The MIND

THE M!ND GROUP 8: Alisher Khamitov - Anshuman Abhisek Mishra - Divya Naik - Milka Elizabeth Kovacevic Zegarra Nadir Pamuk - Samrawit Gebreselassie AAR4616 - Integrated Energy Design

CONTENTS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT ABSTRACT SITE AND CONTEXT SLUPPENVEIEN - ZEN NEIGHBORHOOD SITE ANALYSIS - EXISTING CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FORM DEVELOPMENT BUILDING FORM SITE PLAN BASEMENT PLAN FIRST LEVEL PLAN: PODIUM SECOND LEVEL PLAN: PODIUM THIRD LEVEL PLAN: OFFICE - TYPICAL FIFTH LEVEL PLAN: OFFICE - CONFERENCE AREAS SECTION E-W SECTION N-S ELEVATIONS - E & W ELEVATIONS - N & S SOLAR ANALYSIS - DESIGN PROCESS ROOF FORM & PV - STUDY BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV) STRATEGY DAYLIGH ACCESS WIND FLOW BUILDING ENVELOPE & CONSTRUCTION HEAT RECOVERY AND VENTILATION SYSTEM VENTILATION STRATEGY GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP AND BUILDING HEATING ENERGY STRATEGY NET ENERGY DEMAND STUDY CASE: EXTENDED USE SCENARIO NET ENERGY DELIVERED OPERATIVE TEMPERATURES FACADE DESIGN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 3D PHYSICAL MODEL MATERIALS LCA - OPERATIONAL ENERGY AND ZEB BALANCE AAR4616 - HØST 2021

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PROCESS DEVELOPMENT / TEAM

Anshuman

Samrawit

Architect

Architect

BIM Materials

Floor plans Rendering

Solar accessability Elevations

DESIGN Accessibility Divya

Architect

Milka

Architect

Sustainability

INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN

Photovaltic Daylight

SIMULATION Indoor environment

Alisher

Architect

Nadir

Architect

Energy

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ABSTRACT

The M!nd is a commercial office building with ZEB O-EQ amibition, having built up area of 11000 sq.m across seven floor and basement accomodating service facilities and car and bicycle parking.

The design is paid attention to deliver high architecture quality, low maintenance, variation of spacial distribution and sustainable approach, craving a connection to green recreation areas, friendly lanes for pedestrain and bikes, promoting public transport and accommodating neighborhood that are active throughout the day and night.

The design focuses on flexibility by providing area for both temperory and permanent tenants. The vertical circulation is designed in the two core, accommodating services, circulation and other functions. The horizontal circulation is dependable on the area design, function, accessibilty and zone segragation.

As the structure is placed in the prime location of the ZEN pilot project, the southern facade is detailed to attract the visitors and also participate efficiently in solar energy production to achieve the ZEB O-EQ embition.

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SITE AND CONTEXT BRATTØRA + NYHAVNA

Trondheim Trondheim is the 3rd most populous and the 4th largest city in Norway. It is situated in the middle of this elongated land mass of Norway. Trondheim is famous for being an old city, for its unpredictable weather, mountainous trails on all sides and river Nidelva that flows through this town.

MIDTBYEN

ELGESETER

SLUPPEN

It is also famous for being the educational and technological hub of this country. It has Norway’s technical institution NTNU which attracts students and academicians from around the world to this relatively small but vastly beautiful city.

PROPOSED KNOWLEDGE AXIS

Currently, the town is trying to undergo massive transition in terms of: • Sustainability - through Zero-Energy Building (ZEB) and Zero-Energy Neighborhoods (ZEN). The proposed site is a chosen ZEN neighborhood • Knowlededge Axis - It is a project to activate the various educational buildings & campuses in the city by connecting the as part of this knowledge axis that stretches from Sluppen to Brattøra+Nyhavna. Our site is part of this axis as well

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SLUPPENVEIEN - ZEN NEIGHBORHOOD ZEN • Location: Trondheim municipality, Norway • What is being built: Multifunctional sub centre (existing) with mobility hub • Construction: Retrofitting and new construction • Area size: 275 000 m2 • Project owner: Trondheim municipality • Contact at the ZEN Research Centre: Judith Thomsen • Stakeholders: Trondheim municipality, NTNU, Trøndelag county, Statsbygg • Involvement of our researchers: Daniela Baer (ZEN contact for Sluppen), others involved: Lillian Rokseth, Tobias Nordström, Bendik Manum, John Clauss • Project status: Transformation area, partly completed. Test arena for microgrid system.

Anshuman

KJELDSBERG SITE 124000SQM BRA ZEN Neighborhood

GHG EMISSION

ENERGY

SLUPPEN 23 2000SQM

POWER

MOBILITY

ECONOMY

SPATIAL QUALITIES

INNOVATION

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SITE ANALYSIS - EXISTING SLUPPENVEIEN 23 Site Access: The current access road will change to the proposed connection near SL09 expanding the plot area, thus making a better car and pedestrian access. Currently the site has two bus stops within 100m radius with few buses and better connected stops are placed farther away. There is no dedicated bicycle path currently but is planned to develop in the near future.

E6

WIND ROSE (m/s) - SUMMER

RETAIL

OFFICE

100M

TRAVEL DISTANCE

FOOD

INSTITUTIONAL SITE BOUNDARY

OSED PROP

SL09

CON

NECT

ION

SL23

200M

WIND ROSE (m/s) - WINTER

SL25

MAIN

ACC

ESS R

OAD

Levels and contours: The site has a contour across the E-W axis with the Eastern part sitting higher than the west. The site also gently slopes from North towards South

SUNPATH - SUMMER SOLSTICE

SUNPATH - WINTER SOLSTICE

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CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

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PROGRAM

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FORM DEVELOPMENT

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BUILDING FORM

3D AXONO VIEW OF THE FORM FROM SOUTH

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SITE PLAN 7.

6.

The proposed Site Plan is slightly bigger than 2000m2, at around 2400m2 footprint considering the outer plot line. The little increase helps in opening up the building towards South increasing daylight access, views and design flexibility.

5.

The site can be accessed at the first level at the North-west corner, South-west corner and the Southern end. Due to a level difference the ground floor is closed by a retaining wall at the eastern end. The building can however be accessed directly from the North-east corner on the first level, which is the closest entry to the Bus-stop.

The provision for a ramp has been provided at the southern end. This has been placed away from the building edge to preserve a walkable building edge. The little distance alongwith the lowering contours helps reduce the ramp length as can been seen in the N-S section.

Car access is stopped where the paved surface starts. Bollards temporarily limit car access into the site thus making it pedestrian and cycle friendly. The parking of this building, may in future, be connected with the remaining plot to make this as a single entry, thus ensuring the main access road to be car-free.

Busstop PEDESTRIAN ACCESSIBILITY

5.

5.

4.

3.

2.

1. Site Entry point 2. Landmark traffic island 3. Ramp entry to basement parking 4. Bollards - preventing vehicular access during office hours 5. Entry points at First lvl 6. Entry point at 1st lvl 7. Store access to canteen kitchen/back connection between E-W

1.

1:500

VEHICULAR AND CYCLE ACCESSIBILITY

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BASEMENT PLAN

D2

-3.50

A

BC

D

D1 E

F G

H

J

1 J1 2 3 TECHNICAL ROOM

4 5 6 7 8 9 BASEMENT

10

1:250

ENTRANCE

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FIRST LEVEL PLAN: PODIUM

D2

+/- 0.00

A

BC

UP LOADING/UNLOADING

D1 E

D

F G

H

J

1 J1

KITCHEN

2 3 CAFETERIA/RESTAURANT

RETAIL

4 DN

UP

ENTRANCE/LOBBY

UP

5

UP

RETAIL

6

DN RETAIL

7 MULTIPURPOSE PUBLIC AREA

8

RETAIL

RETAIL

9

UP ENTRANCE LOBBY

10 11 1:250

CAFE

22135

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SECOND LEVEL PLAN: PODIUM

D2

+ 4.50

A 1

BC

D

D1 E

F G

H

J DN DN

MEETING ROOM

J1

2

ENTRANCE LOBBY

3 PUBLIC COWORKING SPACES

4 5

PUBLIC COWORKING SPACES

DN DN

6 DN

7 8

DN

9 10

1:250

PUBLIC COWORKING SPACES

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THIRD LEVEL PLAN: OFFICE - TYPICAL

D1 D2

+ 8.00

A

B C 9000

E 6650

F G

2650 2100

H 6600

J

J1

5400

ACCESS TO SL25

6000

1

1300

724

7700

D

6000

2 OFFICE AREA

OFFICE AREA MEETING

6000

3 4 6000

OFFICE AREA

6000

5 OFFICE AREA

6 6000

OFFICE AREA

6000

7

6000

8

6000

9

OFFICE AREA

6000

10

OFFICE AREA

11 1:250

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FIFTH LEVEL PLAN: OFFICE - CONFERENCE AREAS

D2

+ 15.00

A

BC

D

D1 E

F G

H

J

1 MEETING ROOM

2

J1

MEETING ROOM

3 SHARED CABINS SEMI PUBLIC SPACES

4

SHARED SPACES

5

SHARED SPACES

6 7 8 9 SHARED SPACES

1:250

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SECTION E-W

SECTION MM - 1:250 M

M

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SECTION N-S

N

SECTION NN - 1:250

N

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ELEVATIONS - E & W

WEST ELEVATION

W

E

EAST ELEVATION

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ELEVATIONS - N & S

NORTH ELEVATION

N

SOUTH ELEVATION

S

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SOLAR ANALYSIS - DESIGN PROCESS

Solar radiation analysis is to determine the sun exposure of the surfaces. Maximising the amount of annual radiation received on the different surfaces is especially important to increase the PV capacity of these faces. Different steps in determing the best form that: • respects the context • maximises PV surface • ensuring solar access to the adjacent building SL25 1.

2.

1. & 2.

The first study was to understand the effect of building placement and finding a good gap to minimise shading on SL25. After this study, 5m was determined as a good distance.

3. & 4.

One study was to determine the maximum usable roof area that can be extracted from this plot. The design, good for ZEB-O balance was architecturally limiting and out-of-context. It was also problematic with daylight access as well

5.

6.

5.& 6.

A gentler form and carved out corner on the North-east further reduced shading on SL25 7. & 8.

The final form was in line with the architectural concept of having a U-shaped layout to maximise daylight access and zoned building systems to save energy. The Roof angle was the best compromise between usable floor space and enough PVs to satisfy a ZEB-O/EQ balance

3.

7.

4.

8.

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ROOF FORM & PV - STUDY

For achieving ZEB-O/EQ, it is important to have sufficient on-site energy generation to compensate annually the net requirement of delivered energy for the project. However, it was a particularly challenging task considering the high built-up to floor ratio.

Generation only from the roof was possible as shown in the first case, where it is at a steep and complicated angle, looking very similar to the existing Powerhouses. However, this layout is not suitable in terms of architectural characteristics and spatial distribution, including daylight access was a challenge.

The other scenarios are more typical layouts combined with different design elements to maximise roof surface while preserving architectural qualities such as an atrium, and the U-shape that leads to thinner, distributed office spaces. Such arrangement is good for HVAC, daylight and services zoning.

PV SURFACE

The Roof size, roof openings were redesigned multiple times.

However, it was tough to get sufficient energy production from the roof alone. Part of the reason for this is the low sun and extremely short winter days. So, to increase production, the South facade was also designed with BIPVs and this helped improve the production values of the system. To add more energy still, the facades were also considered on the East and the West to have 45% PV surface and remaining 55% was kept open for glazing, windows and fenestrations.

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BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC(BIPV) STRATEGY

The final option has a dedicated distribution of PVs on the roof and the south facade (90% coverage) and remaining are distributed along the East and West facades (45%).

The PVs are considered for an efficiency of 22% mono-crystalline panels with a 25yrs lifetime which can also extend with proper maintenance.

Product name Image

SunPower X-Series: X22370

Life span

25 years

Efficiency

22,7%

Temperature 40’C to 85’C

PV SURFACE PV COVERAGE ON ROOF AND SOUTH FACADE (90%)

PV PRODUCTION FROM DIFFERENT PV (W)

Solar cells

96 Mono crystalline-Maxeon gen ill Panel Weight 18,6 kg Properties of panel

Maximum power, Highest lifetime and saving. Best reliability, best warranty

PV COVERAGE ON EAST AND WEST FACADE (45%)

ANNUAL ENERGY NEED VS PV PRODUCTION (KWH)

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DAYLIGHT ACCESSS

4TH LVL: SUMMER ANALYSIS

4TH LVL: WINTER ANALYSIS

4TH LVL: DAYLIGHT FACTOR

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WIND FLOW

The wind analysis was done to as the area faces undesirable cold winter winds from the South-East. Since the intent is to create a dedicated pedestrian internal axis road, running along North-south through the site, the wind movement CFD simulation was performed to check if there are any adverse effects of the chosen design form.

As suspected, it turns out that one of the ideas, which was to smoothen/fillet the corners of the building would have created problems for accelerated wind movements. This was avoided by creating sharper corners thus having less turbulence.

The second benefit was to create pockets in the design at the First floor level that help avoid fast-moving winds and make for excellent pause points where people can comfortably stand outdoors, even in windy situations, especially during the winters.

INITIAL DESIGN WITH ROUND CORNERS AND FLAT EXTERNAL FACADE AT THE PODIUM LEVEL

sharper corners reduce wind flow speed Stepped back facade and shaded areas around the podium help make a sheltered outdoor that can be used round the year

FINAL DESIGN WITH SHARPER CORNERS AND STEPPED EXTERNAL FACADE AT THE PODIUM LEVEL

SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF WIND EFFECTS INSIDE AND AROUND THE BUILDING

0

2

3

4

5

6

m/s

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BUILDING ENVELOPE & CONSTRUCTION

Concrete Construction

CLT construction

Roof construction

Window type

U-value = 0,077

U -value = 0,105

U-value = 0,10

U -value = 0,70

400 mm ground insulation and 200 mm

220 mm CLT construction + 250 mm miner- 200mm floor slb CLT consturction and

Triple pane window filled with argon gas

concrete slab construction.

al wool insulation material

and insulated frame

300mm mineral wool insulation

Light construction are able to store less heat than heavy construction materials like concrete and the solar radiation may very easily cause overheating. Wood has relatively high thermal capacity, but low thermal conductivity. The low conductivity causes the reservoir to charge and discharge too slow compare to the diurnal cycle.

The warmest summer months (July and August) the potential for achieving thermal comfort is around 50%. The design of the climate responsive commercial building envelope hence designed is considered to take this over heating problem into account.

There are many range of high performance windows available in market, in the proposed project, windows with insulated frames, low-e coating, insulation glasss spacers and argon gas fills are used to significantly reduce the heat loss (source-byggforskserien).

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HEAT RECOVERY & VENTILATION SYSTEM

The specific fan power in the ventilation system is given by the equation SFP, where ΣP is the total effect of the fans installed in the systems in kW, and the airflow rate through the supply ducts in m3/s. According to the passive house standards, a value of 1,50 kW/m3/s will be used in the simulations in SIMIEN.

Roof angle 20o

Solar PV Cells on the roof

South facade angle 75o (avg tilt)

Return via pressurised staircase

From there it goes does to the basement where the technical rooms, connection to geothermal heat pumps and heat exchangers are located. The air is supplied to single offices thanks to a diffused air supply.

Due to the employees’ thermal comfort, the diffused air supply must be located at a certain distance. A heat recovery unit is used for the ventilation. The efficiency of the heat exchanger is 85 %. This will reduce the energy demand for heating covered by the energy solutions. The supply is through wide ducts that go up through the shafts and the return is collected through the stairwells to improve efficiency and reduce material usage.

Fresh air intake

Supply through ducts through shafts

A Typical office building has an almost predictable supply volume due to its fixed work timings and determinable occupancy.

However, in this case, the project is designed to be use flexibily round the week, when needed. This additional use would support co-working and seminar-conference needs for the whole site. Therefore, the chosen system is a VAV, with fixed supply temperature and variable flow rates.

The system takes fresh air with filters in the North facade and attic.

Technical room with rotary type Heat exchangers

AIR INTAKE Geothermal Heat Pump EXHAUST AIR EXTRACTION FRESH AIR SUPPLY

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VENTILATION STRATEGY

In the floor level, the structural system and air supply system are designed in coherence to limit floor-floor height as it is difficult to fit HVAC supply ducts into Wooden Beams.

Therefore longitudinal columns run along the internal circulation/corridors which carry the large ducts and pass through the beams in small ducts for localised cooling.

TEK17 sets the following minimum requirements for ventilation in public buildings; fresh air supply due to pollution from persons in light activity shall be a minimum of 26 m3/h per person.

Furthermore, the average supply of fresh air must be at least 2,5 m3/hm2 when the rooms are in use. This can be reduced to 0,7 m3/hm2 when the rooms are not in use.

The requirements also include the need of ventilation due to odours and emissions from materials, products, and installations.

The requirement assumes that products and installations used have low emittance.

Displacement ventilation is chosen for this project. The advantage of using displacement ventilation in the offices, is that it uses warm air flows from both the employees and equipment inside the room to move the polluted air in the occupied zone to higher zones in the room, where it is extracted through the exhausts. With this system, the contaminant removal effectiveness is high. Therefore, cooled air carried along the ceiling is brought down near the outer facades and released relatively close to the surface.

WARM AIR MOVEMENT AIR SUPPLY AIR EXTRACT AIR SUPPLY SHAFT

AIR EXTRACT SHAFT

Thinner localised supply ducts

Low temp, low level air supply for effective displacement ventilation

Sleeves in the wooden beams

Beam free corridor to accomodate HVAC supply ducts WOODEN STRUCTURE AND HVAC DUCTS

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GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP AND BUILDING HEATING

Geothermal heat pumps are used because of the relatively stable temperature it gives throughout the year. A geothermal heat pump is connected to a pipe that runs a given distance of meters into the ground (could be hundreds of meters) where the temperature is stable. The concept further on, is to pump the medium in circulation and transfer energy by changing its state in a continuous cyclic process.

In our case, the Geothermal pump selected covers 90% demand of the building. The chosen pump has a COP 4, which is highly efficient for this type of pump. As can be seen here, the building’s heating vs cooling needs shift during the summer, but in winter’s the initial load has high due to a high thermal mass. Although, intermittent heating can be useful, it could not be optimised during this process, but the intent was to use it.

ROOM HEATING AND COOLING CHART - SUMMER (W)

ROOM HEATING CHART - WINTER (W)

This leads to considerable savings in the building operation’s cost. Also, as it is a renewable resource, it is virtually free.

Geothermal Heat Pumps

ANNUAL HEAT BALANCE CHART (KWH)

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ENERGY STRATEGY

PV

EUROPEAN MIX CO2 EMISSION - 130G/KWH 0.80KR/KWH

GRID

EQUIPMENT

INTERNAL LOADS 6 W/M2

LIGHTING

INTERNAL LOADS 4 W/M2

EFFICIENCY - 22% EXPORT - 0.45KR/KWH ROOF - 90% AREA FACADE - 45% (E, W), 90% S

BUILDING ENERGY DEMAND + MICRO-GRID

VENTILATION

VAV BALANCED OPENABLE WINDOWS SUPPLY TEMP - 19oC SFP-FACTOR - 1KW/M3/S ACH - 0.6@ 50PA

(EXCESS PRODUCTION) SITE AND NEIGHBORING BUILDINGS

PARKED CARS, E-CYCLE CHARGING

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP

EXPORT TO GRID

HEAT EXCHANGER

TYPE - ROTARY EFFICIENCY - 85%

COP - 4.0

EUROPEAN MIX CO2 EMISSION - 130G/KWH 0.75KR/KWH

DISTRICT HEATING

(BACKUP SYSTEM ONLY)

SPACE HEATING

DHWS

SET POINT: 21/19oC MAX CAPACITY - 25W/M2

LOAD - 0.8W/M2

EXTERNAL

BUILDING

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NET ENERGY DEMAND

The building was modeled as a whole building in SIMIEN. Thus, the energy demand of different zones were considered as one.

Annual simulation was run to understand the energy and heating demands and the distribution of loads.

In winter, the building is within comfort level and %10 of the occupants are dissatisfied.

Heating systems are sized twice the demand for potential future demands.

Inspite of all the optimisation, there was an issue of overheating in peak Summer.

A few solutions such as operable windows (discussed further) have been utilized. Thus, it is important to work together with the HVAC engineer in the early design phases to prevent such problems and their impact to the services as well as the architecture.

ANNUAL ENERGY DEMAND (KWH)

ENERGY DEMAND DISTRIBUTION

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STUDY CASE: EXTENDED USE SCENARIO

Energy study case: Co-working hours energy demand included Energy demand is compared by creating future scenarios. It is evaluated within and outside working hours. In neigborhood perspective, opening the building for external usages may impact the design decisions of the future project in the neighborhood such as not having a large conference room or shops.

In addition, the concept of being the center for collective work has led to the assumption that people might need to use their space anytime they want. Considering these two scenarios, it is assumed that building will be used one third of its total occupant capacity outside working hours.

It is seen that PV usage has increased due to increase in working hours which reduced the amount of export. However, the net production remains the same and therefore, this is not enough to cover the energy demand. One solution could be to borrow electricy from the site.

80

CURRENT SCENARIO BASE FOR ZEB-0/EQ

Chart Title

FUTURE SCENARIO - TO FACILITATE CO-WORKING

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Working Hours Net Delivered Energy

Outside Working Hours Equipment

PV Production

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NET ENERGY DELIVERED: STUDY

Two alternatives are considered for the energy supply system: One of them is heat pump, electricity and PV generation. The other option is including district heating to the first one. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of district heating, considering the fact that regulations hold it mandatory to use it.

In the first option, heat pump covers %90 of the supply and rest is electricity. If the district heating is included, it is assumed to take up half of the delivered energy of the heat pump to understand the impact of district heating better. Results show that not using district heating was more benefitial to reaching ZEB-O - EQ. Therefore, first option was chosen for this project.

Option - 01

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP

Option - 02

BIPV - ROOF + FACADE

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP ON-SITE GENERATION

90%

ON-SITE GENERATION

45%

GRID

GRID

10%

BIPV - ROOF + FACADE

10%

DISTRICT HEATING

45%

7 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6 5.8 5.6

Even though it reduces the demand by heat pump to half, it can be seen that district heating requires more energy to keep the space habitable. It also contributes to higher emissions.

1

2

CO2 EMISSION: OPTION 1 VS OPTION 2 (KG/M2)

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OPERATIVE TEMPERATURES - SUMMER & WINTER

SUMMER OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE (OC)

In summer, it was seen that there was overheating with 30 C peaks during working hours.

Although this was for a small duration, it leads to considerable discomfort. The probable reason for this is heavy mass and super-insulated envelope. To tackle this issue, operable windows on East and West facades were placed which decreased the operative temperature to 28 C. It is still above comfort level but further tweaking may help alleviate it.

An alternate option would be have a small cooling system but this needs further exploration with an HVAC expert.

WINTER OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE (OC)

In winters, the external temperatures can drop considerably low and it leads to significant challenges for the heating system, especially so as the use of an office complex is limited and mostly time defined. That means for a major time (assuming standard 7.5hrs of work) outside work, either the building be left unheated. In this case, the initial morning load on the heating system is considerable. If intermittent heating is considered, it needs detailed hourly energy modelling. In our case here, the internal temperature is slightly undersized assuming the displacement ventilation and heat recovery system can maintain comfortable internal temperatures.

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FACADE DESIGN - BIPV AND OPERABLE WINDOWS

Facade integrated BIPV (45% coverage on East and West facade)

External Roller Blinds

Triple-glaze Window Panels (Argon filled) U = 0.7 W/M2K (of the window assembly)

Operable mechanism

FACADE EXPLODED VIEW

The facade is an essential part of the building envelope. Not only is it an aesthetic element but also a functional element of relevance to the building’s energy performance as it is in this case. The facade here is divided into two parts - BIPV with 45% coverage that help fulfill the on-site production demand. This BIPV is placed above and below window lines as well as in intermediate design features that provide surface.

In the window system, the assembly is designed to be openable in nature. The pane is Triple-glaze Window Panels (Argon filled) and the assembly thus has a U-value = 0.7 W/ M2K. This makes it a good insulator, while letting in daylight and solar heat gain. In the summer, there can be excessive heat gain, to prevent which external roller blinds have been mounted. These can be automated with a BMS but can have a user level local control as well.

VENTILATION SYSTEM - VAV AND OPENABLE WINDOWS (M3/H)

As discussed before, the building had a problem with overheating due to being very airtight and heavy insulation. Having an operable window system helps with reducing that effect by adding fresh air changes as can be seen in the graph.

It is also essential to give the user some degree of autonomy for the ventilation as inspite of building monitorting, sudden changes or unplanned activity can make it uncomfortable.

Therefore, an openable mechanism with some degree of user control is a relevant mechanism, both in technical terms as well as for user comfort (psychological).

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STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - HYBRID CONCRETE PODIUM & WOODEN SUPERSTRUCTURE

Wooden Superstructure above the Podium floors

Concrete Podium + Basement 1ST LVL (CONCRETE COLUMNS) AND 3RD LEVEL (WOODEN STRUCTURE) PLANS OVERLAPPED

The structural system is a hybrid construction combining a Concrete podium with CLT and LVL wood construction in the office space. The reason for this is that, the Basement and part of the first level is below surface and needs a concrete enclosure for strength and moisture-prevention.

The second reason is that the wooden construction is limited by span length and flexibility.

So, it is appropriate for the office floors with limited floor plate width. However, for the podium, it tends to become very dense. Therefore, it was more rational to use concrete columns there to make it architecturally appropriate. The extra space also supports larger crowds helping the podium serve its purpose of being a socialising space.

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3D PHYSICAL MODEL

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MATERIALS

Wood

Mineral wool insulation

Wood has a better environmental performance than steel and concrete. It has low embodied emission and energy. It also absorbs carbon over its life span. Woods acts as a natural humidity regulator, and study show that the interior use of wood also helps relieve stress and provide a more positive experience.

Mineral wool is inorganic insulation material, hence it does not rot over its life span.

Since the material is filled with ai, heat conductivity will not increase over time. Mineral wool has excellent sound absorption properties and density is a deciding factor for sound absorption value. Density of mineral wool varies from 10-200 kg/m3 and water vapor resistance factors is 1.

CLT

Concrete

The structural elements of the building, walls, columns, roof and internal floors are made in CLT. The material is environment friendly and provide accountable advantage over concrete. It can resist high compressive forces and is a light weight material. It also has good thermal performance with low thermal conductivity which gives low thermal bridge value.

Concrete has typically high GHG emission compared with other building materials due to the chemical processes involved and its a high emodied energy. For this reason it was chosen to limit the use of concrete to the foundation, basement and podium construction. The concrete used in the construction would be an in situ low carbon variety.

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LCA - OPERATIONAL ENERGY AND ZEB BALANCE

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a standardized method utilized to evaluate the potential environmental impact of a product through its life cycle.

The goal was to reach ZEB-O/EQ that only requires calculation of accounted emission from building’s operational use. Therefore, only the operational energy (excluding equipments) is taken into account as the scope of the LCA study. The functional unit (FU) has been set to square meter of building heated area (BRA) which is 11,000m2 per year of operational building lifetime of 60years. It was seen that building produces the amount of energy it needs. Furthermore, the building produces 1.2 kWh/m²/yr excess energy.

The aim of the building is to reach the ZEBO-EQ ambition level. After evaluating the emissions from the delivered energy and the renewable energy, It was seen that PV generation compensates for all the emissions that are caused by the operational phases. For this reason, the building can be considered as nZEB.

BUILDING OPERATIONS

NET DELIVERED ENERGY W/ EQUIPMENT 28.2KWH/M2

NET DELIVERED ENERGY 47KWH/M2 KWH EQUIPMENT 18.8KWH/M2

ON-SITE PRODUCTION

+ -

PV EXPORTED 12.5KWH/M2

PV USED 16.9KWH/M2

* since the operational energy and pv production both concern emissions related to the grid, energy balance ensures emissions are balanced as well (for ZEB-O/EQ)

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ZEB-O/EQ, the minimum of the ZEB ambition levels aims to design a building that, over a year, balances its emissions from Operational Use with on-site production, while not accounting for equipment loads.

The design process, as in this case, gets challenging as one increases the BRA/ Footprint ratio as the BRA determines the energy loads, while the footprint limits the roof area which is the most functional and prominent location for on-site generation, in case of PVs. A summary of lessons learnt working on this project: • there can be multiple solutions to the same problem • every solution needs to achieve the energy balance, and hence needs to go through a rigorous process of optimising PV surface, floor areas without compromising on architectural and practical concerns • Super-insulated or superior performing buildings come with unique challenges that need to be addressed, in terms of design integration as well as functional characteristics

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