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;dfg'kfltssf] cg'kft slt x'g] eg]/ dfq ldnfpg afFsL 5 . a? k|d'v bnx¿n] gp7fPsf] t/ d}n] af/Daf/ p7fO/x]sf] ljifo s] xf] eg] clxn];Dd xfdLn] cEof; u/] s f] lgjf{ r g k|0ffnLdf cTolws k};f / u'G8fubL{sf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L g} a9\b} hfg] xf] eg] o;n] d' n ' s sf] nf]stGqnfO{ g} vfg] 5 . nf]stGqsf] hu g} lgjf{rg xf] . To;}nfO{ k};f / afx'ann] lgoGq0f ug{] xf] eg] nf] s tGq s;/L /xG5 ? gofF ;+ljwfgn] lgjf{rgsf] vr{ ;/sf/n] a]xf]g{] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . o:tf] Joj:yf u/]/ lgjf{rgdf rGbf lng] / lbg] b'j} sfo{ b08gLo ck/fwdf ¿kdf Joj:yf ug{ ' k 5{ . lgjf{ r gdf u' G 8fubL{ n fO{ lgoGq0f ug{ s8f sfg' g L Joj:yf ug{ ' k 5{ . r' g fj cfkm\ g f kIfdf kfg{ pDd] b jf/n] u'G8fub{L u/]sf] jf ug{ nufPsf] kfOPdf p;sf] pDd]bjf/L g} vf/]h ug{ ] ; Ddsf] Joj:yf ug{ ' k 5{ . of] k|:tfjdf s;}n] ljdlt hgfpg'kg{] sf/0f 5} g . lgjf{ r g k| 0 ffnLsf ljifodf ;xdlt h'6fpg ;lsG5 . bf] ; | f ] , Gofokflnsfsf ljifosf] ljjfb klg w]/} dTy/ ePsf] 5 . Pdfn] / g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfˆgf] c8fg 5f8]/ Pdfcf]jfbL / dw];L bnx¿sf] dfuadf]lhd 5'§} ;+j}wflgs cbfnt u7g ug{] s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfPsf 5g\ . of] ljifo 6'+uf] nfu]sf] 5 . GofokflnsfnfO{ sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksfaf6 :jtGq /fVg'sf ;fy} Gofofnosf If]qdf b]lvPsf] e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L cbfntnk| l t hgcf:yf a9fpg Gofokl/ifb\nfO{ ;+;b\k|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] Joj:yf ;+ l jwfgdf /flvg'k5{ . of] ljifodf klg s'g} bnx¿n] ljdlt hgfpg'kg{] sf/0f 5}g . o; k|sf/n] Gofokflnsfsf] ljifo klg 6'+uf] nufpg ;lsG5 . t] ; | f ] , zf;sLo :j¿ksf xsdf ;+ ; b\ a f6 lgjf{ l rt sfo{ s f/L k|wfgdGqL, s]Gb|sf] b'O{ ;bg / k|fGtsf Joj:yflksfx¿ ;+nUg ePsf] lgjf{rs d08naf6 lgjf{ l rt /fi6« k ltsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+3Lotf;Fu hf]l8Psf] ;jfn, s]Gb| / k|fGt, k|fGt / k| f Gtsf] ;DaGwsf ljifodf /fi6«kltnfO{ s]xL clwsf/ Joj:yf u/L k| w fgdGqL / /fi6« k ltaLr clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 ug{ ;lsG5 . of] Joj:yf klg gug{] xf] eg] $ bnsf] a}7sdf k|r08hLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfP/ cufl8 a9\g ;lsG5 . Tof] s] eg] zf;sLo :j¿ksf ljifodf Pdfn] sf+u|];sf] k|:tfjnfO{ dtbfgdf n}hfg] . of]
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kfl/t eof] eg] Pdfcf]jfbLn] cfkm\gf] km/s dt btf{ ug{] . of] Pp6f /fd|f] af6f] x'g ;S5 . zf;sLo :j¿ksf ljifodf Pdfcf]jfbL / dw];L bnx¿sf] ljrf/ klg km/s 5 . km/s dt x' g ] ;fyLn] km/s dt /fVg] nf] s tflGqs ljlw g} xf] . xfd| f ] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgodfjnLn] Joj:yf u/]sf] ljlw klg oxL xf] . of] ljZjdf k|rlnt ljlw klg xf] . )$& ;fnsf] ;+ l jwfg agfpF b f xfdL tLghgf jfdkGyL lgd{n nfdf, dfwj g]kfn / d}n] km/s dt n]v]/ ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] af6f] vf]lnlbPsf lyof}+ . b'lgofFn] xfd|f] km/s dt a'em] . xfd|f] km/s dt )^# ;fndf k' g :yf{ l kt k| l tlglw;efn] ;j{ ; Ddt 9+ u n] c+uLsf/ u¥of] . o;/L Pdfcf]jfbL ;fyLx¿n] cfkm\gf] km/s dt /fv]/ hgtfaLr hfg ;Sg'x'G5 / cfkm\gf ljrf/nfO{ :yflkt ug{ s]xL ;do kv{g ;Sg'k5{ . k|r08hLn] rf/ kf6L{sf] a}7sdf cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy nf]stflGqs ljlwdfkm{t o; ljifodf km/s dt /fv]/ hfG5' eGg'eof] . o;n] ;'Gb/ lgsf; lbG5 . rf}yf], ;+3Lotfsf] ljifo xf] . b]z ;+3Lotfdf uO;s]sf] 5 . s]Gb|, k|fGt / :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+/rgf, logLx¿sf aLrdf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8, ;fwg;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8, logLx¿ aLrdf x'g ;Sg] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfgsf] ;+ j } w flgs af6f] h :tf ljifodf klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efn] w]/} s'/fdf 6'+uf] nufP/ ;xdlt eO;s] s f] lyof] . ToxL ;xdltnfO{ of] ;+ljwfg;efn] c+uLsf/ u/L d:of}bf ug{ d:of}bf ;ldltdf k7fPsf] 5 . xfdLn] o; ljifodf ;xdlt eO{ cfPsf] cfwf/df d:of}bf klg ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . o;/L ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿ksf] ljifodf ca w]/} 7"nf] ljjfb 5}g . ljjfb sxfF 5 eg] k|fGtx¿sf] gfdf°g, l;df°g / ;+Vofdf dfq 5 . l;df°gsf] ljifo clxn] cToGt k]lrnf] ag]sf] 5 . o;}n] ;xdlt x'g lbPsf] 5}g . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] clxn]sf] ljjfbsf] d"n r' / f] g} oxL 5 . emfkf, df] / ª, ;' g ;/L, s} n fnL / s~rgk' / nfO{ kxf8af6 5'6\ofpg] Pdfcf]jfbL / dw] ; L bnx¿n] k| : tfj ul//x] s f 5g\ . ;a} kf6{Lsf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf s]Gb| / lhNnf:t/sf g]tfx¿ / lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿, To; If]qsf ljleGg ;d'bfox¿n] k6s– k6s cv08 ;'b"/klZrdsf] dfu hf]8bf/sf ¿kdf p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . To; If]qsf Pdfcf]jfbLsf g]tfx¿ t o; cfGbf]ngsf] g]Q[Tjstf{s} ¿kdf plePsf 5g\ . o; cj:yfdf s}nfnL / s~rgk' / nfO{ ;' b " / klZrdaf6
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;/sf/L pk]Iffsf] lzsf/ aGb} lzIff If]q ;fj{hlgs lzIff ;'wf/sf vflt/ 8f=zfGtf bLlIft g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs o'u k|jz ] – #)) eGbf s]xL a9L ljBfno / () nfv hg;+VofdWo] ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf b'O{ nfv ljBfy{L -s'n hg;+Vofsf] @=@ k|ltzt_ sf ;fy ;g\ !(%) df ePsf] xf] . cfh b]zdf #$ xhf/ #^! j6f cfwf/e"t ljBfno / b'O{ s/f]8 ^% nfv hg;+Vofdf ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf] ;+Vof ^^ nfv /x]sf] 5 h'g s'n hg;+Vofsf] @% k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . ljBfno / ljBfno hfg] pd] / sf afnaflnsfsf] ;+ V ofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 eP tfklg u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] r'gf}tL eg] cem} klg oyfjt\ g} 5 . ;/sf/n] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -hL8LkL_ sf] #=& k|ltzt lzIff If]qdf vr{ ug{] u/]sf] 5 . lzIffdf bft[ lgsfox¿n] of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] klg ^ bzseGbf a9L eO;s]sf] 5 . tyflk u'0f:t/sf] ljifo eg] ;Daf]lwt x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o;sf] cy{; ;g\ !(%) kl5sf tLg k':tfn] 7"nf] cj;/ u'dfP / To;af6 d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ljsf; ;d]t k|efljt eof] . o; cjlwdf JolQmut ¿kdf bzf}+ nfv g]kfnL gful/sx¿ cfkm\gf] ;Defjgf cg'?ksf] k|ult xfl;n ug{ / ;DkGgtf k|fKt ug{af6 jl~rt x'g k'u] . d'ns ' n] af/Daf/ v]Kg' kl//x]sf /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s r'gf}tL / lg/Gt/sf] ;fdflhs tgfj d"ntM sIffsf]7fx¿df u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg cIfd x' g ' s f] kl/0ffd xf] . ljz]ifu/L u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qsf *) k|ltzt afnaflnsf k9\g] ;/sf/L ljBfnosf sIffsf]7fdf cBflk sdhf]/ lzIf0f ljlw Jofks dfqfdf e]6\g ;lsG5 . ;g\ @)!# sf cfFs8f / cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ x]bf{ g]kfnL ljBfno lzIffsf r'gf}tL cem\ a9\b} hfg] b]lvG5 . o;f] x'gfsf] Pp6f k|dv ' sf/0f; /fhgLlts :yfloTjsf] cefjn] ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt dGqfno, gful/s ;dfh / ;du| lzIff If] q n] g} u'0f:t/sf] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] cj;/ gkfpg' xf] . hgtfsf] a9\bf] ck]Iff / To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] lzIff If]qsf] cIfdtfnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ of] cj:yfdf tTsfn} ;' w f/ Nofpg] pkfox¿ ckgfpg c? ljnDa ug{ gx' g ] b] l vG5 . g] k fndf lzIffsf] ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds ;'wf/sf nflu w]/} k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . To:tf]
;RofOPsf] ldlt @)&! ;fn df3 % ut] jif{ @) c+s !&^ df k|sflzt t]h k|sfz vqLsf] /fxbfgL x/fPsf] ;"rgfdf a8fufpF–(, u'NdL x'g'kg]{df cGoyf ePsf]n] ;RofOPsf] 5 . ;=
k|of;sf] yfngL ;g\ !(%) lt/ g]kfnL lzIff kbflwsf/L / lzIfsx¿nfO{ o'lgel;{6L ckm cf]l/ug -;+o'Qm /fHo cd] l /sf_ df k| l zIf0f k| b fg u/] / ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;otf c? klg w]/} k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ h;df bft[ ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf a9\bf] dfqfdf kfOG5 . ;g\ !(&) lt/ o'g]:sf]n] k| j 4{ g u/] s f] ;] t L kl/of] h gf / ljleGg ljsf; Ph]G;Lx¿sf] ;xof]udf ;/sf/sf] ;+of]hgdf ;~rflnt /fli6««o ljsf; ;]jf To; lbzfdf ul/Psf yk k|of; x'g\ . ;g\ !(*% b]lv @))) ;Dd ;~rflnt cfwf/e" t cfjZostf k" l t{ kl/of] h gf / cfwf/e" t tyf k| f ylds lzIff kl/of] h gf -jLkLOkL_ ;g\ !((@– !((&) To;a]nfsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf kl/of]hgf lyP . oL ;a} kl/of]hgf d" n tM afÞo ;xof] u d} ;~rflnt lyP . jLkLOkLsf] p2]Zo k|fylds lzIffsf] u' 0 f:t/, ;fGble{ s tf / Joj:yfksLo sfo{ I fdtfdf ;' w f/ Nofpg' lyof] . To;kl5 ;] t L kl/of]hgfs} 9fFrfdf ;~rflnt ;|f]t s]Gb|x¿n] cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ yfn] . of] 9fF r fnfO{ ;g\ !(*(– @))@ df ‘cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf’ -bf];|f]_ sf gfddf b] z df lj:tf/ ul/of] . of] 7" n f] kl/of]hgf ;+rfng ug{s} lglDt lzIff ljefusf] klg hGd x'g uof] . To;kl5 NofOPsf] ‘;a}sf nflu lzIff’ sfo{qmd -@))$–@))*_ sf] p2]Zo klg k|fylds lzIffdf kx'r F / ;dtf ;'lglZrt ug{;' u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ / ;fGble{stf a9fpg' tyf sfo{Ifdtf / ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' g} /x]sf] lyof] . ‘;a} s f nflu lzIff’ sfo{ q mdn]
/fw] /fw] dgsfdgf l;nfO{ k;n xfdL sxfF ;Dk" 0 f{ n] l 8h ;DalGw kf]zfsx? l;nfOg'sf ;fy} ;'ky d"Nodf sk8f tyf s:d]l6s ;fdfgx? laqmL ul/G5 .
k| f ] = d~h' a:ofn
c;g6f] n , -dx] G b| a f] w L :s' n sf] tNnf] u] 6 _ tfg;] g , kfNkf ;Dks{ g+ = (*$&!!*!#)
xflb{s ;dj]bgf hGdM@))*÷)(÷@&
d[To'M@)&!÷!)÷@$
:j=dftf dxfnIdL uf} t d
xfd|f km'k' lbbL tyf cfb/0fLo bfh' lty{k;| fb uf}td / /fh' uf}tdsL ddtfdoL dftf dxfnIdL uf}tddsf] ldlt @)&!÷!)÷@$ ut]sf lbg c;fdlos lgwg ePsf] va/n] xfdLnfO{ cToGt ddf{xt agfPsf] 5 . o; b'Mvb\ 38Ldf lbj+ut cfTdfsf] rL/zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgk|lt w}ow{ f/0f ug]{ zlQm O{Zj/n] k|bfg u?g\ eGb} xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}+ .
ls/0f sfsL{ k|fk] f| O6/
ls/0f 6]n;{ kl/jf/ a;Gtk'/–^, tfg;]g, kfNkf
afnaflnsf, ljBfno, lzIfs / lhNnfsf nflu ;d]t ‘lehg’ af]ss ] f] 5 . ;fy} To;n] ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf oL ;a} kIfx¿ s:tf x'g5 ] g\ eGg] s'/fsf] klg kl/sNkgf u/] s f] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO pknlAw / rfl/lqs ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf ;f] sfo{qmdn] o:tf] ‘lehg’ /fv]sf] kfOG5, ‘;g\ @)!% df afns jf aflnsf l;sfOk|lt lh1f;' x'g5 ] g\ / ljZjJofkL ;Gbe{df ToxL pd]/sf afnaflnsf ;/xsf] 1fgsf] :t/dfly pgLx¿sf] ks8 x'g5 ] .’ lzIffdf dflysf h:tf 7" n f kl/of] h gfx¿ cfpF 5 g\ clg hfG5g\ . x/]s kfFr jif{df xfdL o:t} csf{] 7"nf] kl/of]hgfsf af/]df ;'Gb5f}+ . o; k6s ‘ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd’ -P;P;cf/kL_ sf] kfnf] 5 . of] klg ca ljbf x'g] t/v/df 5 . ;/sf/sf ;fy} ljsf;sf ;f‰]bf/x¿n] klg o; sfo{qmdsf] c;kmntf cg'ej ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] ;a} b]zdf lghL ljBfno lzIffn] km8\sf] dfl//x]sf] k[i7e"lddf eO/x]sf] 5, h;sf] ;'?cft ;g\ !(() kl5 k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf;Fu} ePsf] xf] . ljutsf b' O { bzsdf lghL ljBfno lzIffn] u|fdL0f If]qx¿df klg k|jz ] kfPsf] 5 / g]kfnL hgtfdfem\ of] ;]jfsf] Pp6f k|dv ' If]q aGg k'us ] f] 5 . ljutsf jif{x¿sf] cg'ejaf6 g]kfnsf lghL ljBfnox¿n] kf7 l;s]sf 5g\ / yf]/} eP klg s]xL u'0f:t/ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . kl/0ffdtM /fd|f;] uF lzIff kfPsf o'jfx¿sf] ;+Vof a9\g uPsf] 5 . of] k|of;n] s]xL xb;Dd eP klg ljBfno lzIffsf nflu ljBfyL{x¿sf] ef/t / ljb]z hfg] k|j[lQdf sdL NofPsf] 5 . o;sf s]xL gsf/fTds kIf klg cg'ej ul/Psf 5g\ . lghL If]qsf ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vof / u'0f:t/ j[l4n] lghL / ;fj{hlgs lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df a9\bf] vf8n l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs k|efjsf b[li6n] of] Pp6f k|d'v lrGtfsf] ljifo aGg k'us ] f] 5 . t;y{ ljBfno lzIffdf lghL If]qsf] of]ubfg h]–hlt eP klg ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf *) k|ltzt eGbf a9L afnaflnsf k9\g] ;fj{hlgs lzIffsf] If]qnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{' afx]s g]kfn;Fu csf{] ljsNk 5}g .
s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf] dfks lzIff xf] . lzIffdf ljsf; eP /fi6«sf] ;a} If]qsf] ljsf; ;Dej x' G 5 . xfd| f ] b] z sf] lzIff gLlt ;d' G b| s f] aLrdf sDkf; lalu| P sf] hxfh h:tf] lbzf ljlxg 5 . /fHosf] nflu s' g If] q sf] hgzlQm slt cfjZos kg{] xf] < slt pTkfbg ug{] xf] < lzIffsf] nufgL s'g If]qdf j9L vlr{g' kg{] xf] < s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvb}g . g]kfn s[lif, hn;|f]t, ko{6gsf] ljzfn ;Defjgf ePsf] d'ns ' , s[lif, phf{ / ko{6gdf slt hgzlQm rfxLg] xf] < oL hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{] z}lIfs ;+:yfx? :yfkgfdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf s] x'g] xf] < ;/sf/sf] :ki6 lgtL sfo{qmd / k|lj4tf b]lvFb}g . s'g} klg kf6L{ tyf ;/sf/n] lzIffnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] b]lvFb}g . k|To]s jif{ lzIff If]qdf ug{] nufgL a9\g'sf] ;§f 36\b} uPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] cf=j= @)^&÷^* df lzIffdf s' n ah] 6 sf] !&=!% 5'6\ofO{Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 of] 36\g] qmddf /x¥of] , @)^*÷^( df !^=^%%, @)^(÷&) df !%=^&%, @)&)÷@)&! df !%=^%% 5'6\ofPsf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP/ cf=j= @)&!÷@)&@ df !#=(@% dfq 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . ljsl;t d'n'sx?df s'n ah]6sf] @$% b]vL @*% ;dddf lzIffdf vlr{g] u/]sf] x'G5 . ;fy} g]kfndf xfn s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] $=)) % dfq lzIff vr{ u/]sf] 5, eg] ljsflzt d"n'sx?df s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] * % ;Dd vr{ u /Lg] kfOG5 . c=j= @)&!÷&@ sf] ah]6 dfkm{ t lzIff If] q df NofOPsf sfo{qmdx¿df s]xL cToGt dxTjsf+IfL, s]xL sfo{qmdsf] lx;fjn] Aojxf/Ls / cfjZos, tyf s]xL ;fob ;Dej gx'g] vfnsf] b]lvG5g\ . sfo{qmdsf] lx;fjn] lg/If/ pGd'ng jif{ 3f]if0f, ;fd'bfoLs ljBfnox?sf] ;' w f/sf] nflu Ps ljBfnon] Ps k':tsfno Ps lj1fg k|of]uzfnf, k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf Ps/Ps k|fljlws ljBfnosf] :yfkgf, lk58LPsf ju{, blnt, d':nLd, b'u{d If]q tyf 5fqfx?sf] nflu pRr lzIff ;Dd 5fqa[lQsf] Joj:yf, ;fd'bflos pRr dfWolds ljBfnox?sf] nflu
uf]bfj/L ;le{l;· ;]G6/ xfdL sxfF ;Dk"0f{ uf8Lx? 8]G6 k]G6 ug's { f ;fy} dd{t klg ul/G5 / uf8Lx?sf] kf6{;x? ;'ky d"Nodf laqmL ul/G5 .
k|f]= ljSsL d]xtf a' 6 jn, sflnsfgu/ ;Dks{ g+ = (*$&$##)!&
O:nfdk'/ u|Ln P08 cfNd'lgod pBf]u
@))) lzIfs b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf, ljZj ljBfno 5ftf P]g, v'Nnf ljZjljBfno :yfkgf, ljBfno lzIff / pRr lzIffsf] ;' w f/sf] nflu P] g ;+ ; f] w g Pj+ kl/dfh{g h:tf, ljifox? /fd|f ljifox? 5g\ / sfo{qmdsf] lx;fjn] ;sf/fTds klg b]lvG5g . ;/sf/n] NofPsf] oL sfo{qmdx?sf] sfo{Gjog kIf cToGt hl6n b] v LG5 . sfo{ q md ahfpg ÷Nofpg cToGt ;/n / ;xh /xG5 . To;nfO{ OdfGbf/Ltf k"j{s k" / f ug{ cToGt sl7g b] l vG5 . ;/sfn] ah]6 jQmJo dfk{mt @)&!÷&@ nfO{ lg/If/ pGd'ng jif{sf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . xfn ;Dd ^% % dfq ;fIf/ /x]sf] d"nsdf ! jif{df yk #% % ;fIf/ s;/L x'g] < agfpg] xf] < To;sf] nflu sfo{qmdx¿ s] s] x'g] < of] k|Zg jfrs lrGx /x]sf] 5 . To:t} kxf8÷db]z÷b'u{d If]qsf ;fd' b foLs ljBfnox?sf] ef} l ts k"jf{wf/ cToGt sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ cTofGt gfh's 5 . kfgL k/]sf] ;dodf ljBfno aGb ug{' kg{,] ud{Lsf] ;dodf ?vsf] 5fxf/Ld'gL a;]/ k9g' kg{] kl/:yLtL 5 . o:tf] kl/:yLtLdf, hxfF ljBfno ejg g} 5}gg÷ePklg pko'Qm 5}gg\, To:tf
;fd'bflos ljBfnox?df Ps ljBfno Ps k':tsfno Ps lj1fg k|of]uzfnf s;/L x'g ;S5 < klxn] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{' kg{] x}g/ . To:t} k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf Ps k|fljlws ljBfno :yfkgf ug{] ljifo klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] b] l vG5 . pRr dfWolds ljBfnox?sf] nflu lzIfs b/aGbLsf] cefj, ;fd'bfoLs ljBfnox? ufEg] tyf ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f ug{] ljifo, 5fqa[lQ ljj/0f nIfLt ;d"x;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfo{, oL ljifox? klg ;/sf/ ;fd' r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ljut ^ jif{ b]vL P]gsf] cefjdf sfo{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, (Ss\RP), ljut % jif{ b]lv sfo{of]hgf ag]sf] v'Nnf ljZjljBfno tyf ljZjljBno 5ftf P]g ;d]t sfo{Gjog x'gd] f z+sf :ki6 b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] lzIff If]qdf cfk}m klg 7'nf] nufgL u/]sf] k|rf/ u/]sf] tyf nufgLsf] cg'kftdf pknAwL xfl;n x' g g;s] s f] lzIff If] q , cf=a=@)&!÷&@ df 5'6o\ fOPsf] ah]6 sfo{Gjog / o;sf pknAwL xfl;n ug{ ;/sf/sf] OdfGbf/Ltf / k|lta4tfsf] vfFrf] /x]sf] s'/f lzIff hutdf ax;sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
/f]hd]/L /]i6'/G] 6 P08 Sofkm] eujtL6f] n -eujtL dlGb/ cufl8_,tfg;] g , kfNkf
xfd| f ljz] i ftfx?M ljBfyL{x?sf] tGb'/Lsf kl/sf/, O08Log, rfOgLh, lrs]g tyf nflu ljz]if akmsf kl/sf/x?. lrs]g tGb'/L, l:k|· /f]n, a6/ lrs]g, lkhf au{/, :of08jLh . 5'6sf] oj:yf :jR5, tfhf vfgf tyf tftf]–lr;f] kfgL sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf . 5. Psk6s ;]jf ug]{ df}sf cjZo lbg'xf]nf .
k|f=] /d]z /0fkfn ;Dks{ g+= (*$&$#&&)@, (*!!$$$%**
nf·3fnL knlDa· tyf cN6«f ;f]nf/ u|k' tfg;] g , kfNkf xfdLsxfF M ;f}o{ phf{af6 pTkflbt kfgL ttfpg] ;f]nf/, aQL afNg] ;f]nf/, OGe6{/, lsrg lrDgL, knlDaË lkml6Ë ;DalGw sfd ul/G5 . knlDaË ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf nflu xfdLnfO{ k| f ] = kbd /fgf ;Demg' xf];\ . df]=g+= (*$&@!(&*@
;Dks{ M e}/j xf8{jo ] / -P;=la=cfO{= a}s + cufl8_ gf/fo0f kf08] df]= (*$&)@(*#*
/fdk' / gu/kflnsf–^, O:nfdk' / , kfNkf
xfdLsxfF M ;6/,u|Lnu]6,Rofgn u]6, /fp08 e¥ofË, /]lnËsf ;fy} cfNdf]lgod ‰ofn 9f]sf ;'ky d"Nodf tof/ ul/g'sf ;fy} ;fdfg 9'jfgLsf] nflu 6\ofS6/sf] Joj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . k|f=] df]xDdb c;u/ cnL /fd k|;fb >]i7 xldb cnL df]= (*$&)*(@)* df]= (*$&!))!!& df]= (*$&#$*%)& (^!&%)&&*^ (*)%$*$@$(
k|e' ;Knfo;{ tf=g=kf=–!!, sflhkf} j f, -dfF e m6f] n _ kfNkf
xfdLsxfF M lu§L, afn'jf, l;d]G6, 58, 9'Ëf, OF6f, 6foN;, dfj{N; ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ 3/ lgdf{0fsf ;fdu|Lx? kfOG5 . xf]d 8]lne/Lsf] k| f ] = ls/0f /fgf÷zDe' s ' d f/ >] i 7 Joj:yf 5 .
;Dks{ g+= M (*%&)^)^$!, (*%&)^)*$#, (*%&)^%^$!
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gjhgr] t gf b} l gs
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jif{ @) c+s @)$ @)&! kmfu'g $ ut] ;f]daf/
;~rf/dfWoddf 5'6 / cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ dfu hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg'sn' g kl/of]hgfsf] uf]i7L xfd| f ;+ j fbbftf kfNkf, kmfu'g #÷g]kfn k|]; o'lgog n'lDagL c~rn ;dGjo ;ldltsf] a} 7 sn] ;fgf nufgLsf ;~rf/ dfWodx?df 6]lnkmf]g, ljB't dx;'n, ;f]nf/ / O{G6/g]6 nufotsf ;]jfdf 5'6 / cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ dfu u/]sf] 5 . c3f{ v fF r Lsf] g/kfgL, ;'kfb]p/fnLdf ePsf] klxnf] a}7s tyf e]nfn] ;/sf/n] lghL If]q;Fusf] ;d]t ;xsfo{df lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . ;/sf/L lj1fkgsf] ;dfg'kflts
ljt/0fsfnflu lj1fkg k| f lws/0f tTsfn agfpg;d]t dfu u/]sf] 5 . e]nfn] df]km;nsf ;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ ;d]t ;dfg'kflts 9+un] lj1fkg ljt/0f ug{ ;/sf/;Fu dfu u/]sf] 5 . o'lgogn] o;sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo;dIf bjfjd'ns cleofg ;~rfng ug{] lg0f{o ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . e]nfn] ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ ;" r gfsf] xs ;DalGw P]g sfof{Gjog ug{ cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . kqsf/sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{qmd to ug{ ;DalGwt ;~rf/u[x
afsfdnfË–;TojtL ‘af;’ cleofgsf] pb\3f6g xfd| f ;+ j fbbftf kfNkf, kmfu'g #÷g]skf–dfcf]jfbL lhNnf ;+ u 7g ;ldlt kfNkfsf] cfof]hgfdf tfg;]gdf dxfg hgo'4sf] @) cf}+ hgo'4 lbj; tyf d]r ] LdxfsfnL cleofg cGtu{t afsfdnf·–;TojtL ‘af;’ cleofgsf] pb\3f6g u/]sf] 5 . k| d ' v cltly g] s kf–dfcf] j fbLsf s] G b| L o ;b:o wg] Z j/ kf] v /] n n] sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g ub}{ @) cf}+ hgo'4 lbj;sf] z'esfdgf lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] kf6L{sf] cleofg ;kmn kfg{sf] nflu ;a} sfo{stf{nfO{ lgb]{zg lbP . ;+ljwfg–@ lj36g u/L clwsf/
;DkGg ;j{klIfo /fli6«o /fhgLlts ;efåf/f hg;+ljwfg hf/L u/L b]znfO{ lgsf; lbg'kg]{ pgsf] egfO{ 5 . sfo{qmddf kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;Nnfxsf/ dfgWjh >]i7, ;lxb kl/jf/ df]xg bhL{ nufotn] z' e sfdgf lbP . hgo'4 lbj;sf] pknIodf clj/ cfj/0f tyf z'esfdgf cfbfgk|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . kfNkfsf ;]qm]6/L lu/axfb'/ yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf :jfut dGtJo ;x;]qm]6/L lhtaxfb'/ yfkfn] u/]sf lyP eg] If]q # sf OGrfh{ P;s'df/ u/+hfsf] ;+rfngdf sfo{qmd rn]sf] lyof] .
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tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfO{ cfu|x ug]{ e]nfn] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o'lgogsf c~rn ;+of]hs dfwj cof{n, ;lrj l6kL e";fn / e]nf cfltYo zfvf c3f{vfFrLsf ;efklt ;"ok{ ;| fb e";fnn] hf/L u/]sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf cg' ; f/ tTsfn /fhgLlts ;xdlt nf]stflGqs ljlw4f/f k|;] d}qL nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ dfu u/]sf] 5 . e]nfn] ;+ljwfg;efdf /x]sf ;a} /fhg}ltsbnnfO{ clkn u/]sf] 5 . ;+ r f/ dfWodx?df sfo{ / t kqsf/x?nfO{ clgjfo{ lgo'lQm lbP/dfq sfd ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg e]nfsf] dfu /x]sf] 5 . kqsf/n] klg lgo'lQm lnP/ dfq sfd ug{ cfu|x ub}{ >dhLjL kqsf/ P]g sfof{Gjog ug{ ;a} ;+rf/ dfWodsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . e]nfn] kqsf/sf] Go'gtd kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] kfl/>lds ;do ;fk] I f gePsfn] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno tyf Go' g td kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ;ldltnfO{ bafj lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . e]nfn] kqsf/sf] clgjfo{ :jf:Yo ljdfsf] Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ / :jb]zdf pkrf/ geO{ ljb]zdf pkrf/ ug'{ cj:yf cfPdf :jf:Yo pkrf/ vr{ /fHon] Aoxf]g{' kg]{ gLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ bjfj lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . n'lDjgL c~rn cGtut{sf ;a} zfvf dfkm{t\ o'lgogsf] ;+u7gnfO{ yk z;Qm agfpg ljleGg sfo{qmd agfpg] e]nfn] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . e]nfsf] pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf o'lgogsf s]lGb|o cWoIf ab|L l;Ub]n, jl/i7 pkfWoIf lbks cfrfo{, pkfWoIf O{Zj/L cf]emf, dxf;lrj choafa' l;jfsf]6L, pkdxf;lrj k|d] s];L, ;lrj s]=aL= /fgfn] >dhLjL kqsf/ P]g, ;"rgfsf] xs / k|;] o'lgognfO{ alnof] agfpg cfu|x agfpg e]nf kmnbfoL aGg'kg]d{ f hf]8 lbP . sfo{qmd k|;] o'lgog n'lDagL c~rn ;+ o f] h s dfwj cof{ n sf] ;efkltTj, c3f{vfFrL zfvfsf ;efklt ;"o{k|;fb e";fnsf] :jfut / c~rn ;lrj l6kL e";fnsf] ;+rfngdf rn]sf] lyof] . o;} a Lr, n' l DjgL c~rn ;dGjo ;ldltsf] j}7s;d]t ePsf] 5 . j} 7 sdf ^ j6} lhNnfsf ;efkltx? c3f{vfFrLsf ;'o{ e";fn, ?kGb]xLsf ljqmd v8\sf, gjnk/f;Lsf >L/fd l;Ub]n, slknj:t'sf uf]kfn e08f/L, kfNkfsf e/t zdf{, u'NdLsf xl/ >]i7n] cfkm\gf lhNnfdf ePsf ultljlwx? k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
xfd| f ;+ j fbbftf kfNkf, kmfu'g #÷ax';/f]sf/jfnf ag sfo{qmd÷OGk|]8, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg' s ' n g sfo{ q md g] k fnsf] lhNnf:t/Lo kl/rofTds sfo{zfnf tfg;]gdf ePsf] 5 . :jf:Yo ;Lkd"ns z}lIfs ljsf; sfo{qmd kfNkf, l;cf/Pd;L sf7df08f}, OGk|]8 kj{tsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgf tyf ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{ q mdsf] ;xof] u df lhNnfdf ;~rfng x'g nfu]sf] kl/of]hgfsf]
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