ARCH1026 History of C20th Western Architecture Weekly Project-based Tutorial Poster Folio
Week 1: Week 2: Week 3: Week 4: Week 5: Week 6: Week 7: Week 8: Week 9: Week 10: Week 11: Week 12:
American Mid-West and East-Coast 19th Century Architecture American West-Coast and Californian Architecture Expressionism in the Netherlands, Austria & Germany Scandanavian Modernsim: Asplud, Aalto, Saarinen The Soviet Avant Garde Mid 20th Century American Architecture Mid 20th Century European Modernism Post-war Italian Modernism: Scrapa, Rossi, Neo-Liberty Post-war UK Architecture + Archigram Urban Architecture and Post-war American City Postmodernism + Post-Structuralist Procedural Practices + Globalisation & Regional Practices
DONG WOO (DANNY) KWAK S3278341 TUTOR: BELINDA GRANT 0930 FRIDAY
Wainwright Building, Dankmar Adler & Louis Sullivan, Chicago 1890
Wainwright Building Design Element Matrix
Extent of Great Chicago Fire, 1987 Oct 8-10
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Structure
Section
Circulation
Natural Light
Plan
Pattern
Outline
Balance
Symmetry
Composition
Hierarchy
Steel frame
Add/Subtract
Concept
Steel frame
European Influence
Asian Influence
American Influence
Cantilevered second story
Stain glass window
Californian climate
Gothic style fireplace and inglenook
Details carved and joinery of timber
Sleeping porch
European window box
Emphasis on the horizontal line
Transitional space from inside to outside
Shingles
Close relationship with garden
Suburban mansion
The Gamble House Architect: Client: Location:
Charles Greene & Henry Greene David B. Gamble Pasadena, California
The Gamble House by Greene Brothers marks the height of Californian Bungalow design driving the Arts and Crafts movement forward, forming the early identity of Californian architecture. ‘An architect is a builder employing the process of art’ this quote can be observed in The Gamble House as it brings three distinct cultures together. European settlers brought their architecture with them. However, the connection with Asia brought different design element to the design. Lastly, the West Coast environment has built the Californian design that fits into the lifestyle. The Greene Brothers carefully incorporated the best from these cultures into architecture, which is called the Ultimate Bungalow.
CHILEHAUS Fritz Hoger, 1922-1924
EINSTEIN TOWER Erich Mendelsohn, 1919-1921
Constructed of reinforced concrete and brick. Distorting the vertical element, thrusting violently to the sky, expressing the might of architecture. At the same time, the building resembles a ship by manipulating the windows and to the eastern side the bow of a tall ship, which fits into the context of Hamburg being a port city.
Building is made of brick covered with cement due to construction constraints. Expressing the feeling of emerging from ground by using curves and edges and undulating forms. These are done to reflect then recent discovery of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. Lastly, the building includes a pun from architect, einstein meaning one stone in german language.
Comparing the two architecture depicts a good idea of what Expressionism Architecture did. Each design expresses different aspect and using the materials diffrently, but neither of the buildings take a standard box like architecture. Instead express unique statement by their creators.
Expressionism buildings in Berlin, Germany
Paimio Sanatorium Alvar Aalto 1929-1933
Alvar’s sanatorium was revolutionary in hospital design. Traditionally hospitals were to house patients and doctors, providing environment to perform operation. However, Alvar’s design focuses on patient’s everyday life, and how architecture can assist in helping the lives of the individuals. Each part of the sanatorium are positioned differently, exposing different atmosphere, providing natural sunlight and fresh air into every room, furniture designed to provide relaxing comfort, water basins are designed to make less noise. Despite the fact that TB can only be cured by anti-biotic, Alvar’s design made the life of patients more hospitable being more connected to nature instead of locked up in jail.
Natural Sunlight into everyroom Roof terrace same level as top of trees
Wash Basin designed by Alvar Aalto
Paimio Chair designed by Alvar Aalto
TATLIN’S TOWER COMPARED TO OTHER MONUMENTS
TATLIN’S TOWER COMPARED TO VESNIN’S PROPOSAL
RADIO TOWER - ONCE PER HOUR
PRESS BUREAU - ONCE PER DAY
IRON DOUBLE HELIX SUPPORT
EXECUTIVE - ONCE PER MONTH
LEGISLATURE HALL - ONCE PER YEAR ALL GEOMETRIES ARE MADE OF GLASS
GEOMETRY MIMICING A CHURCH
MONUMENT TO THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL VLADMIR TATLIN 1919-20
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
PLAN TO SECTION
STRUCTURE
NATURAL LIGHT
CIRCULATION TO USE
REPETITIVE TO UNIQUE
UNIT TO WHOLE
GEOMETRY
PLAN TOSECTION
ADDITIVE AND SUBTRACTIVE
HIEARCHY
PARTI
MASSING
SYMMETRY AND BALANCE
Louis Kahn Philips Exeter Academy Library, 1972
ADDIVIVE AND SUBTRACTIVE
HIERARCHY
PARTI
Louis Kahn’s strong geometric shape can be observed externally as well as internally. Kahn used concept of ‘Contrast’ is heavy including figure-ground technique and Boolean difference. Internal space is completely opposite to the exterior portraying a world within the building. His use of Material is subtle yet helps to enhance his contrasting idea. Bricks on the outside blends while exposed concrete augments. Frank Lloyd Wright Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
MASSING
GEOMETRY
CURCULATION TO USE
REPETITIVE TO UNIQUE
This Museum was Wright’s last design, which finished after his death. The constant flow of movement is emphasised in this project. No one is to stop suddenly disrupting others, this was achieved by making every design aspect of the building as organic and curvy as possible. The main spiralling ramp is to be used for exhibition as well as the rooms. This is later used by Zaha Hadid in DDP in Seoul, South Korea.
Ingalls Rink aka Yale Whale Eero Saarinen, 1958 The Ice Rink home to Yale University, where Eero Saarinen studied, has the iconic curved arch made of pure reinforced concrete. The curvature resembles a bow of a ship or underside of a whale, thus the nickname. From this central support, timber cladding is hung on series of cables which strengthen the support and stability. The beauty of this design comes from simplicity, other sporting complex at time were designed just to support the recreation held inside, yet Yale Whale allows the building itself to come alive with its exposed concrete.
Aldo Rossi San Cataldo Cemetery, 1971
Aldo Rossi won the competition to extend the Cemetery. He intended to use this project to realise the theories developed, ‘Architecture of the City’. Rossi unified the openings whether window or door the all same format. Discomforting space is formed to honour the dead. The cemetery is unbound by the constraints of time. The ossuary building aka ‘House of the Dead’ is running parallel representing Bone structure of humans. The ossuary has no Floor/Roof/Window or Door marking the absence of inhabitants.
Name: Architects: Project Year:
The Mountain Dwellings BIG Architects 2008
What if the parking area became the base upon which to place terraced housing? Like a concrete hillside covered by a thin layer of housing, cascading from the 11th floor to the street edge? Rather than doing two separate buildings next to each other, a parking and a housing block, BIG decided to merge the two functions into a symbiotic relationship.
Name: Architects: Project Year:
Centre Geoges Pompidou Richard Rogers & Renzo Piano 1977
The concept in their design was exposing the entire infrastructure of the building. Showing all the different mechanical and structure systems so that they could be understood and maximise the interior space. The different systems on the exterior of the building are painted differently showing different roles.
RALPH ERSKINE: LULEA SHOPPING CENTRE
R.BYRNE, J.BAKER: HOUSING 1963
LEOPOLD GERSLER: HOUSING ZIGGURAT
HENRI SAUVAGE: PROJECT 1926
ARCHIGRAM: Name: Architects: Project Year:
Markthal Rotterdam (Rotterdam Market) MVRDV 2014
The first covered market of the Netherlands was designed at a historical location of Binnenrotte. Markthal includes a huge market floor on the ground floor under an arch of apartments. The design combine an apartment building covering a fresh food market with food shops, restaurants, a supermarket and an underground parking.
WHAT DID THEY DO AND HOW DOES IT EFFECT ARCHITECTURE TODAY Name: Architects: Project Year:
The City of Culture Eisenman Architects 2011
The design evolves from super-positioning three elements. First, street plan of the medieval Santiago is overlaid on a topographic map, Second a Cartesian grid is laid over these routes. The hillside topography allowed distorting the two flat geometries, generating a topological surface that repositions old and new in a simultaneous matrix never before seen.
Detroit, Michigan USA Urban Analysis
1916
Detroit flourished during the early 20th century due to Ford Motor Company’s moving assembly lines allowing Detroit to dominate global motor vehicle industry. However, due to defeat of American automobile industry to globalisation, Detroit has lost its primary revenue and racial riots fuelled the decline. All these can be observed by overlaying the map of Detroit over the years. We can see the city built up to its peak in the 1960s then sudden disappearance of buildings from 1994 onwards. These sudden appearance of voids and series of inhabitable buildings allowed crime rate to skyrocket and ultimately made the mayor to ‘Bulldoze’ ¼ of the city. Now Detroit has started to rebuild itself from the scratch and map of 2005 is showing similar trend as 1916’s map.
1950
1960
1994
2005
Abandoned Fisher Body Plant building
Ducks and Decorated Sheds Robert Venturi’s analogy of the ‘Ducks and Decorated Sheds ‘in essence are, ‘Ducks’ are buildings represent the functions quiet literally through the form and ‘Decorated Sheds’ are generic structures that can be alternated depending on the function. This can also be described as symbol vs sign. The Kyo Bo industry buildings, in Korea, started out as ‘Decorated Sheds’ that became ‘Ducks’. The design of this book store was inspired by bookshelf and is a redbrick skyscraper. When the company expanded, they decided to build headquarters in every major city in Korea. The design of these buildings is very similar, allowing the exterior building it selves to advertise the company, like the iconic ‘M’ sign from McDonalds.
Kyo-Bo Building
Kyo-Bo Tower
Kyo-Bo Life Insurance Building
Kyo-Bo Kang-Nam Building
Name: The City of Culture Architects: Eisenman Architects Project Year: 2011 The City of Culture is a new cultural centre for the Province of Galicia in north-western Spain. Its design evolves from the superposition of three sets of information. First, the street plan of the medieval centre of Santiago is overlaid on a topographic map of the hillside site, which overlooks the city. Second, a modern Cartesian grid is laid over these medieval routes. Third, through computer modelling software, the topography of the hillside is allowed to distort the two flat geometries, thus generating a topological surface that repositions old and new in a simultaneous matrix never before seen. Peter Eisenman was one of the first big architects to advocate Computer Aided Design and implemented it into his design. Through using this program, the Superposioning can be negotiated. Distorting geometry would be mere impossible if tried to be done by drawing, by using parametric design program the unique form of City of Culture could be born.
Physical Model of City of Culture
The Shell is symbolic as pilgrims carried it to St. James Cathedral
The medieval town of Santiago is overlaid onto the site
The tree inputs are overlaid onto eachother showing all possibilities
By using Computer Aided Design, the three inputs are Super-posioned
Outlines of the design is formalised and decision of what becomes road and what becomes building remains
Path area, Built area and Landscape area is formed giving identity to City of Culture