Smart Island_Climate and built form

Smart Island Temperate climate zone Divya Naik (divyanai@stud.ntnu.no)

01.

Coordinates 45.43’ N – 9.28’ E Temperature 0’ C – 31’ C Humidity 40% - 80% Precipitation 810 mm

The design focused on temperate climate as a source for making architecture on a quantitative and qualitative basis, implementing design measures for ensuring indoor comfort while increasing buildings´ energy efficiency.

Site: a theoretical urban block of 100x100 m, surrounded by 6 story buildings is placed in temperate climatic context. The footprint of the headquarter should cover no more than 30% of the plot area. The height of the building should be manipulated in order to provide outdoor areas / parks.

Project Description There are no limitations on the building’s height as well as how deep the project extends underground.

Client: Space X (space and satellites), represent a truly global and innovative group of companies working with communication, energy and space.

Program: Offices (24000 m2), Guest residential units (1000 m2), Cantina and general services (3000 m2), Showroom (2000 m2) Semipublic spaces (semi climatized spaces) and no parking area.

Temperate Climate Analysis Passive Solar heating

13%

28%

Evaporative cooling

Most of the glass area should be south facing to maximize winter sun exposure and design overhang can help in summer shading.

Using water body around the site can help in evaporative cooling technic in atrium or spaces with large volume, to maintain internal comfort.

28%

Keep the building envelope tight and well insulated

Use interior and exterior materials with high thermal mass in floor slabs and walls to store winter passive heat and summer night cooling.

6%

Internal heat gain

High thermal mass

Program placement for temperate climate

Showroom

Recreational

Workspace

Guest residential

01

Lobby

Eateries

Meeting room

Services

02

Circulation

Storage

Design stratergies for temperate climate The longest façade of the building should be oriented towards the E, S and W to allow the greatest exposure to the sun to capture thermal radiations and daylight 01 Shading to be provided to minimize direct sunlight to the E and W façades during summer months

02

Windbreaks are desirable against winter winds in the NW direction. Evergreen trees should be provided on the NW for wind protection, and deciduous species between E, S and W for shading purpose.

Openings and operable windows and doors should be located on the SW to capture warm summer winds to provide fresh air and natural cross ventilation

Design

02.

Design Abstract The design process is driven by an intent to achieve an enveloping sustainability in and around the structure. Primarily it is implemented by reducing cooling and heating loads, by provision of natural ventilation strategies, designing internal spaces to optimize its daylight potential.

The structure stretches along east-west direction wih 17m from north boundary and 11m from east edge of the site. The placement achieves two-fold solution as it ensures its harmonious positioning in the surrounding fabric, by not over shadowing the surrounding mid-rise structure.

The project (Commercial high rise structure) is sited in a temperate climate zone on a plot 100mm X 100mm which is surrounded by mid rise building in an urban context

The double skin façade, optimizes the ventilation rate by allowing maximum summer air wind flow. Other passive design strategies like high thermal mass, geo thermal heat pump etc are also implemented.

Concept

Program zoning The structure is planned in three distinct zones namely – Public zone, Exhibition zone, Office / retail zone and residential zone.

The floor plates of the design follow a very simple rectangular form, the ground floor is designed with 6 floor high plaza to attract the visitors which primarily directs them to the basement. Here the placement of the water body ensure a soothing interaction as well as an element of design meeting its function. The waterscape enables a space and opportunity to put on exhibits for eg: Space-X models on a floating disk.

Program

Color

Space

Area

Core

Thus the design of this hall on the 7th floor was primarily driven to enable its observation, contemplation and as an exhibit space.

The floor above are designed to serve as office spaces. These can be visually and functionally segregated into two distinct designs, which also facilitate dining space and an atrium. The top 4 floors are intended to be used as residential zones which follows a double height service floor.

Color

Space

Area

4750 m2

Garden

2870 m2

Residential

4700 m2

Circulation

3372 m2

Show room

1750 m2

Lobby

1660 m2

Office

23800 m2

Theatre

400 m2

Service

3260 m2

Food court

400 m2

Base location NW location N location NE location Perfect location

Planning : The structure is elongated In east-west direction in ratio 1 : 1.7, with water body covering the remaining site area. The trees are planted on east for passive shading. The structure had 2-main entrance on north and south side, with service vehicle access on east side.

The core is placed centrally and both the entrance at directed towards the core, that support structure by transferring all the loads to earth also accommodates services zone for vertical connectivity. The basement floor is provided access with ramp and stair, also connected to the core.

One of the primary ideas is to use water geothermal energy as well as moist winds from the source in the structure, so as to regulate internal climate. This is achieved in the design by introducing a water element on site which the structure is seen as the floating element

First floor plan

Showroom floor plan

Residential floor plan

Showroom / Living + Kitchen Workstations / Bedroom

Bathroom Wardrobe

Movement Foyer Workstations Entrance seating Meeting room + Cabins Cafeteria

Office floor plan – type A

Office floor plan – type B

03. Details + Sections

Structural system The main structural system that transfers the load and keep the building stable are the central core and diagrid system. The diagrid system also supports the double skin façade and helps in ventilation. The glazing is made up of low U-value and high transmittance for provide sufficient daylight in the indoor space and maintain good thermal comfort.

Detail 3D

The green roof also act as high thermal mass surface, that absorbs heat in the day and transmit to the spaces below at night.

Service Core Waterfall Diagrid system Access ramp and staircase for basement floor

Facade detail Design perspective : One of the primary ideas is to use water geothermal energy as well as moist winds from the source in the structure, so as to regulate internal climate. This is achieved in the design by introducing a water element on site in which structure is floating element.

They have a capacity to generate a natural heating energy during winter by increasing the greenhouse effect in the air cavity between the inner and the outer façade.

Indoor surface temperature has been decreased by around 2’C during summer and increased by around 3’C during a sunny winter days.

Material details S.no

Materials

Function

Thickness – mm

U- value

Description

1

High performance low-E glass

Outer envelope

4 - 10 - 4 - 10 – 4

0.13

Triple glazing filled with argon – clear – high VT – moderate SHGC

2

Single glaze

Inner envelope

6

0.38

Low –E solar control – clear

3

Aluminum frame

Window framing

30

0.35

High performance

4

Concrete

Slabs

200

0.25

Poured concrete

5

Mineral wood board

Insulation

100

0.24

Environmentally friendly

6

Concrete

Wall

150

0.30

Poured concrete

7

Fiber glass insulation

Insulation

50

0.12

Environmentally friendly

Summer system In summer the air flowing through the atrium is cooled by the waterbody around. This air enters through opening in the lower part of the space and the heated air is extracted out through opening in upper zones. This hot air rises up and it thrown out of the structure through roof opening.

Winter system On winter the air is heated with the atrium property to trap the sun heat. This air is then supplied to the space by inlet in lower zones and the contaminated air is extracted out of the space and the atrium through opening at upper zones. ´

04.

Design Climate Analysis

Passive strategies Design on a linear pattern by introducing all the passive strategies, the heating load was reduced to 13 kWh/m3 and cooling loads also to 13 kWh/m3. It holds an impeccable promise of reducing the loads efficiently thus reducing the impacts on the environment.

The radiation data clearly indicate that the maximum radiation are received by south facing façade in the winter months, which can help retain thermal comfort reducing the internal heat load. On the other hand the west and east façade receive enough radiation to provide better daylight inside the habitable spaces.

Energy analysis without materials and Passive strategies

Energy analysis with materials and Passive strategies

Winter radiation

Summer radiation

Wind Analysis Summer, South-west and East winds

Summer analysis : When the wind flows from south west and east direction, it is diverted on the south façade and the wind pressure is absorbed into the structure and used for natural ventilations with the help of stack effect in the atrium. It is clearly see that the shape create wind pressure in the bottom portion of the structure which is advantage in cooling the structure.

Winter analysis :

Winter, West winds

When the wind flows from west, pressure us created on all the side of façade, hence because of short circuiting effect, no air with high pressure is absorbed inside the structure. Thus it is evident that this shape of the structure and façade design is suitable for the temperate climate zone

Daylight factor and illuminance analysis

Illuminance

Daylight Factor

Showroom floor plan

Office floor plan – Type A

Office floor plan – Type B

Residential floor plan

05. Conclusion Double skin façade is introduced to create, stack effect and carve out the atrium space for natural ventilation.

Open office floor plan concept is inculcated in a way that all the cabins and meeting spaces are inside, where all the workstations are to the edges to utilize the maximum daylight.

Water geothermal property and structurally thermal mass is used to maintain comfortable internal temperature. By nature of design, it also caters to an equitable alternative to conventional design thus making it economic to the occupants and stakeholders.

“Increasing the size of a building over a certain measure does not only have structural implications but also environmental and functional ones” — Myron Goldsmith, 1986

Thank you !