Smart Island Temperate climate zone Divya Naik (divyanai@stud.ntnu.no)
01. Coordinates 45.43’ N – 9.28’ E Temperature 0’ C – 31’ C Humidity 40% - 80% Precipitation 810 mm
The design focused on temperate climate as a source for making architecture on a quantitative and qualitative basis, implementing design measures for ensuring indoor comfort while increasing buildings´ energy efficiency. Site: a theoretical urban block of 100x100 m, surrounded by 6 story buildings is placed in temperate climatic context. The footprint of the headquarter should cover no more than 30% of the plot area. The height of the building should be manipulated in order to provide outdoor areas / parks.
Project Description There are no limitations on the building’s height as well as how deep the project extends underground. Client: Space X (space and satellites), represent a truly global and innovative group of companies working with communication, energy and space. Program: Offices (24000 m2), Guest residential units (1000 m2), Cantina and general services (3000 m2), Showroom (2000 m2) Semipublic spaces (semi climatized spaces) and no parking area.
Temperate Climate Analysis Passive Solar heating
13%
28%
Evaporative cooling
Most of the glass area should be south facing to maximize winter sun exposure and design overhang can help in summer shading.
Using water body around the site can help in evaporative cooling technic in atrium or spaces with large volume, to maintain internal comfort.
28%
Keep the building envelope tight and well insulated
Use interior and exterior materials with high thermal mass in floor slabs and walls to store winter passive heat and summer night cooling.
6%
Internal heat gain
High thermal mass
Program placement for temperate climate
Showroom
Recreational
Workspace
Guest residential
01
Lobby
Eateries
Meeting room
Services
02
Circulation
Storage
Design stratergies for temperate climate The longest façade of the building should be oriented towards the E, S and W to allow the greatest exposure to the sun to capture thermal radiations and daylight 01 Shading to be provided to minimize direct sunlight to the E and W façades during summer months
02
Windbreaks are desirable against winter winds in the NW direction. Evergreen trees should be provided on the NW for wind protection, and deciduous species between E, S and W for shading purpose.
Openings and operable windows and doors should be located on the SW to capture warm summer winds to provide fresh air and natural cross ventilation
Design
02.
Design Abstract The design process is driven by an intent to achieve an enveloping sustainability in and around the structure. Primarily it is implemented by reducing cooling and heating loads, by provision of natural ventilation strategies, designing internal spaces to optimize its daylight potential.
The structure stretches along east-west direction wih 17m from north boundary and 11m from east edge of the site. The placement achieves two-fold solution as it ensures its harmonious positioning in the surrounding fabric, by not over shadowing the surrounding mid-rise structure.
The project (Commercial high rise structure) is sited in a temperate climate zone on a plot 100mm X 100mm which is surrounded by mid rise building in an urban context
The double skin façade, optimizes the ventilation rate by allowing maximum summer air wind flow. Other passive design strategies like high thermal mass, geo thermal heat pump etc are also implemented.
Concept
Program zoning The structure is planned in three distinct zones namely – Public zone, Exhibition zone, Office / retail zone and residential zone. The floor plates of the design follow a very simple rectangular form, the ground floor is designed with 6 floor high plaza to attract the visitors which primarily directs them to the basement. Here the placement of the water body ensure a soothing interaction as well as an element of design meeting its function. The waterscape enables a space and opportunity to put on exhibits for eg: Space-X models on a floating disk.
Program
Color
Space
Area
Core
Thus the design of this hall on the 7th floor was primarily driven to enable its observation, contemplation and as an exhibit space. The floor above are designed to serve as office spaces. These can be visually and functionally segregated into two distinct designs, which also facilitate dining space and an atrium. The top 4 floors are intended to be used as residential zones which follows a double height service floor.
Color
Space
Area
4750 m2
Garden
2870 m2
Residential
4700 m2
Circulation
3372 m2
Show room
1750 m2
Lobby
1660 m2
Office
23800 m2
Theatre
400 m2
Service
3260 m2
Food court
400 m2
Base location NW location N location NE location Perfect location
Planning : The structure is elongated In east-west direction in ratio 1 : 1.7, with water body covering the remaining site area. The trees are planted on east for passive shading. The structure had 2-main entrance on north and south side, with service vehicle access on east side. The core is placed centrally and both the entrance at directed towards the core, that support structure by transferring all the loads to earth also accommodates services zone for vertical connectivity. The basement floor is provided access with ramp and stair, also connected to the core. One of the primary ideas is to use water geothermal energy as well as moist winds from the source in the structure, so as to regulate internal climate. This is achieved in the design by introducing a water element on site which the structure is seen as the floating element
First floor plan
Showroom floor plan
Residential floor plan
Showroom / Living + Kitchen Workstations / Bedroom
Bathroom Wardrobe
Movement Foyer Workstations Entrance seating Meeting room + Cabins Cafeteria
Office floor plan – type A
Office floor plan – type B
03. Details + Sections
Structural system The main structural system that transfers the load and keep the building stable are the central core and diagrid system. The diagrid system also supports the double skin façade and helps in ventilation. The glazing is made up of low U-value and high transmittance for provide sufficient daylight in the indoor space and maintain good thermal comfort.
Detail 3D
The green roof also act as high thermal mass surface, that absorbs heat in the day and transmit to the spaces below at night.
Service Core Waterfall Diagrid system Access ramp and staircase for basement floor
Facade detail Design perspective : One of the primary ideas is to use water geothermal energy as well as moist winds from the source in the structure, so as to regulate internal climate. This is achieved in the design by introducing a water element on site in which structure is floating element.
They have a capacity to generate a natural heating energy during winter by increasing the greenhouse effect in the air cavity between the inner and the outer façade. Indoor surface temperature has been decreased by around 2’C during summer and increased by around 3’C during a sunny winter days.
Material details S.no
Materials
Function
Thickness – mm
U- value
Description
1
High performance low-E glass
Outer envelope
4 - 10 - 4 - 10 – 4
0.13
Triple glazing filled with argon – clear – high VT – moderate SHGC
2
Single glaze
Inner envelope
6
0.38
Low –E solar control – clear
3
Aluminum frame
Window framing
30
0.35
High performance
4
Concrete
Slabs
200
0.25
Poured concrete
5
Mineral wood board
Insulation
100
0.24
Environmentally friendly
6
Concrete
Wall
150
0.30
Poured concrete
7
Fiber glass insulation
Insulation
50
0.12
Environmentally friendly
Summer system In summer the air flowing through the atrium is cooled by the waterbody around. This air enters through opening in the lower part of the space and the heated air is extracted out through opening in upper zones. This hot air rises up and it thrown out of the structure through roof opening.
Winter system On winter the air is heated with the atrium property to trap the sun heat. This air is then supplied to the space by inlet in lower zones and the contaminated air is extracted out of the space and the atrium through opening at upper zones. ´
04. Design Climate Analysis
Passive strategies Design on a linear pattern by introducing all the passive strategies, the heating load was reduced to 13 kWh/m3 and cooling loads also to 13 kWh/m3. It holds an impeccable promise of reducing the loads efficiently thus reducing the impacts on the environment. The radiation data clearly indicate that the maximum radiation are received by south facing façade in the winter months, which can help retain thermal comfort reducing the internal heat load. On the other hand the west and east façade receive enough radiation to provide better daylight inside the habitable spaces.
Energy analysis without materials and Passive strategies
Energy analysis with materials and Passive strategies
Winter radiation
Summer radiation
Wind Analysis Summer, South-west and East winds
Summer analysis : When the wind flows from south west and east direction, it is diverted on the south façade and the wind pressure is absorbed into the structure and used for natural ventilations with the help of stack effect in the atrium. It is clearly see that the shape create wind pressure in the bottom portion of the structure which is advantage in cooling the structure.
Winter analysis :
Winter, West winds
When the wind flows from west, pressure us created on all the side of façade, hence because of short circuiting effect, no air with high pressure is absorbed inside the structure. Thus it is evident that this shape of the structure and façade design is suitable for the temperate climate zone
Daylight factor and illuminance analysis
Illuminance
Daylight Factor
Showroom floor plan
Office floor plan – Type A
Office floor plan – Type B
Residential floor plan
05. Conclusion Double skin façade is introduced to create, stack effect and carve out the atrium space for natural ventilation. Open office floor plan concept is inculcated in a way that all the cabins and meeting spaces are inside, where all the workstations are to the edges to utilize the maximum daylight. Water geothermal property and structurally thermal mass is used to maintain comfortable internal temperature. By nature of design, it also caters to an equitable alternative to conventional design thus making it economic to the occupants and stakeholders.
“Increasing the size of a building over a certain measure does not only have structural implications but also environmental and functional ones” — Myron Goldsmith, 1986
Thank you !