studio 2019, Semester 1, FP CEPT, Batch 2019-2021

vacant land, paved margins plots Inunkept the public open space as ininventoried in the buffer of the selected 1 sqkm brownfield and not just parks and green cover, which is merely at 4% stretch, the runoff is 8,61,000 litres at present which is estimated to increase to 10,95,000 litres in 2035 (seen in figure 8). If tapped into through enhancement and additions (Table 2), to reduce the open space runoff to less than 0.15 coefficient, the infiltration would increase to approximately ten lakh litres in 2035.

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Reducing open space runoff Coefficient to <=0.15 by 2035

9.1

334.7

517.2

GREEN COVER

ROADS

PLOT MARGINS

85% Reduction in Runoff

718.9 Infiltration 1000 litres

Runoff 1000 litres

Figure 8: Runoff in 2020 and infiltrative potential (2035) of brownfield site Table 2: Inventory and Recommendations for Public open spaces for selected brownfield site PUBLIC OPEN SPACE INVENTORY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Type Of Open Space

Size

Invisible open spaces Parks and Gardens

Roads

Sai Garden, Ramnagar Senior Citizen Park, Dharamnagar Acher Gam Garden 6 9 12 15 20 60

Median footpath

>1.8 m <1.8 m

Junction Undeveloped land Party plot/Common plot Water body

7.2.2 Bopal

4000

Sqm

1012 8629 32979 220000 10287 5176 3348 871 638 1690 3200

Sqm Sqm Sqm Sqm M M M M M M M

1690 9856 500 70000 15000 0

M M Sqm Sqm Sqm 0

Enhance

Add

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE INVENTORY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Type Of Open Space

Invisible open spaces Green Spaces – 8 to 10 spots (No public parks & gardens) Parks & Gardens Roads 60 m (1.86 km) 30 m (4.93 km) 24 m (2.27 km) 18 m (3.65 km) 15 m (0.5 km) 12 m (5.25 km) 9 m (5.25 km) 6 m (3.32 km) Median (1.5 m – 12.7 km) Footpath (3 m – 23.7 km) Junction (Shilaj Junction) Parking Party plot Water body (Ambli Lake 420m Perimeter) Vacant land/temporary open space

Area (sqkm) Enhance Proposed 0.024 Proposed

Add

A 3.2 sqkm stretch near Bopal is selected of the 76 km long and 60 0.11 m wide SP Ring Road. This area 0.15 falls under the Affordable housing zone. It has faced 0.05 0.07 several problems of0.01water logging in recent years as it has disturbed0.06 the natural drainage pattern. 0.05 0.02 The stretch is heterogenous as it covers different 0.02 0.07 types of public open spaces in the buffer, such as 0.001 0 parks, urban leftovers, junction, plots with parking, 0 NA NA 0.010 setbacks and pavements.

86%

Plot Margins

2.777

Green Cover

13% Road

*Assuming Built increases to 40%

Figure 9: Built vs open of greenfield site Source: MUP Portfolio M2019| TPVD [DTPS – 1,2,3,212 | FTPS – 531B | TPS – Shilaj, 216, 52, Ambli] 12

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In the case of 3.2 sqkm greenfield stretch, current open spaces are almost 90% of the site, (as seen in Figure 9) amounting to 40 lakh litres of runoff. The open spaces are estimated to remain to 60% by 2035. If planned & managed efficiently, as seen in Table 3, it can reduce the runoff by 77% (as seen in Figure 10) and infiltration would PUBLIC OPEN SPACE INVENTORY AND RECOMMENDATIONS become three timesType theOfamount that would beSize if left toEnhance current functioning. Open Space Add Invisible open spaces Parks and Gardens

Roads

6.88 GREEN COVER

Median footpath

4000

Sai Garden, Ramnagar Senior Citizen Park, Dharamnagar Acher Gam Garden

829.8 ROADS

Runoff 1000 litres

1012 8629 32979 220000 6 10287 9 5176 12 3348 15 871 20 638 PLOT MARGINS 60 1690 3200

3263 >1.8 m

1690

Sqm

Sqm Sqm Sqm Reducing open Sqm space runoff M Coefficient to M M <=0.15 by 2035 M M M M

77% Reduction in Runoff

5372 Infiltration 1000 litres

<1.8 m 9856 M Figure 10: Runoff in 2020 and infiltrative potential (2035) of greenfield site

Table 3:

Junction Undeveloped land Party plot/Common plot Inventory and Recommendations Water body

for

500 Sqm 70000 Sqm 15000 Sqm Public open spacesNAfor 0 0

selected greenfield site NA

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE INVENTORY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Type Of Open Space

Area (sqkm) Enhance

Add

Proposed 0.024 Proposed 0.11 0.15 0.05 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.07

0.001 0 0 0.010 2.777

Both the sites possess different characteristics based on the inventories of public open spaces. Nevertheless, components to be intervened with can be similar as the soil type, slope and other physical attributes are the same. Learnings from analysing the two sites led to direct relation of percentage of different types of public open spaces - that can be generalized for the city, with the infiltration potential at present and future, once the proposal is implemented. Hence, the runoff to be managed will be taken care of mainly by such nature-based solutions as well as the drainage network that is currently under pressure due to varying rainfall pattern and intensity, which shall also be reduced with the share of stormwater being catered to by the intervention of blue green infrastructure.

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8. Envisioning the Two Sites Using technical learnings such as filtration, conveyance, detention, retention and infiltration from the case studies, as seen in figure 11, the sites are envisioned to absorb rainwater, at par with their capacity to soak, with the necessary interventions attempted to conceptualize such as bioswale, raingardens, tree planters, constructed ponds, redesigned street sections and junction, curb bull bouts, dense green buffer spaces mini forests, etc by 2035-50 (Details in Annexure 4). The sites are envisioned with different combinations of interventions (Figure 12 and 13) and the technical calculations for each type and component are in Annexure 5. FILTRATION

CONVEYANCE

DETENTION

RETENTION

INFILTRATION

Gravel Filter chamber

Bioswale

Detention Pond

Retention Pond

Infiltration Trench

Gravel Filter strip

Planters

Dry Swale

Constructed Wetland

Infiltration Basin

Vegetated Filter

Underground storage tank

Pervious Paving

Riparian Buffer

Rain Water Harvesting

Rain Garden

Figure 11: Technical learnings from case studies

8.1 Brownfield Site at Sabarmati

Source: OASIS DESIGN INC, DELHI STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN

INVISIBLE OPEN SPACES (URBAN LEFTOVERS) - Plant gardens, increase in the green belt, Green Parking lots, buffer strips VACANT PLOT - Open to sky land parcels that are made fit to absorb rainwater through minimum greening. Barricaded from illegal encroachment and mostly left completely open with less coverage of dense foliage trees and closely planted shrubs. PARKS & GARDENS - It can redesign to a blue garden. Constructed retention pond, Rain garden - Determined by a site’s topography, maximize storage and minimize cost. Designed water bodies within parks and open spaces. Landscape features within parks and open spaces with infiltration potential. JUNCTIONS, STREETS & ROADS - Bioswale Channels, landscape feature along avenue medians and other linear strips. Tree trenches & sidewalk planters, planter beds and tree pits on wide sidewalks. INCIDENTAL (HERITAGE, INFORMAL MARKETS, PARKING) - Curb bulb outs, planter beds on parking and street intersections. Buffer spaces near Heritage areas and shaded locations created using tree planters near informal markets PRIVATE PLOT MARGINS - Sunken plazas within institutional and transit open spaces. Vegetative swales, buffer strips and rain gardens -filtering contaminants contained in stormwater runoff, evapotranspiration and infiltration of run-off into the ground. Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21

Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces

1,01,009 litres Total Infiltration in Phase 1

4000 sqm

P G G

VACANT UNDEVELOPED LAND PARCEL

ROADS

INCIDENTAL OPEN SPACE

PLOT MARGIN

INVISIBLE OPEN SPACE

Invisible open spaces

O PARKS & GARDENS

70,000 sqm

Undeveloped plot/vacant

74,505 litres

Total Infiltration in Phase 2

42,620 sqm Parks and Gardens

15,000 sqm

Party plot/Common plot

1,63,673 litres Total Infiltration in Phase 3

1,26,581 sqm Roads

BASE MODEL PROPOSED LAP FOR MULTI MODAL HUB: SABARMATI

Figure 12: Recommendations and Impact of Brownfield site Base Image Source: CEPT Portfolio, M2017, FP, 4644-C, Meso Level Intervention & Multi-Modal Hub Design - Aditi Rai, | Ahmedabad Macro to Micro Level Study - Tarwani Darpan Raajkumar

8.2 Greenfield Site at Bopal BUFFER AREA

Stormwater enters the adjacent Stormwater enters the adjacent green area through kerb green area through kerb cuts cuts. The green area level islevel always lower If there is less space in the road side, The green area is always lower than If there is less space the roadthan level water to inbethe road taken through drain the road level side, water to be taken through channel to nearby large green area or drain channel to nearby large greenother area or conveyance other conveyance system/ harvesting system. system/ harvesting system.

36,15,094 litres Total Infiltration in Phase 1

4000 sqm

Invisible open spaces

14,000 sqm Green Spaces

27,77,000 sqm

Vacant land/temporary open space

1,10,668 litres Total Infiltration in Phase 2

25,000 sqm Parks and Gardens

50,000 sqm Parking

10,000 sqm Lake Buffer

2,26,333 litres Total Infiltration in Phase 3

1,75,040 sqm Roads

Figure 13: Recommendations and Impact of Greenfield site Base Image Source: OASIS DESIGN INC, Stormwater Management for Delhi

Presently, the site has a low built cover, hence, the recommendations can be a part of the Development Control Regulations for such greenfield sites, including porous plot margins, rain gardens, constructed ponds in parks, etc. The existing roads, parking and junctions are the attributes to be enhanced through redesigning and incorporating techniques such as bioswales, porous asphalt, tree trenches, planter boxes, etc Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

9. Costing and Phasing The Package of interventions includes six layers (as seen in Figure 14) which comprises of all the public open spaces in the greenfield and brownfield areas based on the pilot site study. Phasing is done in three parts (details in Annexure 6) and it comprises of a mix of the components as identified the pilot proposals (as seen in Figure 15). Cost GREENING THE INCIDENTAL & INVISIBLE in OPEN SPACES (URBAN LEFTOVERS – VACANT LAND & UNDER FLYOVERS) of the brownfield package is 65 crores for 1 sqkm and for greenfield package is 750 crores for 3.2 sqkm. (Details in Annexure 7). If implemented effectively, only through BLUER GREEN SPACES (PARKS & GARDENS & COMMON PLOTS) the 2 selected sites for pilot demonstration, pressure on drainage network will be reduced significantly, that is approximately by 81%, with a simultaneous increase in BLUE GREEN CONNECTOR GREENING THE INCIDENTAL & INVISIBLE OPEN SPACES (GREEN NETWORK OF ROADS) infiltration. (URBAN LEFTOVERS – VACANT LAND & UNDER FLYOVERS) GREENFIELD GREEN NETWORK GREENING THE INCIDENTAL & INVISIBLE OPEN SPACES

BLUER GREEN SPACES

(STREETS AND JUNCTIONS) (URBAN LEFTOVERS – VACANT LAND & UNDER FLYOVERS)

(PARKS & GARDENS & COMMON PLOTS)

BLUER GREEN SPACES SPONGE NEIGHBOURHOOD - DENSIFYING GREEN COVER

BLUE GREEN CONNECTOR

BLUE GREEN CONNECTOR SPONGE NEIGHBOURHOOD (GREEN NETWORK OF ROADS) - BLUE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

GREENFIELD GREEN NETWORK

(PARKS & GARDENS & COMMON PLOTS) (INVISIBLE OPEN SPACES, PARKING AREA, VACANT LAND)

(GREEN NETWORK OF ROADS)

(PARKS & LAKES)

Figure Six layers GREENFIELD GREEN 14: NETWORK (STREETS AND JUNCTIONS)

(STREETS AND JUNCTIONS)

package for Sponge Open Spaces

SPONGE NEIGHBOURHOOD - DENSIFYING GREEN COVER (INVISIBLE OPEN SPACES, PARKING AREA, VACANT LAND)

Total Expenditure

₹ 7,29,78,147

₹ 8,50,74,751

SPONGE NEIGHBOURHOOD - DENSIFYING GREEN COVER (INVISIBLE OPEN SPACES, PARKING AREA, VACANT LAND)

Total Expenditure

₹ 49,67,42,573

SPONGE NEIGHBOURHOOD - BLUE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE (PARKS & LAKES)

SPONGE NEIGHBOURHOOD - BLUE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE (PARKS & LAKES) Invisible open spaces Parks and Gardens Roads & Junctions

54,000 litres

Reduced Pressure on Pipes & Infiltration

3,40,000 litres

11561 litres | 101009 litres

Lake buffer development

Total Expenditure

₹ 2,09,26,69,357

Reduced Pressure on Pipes & Infiltration

13148 litres | 74505 litres

Reduced Pressure on Pipes & Infiltration

28884 litres | 163673 litres

Total Expenditure

₹ 1,97,78,93,542

₹ 3,43,13,92,480

Party/Common plot Undeveloped plot/vacant Green Spaces Parking

7,00,000 litres

Reduced Pressure on Pipes & Infiltration

39,00,000 litres

636705 litres | 3615094 litres

Invisible open spaces Parks and Gardens

Roads & Junctions Lake buffer development

Reduced Pressure on Pipes & Infiltration

18635 litres | 110668 litres

Reduced Pressure on Pipes & Infiltration

39941 litres | 226333 litres

Party/Common plot

Green Spaces

Undeveloped plot/vacant

Parking

Figure 15: Phasing of Costs for Brownfield and Greenfield Packages 16

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Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces

10. Financing Mechanism For the pilot projects the cost for the brownfield stretch extrapolated to 3 sqkm and for greenfield stretch of approximately 3 sqkm is Rs. 195 crore and Rs.750 crore respectively. This includes the cost of all the components that are phased in the six layered brownfield and greenfield packages, i.e. invisible open spaces, roads and junctions, party/common plots, green spaces, parking, undeveloped/vacant land, parks and gardens and lake buffer development. Under the ‘Sponge Cities Mission’ cost for all of these will be borne by different stakeholders based on their capacity and responsibility (as seen in Figure 16). CAPEX – INITITAL INVESTMENT ADB & WORLD BANK

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

STATE GOVERNMENT

*ADD CARBON CREDITS

AUDA

AMC OPEX – OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE CITIZENS USER CHARGES + 20%

PARTY PLOTS/ COMMON AREAS

STORMWATER CHARGES & STORMWATER FEE DISCOUNTS

INR 116 CR

PARKS & GARDENS

ROADS & JUNCTIONS

* DEVELOPMENT INCENTIVES GRANTS, REBATES / INSTALLATION FINANCING AWARDS/RECOGNITION PROGRAMS

ADB & WORLD BANK

PRIVATE SECTOR (PPP MODEL)

PARKING AREAS

OWN SOURCES PARKS AND GARDENS TICKETS TO BE CHARGED WITH ADDITION

TOLL RATE INCREASE BY 20%

PARKING CHARGES INCREASE BY 20%

UNDEVELOPED PLOTS EXISTING GREEN SPACES INVISIBLE OPEN SPACES LAKE BUFFER DEVELOPMENT

CENTRAL GOVT

INR 87 CR

STATE GOVT

INR 58 CR

AMC/AUDA

INR 471+28

PRIVATE SECTOR (CSR)

INR 34.6

NON REVENUE GENERATING ACTIVITIES NEED TO BE FUNDED THROUGH ULB BUDGET TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR BY CONTRACTORS OF BRIDGES AND FLYOVERS AS WELL AS MEGA

AUDA BUDGET FOR LAKE INTERLINKING TO ACCOUNT FOR/INCLUDE SMALLER LAKES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BUFFER

PPP Model

INR 20.6

CITIZENS

INR 0.55

Figure 16: Financing Mechanism for Pilot Projects Under Sponge Cities Mission

Sponge cities mission is created for cities of India. In the case of Ahmedabad, this will encompass different sources of funding (Details in Annexure 8) for Capital expenditure and Operational expense till 2050, such as ADB or World bank, Central and state funds and budget from AMC & AUDA for investment in capital (examples in Annexure 9). For operations and maintenance, by citizens, Private sector, PPP model (like in the case of parks and gardens by AMUL, Mother dairy and several others) as well as the ULB and UDA’s own sources. The amount can be upscaled for the city and investment done in the ratio 40:30:20:10 respectively. Currently, the share of O&M is 89: 10.2: 0.1: 0.7 for ULB / UDA, Private Sector (CSR), PPP Model and Citizens respectively, which is to be managed more efficiently in the ratio 30: 40: 10: 20 once the pilots are successful. Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

11. Implementation Framework As seen in Table 4, implementation mechanism (examples in Annexure 10) prepared for the proposal assigns the contribution & roles (details in Annexure 12) based on various policies, programmes, missions, Acts and guidelines (details in Annexure 11), between contractors, town planning department, gardens department, heritage cell of AMC, ward offices, AUDA, NGOs, RWAs, private sector, media (RJ Dhvanit’s Tree plantation drive), property owners, developers and institutions, for each component categorized under design, construction, management and O&M. Table 4: Responsibility Matrix Components

Design

Construction

Management

Operation & Maintenance

Roads & Junctions

Contractor, AMC – Town planning department

Contractor/Bidder

AUDA, AMC - Roads & transportation department

AUDA, AMC Street sweepers, PPP model

Parks and Gardens

Contractor, AMC – Town planning department

Contractor/Bidder

AMC Gardens Department, Ward Office

PPP model

Invisible (Flyovers & Metro Bridges), Incidental open spaces

AMC – Town planning department

Contractor/Bidder

MEGA, Ward Office, AMC Gardens Department, Heritage cell, Heritage Conservation Committee

NGOs, RWAs, Media (RJ Dhvanit), Ward Office, AMC Gardens Department, Heritage cell

Undeveloped green spaces/vacant land

Contractor, AMC – Town planning department

Contractor/Bidder

AMC Gardens Department, Ward Office

NGOs, RWAs, Media (RJ Dhvanit), Ward Office, AMC Gardens Department, Heritage cell

Party plot/Common plot

Contractor, AMC – Town planning department

Contractor/Bidder

AMC, Ward Office

PPP model

Parking

Contractor, AMC – Town planning department

Contractor/Bidder

AMC, Ward Office

PPP model

Lake buffer

Contractor

Contractor/Bidder

AUDA

PPP model

Contractor, AMC – Town planning department

Contractor/Bidder

AMC Gardens Department, Ward Office

NGOs, RWAs, Media (RJ Dhvanit), Ward Office, AMC Gardens Department, Heritage cell

Property owners, Developers to get clearance from AMC/AUDA, Institutions

Property owners, Developers, Institutions

Vacant land/temporary open space Private plots (setbacks, paved, parking)

In order to implement the development control guidelines will need to be updated with the necessary additions that are given to brownfield and greenfield sites, as mentioned in the six layer package and its components. Construction processes need to be amended to be more sensitive towards existing green and open spaces. Other tools that will be required include specific clauses for contractors, augmentation in design briefs as well as a working manual for the departments of ULB.

11.1 Monitoring and Evaluation Techniques In order to assess the viability and to evaluate the project post implementation, several techniques and factors can be used for impact, output and outcomes. Nature Based Ground Water Recharging - Increased capacity of the city to suffice water demand in the future years. 18

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Eco-Sponge Elasticity - mainly consists of five types of sponge elasticity and two types of ecological elasticity, including factors such as infiltration, storage, detention, transportation and decontamination, ecological vegetation and natural ecological water elasticities. Sponge Green Factor - percentage of total green space area which has the ability to store, convey and treat the surface runoff. Green space vegetation has the functions of water purification and the provision of other eco-system services. Green sponge facilities which have effects on hydrology and improving the quality of rivers and lakes. This indicator needs to be delineated according to the planning unit. Green Coverage Ratio for Cleaner, Healthier, Greener Environment - vertical projection of plants/shrubs to the total area. The basis for improving the green ratio is to increase the proportion of trees/plants, which can effectively alleviate the urban heat island effect and achieve high respiratory index for the city. Sponge City Road Rate - Refers to the proportion of the area of the road which is used in sponge facility to control the runoff. Newly built roads have to fully comply with the sponge principles, and improvements to the existing roads will promote implementation of more sponge-type roads in the near future. The Annual Runoff Control Rate - the proportion of the rainfall which is controlled (not discharged) from the total rainfall in a year. Its calculated according to statistical analysis of yearly data related to the natural and artificial enhanced way of penetration, storage, evaporation (transpiration), etc. The Rainwater Resource Utilization Rate - A vast majority of rainwater runoff is directly discharged into the rivers and lakes, increasing the burden on urban drainage infrastructure. Therefore, an increase of the volume of harvested rainwater provides an ecological function of urban water supply, lessening the need to supply high quality water for the city)

12. Conclusion On a whole, with these interventions, Ahmedabad will be able to enhance the aesthetics, the current blue green cover and add more blue green spaces, reduce the UHI effect, clean air, positively impact public health, increase land value. The city’s approach will incorporate water sensitive urban planning and design and give it the identity of a sponge with blue green networks. For this, there will be an added need for capacity building and public participation through incentivization (details in Annexure 13).

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

13. Way Forward Inventory of Public and Private Open spaces Existing Open Spaces

Potential Private and Public Land

Situation Analysis Overlap Waterlogging areas

Hindrance in natural drain pattern

Prioritizing area of enhancement and addition Brownfield

Greenfield

City Level Sponge Strategy Policy and Plan

Funding and institutional framework

Figure 17: Flow of upscaling the package under Sponge Cities Mission [Stormwater sponges, public open spaces with brownfield and greenfield packages that comprise of technical, institutional, financial and policy facets]

Based on conventional development of a new area, the city spends on similar size of area, one third of the amount proposed for only three types of open spaces namely Gardens, Roads, Footpath and separately for the supporting Stormwater infrastructure. If the Sponge open space packages are successfully achieved, by 2035, with even 50% of infiltration tapped through open spaces, 50 lakh people’s water demand can be sufficed or ground water level in the city will be replenished by 1028 billion litres. For replicability, sponge open spaces package for the city needs to be implemented based on certain prerequisites (as mentioned below) and follow the flow as done for the 2 pilot areas (as seen in Figure 17). • Can directly be replicated in areas selected with over aggregate 60% open spaces • Stormwater sensitive technical recommendations in Development Control Regulations - Guide of Sponge City Construction Technology – LID Technique • Embedding the need at ULB level - local government should take the primary responsibility of supervising and exploring the creative ways of PPP modes that fit to the local situation. Capacity to perform in coordination – Green Wards Credits • Efforts in appropriate regulatory framework - Develop and enforce a retention standard for stormwater. Introduce a discharge permit process. Evaluation and Assessment Index of Sponge City Construction Performance. Policy awareness and knowledge - Policies and Programs • Inclusive planning: Motivation through incentives for Public Participation. Public acceptability and accountability. • Up-scaling the funding & financing mechanism 20

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Bibliography, Important Readings and Links Primary Documents include: Urban green guidelines 2014, MOUD, TCPO, GTPUDA, NBC, CPHEEO M2017, FP, 4644-C, Meso level intervention & multi modal hub design | CEPT. (2017, November 8). CEPT - Portfolio. https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/fp/foundation-studio-bay-c-4644-cmonsoon-2017/meso-level-intervention-multi-modal-hub-design-monsoon-2017-pp0000217 Objectives and indexes for implementation of sponge cities—A case study of Changzhou city, China. (2018, May 10). MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/5/623 Five Types of Green Infrastructure Incentive Programs. (2013, February 07). Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://stormwater.wef.org/2013/01/five-types-of-green-infrastructureincentive-programs/ Eco-sponge elasticity and its indices developed to assess the performance of infrastructure in sponge cities:. (n.d.). J-STAGE Home. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/irspsd/7/4/7_167/_ article World average yearly annual precipitation. (n.d.). EDW - El Dorado Weather. https://www. eldoradoweather.com/climate/world-maps/world-annual-precip-map.html Kaushik, H. (2018, February 14). Green shield Withers away: As vehicles sprout, green shield Withers away | Ahmeda-bad news - Times of India. The Times of India. https:// timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/as-vehicles-sprout-green-shield-withers-away/ articleshow/62907136.cms R, S. (2018, February 13). In two years, Ahmedabad saw forest cover decline by 13%. DNA India. https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-in-two-years-ahmedabad-saw-forest-coverdecline-by-13-2583985 Parikh, B. (2020, November 21). How Ahmedabad is Greening its concrete landscape. Citizen Matters. https://citizenmatters.in/miyawaki-urban-forests-floating-gardens-on-sabarmati-inahmedabad-14464 With 18 new ‘green lungs’, Amdavadis to… breathe EASY. (2018, June 24). Ahmedabad Mirror. https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/with-18-new-green-lungsamdavadis-to-breathe-easy/articleshow/64714989.cms Societies invest in green future. (2019, August 6). Ahmedabad Mirror. https://ahmedabadmirror. indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/societies-invest-in-green-future/articleshow/70542911. cms This man is turning cities into giant sponges to save lives. (n.d.). World Economic Forum. https:// www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/sponge-cities-china-flood-protection-nature-wwf/ AMC nod for three green stretches in western Ahmedabad | Ahmedabad news - Times of India. (2019, August 2). The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ amc-nod-for-three-green-stretches-in-western-city/articleshow/70489648.cms Sieker. (n.d.). The concept of „sponge-city“. https://www.sieker.de/en/fachinformationen/ dealing-with-rainwater/article/the-concept-of-sponge-city-579.html Greening Ahmedabad—creating a resilient Indian city using a green infrastructure approach to investment. (2017, May 29). Taylor & Francis. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 01426397.2017.1314452 Green infrastructure ignored by Ahmedabad’s planners | Ahmedabad news - Times of India. (2017, April 17). The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ green-infrastructure-ignored-by-citys-planners/articleshow/58212441.cms

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

Mission green Ahmedabad. (n.d.). Green Leaf, Green Life. https://greenleafngo.org/missiongreen-ahmedabad/ How green is my city. (2014, May 10). Ahmedabad Mirror. https://ahmedabadmirror. indiatimes.com/news/india/how-green-is-my-city/articleshow/35633020.cms AmdaPark. (n.d.). https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/portal/amdapark.jsp (PDF) Terminology of urban open and green spaces. (2017, November 15). https://www. researchgate.net/publication/321300419_Terminology_of_Urban_Open_and_Green_ Spaces Open space. (n.d.). 404 - University of Idaho. https://webpages.uidaho.edu/larc453/pages/ Open-spaces.htm Public open space categories. (n.d.). Greenspace Information for Greater London – the capital’s environmental records centre. https://www.gigl.org.uk/open-spaces/public-openspace-categories/ (n.d.). MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://web.mit.edu/11.952/www/S06_ Vanke/Vanke_v1/ch4.0_OpenSpace.pdf The space between buildings. Defining urban open space quality: The tale of two new urbanism neighborhoods in the Colorado front range. (n.d.). Academia.edu - Share research. https://www.academia.edu/16779698/The_space_between_buildings_Defining_ Merchant, P. (2018, October 17). Participatory local area planning: A must for robust city growth. ORF. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/participatory-local-area-planning-amust-for-robust-city-growth-44799/ Livable neighborhoods. (2020, June 25). WRI India Ross Center for Sustainable Cities | Helping cities make big ideas happen. https://wricitiesindia.org/content/livable-neighborhoods This man is turning cities into giant sponges to save lives. (n.d.). World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/sponge-cities-china-flood-protection-naturewwf/ Roxburgh, H. (2020, September 23). China’s ‘sponge cities’ are turning streets green to combat flooding. the Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/28/chinassponge-cities-are-turning-streets-green-to-combat-flooding Inside China’s leading ‘sponge city’: Wuhan’s war with water. (2020, February 3). the Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/23/inside-chinas-leading-spongecity-wuhans-war-with-water Bates, A. (2018, February 18). Breathing highways and sponge cities. Medium. https:// medium.com/@albertbates/breathing-highways-and-sponge-cities-c7af8a4ad158 John, P. (2019, May 3). Ahmedabad: Podium parking rules yet to be framed for GDCR | Ahmedabad news - Times of India. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ city/ahmedabad/podium-parking-rules-yet-to-be-framed-for-gdcr/articleshow/69152993. cms Oasis Design Inc, Delhi Stormwater Management Plan. Oasis. (n.d.). OASIS. https:// oasisdesigns.org/Storm-waterManagement.asp Atal Mission For Rejuvenation And Urban Transformation, Government of In-dia. https:// amrut.gov.in/upload/597047926809703TemplateSLIPFormatParksV614Aug2015.pdf Smartnet. https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/cfn_-_design_guidelines. pdf 22

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Annexure 1. Global Practices Rainwater as a Concern • Water Sensitive Urban Design • Sponge Cities Program • Integrated USWM / SSWM • Flood Resilience Strategy/ Cloudburst Management • Climate Adaption Plan • Risk Reduction Strategy of Urban Flooding • Stormwater Management Plan/ Guidelines • Stormwater Charge • Private Property Delhi Guide to Rain • Rejuvenation of waterbodies Event •

Public parks as recharge zones

Delhi • •

Mumbai • •

Rejuvenation of waterbodies Public parks as recharge zones

Pune

•

Use of reno mattresses on river banks for stabilization and allow percolation of water . Bio park Eco areas Detention ponds

• • •

Kerala •

Mumbai • •

Rainwater harvesting Suite of blue green infrastructure that include headwaters that are protected as national parks

Rainwater as a Resource Pune • Blue-Green Infrastructure / Lowon river banks • Use of reno mattresses Andhra Pradesh for stabilization and allow percolation • Integrated Watershed Management Impact Development / Green water . Programme (IWMP), Andhra Pradesh StormwaterofInfrastructure • Bio park • Urban Watershed Management • Eco areas Bangalore • Catchment and Stormwater Detention ponds • Rainwater• Harvesting Systems Kerala •

Integrated water resource management

• •

Management Plans Water sensitive urban design Rehabilitating and maximizing the water bodies

Source: OASIS DESIGN INC, Stormwater Management for Delhi

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

Andhra Pradesh

•

Integrated Wat Programme (IW

Bangalore

• • •

Integrated water resource management

Rainwater harve Suite of blue gre that include hea protected as na

Catchment and Management P Water sensitive Rehabilitating water bodies

2. Detailed Methodology 1. Need – Reviewing different sponge city case studies such as Copenhagen, China, Rotterdam, various others to understand the relevance for Ahmedabad. Determining Aim and Objective to make the city’s Public open spaces stormwater absorbent. Understanding public open spaces through timelining evolution of the concept and literature review from various Guidelines, Act, Master Plans. Defining Public open spaces for Ahmedabad by assessing the Current Scenario of the city. 2. Calculate runoff and existing capacity of the city. Highlighting relation of green and open spaces with runoff and infiltration. Conceptualizing plan for making the city spongey through its open spaces. Conceptualizing plan for making the city spongey through its open spaces. Site selection: Brownfield and green field and their SWOT. Existing scenario of built and open and its Runoff. Inventorying public open spaces in the selected sites 3. Potential for intervention to enhance or add more open spaces – infiltrative capacity. Approaches & techniques used across the globe to filter, convey, detain, retain, infiltrate and store runoff. Suitable technical calculations for sites. Costs for the site interventions – Low, mid, high (based on Labour, design, technology, material, consultants, etc). Envisioning the site with implied methods from good practices. 4. Implementation – phasing and impact. Financing mechanism for each element of the package to make city’s open spaces spongey. Achievable through various innovative funding techniques as gauged via several good practices across India. Preparing Influence interest grid of stakeholders. Deciding Institutional framework – involvement in design, construction, management, O&M and flow of funds 5. Upscaling to city level – Costs and Benefits. Regulatory Guidelines to be made for implementation after reviewing several initiatives, policies, missions, programs, projects, Acts applicable. Scenario building – what will the city achieve by replicating this package at city scale?

Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21

Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces 3. Present situation of open spaces 01

Image 1, 2, 3, 10: Invisible open spaces Image 4, 11: Incidental open spaces near heritage areas

Image 5, 6: Concretized open spaces and impermeable roads Image 7, 8: Medians and footpath with green cover Image 9, 10: Junctions with green cover

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

4. Components of nature based stormwater management Bioswales

Nature based Embankments

Vegetated filter strips

Constructed ponds

Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21

Raingardens

Mini forests (Densifying green cover)

Planter boxes

Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces

Turf

Permeable parking areas

Street sections – Medians & footpath (Porous pavements, Road material – Porous asphalt)

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

5. Technical estimation SH 41

Project Components AREA/LENGTH Invisble open spaces Mini Forest 4000 SQM Parks and Gardens Sai Garden, Ramnagar Rain Garden 1012 SQM Senior Citizen Park, Dharamnagar Rain Garden Acher Gam Garden Constructed pond

SIZE (sqm) 4000

SIZE (sqft) 43056

1012

10893

8629 SQM

8629

92882

32979 SQM

32979

354983

1690 M 638 M 871 M 3348 M 3348 M 5176 M 5176 M 10287 M 10288 M 3200

6760 2552 1742 6696 6696 10352 10352 10287 41152 6400

72764 27469 18751

1690 9856 500 SQM 40000 SQM 10000 SQM 20000 SQM 15000 SQM

3380 19712 500 40000 10000 20000 15000

Roads 60 20 15 12

Bioswale Bioswale Bioswale Trees Vegetated Filter strip Trees Vegetated Filter strip Planter boxes Porous Street Vegetated Filter strip

9 6 Median footpath

Junction Undeveloped plot/vacant

Party plot/Common plot

>1.8 m Pavement <1.8 m Pavement Rain Garden Constructed Pond Mini Forest Turf Turf

*Extend footpath, Remove encroachment for intervention footpath >1.8 m <1.8 m

72075 111428 110728 442956 68889 36382 212178 5382 430556 107639 215278 161459

Minimal greening Bioswale BUFFER STRIPS

SP Ring Road Project Invisble open spaces Green Spaces

Components Mini Forest Mini Forest Constructed pond Constructed pond Rain garden

AREA/LENGTH Proposed 0.024 SQKM Proposed Proposed Proposed

Median Sidewalk Bioswale 30 Median Sidewalk Bioswale 24 Median Sidewalk Bioswale 18 Median Sidewalk Bioswale 15 Median Sidewalk Bioswale 12 Vegetated Filter strip Sidewalk 9 Vegetated Filter strip Sidewalk 6 Planter boxes Porous Street Rain garden Parking Lot Mini Forest

60 m (1.86 km) 60 m (1.86 km) 60 m (1.86 km) 30 m (4.93 km) 31 m (4.93 km) 30 m (4.93 km) 24 m (2.27 km) 25 m (2.27 km) 24 m (2.27 km) 18 m (3.65 km) 19 m (3.65 km) 18 m (3.65 km) 15 m (0.5 km) 16 m (0.5 km) 15 m (0.5 km) 12 m (5.25 km) 12 m (5.25 km) 9 m (5.25 km) 9 m (5.25 km) 6 m (3.32 km) 6 m (3.32 km) 0.001 SQKM Proposed 0.01 SQKM

Parks

SIZE (sqm) SIZE (sqft) 4000 43056 14000 150695 10000 107639 25000 269098 25000 269098

Roads 60

Junction Parking Lake buffer vacant land/temporary open space

Mini Forest

Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21

2.777 SQKM

3720 11160 7440 4930 19720 19720 2270 9080 9080 3650 14600 7300 500 2000 1000 10700 21000 1000 5250 6640 13280 1000 50000 10000

40042 120125 80083 53066 212264 212264 24434 97736 97736 39288 157153 78576 5382 21528 10764 115174 226042 10764 56510 71472 142945 10764 538195 107639

2777000

29891350

Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces 6. Detailed costing

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

7. Phasing YEAR 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050

₹ ₹

CAPEX 83,55,66,137 83,55,66,137

₹ ₹

13,07,19,737 13,07,19,737

₹ ₹

48,03,64,649 48,03,64,649

TOTAL COST

OPEX ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹

16,94,52,917 16,94,52,917 16,94,52,917 16,94,52,917 18,17,51,952 18,17,51,952 18,17,51,952 18,17,51,952 18,17,51,952 18,17,51,952 18,17,51,952 18,17,51,952 18,17,51,952 18,17,51,952 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628 19,81,17,628

₹

8,16,22,79,027

* Base year - 2020 Phase 1 (5 years) - 2020 to 2025 Phase 2 (10 years) - 2025 to 2035 Phase 3 (15 years) - 2035 to 2050

PHASE 1

Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector AMC, AUDA BUDGET Green financing mechanisms, such as Clean Development Mechanism, Global Environment Facility, Climate Investment Funds. Dedicated climate funds May include: Loans/grants from Global Environment Facility (GEF), Green Climate Fund (GCF), Climate Investment Funds (CIF), or country- or region-specific funds Carbon markets or other market-based climate. Access to carbonfocused climate funds is linked to the mitigation outcome achieved, but if done properly projects can also be structured to deliver climate adaptation co-benefits. Can be used for either operating or capital investment costs.

Lake buffer

Private plots (setbacks, paved, parking)

Vacant land/temporary open space

STORMWATER CHARGES FOR PLOT OWNERS/DEVELOPERS

AMC, AUDA BUDGET

Parking

Party plot/Common plot

Employment Generation Subsidy Market rate investment project financing (loans) or development policy Loans Concessional rate investment project financing (loans) or development policy loans Pay-for-results loans De-risking instruments (guarantees) AMC, AUDA BUDGET

Undeveloped green spaces/vacant land

Funding through National programmes (STATE AND CENTRAL GRANTS)

Official development assistance (ODA) - Grants & Subsidies

Carbon Crediting, PPP, CSR, NGOs

Invisible (Flyovers & Metro Bridges), Incidental open spaces

Tolls

Partnership with Foreign Financers, Banks and Investors (WORLD BANK, ADB) Through its ‘Smart City’ projects, provides huge potential for the application of Australia’s expertise in managing all aspects of urban water, and it’s encouraging to see this first project commence with substantial local cofunding.

Parks and Gardens

(O&M)

(Investment)

STORMWATER CHARGES FOR PLOT OWNERS/DEVELOPERS

AMC, AUDA BUDGET

Ticketing

User charges

AMC, AUDA BUDGET

Carbon Crediting, PPP, CSR, NGOs

PPP, CSR, NGOs

Betterment levy

AMC, AUDA BUDGET

Funding & Financing

Project Contracts out on PPP – Private body constructs, operates and maintains and transfers it to AMC. (BOT model)

Roads & Junctions

Components

Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces

8. Financing

9. Innovative funding techniques

Source: Typology of sources of financing available for NI implementation (WBCSD, 2017, p. 21)

Green financing mechanisms, such as Clean Development Mechanism, Global Environment Facility, Climate Investment Funds - Loans/grants from Global Environment Facility (GEF), Green Climate Fund (GCF), Climate Investment Funds (CIF) Partnership with Foreign Financers, Banks and Investors, Official development assistance (ODA) from multilateral and bilateral sources, such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), or Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) or bilateral development finance institutions such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), Agence Française de Développement (AFD), etc. These resources typically cover a wide range of development goals, with the level of attention paid to climate change mitigation and climate adaptation varying across countries. In many countries, official development assistance is another critical part of the financing picture, particularly for large capital investment projects. Grants & Subsidies - Funding through National programmes, State and Central grants, Employment Generation Subsidy.

Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21

Allotment Gardens

Green High 3 Roof facades courtyards

MIS for Parks and Gardens

Office of Landscape management and green areas

‘Cologne Green Foundation’ Multi-step citizens participation, outsourcing, conducting competitions - diverse designs and programs.

Neighbourhood

Plot

Project/Strategy

Institutional

Citizen Awareness programs

Funding & Financing

Heat Generation Map Landscape Plan

City

Cologne

‘REGIONALE’ Green Plan

Level of Interventions

Regional

National Parks Board

SGBioAtlas

Green Plot Ratio/LUSH program/100 percent greenery replacement policy

Park connectors

Singapore Green Plan – retrofitting and urban design approach with ABC program (Active, Beautiful, clean water program)

Singapore

CHINA – PPP Model GREEN UP DC enable property owners to share their projects and calculate their stormwater and energy-saving successes U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Green Improvement Fund in Onondaga County, N.Y

CHINA – Living water park, Chengdu

ANDHRA PRADESH – WSUP, WaterAid Australia DELHI - Horticulture Department under Corporations

MUMBAI - Parks and Garden Department Tree Authority under ULB PUNE – Garden Department, Tree Authority Department MUMBAI - Love Your Parks Fresh&Local Krida Mandals PUNE – Bhartiya Vidyapeeth ‘Green Schooling’; ‘Indradhanush’, PMC

AHMEDABAD – PPP model ‘AMUL gardens’

MUMBAI - Carter Road Development by RWA PUNE – University garden for citizens

CHANDIGARH – Park connectors

MUMBAI - Adoption and Caretaker Policy

COPENHAGEN – Green infrastructure through 5 finger plan Maryland, Montgomery County coordinates RainScapes Rewards, a rebate program Ecoroof Incentive program Grey to Green Initiative, Portland Lake Champlain International (LCI) BLUE® certification for watershedfriendly homes.

CHANDIGARH – Annual Green Action Plan MADURAI – Blue green infrastructure plan. DELHI - Green Belt, Master plan 2021, Classification of open spaces, Climate Agenda, Tree Census

Others (National)

MUMBAI - Inventorying of water bodies, parks and gardens PUNE – Tree Census

Mumbai & Pune

NEW YORK – Grey-green infrastructure integration through NYC green infrastructure plan with 2.4 billion investment

China & Others (International)

Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces

10. Case studies for implementation

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

Capacity to perform in coordination – Green Wards Credits Creation of a network of local institutions and experts to assess and critically analyse working practices and learn how to transform their patterns of decision making to a greener one. Efforts in appropriate regulatory framework Example: Thane Municipal Corporation amended the existing development control regulations to mandate the installation of rain water harvesting systems in buildings constructed after 2005. Mandating interventions that can trigger green growth by enforcing people to adopt a green lifestyle. Policy reforms for mandating green practices. As rain water harvesting was made mandatory by amending the bye laws, people installed the rain water harvesting systems on their own. There was no financial liability on Thane Municipal Corporation. Inclusive planning: Motivation through incentives for Public Participation Example: Thane Municipal corporation has announced 5% rebate in property taxes for buildings existing prior to 2005 for installing rain water harvesting systems and solar water heaters. Implementing interventions that can trigger green growth by helping people realise the need to adopt a green lifestyle. Increased rents and property values, Energy savings, Reduced infrastructure costs, Reduced costs associated with flooding. Reduced water bills, Increased mental health and worker productivity for office employees. Stormwater fee credits and other financial incentives, every property in this area in the open space shall plant as many trees as prescribed by the Competent Authority and maintain the same. Paving in Building unit Maximum of 50% of the total open space including marginal open spaces and common plot of a building‐unit shall be paved. The remaining shall be permeable for rain water percolation Public acceptability and accountability People appreciate and value well maintained public places. By charging an entry fee for the lake Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation has created a sustainable source of revenue for ensuring the maintenance of the lake premises. By imposing fines for littering and damaging the public property, AMC was able to changes people’s behaviour and indifference towards public places by making them conscious and vigilant of wrong doings. Developing appropriate penalty mechanism. Policy awareness and knowledge Example: Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC) undertook a number of awareness generation activities for motivating people to adopt the rain water harvesting system. To generate public awareness TMC widely circulated pamphlets describing the advantages of rain water harvesting and also made attractive floats during the Gudi Padva (Marathi New Year) celebration. Awareness generation through mass media, exhibitions.

Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21

Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces 11. Policies and programmes Mission for green India – One of the 8 missions of Nation action plan for climate change (NAPCC) to enhance ecosystems and carbon sinks. On the urban level it has provided cross sectoral approach to be implemented on private as well as public lands with role of local communities in decision making and planning AMRUT – Green space and parks with grants available since 2015 for Ahmedabad Smart City Initiative – With the climate and data smart city assessment framework opportunities to be predicted for funding of green infrastructure projects GTPUD Act, 1976 – Its Two-tier development process has included 5 % of land allocation for the green and open spaces in TPs Gujarat Integrated Township Policy, 2008 – It has suggested 10% functional open space for townships. Sustainable development within township also views as wellplanned regional context. Green Ahmedabad Initiative – Aimed to make the city green and increase tree density in the city. Special budget allocation through annual AMC Budget mainly for tree plantation. Park and Gardens Department is responsible for the development and maintenance of new parks and gardens and recreational open spaces, traffic islands and green central verges and tree plantation. Private agencies and PPP contracts are made for Operation and maintenance of parks and gardens through 5-year contracts 42nd Amendment (1976) to the Constitution: Article 48A – Directive Principle: The amendment added Art. 48A to the Directive Principles of State Policy - “the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country”. Article 51(A) (g) – Fundamental duty: Amendment added – Article 51(A) (g) - “to protect and improve the natural environment including forest, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures” 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992: A facilitator for massive Urban Greening. It gave statutory basis for ULBs and placed the third tier of government in India on a firm pedestal. The twelfth schedule, inserted into the Constitution of India vide the 74th Amendment Act 1992, provides an illustrative list of 18 municipal functions (Article 243W) under the typology function group – essentially municipal functions - the provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens and play grounds, regulation of land use stands out as some of the main responsibilities of ULBs. ‘Shared’ or ‘concurrent’ functions – planning for economic and social development, promotion of cultural educational and aesthetic aspects, urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects constitutes a part of the total functions listed out.

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector

STAKEHOLDERS INTEREST

HIGH

12. Stakeholders influence grid matrix Communities, Individual, future generations

NGOs, Media (RJ Dhvanit)

Slum dwellers, pavement dwellers

Private sector (PPP model – AMUL, Mother dairy, etc)

Ward offices

Street sweepers

Janmarg (AJL)

LOW

Banks, Financiers

LOW

AUDA, AMC*

Commercial property owners, Developers, Institutions

HIGH

STAKEHOLDERS INFLUENCE

Public Sector Private Sector SPV

Keep informed

Manage closely

Take into account

Meet their needs

Individuals/Citizens

Land Value increase

City's identity as Sponge

Blue Green network

Bluer parks & gardens

Need for Capacity Building

Public Participation need for incentivizing

Impact on Public Health

Cleaning of air quality

Urban Heat Island effect

Adding Blue Green Spaces Water sensitive Urban planning Water sensitive Urban design

Enhancing Current Blue Green Cover 1

Aesthetics

PROJECT

PRINCIPLES

13. Principle outcome of each intervention

60 m Roads (Bioswales, Porous Pavements, Green Medians) 30-45 m Roads (Bioswales, Porous Pavements, Green Medians) <15 m Roads (Tree planters, Porous Pavements, Green Medians) 15-30 m Roads (Tree planters, Porous Pavements) BRTS Lanes Invisible Open Spaces Junctions Vacant areas Parking Parks & Gardens Green Cover Water bodies Private Open spacesPlot Margins (Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Recreational)

Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21

Stormwater Sponges - Public Open Spaces

About The Studio Infrastructure project studio will focus on Water-Sanitation system. Often the absence of a comprehensive city wide plan and an inadequate understanding or attention to cross-sectoral issues in water and sanitation, results in poor project formulation. This studio focuses on developing integrated infrastructure projects for stormwater, water, sanitation and solid waste management for Ahmedabad city and its immediate periphery. Infrastructure development activities for these sectors whether in the public or private domain, involves plan preparation, project formulation and implementation. This is accompanied by appropriate technical and financial analysis and leads to the selection of feasible projects.

About The Sector In earlier times, stormwater in the cities had natural pathways to eventually find its way to discharge points or underground. With the rapid urbanisation and development, stormwater has started appearing as a concern and hence requires management. Ahmedabad witnesses problems of waterlogging, flash floods, with minimal groundwater recharge every time it rains. The city assessment was an effort to understand the concerns in detail and there the very origin which is addressed through our study.

Please click on the link https:// drive.google.com/drive/ folders/1mvOE9s-fcG-fdahx0yHH ZdMpivhVpSbM?usp=sharing to get an overview of the project.

About The Project Sponge open spaces package caters to the problem of waterlogging and simultaneous groundwater depletion by absorbing stormwater through the selected public open spaces of the city. This is done through the creation of a comprehensive mechanism that weaves through innovative institutional, technical, financial, policies and programs aspects for Ahmedabad city. The pilot demonstration is done for a brownfield and greenfield site.

Dhwani Chawla

Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Stormwater Sector